07-09-2018

TOPICS COVERED
• Origin and Growth of Human Settlements
• Globalisation and its Impact
INTRODUCTION TO COST-
• Poverty in India
EFFECTIVE ARCHITECTURE • Population Explosion – A Challenge to Planners
AR V2433 COST EFFECTIVE • Rural vs. Urban India
ARCHITECTURE • Urbanisation – Some issues
- A Lecture By Ar. Sachin Harry • Housing Shortage in India
• Slums & Squatter Settlements – A Challenge to
Humanity

ORIGIN & GROWTH OF HUMAN

GLOBALISATION AND ITS IMPACT
SETTLEMENTS
• Nomadic Life of Humans • The term globalisation means International
• First Civilisation?? Integration.
– Babylonian – Sumerian • Opening up of world trade, development of
– Egyptian – Indus Valley advanced means of communication,
internationalisation of financial markets, growing
importance of MNCs, population migrations and
more generally increased mobility of persons,
goods, capital, data and ideas.
• It is a process through which the diverse world is
unified into a single society.

GLOBALISATION AND ITS IMPACT GLOBALISATION AND ITS IMPACT

• Two different face of globalisation in India

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GLOBALISATION AND ITS IMPACT GLOBALISATION AND ITS IMPACT

• Some section of people in India, basically poor • Youth group of India leaving their studies very
and very poor, tribal groups, they did not feel early and joining Call centres to earn easy
the heat of globalization at all. They remain money thereby losing their social life after
poor & poorest as they were. getting habituated with monotonous work.
• Increased gap between rich and poor fuels • High growth but problem of unemployment.
potential terrorist reaction. • Political ideology intervenes globalisation
• Ethical responsibility of business has been (reservation, labour law reforms).
diminished. • Price hike of every daily usable commodities.

GLOBALISATION AND ITS IMPACT ON

POVERTY IN INDIA
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
• Pros • Poverty is a significant issue in India, despite
– Technology transfer (Huge machineries) having one of the fastest-growing economies
in the world, clocked at a growth rate of 7.11%
– Advancement in efficiency (More work in less
time)
in 2015, and a sizable consumer economy.
• The World Bank reviewed and proposed
• Cons
revisions in May 2014, to its poverty
– Privatisation leading to land grabs calculation methodology and purchasing
– Unemployment due to robots taking over human power parity basis for measuring poverty
jobs worldwide, including India.

POVERTY IN INDIA POVERTY IN INDIA

• From late 19th century through early 20th
• According to this revised methodology, the
century, under British colonial rule, poverty in
world had 872.3 million people below the new India intensified, peaking in the 1920s.
poverty line, of which 179.6 million people Famines and diseases killed millions each
lived in India. time.
• In other words, India with 17.5% of total • After India gained its independence in 1947,
world's population, had 20.6% share of mass deaths from famines were prevented.
world's poorest in 2011. • Rapid economic growth since 1991, has led to
sharp reductions in extreme poverties in India.
• However, those above poverty line live a
fragile economic life.

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POVERTY IN INDIA POVERTY IN INDIA

POVERTY IN INDIA DEFINITION OF POVERTY

• As with many countries, poverty was historically
defined and estimated in India using a
sustenance food standard. This methodology has
been revised.
• India's current official poverty rates are based on
its Planning Commission's data derived from so-
called Tendulkar methodology.
• It defines poverty not in terms of annual income,
but in terms of consumption or spending per
individual over a certain period for a basket of
essential goods.
*PPP = Purchase Power Parity

DEFINITION OF POVERTY POVERTY IN INDIA

• Further, this methodology sets different
poverty lines for rural and urban areas.
• Since 2007, India set its official threshold at ₹
26 a day ($0.43) in rural areas and about ₹ 32
per day ($0.53) in urban areas.
• While these numbers are lower than the
World Bank's $1.25 per day income-based
definition, the definition is similar to China's
US$0.65 per day official poverty line in 2008.[

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POVERTY IN INDIA POVERTY IN INDIA

POPULATION EXPLOSION RURAL vs. URBAN INDIA

• Current World Population??
– Thousands of years till 1830 to reach 1 billion.
– From 1830 to 1930 – 2 billion
– From 1930 to 1960 – 3 billion
– From 1960 to 1975 – 4 billion
– From 1975 to 2000 – 6 billion
– 7 billion reached on 31st October 2011
• Current World Population = 7.6 billion (as of
July, 2018)

URBANISATION IN INDIA URBANISATION – ISSUES

• By-product of economic and social • Stress on Land & Resources
development. • Pollution – Air, Water & Land
• Metro cities in India alone account for 50% of • Slums – unwanted by-product of
urban population. industrialisation, rapid urbanisation and lack
• Remaining urban population in Tier-2, 3, 4... of planning
Cities • Slums – Problem of Housing
– Sanitation issues
– Health issues
– Social issues like crime, prostitution, etc.

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HOUSING SITUATION IN INDIA HOUSING SITUATION IN INDIA

• It is reasonably well known that 31% of India’s • More Indians now live in slums than the
population, or 377 million out of 1.2 billion number of people in Italy or the UK.
people (when last counted in 2011), lives in • The 30-year rise is the equivalent of adding
urban areas. the current population of Canada or Tanzania
• What is not as well-known is that nearly 17% or two Syrias.
of this urban population, or more than 65
million people, lives in slums, a number that
has more than doubled over three decades.

HOUSING SITUATION IN INDIA HOUSING SITUATION IN INDIA

• The Census of India defines a slum as a • The number of urban poor has fallen 21% over
residential area where “dwellings are unfit for six years, according to poverty estimates of the
human habitation [due to] dilapidation, erstwhile Planning Commission.
overcrowding, faulty arrangements and design • Despite falling poverty, slums have been
of such buildings, narrowness or faulty increasing in cities because they provide
arrangement of street, lack of ventilation, light, housing to millions who are not officially
or sanitation facilities or any combination of regarded as poor.
these factors”.

HOUSING SITUATION IN INDIA HOUSING SITUATION IN INDIA

• Up to 53 million of 65 million slum-dwellers • Up to 88% of “economically weaker sections”
live below the poverty line, defined as the and 11% of “lower-income groups”, (with the
ability to spend Rs 1,000 for a family of four ability to spend between Rs 8,000 to Rs
every month, according to the Planning 16,000 per family per month), face housing
shortages, according to the Ministry of
Commission.
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation.
• The other 12 million belong to what are called • The housing shortage is now 19 million units
“economically weaker sections”, with the (assuming a family of four, that would be 76
ability to spend less than Rs 8,000 per family million people without homes and assuming a
per month. family of five, 95 million people), according to
the ministry.

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HOUSING SITUATION IN INDIA

HOUSING SITUATION IN INDIA HOUSING SITUATION IN INDIA

• The growth of slums is highest in the five states • Almost 35% of the urban population in Andhra
(as shown below) with the highest urban Pradesh lives in slums, followed by
populations and is correlated with housing Maharashtra with 24%.
shortages and urban poverty.

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HOUSING SITUATION IN INDIA

• There is a clear link between urban poverty,
housing shortages and a rising slum population.
• For example, Maharashtra has the highest slum
population (10 million), the second highest
number of people below the poverty line and
the second-highest housing shortage, of about
1.9 million houses.
• So, about one in four Maharashtrian urban
dwellers lives in a slum.

A street scene in Delhi A street scene in Nigeria

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WORLD’S BIGGEST SLUMS