Steel & Timber Design

CE 331

ALOYSIUS C. MAPALO, MSCE, PICE

Department of Civil Engineering
University of the Cordilleras
Baguio City

Course Requirements

! Scores Distribution
" Major Exams - 40 %
4-unit lec
" Quizzes - 20 % 5:20hr/week
" Problem Sets - 30 %
2-unit lab
" Plates - 10 % 8:00hr/week

! Grade Distribution
" FG = ½ MS + ½ FS

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 Course Outline

MIDTERMS COVERAGE
! Chapter One: Introduction
! Chapter Two: Tension Members
! Chapter Three: Bolts and Weld Connections
! Chapter Four: Compression Members (Columns)

FINALS COVERAGE
! Chapter Five: Flexural Members (Beams)
! Chapter Six: Combined Stresses (Beam-Column)
! Chapter Seven: Special Topics on Steel Construction

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[email protected]
! Subject: CE 331
! Content:
1. Last Name, Given Name MI
2. ID Number
3. Grades in Theory 1 & 2
4. Age, Hometown
5. About YOU

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 Textbook

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Chapter One

Introductory
Concepts

by:
Aloysius C. Mapalo, MSCE

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 Structural Design

! Definition: Determination of overall

proportions and dimensions of the
supporting framework and the selection of
individual members.
! Responsibility: The structural engineer,
within the constraints imposed by the
architect (number of stories, floor plan,..)
is responsible for structural design.

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Important Factors in Design

! Safety (the structure doesn’t fall down)

! Serviceability (how well the structure
performs in term of appearance and
deflection)
! Economy (an efficient use of materials
and labor)

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 Structural Design Process

Conceptual Design Architectural

Function Plans
FINAL DESIGN
OUTPUT
Structural System
Preliminary Design

Trial Detailing

Final Design and

and Analysis

Member/Sections
yes

Detailing
Modelling
Revise no Acceptable?
Member/Section

Analysis Members Design

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 Building Codes
! Legal document containing requirements related to such
things as structural safety, fire safety, plumbing, and
ventilation.
! It does not provide design procedures, but it specifies
the design requirements.

! PD 1098 – National Building Code

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Design Specifications
! Provide guidance for the design of structural members
and their connections.
! They have no legal standing on their own, but they can
easily be adopted, by reference, as part of a building
code.

! AISC – American Institute of Steel

Construction (Steel Construction Manual and
Specifications)
! NSCP – National Structural Code of the Phils

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 AISC Manuals & Specifications

! American Institute of Steel Construction

(AISC) Manual of Steel Construction
" 1st Edition – 1930…
…
" 9th Edition – 1989, Specs for ASD
" 10th Edition – 1999, Specs for LRFD
" 11th Edition – 2005, Specs for both ASD & LRFD
…
" 15th Edition – 2016, latest

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NSCP

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 Structural Steel

! Steel is an alloy of primarily iron, carbon

(1 to 2%) and small amount of other
components (manganese, nickel, …)
! Carbon contributes to strength but
reduces ductility.

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Steel Properties

! The important characteristics of steel for

design purposes are:
" yield stress (Fy); ksi, MPa
" ultimate stress (Fu); ksi, MPa
" modulus of elasticity (E), ksi, MPa
" percent elongation (e)
" coefficient of thermal expansion (a)

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 The Tension test

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ASTM Structural Steel Specifications

! Plain carbon steel A36 (Fy = 36 ksi)

! High Strength low alloy steel A572 (Fy =
42 to 65 ksi)
! Corrosion resistant high-strength low-alloy
steel A242, A588 (Fy = 42 to 50 ksi)
! Quenched and tempered A852 (Fy = 70
ksi), A 514 (Fy = 90 to 100 ksi)

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 ASTM Structural Steel Specifications

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ASTM Structural Steel Specifications

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 ASTM Structural Steel Specifications

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Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

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 Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

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Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

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 Design Philosophies

! Limiting State Principle:

" No applicable strength or serviceability limit state
shall be exceeded when the structure is subjected to
all appropriate load combinations.
" Limit state – a condition in which a structure or
component becomes unfit for service and is judged
either to be no longer useful for its intended function
(serviceability limit state) or to have reached its
ultimate load-carrying capacity (strength limit state).

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Design Philosophies

! Allowable Stress Design Method (ASD)

! Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD)

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 Design Philosophies

! ASD has been the primary method used

for steel design since the first AISC
specifications was issued in 1923.
! In 1986, AISC issued the first specification
for LRFD.
! The trend today is toward LRFD method,
but ASD is still in use.

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ASD

! A member is selected such that the max

stress due to working loads does not
exceed an allowable stress.
! It is also called elastic design or working
stress design.
" allowable stress = yield (nominal)
stress/factor of safety
" actual stress ≤ allowable stress

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 ASD
ASD Factors of Safety (Ω)
Limit State Factors of
Safety (Ω)
Tension (against yielding) Ωt = 1.67
Tension (against rupture) Ωt = 2.00
Compression Ωc = 1.67
Flexure (bending) Ωb = 1.67
Shear Ωv = 1.50 to 2.00
Torsion ΩT = 1.67
Bearing ΩB = 2.31

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ASD

! Ra = required (actual) strength

! Rn = nominal (yield) strength
! Ω = factor of safety
! Rn / Ω = allowable strength

Limiting State 𝑅$
Design 𝑅" ≤
Principle Ω

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 LRFD

! A member is selected such that its

factored strength is more than the
factored loads.
" S(loads x L factors) ≤ resistance x R factor
! Each load effect (DL, LL, ..)has a different
load factor which its value depends on the
combination of loads under consideration.

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LRFD

LRFD Load Factors:

! The values are based on extensive
statistical studies
" DL only 1.4D
" DL+LL+SL (LL domin.) 1.2D+1.6L+0.5S
" DL+LL+SL (SL domin.) 1.2D+0.5L+1.6S
" In each combination, one of the effects is
considered to be at its “lifetime” max value
and the others at their “arbitrary point in
time” values.
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 LRFD
LRFD Resistance Factors (ɸ)
! The resistance factors range in value from
0.75 to 1.0 depending on the type of
resistance (tension, bending,
compression, ..)
! These factors account for uncertainties in
material properties, design theory, and
fabrication and construction practices.

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LRFD
LRFD Resistance Factors (ɸ)
Limit State Resistance
Factors (ɸ)
Tension (against yielding) ɸt = 0.90
Tension (against rupture) ɸt = 0.75
Compression ɸc = 0.90
Flexure (bending) ɸb = 0.90
Shear ɸv = 0.75 to 1.00
Torsion ɸT = 0.90
Bearing ɸB = 0.65

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 LRFD

! Ru = required (ultimate) strength

! Rn = nominal (yield) strength
! ɸ = resistance factor
! ɸ Rn = design strength

Limiting State
Design 𝑅& ≤ 𝜙 𝑅$
Principle

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Advantages of LRFD

! It provides a more uniform reliability in all

structures subjected to many types of loading
conditions. It does not treat DL and LL as
equivalent, thereby leading to a more rational
approach.
! It provides better economy as the DL make up a
greater percentage on a given structure.
" Because DLs are less variable by nature than live loads, a lower
load factor is used.
" This may lead to a reduction in member size and therefore
better economy.

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 Review of
Computation of Loads

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Types of Load
! Dead Load (permanent; including self-
weight, floor covering, suspended ceiling,
partitions,..)
! Live Load (not permanent; the location is
not fixed; including furniture, equipment,
and occupants of buildings)
! Wind Load (exerts a pressure or suction
on the exterior of a building)

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 Types of Load

! Earthquake Loads (the effects of

ground motion are simulated by a system
of horizontal forces)
! Other Loads (hydrostatic pressure, soil
pressure)

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Types of Load

! If the load is applied suddenly, the effects

of IMPACT must be accounted for.
! If the load is applied and removed many
times over the life of the structure,
FATIGUE stress must be accounted for

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 Computation of Loads
! Minimum
densities for
design loads
from typical
materials:

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Computation of Loads
! Minimum
dead loads:

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 Computation of Loads
! Minimum live loads:

Assignment: Have a copy of a complete list

of loads on buildings as per NSCP
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Computation of Loads
! Reduction of live loads for a floor, for members having an
influence area (KLL AT) of 400 ft (40 m2) or more

L = reduced design live load per square foot or square meter of

area supported by the member.
Lo = unreduced design live load per square foot or square meter
of area supported by the member (see Table 1–4).
KLL = live load element factor.
AT = tributary area in square feet or square meters.
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 Computation of Loads
! Reference: NSCP Chapter 2, 205.6
! Reduction must not be less than 50% of Lo for members
supporting one floor, or not less than 40% of Lo for
members supporting more than one floor.
! No reduction is allowed for live loads exceeding 100 lb/ft2
15 kN/m2, or for structures used for public assembly,
garages, or roofs.
! Values of KLL:
KLL is equal to 4.0 for interior columns and exterior columns
without cantilever slabs. KLL is equal to 3.0 for edge columns
with cantilever slabs.
KLL is equal to 2.0 for corner columns with cantilever slabs, edge
beams without cantilever slabs, and interior beams.
KLL is equal to 1.0 for all other members not identified above.
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Concept of Tributary Areas

! For floor systems:
" square slab, all edge
beams support a
triangular area.

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 Concept of Tributary Areas
! For floor systems:
" two edge beams
divide load equally.

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Concept of Tributary Areas

! For floor systems:
" tributary areas for
beams B1 and B2
shown shaded, all
diagonal lines slope at
45°.

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 Concept of Tributary Areas
! For floor systems:
" tributary areas for
beams B1 and B2
shown shaded, all
diagonal lines slope at
45°.

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Concept of Tributary Areas

! For columns:
! To determine the gravity
loads transmitted into a
column from a floor slab,
the designer can either:
1. determine the reactions
of the beams framing
into the column, or
2. multiply the tributary
area of the floor
surrounding the column
by the magnitude of the
load per unit area acting
on the floor

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 Sample Problems
1. An exterior beam supports a wall with brick veneer and
13-mm thick fiberboard on one side. If the wall is 4 m
high, determine the load in kN/m that it exerts on the
floor.:
# Brick Veneer = 2.30 kN/m2
# Fiberboard = 3 N/m2 per mm of thickness

2. A four-story office building has interior columns spaced

30 ft apart in two perpendicular directions. If the flat-roof
live loading is estimated to be 30 lb/ft2, determine the
reduced live load supported by a typical interior column
located at ground level.

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Sample Problems
3. A two-story light storage warehouse has interior columns
that are spaced 12 ft apart in two perpendicular
directions. If the live loading on the roof is estimated to
be 25 lb/ft2, determine the reduced live load supported
by a typical interior column at (a) the ground-floor level,
and (b) the second-floor level.
4. An office building has interior columns spaced 5 m apart
in perpendicular directions. Determine the reduced live
load supported by a typical interior column located on
the first floor under the offices.

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 LRFD Load Combinations
as per NSCP 15th Ed, Chapter 2, Page 2-11
Symbols Used:
Notation Meaning
D dead load
E earthquake load
Em estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed in the
structure
F loads due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights
H load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
L live load (except roof live load), including permitted live load
reduction
Lr roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
P ponding load
R rain load on undeflected roof
T self-straining force or effects from contraction or expansion due to
temperature change, shrinkage, creep, moisture change, movements
due to settlements, or combination thereof
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LRFD Load Combinations

1) 1.4 (D + F)
2) 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R)
3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W)
4) 1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lror R)
5) 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L
6) 0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H
7) 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

where:
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in
excess of 4.8 kPA, and for garage live load.
f1 = 0.5 for other live loads
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 ASD Load Combinations
1) D + F
2) D + H + F + L + T
3) D + H + F + (Lr or R)
4) D + H + F + 0.75(L + T(Lr or R))
5) D + H + F + (0.6W or (E/1.4))

Special Seismic Load Combinations both for LRFD and ASD for steel
structures, when specifically required (NSCP Chapter 2, Section 208
or by Chapters 3 through 7):

1) 1.2D + f1L + 1.0 Em

2) 0.9D ± 1.0 Em
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Sample Problems
5. A simply supported floor beam from the following sources:
" (Source 1) floor loads (acting as a uniform load over the entire span)
" (Source 2) a column located X distance from one end. (acts as a point
load)
" (Source 3) a part of the lateral force resisting system (acts as an axial
load):

D L Lr W E
Source 1 1.15 1.85 --- --- --- k/ft
Source 2 8.00 --- 4.80 --- --- k
Source 3 --- --- --- 15.00 25.00 k 64

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 Sample Problems
5. Determine the maximum possible loading diagram for the
beam using the different possible load combinations for
ASD and LRFD.

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