Science, Technology, and Society

LESSON 1

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS

CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Overview

This module aims to provide knowledge and a better understanding of historical

antecedents and how it changed the course of science and technology not just in the

Philippines but also in the whole world by time to time. This lesson is also a combination

of research studies and accepted facts concerning the evolution of science and technology

from ancient time up to the modern era.

Objectives

After you read this lesson you shall learn:

 What is science technology

 How ancient people live their life with science and technology and with science

and technology

 What do we call the product of science and technology

 Contribution of Scientist in Science and Technology during Modern Ages

 The evolution of Science and Technology in the Philippines

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Science and Technology

Science may drive technological development, by generating demands for a new

instrument to address a scientific question, or by illustrating technical possibilities

previously unconsidered. In turn, technology may drive scientific investigation by

creating demand for technological improvement that can only be produced through

research, and by raising questions about the underlying principles that a new technology

relies on.

For the majority of human history, technological improvements were achieved by

chance, trial, and error, or spontaneous inspiration. When the modern scientific enterprise

matured me the enlightenment, it primally concerned itself with basic questions or nature.

Research and development directed towards immediate technical application is a

relatively recent occurrence, arising with the industrial revolution and becoming

commonplace in the 20th century.

A. In the World: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages

A.1 Ancient Time

 From the beginning of life, man has striven to improve his way and quality of life.

The caveman discovered how to make tools and developed a logical sequence for

activities and involves a process that added value to his life.

Ancient Rome

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Roman alphabet is a writing system originally uses to write the Latin language.

 The Greek alphabet has a descended from the Phoenician and abjad while The

Phoenician alphabet is derived from Egyptian hieroglyphics.

 The Etruscan who ruled early Rome adopted and modified the Cumae a Greek

alphabet.

 The Etruscan alphabet was intent adopted and further modified by ancient

Romans to write the Latin language.

Ancient Babylonian- cuneiform

 One of the earliest systems of writing, distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks

on clay tablets, made through a blunt stylus (a tool for writing).

 This was in use for more than three millennia, through several stages of

development, from 34th century BC down to the second century CE

Ancient Greece- Has something to do with Public Speaking, Persuasive Rhetoric, Drama

and Philosophy.

Rhetoric- An art that aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers to inform,

most likely to persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. As a

subject of formal study and productive civic practice, rhetoric has played a central role in

the Europeans tradition.

Ancient Technology

During the growth of ancient civilization, ancient technology was the result of

advances in engineering in ancient time. These advances in the history of technology

stimulate societies and adopt new ways of living among governance. The totally of use
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and application oh his knowledge, skills, tools, and materials constitute

“TECHNOLOGY.”

MIDDLE AGES

The word “Middle Ages” it is all about the Renaissance that followed it than

it does about the era itself. Starting around the 14th century, European thinkers,

writers and artists began to look back and celebrate the art and culture of

Ancient and Rome. Accordingly, they dismissed the period after the fall of Rome as

a “Middle” or even “Dark” and it has no scientific accomplishments had been

made, no great art produced, no great leaders born. The people here had

squandered the advancements of their predecessors, this argument went, and mired

themselves instead in what 18th-century English historian Edward Gibbon called

“barbarism and religion.”

Invention of the Middle Age

Mechanical Clock

Timekeeping devices have emerged since the ancient world, but it was not until

the Middle Ages that the technology was invented that allowed for mechanical clocks to

accurately keep track of time. The knowledge of not only what hour it was, but even what

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minute and second it was, would change the way people scheduled their days and work

patterns, especially in urban areas.

Printing Press

In 11th century when this technology has been developed, it was the 15th century

German Johannes Gutenberg and his printing press that started a new era of the mass

production of books.

Even the arrival of computers in 20th century book and printing are still dominant form of

media in knowledge for the world knowledge.

Gunpowder

Gunpowder was invented in China sometime between the 9th and 11th centuries, and it

did not take long it to be used in weapons. And china became popular because of this

technology.

Water and Wind Mills

In early middle age mill were become popular because of its antiquity. Because of the

middle period new technology of wind mill is form, which allowed people to harness the

energy from natural forces like rivers and wind, and it will be continue until the present

day.

Eyeglasses

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Although we are not sure who will be credited by the invention of eyeglasses. Its use to

correct vision problems makes it a much it one of the most useful medieval inventions

and a great benefit to hundreds of millions of people today and specially in blurred eyes

people.

Paper money

The first known version of paper money dates back to 7th century China. However, even

the concept of potting place value on a marked piece of paper is not easy. In the 13th

century the Mongols tried to introduce paper money into the Middle East, but it became

an immediate failure. It would take until the 17th century before regular bank notes

would be circulating in Europe, but it is now the common

Quadrant and Astrolabe

While these devices were known about in ancient times, it was during the Middle Ages

that Arabic astronomers refined and improved upon them. Being able to measure the

distance between two objects, they proved to be useful instruments in astronomy,

navigation and surveying. Eventually these devices would be replaced by more modern

inventions, but the concepts behind the quadrant and astrolabe have remained important

for science and technology

Science and Technology in the Middle Ages

In the 17th century people way back on the centuries preceding their own time, because

they believed they were seeing “darkness.” The “Dark Ages,” that is what they called the

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millennium from the 6th to the 16th century A. D. They were convinced that the light of

Greek and Roman Antiquity had been eclipsed by the hordes of Barbarians who had

destroyed the ancient civilization. They thought it had taken roughly 1,000 years for

humanity to start out anew, switching on the light of humanism, reason, and truth again

which they said had characterized the Classical World

The Complexity of Scientific and Technological Innovation during the Middle Ages

In the middle ages had to face a great number of questions and pressing problems.so

many more , they were willing to answer or solve them with the help of methods and

knowledge defined and acquired in their own times. Some of the inventions and

discoveries made in the middle Ages led to problems which asked for immediate reaction

in a variety of fields. Innovation came from political leaders, for example, men of the

Church, merchants, navigators, soldiers, artists, and architects. In order to find solutions,

more intellectuals dared to study nature objectively and to apply the results of

contemporary scientific thinking. This led to an enormous increase 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

in the quantity and quality of innovation and eventually resulted in the "Scientific

Revolution" of the 16th and 17th centuries. The key sciences were mathematics,

chemistry, and astronomy.

ALCHEMY: One important prompt was the monarchs' growing demand of

coinable precious metals; mining made giant strides to meet this demand new pumping

devices, new machines for lifting heavy loads, and new methods of finding and extracting

of metals were developed. Metallurgy and metalworking have a big impact during 16th

century.
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A.3 Modern Ages

The modern era includes the early period, called the modern period, which lasted

from 1500-present. The modern period covers human history from the creation of a more

global network (i.e. the discovery of Americans Europeans) to the present day.

Early Modern Period

The history of an early modern period follows the late middle ages of the post-

classical era. Although the chronological limits of this period quite open to debate, the

timeframe spans the period after the late portion of the classical age (c.1500), known as

the middle ages, through the beginning of the age of revolutions (c.1800), that is

variously demarcated by historians as beginning with the fall of Constantinople in 1453,

with the Renaissance period in Europe, the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent,

and with the age of the discovery (especially with the voyages of Christopher Columbus

beginning in 1498), and ending around the French Revolution in 1789.

Renaissance

●"Renaissance" is a French word meaning "Rebirth".

● The Renaissance is a period in the history of Europe beginning in about 1300-1600

and following the medieval period.

● As a cultural movement, the Renaissance encompassed

innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular pieces of

literature, beginning with the 14th century resurgence of

learning based on classical sources, which contemporizes

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credited to Petrarch; the development of linear perspective and other techniques of

rendering a more natural reality in painting; and gradual but widespread educational

reform. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and

conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and

inductive reasoning. It is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the

contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired

the term "Renaissance man".

Scientific Revolution

● It is the emergence of modern science during the early modern period when

development in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed

societal views about nature that unfolded in Europe between

roughly 1550-1700. This scientific revolution began in Europe

toward the end of the Renaissance period, and continued

through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social

movement known as the Enlightenment.

Here is some Famous Scientist during the Scientific

Revolution;

(February 15, 1564 - January 8, 1642), was an astronomer,

physicist, and engineer. He has been called as the "father of

observational astronomy, the "father of modern physics, the

"father of the scientific method, and the "father of modern

science".

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(February 19,1473 - May 24,1543), was a

Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer,

who formulated a model of the universe that

placed the Sun rather than Earth at the center of

the universe, in all likelihood independently of

Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some

eighteen centuries earlier.

(December 25, 1642-March 20, 1726/27), was an English

mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author

(described in his day as a "natural philosopher")

who is widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key

figure in the scientific revolution?

(December 27,1571-November 15,1630), was a German astronomer, mathematician, and

astrologer. He is a key figure in the 17th-century scientific revolution,

best known for his laws of planetary motion, and his books

Astronomic Nova, Harmonies Mundi, and Epitome Astronomies

Copernican. These works also provided one of the foundations for

newton’s theory of universal gravitation.

Age of Enlightenment

● A movement of the 18th century that stressed the belief that science and logic give

people more knowledge and understanding than tradition and religion., Also known as

the "Age of Reason" intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world
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of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The century of Philosophy". The

enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of

knowledge and advanced ideals such as liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity,

constitutional, government and separation of church and state. The enlightenment was

marked by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism, along with increased

questioning of religious orthodoxy-an attitude captured by the phrase Sapere Aude (dare

to know). The ideas of this are to undetermined the authority of the monarchy and the

church and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A

variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neoclassicism, trace their

intellectual heritage to the Enlightenment.

Mid-Modern Period

 Progressive Era

It was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the

United States that spanned the 1890s to the 1920s. The main objectives of this movement

were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and

political corruption. The movement primarily targeted political machines and their

bosses. By taking down these corrupt representatives in office, a further means of direct

democracy would be established. They also sought regulation of monopolies (trust-

busting) and corporations through antitrust laws, which were seen as a way to promote

equal competition for the advantage of legitimate competitors.

 Machine Age

It is an era that includes the early 20th century, sometimes including the late 19th

century. An approximate dating would be about 1880 to the 1920s. It forms a late part of
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the Second Industrial Revolution. The 1940s saw the beginning of the Atomic Age,

where modern physics saw new applications such as the atomic bomb, the first

computers, and the transistor. The digital revolution ended the intellectual model of the

machine age founded in the mechanical and heralding a new more complex model of

high technology.

A.4 Contemporary Period

The word ‘’Contemporary’’ means living belonging to or occurring in the present. So

when we talk about contemporary literature, we are talking about literature that is being written in

the now about now. But what does the now encompass?

Contemporary literature is defined as literature written after World War II

through the current day. While this is a vague definition, there is not a clear-cut

explanation of this concept -- only interpretation by scholars and academics. While there

is some disagreement, most agree that contemporary literature is writing completed after

1940. Postmodernism is largely a reaction against the intellectual assumptions and values

of the modern period in the history of Western philosophy (roughly, the 17th through the

19th century). Indeed, many of the doctrines characteristically associated with

postmodernism can fairly be described as the straightforward denial of general

philosophical viewpoints that were taken for granted during the 18th-century, though they

were not unique to that period. The most important of these viewpoints are the following.

Historical

 The Atomic Age

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The current historical period, initiated by the development of the first atomic bom

b towards the end of World War II and now marked by a balance of power between the

nations possessing the hydrogen bomb and the use of nuclear power as a source of energy

World War I was one of the great watersheds of 20th-century geopolitical history. It

led to the fall of four great imperial dynasties (in Russia, and, in its destabilization of

European society, laid the groundwork for World War II.

Privacy Notice

 The Second World War was a conflict that saw a great deal of scientific and

technical innovation. The war was a battle of scientific minds as well as of bullets

and bombs and the wartime research programs came up with many important

 Developments to help give the Allies an advantage in the struggle. As with many

other aspects of the Allied war effort, Canada played an important role.

 Much of the research found civilian uses after the war and has helped shape

today's modern world. Whenever you heat food in a microwave oven or use

washer fluid to clear off a car windshield, to name just two examples, you can

credit the groundbreaking work done by Canadian scientists during the Second

World War.

According to Archduke France Ferdinand World War I, they have brewing

tension through Europe especially in the troubled Balkan region of the southeast for years

before World War I and the breaking out. And they have a country involving in

Europeans the ottoman empires and the other one is Russia and the parties.

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 The Space Age

With the end of World War II, the Allies and the Soviet Bloc found themselves locked in

a state of antagonism. As they poured over the remains of the Nazi war machine, they

discovered incredible advances in rocketry and aerospace engineering and began

scrambling to procure all they could. For many the many decades that followed, this state

would continue as both sides struggled to make advancements in the field of space

exploration ahead of the other.

This was what is popularly known as the “Space Age”, an era that was born of the

advent of nuclear power, advances in rocketry, and the desire to be the first to put men

into space and on the Moon. This era would come to be defined by rapid advances in

technology, and several historic firsts being accomplished before winding down and

giving way to an era of cooperation.

The Space Age is thought to have officially begun on October 4th, 1957, with the

launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union – the first artificial satellite to be launched into

orbit. News of the launch triggered a great deal of fear in the United States, as many

worried that Sputnik could represent a threat to national security, not to mention

America’s technological leadership.

 The Information Age

Also called the Computer Age, the Digital Age and the New Media Age is

coupled tightly with the adventure but many computer historians trace its beginnings to

the work of the American mathematician. At age 32 and as a researcher at Bell

Laboratories, Shannon published a landmark paper proposing that information can be

quantitatively encoded as a series of ones and zeroes. Known as the "father of

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Information Theory," Shannon showed how all information media, from telephone

signals to radio waves to television, could be transmitted without error using this single

framework. By the 1970s, with the development of the Internet by the United States

Department of Defense and the subsequent adoption of personal computers a decade

later, the Information or Digital Revolution was underway. More technological changes,

such as the development of cables and faster accelerated the transmission and processing

of information. The used initially by companies as an electronic billboard for their

product and services.

The current era, in which relatively much larger amounts of information are

widely available generally through network platforms. The Period beginning in the last

quarter of the 20th century marked by the increased production, transmission,

consumption of, and reliance on the information. The term refers to the period after the

industrial age; it is applied to the period beginning around the 1980s when the movement

of information became faster than physical movement. It is a label given to the post-Cold

War sociological and economic conditions of the world, which are driven by technology

and information. The period of human history also referred to as Computer Age or

Digital Age, which comprises the innovations that have emerged in the computing and

cybernetics after the Industrial Revolution. It is a period in which human work, play, and

interaction patterns are fundamentally affected by systems for processing and distributing

information.

It is a form of a culture where electronics joins members of diverse cultural

backgrounds together. The current era is characterized by the shift from an industrial

economy to an information economy and the convergence computer and communication

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technology. It is where the ability of individuals to transfer information freely and to have

instant access to information that would have been difficult or impossible to find

previously. Age in a society where ICT is regularly and widely used to generate,

disseminate and receive information.

B. In the Philippines

There are four eras of science and technology in the Philippines:

 Pre-Spanish era

It is the time before the first colonization of Spaniards happened in the

Philippines. Even before the Spaniards came into our land our ancestors or early Filipinos

already had basic knowledge and practices connected to science and technology. Filipino

are using Medical and Therapeutic properties of plants and methods of extracting it

medicine from herbs, it is their way of healing illness and other health problems before.

Babaylan’s are their so-called doctors in their time they are the one who has more

knowledge in using plants and herbs in medication.

Before we know the alphabet a,b,c Filipino already has the first writing system

which is Baybayin. baybayin is used in the 16th century until the late 19th century, the

word Baybayin word originally means "to spell”. Filipinos also have number, Weighing,

measuring system and calendar.

Juan Francisco de San Antonio stated that Taon is a metaphor which means "assembling

of many "on also refers to a collection of Cosmological environment and beginning of a

season(harvest season)

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During the pre-Spanish era, people use the moon as their clock and a calendar

way back then. Filipinos are already engaged in farming which is one of their main

sources of livelihood, shipbuilding, mining, and weaving.

During this period Filipinos are also engaged in the field of Engineering, in fact, the Rice

Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras is one of the outstanding examples of our culture

and product of engineering during Pre-Spanish era.

Facts about Banaue Rice terraces

 It is located in Cordilleras of Luzon island it is the home of our brother Ifugao

 According to reports "the Rice terrace resembles steps carved into the

mountainside" 10,360 square km and approximate length of 12,500 miles.

 Spanish Colonial Era

Spanish colonial era is the time that Filipino's is already under the colonization of

Spaniards.it is when the Spaniards introduced formal education to Filipinos and founded

Scientific institution were Filipino learn and develop knowledge connected science and

technology.

Spaniards also established parish schools where they taught Religion, Reading,

writing, arithmetic, and music. Because of the knowledge and formal education Spaniards

introduce to Filipino, people learn about Sanitation and advance methods of agriculture

which Filipinos use in their life. Because of the progress Spaniards later on established

Colleges and Universities including the University of Santo Tomas to spread knowledge

and educate natives in the Philippines.

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Other Contributions of the Spanish Era in the Philippines

 Study about Medicine during Spanish era also given priority and they develop a

more effective and safe way of curing illness using modern medicine.

 Field of engineering, Spaniards also contributes to Philippines field of

engineering there are lots of establishments were built by the help of Spaniards

such as government buildings, Churches, Roads, bridges, and Forts.

 Biology is given focus in this era.

Spaniard Colonization helps Philippine in many aspects like in Science and

technology and because of the knowledge that Spaniards formally introduced to the

Philippines, Filipinos were able to access more knowledge and practices that later on they

used to develop their science and technology in own country.

American Period

On July 1, 1901, The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of

Government Laboratories which was placed under the Department of Interior. The

progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued under American rule.

The Bureau replaced the Laboratory Municipal, which was established under the Spanish

colonial era. The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects.

On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by

the Bureau of Science and on December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the

Philippines was established.

The Bureau of Science became the main research center of the Philippines until

World War II Science during the American period was tending towards agriculture, food
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processing, medicine, and pharmacy. Not much importance was given on the

development of industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United States

which nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and trade.

Caesar B. Cororaton stated that Philippine science and technology (S&T) has a

long history, dating back to the early American colonial period during which the Bureau

of Science was created. The American government, through this Bureau, formed the

Philippine S&T. However, the coverage was very limited. It mainly focused on

agriculture, health and food processing. Thus, because of the colonial economic policy,

the development of industrial technology was largely neglected. Moreover, the public

school system was created at about the same period. Through the creation of the

University of the Philippines (UP) System and the various S&T-related agencies and

laboratories, the Bureau became effectively the training ground for Filipino scientists.

Major shifts in the direction of Philippine S&T took place right after the proclamation of

independence in 1946. It was reorganized into an Institute of Science and was put under

the Office of the President of the Philippines.

Despite these changes, the real effects in terms of their impact on the economy

were marginal. The Institute suffered from lack of support, planning, and coordination.

The Bell Mission's Recommendation mentioned that the Institute could not support S&T

development for lack of basic information, neglect of experimentation, and a small

budget for R&D activities. There were also major shifts in the 1950s and 1960s that

focused on S&T institutional capacity building. This was done through the establishment

of infrastructure-support facilities like new research agencies and manpower

development. Again, the effects were not significant. The usual problems of lack of
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coordination and planning, especially technology planning, prevented the system from

effectively performing its functions. This was manifested in the unplanned activities of

the researchers within the agencies. Most areas of research were left to the researchers to

define under the assumption that they were attuned to the interests of the country. They

were expected to look for technologies and scientific breakthroughs with good

commercialization potential. Without clear research directions, researches were done for

their own sake, leaving to chance the commercialization of the output.

 Post Commonwealth Era

The Commonwealth era is the 10 years transitional period in Philippine history

from 1935 to 1945 in preparation for independence from the United States as provided

for under the Philippine Independence Act or more popularly known as the Tydings

McDuffie Law the Commonwealth era was interrupted when the Japanese occupied the

Philippines in January 2, 1942 The Commonwealth government, led by Manuel L.

Quezon and Sergio S. Osmeña went into exile in the U.S., Quezon died of tuberculosis

while in exile and Osmeña took over as president. At the same time, the Japanese forces

installed a puppet government in Manila headed by Jose P. Laurel as president. This

government is known as the Second Philippine Republic. On October 20, 1944, the

Allied forces led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur landed on the island of Leyte to liberate the

Philippines from the Japanese.

During the 1970s, which was under the time of Ferdinand Marcos presidency, the

importance given to science grew. Under the 1973 Philippine Constitution Article XV,

section 1, the Governments role in supporting scientific research and invention was

acknowledged. In 1974, a science development program was included in the governments

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Four-Year Development Plan which covers the years 1974-1978. Funding for science

was also increased. The National Technology Authority under Executive Order No. 784.

A scientific career in the civil service was introduced in 1983.

In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's presidency, the National Science and

Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology,

giving science and technology representation in the cabinet. Under the Medium-Term

Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992. Science and Technology's role in

economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted. In 1990 during

Corazon Aquino's State of the Nation Address, she said that science and technology

development shall be one of the top three priorities of the government towards economic

recovery.

On August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for

Science and Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master

Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized

country status by the year 2000.

Contribution

 establishment of National Research Council of the Philippines

 replacement of Bureau of Government Laboratories by the Bureau of Science

 science was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, medicine, and

pharmacy

 study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects

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LESSON 2

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

Overview

In this lesson, the students will learn about the Intellectual Revolution that

defined society in Copernican, Darwinian, Freudian, Information, Meso-American,

Asian, Middle East and African.

Objectives

By the end of this module the students will learn about the following:

1. Intellectual Revolution that defined society in:

A. Copernican

B. Darwinian

C. Freudian

D. Information

E. Meso-American

F. Asian

G. Middle East

H. African

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2. How does the Intellectual Revolution help on the development of society?

3. What are the effects of Intellectual Revolution in society?

Intellectual Revolution that defined society in:

A. Copernican Revolution

Copernicus revived that the sun is the center of the solar system model but like

Aristarchus said Copernicus model was not enough proof or evidence to convince the

many people that the center of the solar system is the sun. So Copernicus made a theory

that would prove him right. He was experimenting he placed the sun in the celestial

sphere but it would not be in exact line it's enough too close to see the motion. Tycho

Brahe was not in favor about the Copernicus heliocentric advocate because he had no

sufficient basis but his only theory nor did he have no evidence of it.

Copernican revolution is a big deal to everyone because people use his theory to

the belief that everything in the universe revolves around the sun, and everything change

because of Copernican Theory. Copernicus did not prove that the earth is orbited on the

sun because they have Ptolemy’s model that they can provide a metaphor of the earth,

human and animals living at the center of God Creation. Copernicus did not predict the

position of our planets so Ptlomey’s model is better than the Copernican model.

Copernicus has a foundation of Copernican revolution, he said that the earth is not at the

center of everything and all the planets revolved around the sun. Copernicus, he didn't

give up about his theory.

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Figure 1 Figure 2

Look at the first picture that is Copernicus model he said that the sun is the center

of the solar system base on his theory but he did not prove. And look at the second

picture that is Ptlomey’s model if you analyze the two pictures the second one is better

than the first one because it's organized. Copernicus model is just a theory only.

B. Darwinian Revolution

In 1859 there was a groundbreaking revolution in both scientific and religious

realms: Charles Darwin published his book named “The Origin of Species”. The book of

the original species is all about the scientific theory that the populations evolve over the

course of generations through a process of natural selection. It is also presented of a body

of evidence that the diversity of life arose by the common descent through branching of

the evolution. That's the reason why people change approach biology forever and it's a

fundamental impact on the modern world like science, religion, and other aspects of

society. A century and a half later, Darwin influence remains in Australia there is a city

of Darwin, he named that after the giant evolutions.

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Darwin deservedly gave credit for the theory of biological evolution. But the

importance of Darwin's achievement is that he completed the Copernican revolution

initiated three centuries earlier, and they've radically changed our conception of the

universe and place humanity in it. He completed the Copernican revolution but drawing

out for biology the notion of nature as a lawful system of matter in motion. Darwin

sought a reasonable explanation of evolution, the key to unlock Darwin's thinking was an

essay written by the year of 1798 by. Thomas Malthus pointed out that the human

population grew faster than the food supply. If human reproduction was left unchecked

people would be cover the world.

Charles Robert Darwin (12February-19April 1882) was an English Naturalist. He

was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. He is famous for his work on the theory of

evolution. He died on April 19, 1882. He studied at the Cambridge University of

Edinburgh. Charles Darwin has two sons and one daughter and her beloved wife. Francis

Darwin, George Darwin and her unica hija, Anne Darwin and her beautiful Wife Emma

Darwin. He is known as a careful observer of nature. Darwinism is a theory of a

biological evolution that developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin in (1809-

1882).

C. Freudian Theory

It was started to revolutionize psychiatry from Sigmund Freud which is called to

him is the father of psychiatry. It is also included here the "Freudian theory of

Personality" that involves the development of human and it contributes to his or her

personality that may achieve the proper functioning of a human who does not complete

his or her developmental stage.

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Freud is one kind of thinker and he was also influenced by thinking to the human

mind especially when it talks about in the mind at a conscious and the unconscious. Freud

principle’s thought was original and unique. And also it is proof to Freud's mind even we

didn't agree or disagree or very disagree about his theory. It always remains as principles

in his expert field.

According to Freud, Human Personality is the personality of an adult comes up of

his or her childhood experiences are consciously and unconsciously comes along with

human developmental stages, and how there experiences mold them as a person. But not

all people complete the required task of developmental stage. When they didn't like the

results it becomes a mental condition that requiring the psychoanalysis to become a

person has proper functioning.

C.1 The Stage of Personality According to Freud

Freud believes that most human suffering is may determined during childhood

development. He also emphasizes on the five stages of psychosexual development. As a

child passed through that stages unresolved conflicts between the physical drives and the

social expectation may arise.

C.2 Personal Developmental Stage

 Oral (0 - 1.5 yrs old ) this stage begins to speak and develop the oral of a

person it is also started the developing of negative oral habits or behavior

of a person.

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 Anal (1.5 - 3 yrs old ) this stage indicated that the person begins to

develop the cleanliness or developing a healthy toilet training of his or her

habits.

 Phallic ( 3 -5 yrs old ) this stage begins the development of healthy

substitutes for the sexual attraction to the boys and girls have toward a

parent of the opposite gender.

 Latency ( 5 - 12 yrs old ) this stage is the development of healthy

dormant sexual feelings to the opposite sex.

 Genital ( 12 - adulthood ) all the tasks from the previous four stages are

participating in the mind of a person its allow the onset of healthy sexual

feelings and behavior of a human.

D. Information Era

This has been the era in which the technology has been developed already. It is

also known as the Computer age that has brought us so much change on how we are

living today.

E. Meso – American

Meso – America derived from the Greek and means "Middle America." It refers

to a geographical and cultural area from Central Mexico down through Central America,

including Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador.

The term Meso-America is the given name of Paul Kirchhoff. He is a German-

Mexican anthropologist in 1943. His definition based on geographic limits, ethnic

composition, and cultural characteristics at the same time as the conquest

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E.1 Stages of Revolutions In Meso – America

 The Olmec

The Olmec is the first great Civilization in Meso – America. Their name is a

Nahuatl-the Aztec language- word; means the Rubber People. The Olmec flourished from

1500 BCE to about 400 BCE. They were the first Civilization followed by Maya.

The Olmec had a rich culture. Most of them labored in the fields producing crops

or spent their days fishing in the rivers. They practiced basic agriculture using the “slash-

and burn” technique. They planted some crops seen in the region today, such as squash,

beans, manioc, sweet potatoes, and tomatoes. The Olmec invented a calendar and system

of writing made op of carved inscriptions. They are strongly devoted to religion and the

priest were highly respected.

 The Mayas

The Maya residing mostly in Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras,

and each city-state was a city surrounded by farmland. Most of the Maya people are

farmers. Men farmed and the women turned the crops into foods. Farmers also paid taxes

in foodstuff to support City states.

The Maya developed the most sophisticated and vibrant Civilization in North and

Central America. Maya developed the writing system, 365- day calendar, the concept of

zero, and used a based 20 numbering. They also produced extremely accurate

astronomical observations. The charts of the movement of the moon and plants are equal.

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The Mayas built two types of pyramids and one of it used during human

sacrifices. The other type is sacred and often were built with too steps and steps to climb.

The most important religious temples sat atop the towering Maya pyramids, apparently as

the closest place to the heavens. The Maya worshiped various gods related to nature like

the gods of the sun, the moon rain, and corn.

 The Incas

In the 1400s, the Incas emerged from the Ades Mountains and they expanded

their empire until it extended nearly 2,500 miles from north to south. The Incan Central

Government maintained a strong military and passed laws to create official customs. Inca

built 14,00 miles of roads including tunnels and bridges.

Their religion combined features of animism, fetishism and the worship of nature

gods. Inca rituals included detailed forms of divination and the sacrifice of humans and

animals.

They have very sufficient system of farming. In the lowlands they grow, corn,

beans, and squash. The local government builds a warehouse to save the extra food in

case of crop failure or war.

 The Aztecs

The Aztecs arrived in Meso America around the 13th century. Typical Aztecs

crops included corn, beans, squash, potatoes, tomatoes, and avocadoes. They also fishing

and hunting local animals such as rabbits, armadillos, snake, coyotes, and wild turkey.

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Their religion included human sacrifices in rich ceremonies to the gods. Dress

also important in all parts of Aztecs life and they worshiped hundreds of Gods and

Goddesses.

The Aztecs filled in parts of the lake and built bridges to connect the city to the

mainland.

F. Asian

Asian experience of imperialism and revolution was an varied as Asia itself.

 India

During the period between 1830 and 1880, a large number of British children

either went to India with their parents or were born there. The mayor anxiety for British

families in colonized India was the high rate of Infant mortality. In the period of 1860

and 1869 the average death rate was about 198 per thousand British children under an

average of five, and England during the same period the mortality rate was about 67 per

thousand. British mothers depended on Indian wet nurses to nurse their children.

European wet nurses are not available and British physicians advised mothers not to

breast-feed their own children because the climate was thought to be too weakened. They

commonly called amahs wet nurses. British married women in India (memsahibs) hired

an India wet nurse for the infants and nurses (ayahs) for the other needs of their children,

Whereas many greatly disliked the idea.

Having an ayah, Many Anglo - Indian parents hired a male servant or bearer for

their children. The Anglo – Indian children spent most of their waking hours with Indian

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servants. These households, serving frequently as playmates, taught the children Hindi

words like bhaia (brother) and baba (infant) and often “papa” and “mama” as well.

In 1837 Emma Roberts reported that schools were established in every regiment

for the children of European soldiers. They educated to become noncommissioned

officers, regimental, clerks, and so on. Girls were trained to be wives for men of higher

ranks. Sarah Terry letter described the education of her eight – year – old daughter and

five years old son. Sarah taught English and math to her children at home in the morning

during their first year in India.

Colonial governments generally did little to change the lives of local children,

especially in rural areas. There are some attempts to regulate what imperial authorities

regarded as abuses. Colonial officials constantly criticized “natives” for working children

too hard. The colonial economy usually depended on continued child labor. Hence there

was little change here. Educational opportunities were limited. Though, the impact of this

aspect of colonialism was only gradually felt.

 Japan

Japan not formally colonized by western powers, but was a colonizer itself. Japan

experienced a formal semi-colonial situation. Modern Japan was profoundly influenced

by western colonialism in wide ranging-ways.

In the mid-sixteenth century, Japan’s first encounter with western colonialism was

with Portugal. Portuguese brought Catholicism and new technology of gun and

gunpowder of Japan. The ultimate changed the way samurai rulers fought wars. In the

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following era, national rulers came increasingly to regard Catholicism as a serious threat

to their authority.

1603-1868 the Tokugawa shogunate eventually banned Christianity nationwide in

1613 and persecuted its follower during the 1620s. The sakoku was a Tokugawa response

to the advance of western colonialism. Whereas its major objective was to consolidate the

new regime. It banned Japanese overseas travel and contract with foreigners and it gives

the government monopoly over foreign trade. European power was only allowed to trade

with Japan was a new protestant power. Holland, which was strictly confined to the part

of Nagasaki in kyushu. The Japanese were exposed to recent European knowledge in

fields such as medicine, botany, astronomy, and geography.

The colonial powers did not challenge the sakoku policy until the late eighteenth

century. The first came from Russia and from Britain and the united states. In 1825

Japanese government attacking foreign ships other than those operated by the Dutch and

Chinese, and by persecuting those who argued for kaikoku.

In 1839-1842, it was when Britain’s victory over China in the Opium War. It

deepened Japans fear of colonization. The debate erupted through concerned samurais

over how to react to the creep of industrialized western powers in search of markets and

raw materials. Whereas the government acted quickly to strengthen Japan by acquiring

the technology and skills of these powers, Its not a result from a government policy

change, but was forced on Japan by the military night of the new pacific power, the

united states. While Britain engaged in the Crimean war. Tokugawa Shogunate

government gave in to the pressure of commodore Matthew Perry. As a result, shimoda

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and hakodate Ports were opened. The government further concluded in bilateral trade

treaty with the united states in 1858.

Meji government embarked on radical domestic reforms designed to make Japan

strong, civilized, and modern nation state. Establishments of a modern legal system was a

top priority. After the Japanese victory over China in 1895, Japan succeeded in repealing

consulate government in 1899. After Japan's defeat of Russia (1905), it recovered tariff

rights in 1911. The western colonialisms influence on Japan was profound and wide

ranging. Modern Japan shaped through a constant negotiation with his influence. After

1945 the united states emerged as the most dominant foreign power for Japan. Many

Japanese embraced us imposed democratization. After Japan regained independence in

1952. Some continued to decry "U.S imperialism". Edwin Reischauer a U.5 ambassador

to Japan in the Early 1960s later called Okinawa "The only semi-colonial theory created

in Asia since the war".

 China

China is a country which has been colonized by several nations like Britain and

Germany. China recently became one of the countries that have the speediest

development in the world.

After the victory of the British Navy in the first Opium War (1839-42)

Colonialism first stepped into China. This war marked in history as the first in which

steam-driven ships were used as the main force (Spence, J.D 2013: 157). By the end of

the second opium war, Colonialism further strengthened its foothold within Chinese

territories. The Qing dynasty had to accept a series of humiliating treaties (1842-44,

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1854,1858,1860) committing to pay an unusually high amount of indemnity. The

sovereign control of the treaty parts included rights for the victorious imperialists to trade

freely (1854). The treaties of 1858 and 1860 opened doors for the western powers to

trade.

19th and early 20th century the most devastating impact colonialism and china on

the Qing state. The Qing state became politically, administratively and financially too

weak to function as an effective government to lead the country towards the positive

direction during the colonial era. The legitimacy of the Qing state as a capable regime to

protect its citizens, sovereignty and national interest became the serious question mark in

the eyes of the Chinese people (Nolan, P. 1993: 38). This issue ruined legitimacy had left

serious political repercussions for the Qing dynasty with regards to leading China as a

united nation. The weakened Qing government could not pay due attention to the issues

of governance and development in China.

The Colonialism had left a mixed impact on the Chinese economy. China

economy experienced positive growth during the colonial era. Early 20th century, the

economy had been witnessing a tend of positive growth. It was growing at a relatively

slower pace. China grew by 0.3 – 0.5 percent between the 14th and mid 18th century, by

0.5 percent during 1873 – 1913 and by 0.7 – 0.8 percent during 1873 – 1940s. During the

colonial era, the agricultural sector grew consistently, keeping pace with population

growth. The Farmers moved to crops giving higher yields o generating higher income

from the same amount of land and the demand for agricultural exports rose during the

colonial era (Nolan, P. 1993:33).

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For the first time, Chinese Society came in close contact with western civilization

after the forceful Imperialist invasion.

G. African

 Colonialism and Imperialism in Africa

During the 1870s to 1900, African society faced colonialism and imperialism

from the Europeans. African people experience slavery and the introduction of tax are the

reason why African people are forced to work for the Europeans to pay their taxes.

European people also take their land. And because of these changes, some chiefs

organized rebellion and the resistance movement began to rise.

 Revolts or Uprising

Chief Bambatha kaMancinza is one of the chiefs who organized a rebellion

against the British because he doesn't want to see his people lose their land and being

forced to pay their taxes. He wants the land of his people to be returned. But the rebellion

organized by Chief Bambatha did not succeed. Together with his 3 000 followers, Chief

Bambatha was killed. There are rebellions formed in some parts of Africa but the same

with Bambatha rebellion, they did not also succeed. Another revolt is formed and it was

organized by Kinjigitile Ngwale.

The Maji Maji revolt was formed against the Germans because of forced labor

and tax. African people are forced to plant cotton for the Germans. In Maji Maji

rebellion, people in Africa used their faith in spirits. They believed that the spirits will be

able to turn the bullets of the Europeans into the water and they will be immune to bullets

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by doing a ritual before the battle. Africans did not succeed, about 26 000 people were

killed and their faith in the protection of Maji Maji was lost.

The uprising in Nyasaland was formed. John Chilembwe is the one who

organized an armed group against the colonial authority. John Chilembwe formed the

uprising to fight against the hut tax and unfair labor practices. Together with his people,

they attack Livingstone Estate and Bruce Estate and it became successful. But the attack

on Blantyre African Lakes Corporation Armoury did not succeed. John Chilembwe was

killed. Because of this uprising, black people became aware of a colonial rule and it

motivates them to fight for their rights and demand to end the colonial rule.

Another uprising was formed and it is the Herero uprising. It was formed

because many lands of Herero people was taken and occupied by the Germans. Herero

fighters killed hundreds of Germans and they regain some of their lands. German brought

their reinforcement and many Herero were killed.

 Formation of Political Parties

Formation of Political parties is another response to the changes happened in

Africa. It was formed by the small educated group of Africans. These group wants to

acknowledge the rights of African people and to protect and recognize their land rights.

African nationalism changed because of the formation of political parties and it was

being influenced by Western education and Christianity. The new educated social group

appears and they want equality in Europeans and Africans. They also demand self-rule.

One of the earliest political parties was found in South Africa which is the South African

National Native Congress. Unlike Chief Bambatha who formed a rebellion against

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colonial rule, their approach to the government was different and it was in contrast on

what Chief Bambatha did. The political parties in South Africa were influenced by other

developments in the country. South African transformed because of the development of

the mining industry.

 Respond to Colonial Rule after World War II

After world war II, Political parties gained more support and become more

serious in their wants. African people get more ideas about education and they question

colonial rule because of the expansion of education and urbanization. And because of

this. the process of decolonization began. Introduction of betterment schemes to prevent

soil erosion because one of the reasons for poor productivity is soil erosion. But most of

the African did not agree on it. South African Government introduced the Bantu

Authorities Act which is the chiefs are under the control of their government.

 Sekhukhuneland Revolt

Another revolt was formed by the Pedi migrant workers which are the

Sekhukhuneland revolt. This revolt was organized because of the betterment schemes and

Bantu Authorities Act. They attack chiefs who collaborated with the government and

replaced by popular chiefs. The same with other revolts, Sekhukhuneland revolt did not

also succeed.

LESSON 3
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING
Overview

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In this lesson students will learn about the agenda of the government in the

Philippines. The approaches on how they will execute the operations. The need to

develop a country's Science and Technology has generally been recognized as one of the

imperatives of socioeconomic progress in the contemporary world. It includes the history,

definition, function, achievements and importance of DOST in the Philippines. This

lesson also encompasses the History of Science Education in the Philippines, its

importance, as well as the contribution of the Philippine Commission and different

Organizations in the Philippines.

Objectives

By the end of this lesson, the students are able learn the following:

1. Science Technology and Nation Building:

A. The Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda.

B. The Major Development Programs and Personalities in Science and

Technology in the Philippines.

C. Science Education in the Philippines.

C.1 History of Science Education in the Philippines

C.2. Importance of science education in the Philippines

A. The Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda

During the Pre-Spanish Period, before the Spanish colonized the Philippine

Islands, the natives already had practices connected to Science and Technology. Filipinos

were already familiar with the therapeutic properties of plants and procedures of
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extracting medicine from herbs. One of the most sophisticated products of engineering by

Pre-Spanish Era Filipinos is the Banaue Rice Terraces. The colonization played part of

the growth of Science and Technology. Spanish founded scientific institution, introduced

formal education, they installed Parish School where they taught writing, reading, music,

and arithmetic and the native was also taught about sanitation and more advance method

of agriculture. The movement of Science and Technology here in the Philippines

maintained under the American rules of Islands. The importance to Science grew during

the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, he declared that the “advancement of Science and

Technology shall have priority in the national development” in the amended of 1973

Philippine Constitution.

 Scientist being Advocates

Scientists and Technologists are needed in the developing world, one of the most

important for industrialization. They are the moving forces of research, innovation and

have important role in the production and manufacturing sectors and with their roles in

the nation-building. They have responsibility to advocate for the improvement of Science

and Technology in their countries.

In the Philippines, in order to stop the vicious cycle of undeveloped technologies

and poverty, it is necessary that they should be aware of the condition of Science and

Technology in the country for improvement.

Diwata Microsatellite

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Innovation Culture

Figure 1: Salt Water Lamp Salamander Tricycle

Figure

2.

"Holl

ow Flashlight" Figure 3.The RP-S512 Light Sport Aircraft

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Figure 3. Saltwater Lamp Figure4. Salamander Tricycle

In Figure 1 the body-heat powered flashlight this flashlight is powered by hand

Makosinski was unsure whether heat from a person's hand was enough to fuel a flashlight

equipped with an LED bulb. In figure 2 the “first Filipino-made operational aircraft” or

“first Filipino-made aircraft in-production”. This Innovation can only happen with

enough scientists and technologists to develop an “innovation ecosystem.” In figure 3, the

Saltwater Lamp is a Lamp that is an environment-friendly substitute natural light source

that runs on saltwater. With just two tablespoon of salt and one glass of tap water, this

lamp can run for 8 hours. While in Figure 4, First Filipino made amphibious tricycle or

The Salamander is a tricycle that can run both water and land.

Two Major Approaches:

1. Solid research and development in regions – developing research and development

plan by offering more support with the DOST’s sectored planning and it should be also

scattered to all regions of things that are need to develop and improve; like food

production, industry and innovation. This is serious in light of climate change and classy

electricity and the need to dissolve and economic activities. The Science initiative must

be distributed to the regions especially those where food production needs to be

improved, industry needs to grow and where innovation needs to be developed. This is

critical in light of climate change and expensive electricity and the need to disperse

industry and economic activities.

2. Areas of strategic projects:

 Renewable Energy – The need of new technology to access high electricity yields

in a partial space with less dependence on natural resources to allow the COP
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Commitments while reducing the price of electricity, which are naturally

replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and

geothermal heat .we need new technologies to enable high electricity yields in

limited space with less dependence on natural resources to enable us to meet our

COP 21 commitments, while lowering the price of electricity.

 Science and Technology for industry development – stronger involvement of our

scientist and engineers if we want to refresh the basic industries.

 Faster and Cheaper internet access – being one of the most have slowest internet,

however our archipelago requires bridge gap and build network

 Increased Food Production – though we have given limited lands, using

technology to expand yields while increasing quality of output and not being too

dependent on fertilizers.

Major approaches:

 Climate change adaptation- We need cutting edge technology to enable

farmers to adapt to changing climates and the need to do away with

technologies that destroy the capacity for good healthful yields.

1. The DOST and its sectors planning councils and institutes grant more research.

2. Strengthen the Balik Scientist Program and retention program for current young

scientists- our young scientists must be engaged through actual research projects. Many

of our scientists and engineers are OFWs who support our candidacy. We need their help

to uplift our country’s technology and we hope they come back.

3. Science and Technology cooperation within ASEAN.

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4. Cooperation between industry and the science community by involving them in the

sector planning councils. DOSTs programs’ for SMEs (Such as SET-UP) needs to be

replicated further.

Science and Technology in the Philippines

It is describe as a scientific and technological progress made by the Philippines

and analysis related policy issues. The (DOST) or the Department of Science and

Technology is the main agency responsible from Science and Technology in the

Philippines.

 Scientists as Advocates

Scientists and Technologists are essential in the developing world. They are one

of the key players in a country's quest for industrialization. They are the lifeblood of

research, innovation and have important roles in the industry and the manufacturing

sector. Together with their roles in nation-building, scientists, too, have a responsibility to

advocate for the betterment of S&T in their countries.

For the Philippines, in order to halt the vicious cycle of technological

backwardness and poverty, it is important that scientists and technologists themselves be

aware of the sad plight of S&T in the country and to c for its improvement.

DOST: Advancing Science, Technology Agenda Best Option for PHL Growth

In the recent meeting with members of the Makati Business Club and several

foreign chambers of commerce, the government’s chief scientist Fortunate dela Peña

encouraged local and foreign businessmen to invest in technology-related enterprises.

Dela Peña, Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), said this is
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relevant as the government is now investing heavily in Science and Technology. He cited

advancement in health and medicine development with the county’s numerous traditional

medicinal herbs as focus, education, energy, disaster resiliency, and climate-change

adaptation, including enterprises that deal with creativity such as designs, the country

seemed to have grown “resistant” to science- and technology-related endeavors, although

a core number of advocates persisted in pushing the science agenda. The progressive

minds seemed to have prevailed, the DOST official said.

Asean Integration Requires Competitive Technology

The Science and Technology help us understand nature and the world, and

enables us to lead full lives through new and innovative means. It therefore requires that

we as Filipinos’ expand our Science and Technology base to enable us to compete in an

integrated ASEAN.

B. The Major Development Programs and Personalities in Science and Technology

in the Philippines

History of DOST

The DOST was formed as the National Science Development Board in June 13,

1958 during the administration of President Carlos P. Garcia. The Science body was

formed as a result of a law passed in the Congress upon the recommendation of Dr. Frank

Co Tui., who was tasked by Garcia to conduct a survey regarding the state of Science and

Technology in the country. It was reorganized as the National Science and Technology

Authority (NSTA) in March 17, 1981 and was given broader policy-making and program

implementing functions. In January 30, 1987, during the administration of President

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Corazon Aquino, the NSTA was elevated to cabinet-level status with the signing of

Executive Order 128, and was renamed as the Department of Science and Technology.

What is DOST?

The Philippines Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is the executive

department of the Philippine Government responsible for the coordination of Science and

Technology related projects in the Philippines and to adress policies and projects in the

fields of science and technology in support of national progression.

Functions

1. Formulate and adopt a comprehensive National Science and Technology Plan,

monitor and coordinate its funding and implementation.

2. Promote, assist and where appropriate, undertake scientific and technological

research and development in areas identified as vital to the country's development

and progression.

3. Promote the development of indigenous technology and the adaptation and

innovation of suitable imported technology, and in this regard, undertake

technology development up to commercial stage and economic status.

4. Undertake design and engineering works to complement research and

development functions;

5. Promote, assist and, where appropriate, undertake the transfer of the results of

scientific and technological research and development to their end-users;

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6. Promote, assist and, where appropriate, undertake the technological services

needed by agriculture, industry, transport, and the general public;

7. Develop and maintain an information system and databank on science and

technology;

8. Change and implement programs for strengthening scientific and technological

capabilities through manpower training, infrastructure and institution-building .

9. Promote public consciousness in science and technology.

The Major Development Programs and Personalities in Science and Technology in

the Philippines

Education is one development of DOST. The Philippine is has a proficient

development in terms of Education. Because of this some of the student will have a

job/work when he/she graduate a Senior High School. The Filipinos are generally

prioritizing advanced and higher education. Education has a important role in the

country's progress. It helps people to become better and productive citizens. Education

can help raise our moral and social standards to help our government to obey the law and

order and also it can help our government in the maintenance of social discipline.

The Science and Technology programs uplift its level of development. It has

complete apparatus and technologies for actual development for the learners. The current

programs were aligned to the international standard. With this, the graduates can easily

understand the demand of the international market. Additionally, educators/professors in

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a certain field were equipped of skills and knowledge to develop aspiring professionals.

Education it is strong equipment that we can use in any kind of field even it inside of the

country which is Philippines or outside of it.

The status of Education in the Philippines is more upgraded because of the

different technologies and also influenced by other countries wherein they are in the field

of high technology. DOST also one of the organization contributed a lot.

Programs

 Technology transfer and commercialization

It enables beneficiaries to address their technical problems through technology

transfer and technology interventions to improve product quality, develop human

resources, minimize cost, enhance waste management, and other operation related

activities and also the economic growth when it comes to product and services.

 Innovation System Support Fund (ISSF)

The program rationalizes and links all DOST services to address the technological

needs of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) with the steadfast support and

cooperation of DOST Provincial S&T Centers (PSTCs) and Areas of interventions

include product quality improvement, human resources development, cost minimization,

waste management and other operation related activities.

 Manufacturing Productivity Extension Program (MPEX)

The MPEX Program provides consulting services to MSMEs belonging to the

manufacturing sector on productivity improvement. DOST Region VI in coordination

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with Guimaras PSTC deploys accredited consulting tea ms to assist clients, implement

productivity improvement measures on both long term and short term basic need of

market and consumers.

 Consultancy for Agriculture Productivity Enhancement (CAPE) Program

It provides consultancy teams to undertake technology improvement and

enterprise productivity studies in micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the

agricultural and aquaculture sectors that provide learning mostly to those entrepreneurs.

CAPE aims and goal to institutionalize effective farm management strategies,

including transfer and commercialization of better technologies, to improve , develop

agricultural and aquaculture productivity and services.

 Food Safety Program

Food Safety Program was established to promote the adoption of safe food

handling practices among food processors and other stakeholders of the processed food

industry where enhance right production , manufacture and processes.

 Packaging and Labeling Assistance Program

The Packaging and Labeling Assistance Program intends to boost competitiveness

through the provision of packaging services from package development and trainings as

well as laboratory and consultancy services, among others but this problem lead you to

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have adequate services and production through by knowledge and skill that provide this

program.

(TSKI) – Kauswagan Design and Packaging Center, Central Philippine

University (CPU) PC-PET and various packaging centers based in State Universities and

Colleges (SUCs) as well as local Government Units (LGUs).

 Energy Audit

The DOST VI energy Audit Team is tasked to promote energy conservation and

energy efficiency practices in the region and enough sources for everyone that help us to

make productive and skillful.

Cleaner Production Technologies

Environmental policies require enterprises to reduce pollution and waste courses

by human production With the high cost of investment to manage waste products as well

as the ever-increasing cost of power and raw materials, many enterprises are already

beginning to look for other ways, better ways, to improve productivity and waste

generation into organize and manageable waste policies.

 Technology Trainings

DOST VI gives high priority in the conduct of technology trainings, seminars and

similar activities. There are generally three (3) kinds of trainings being conducted by the

regional office. The first are firm level trainings which are mostly requested by MSMEs

either for upgrading of their existing technology or for acquisition of new technology

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which they intend to commercialize second , are those that are requested by LGUs, NGOs

and people’s organizations, trade associations and similar organizations in which focus

on upgrading knowledge when it comes to technologies learning and skill .This kind of

training is being undertaken in collaboration with other partners. The third type

comprises public trainings that are implemented with strategic partners who participate in

the planning, invitation of participants, collection, collaboration, analysis and

management of fees generated and the over-all administration of the activity or activities.

Regional Standards Regional Standards and Testing Laboratories (RSTL)

The RSTL provides laboratory and testing services to industries, academe, local

government units, private institutions and individuals in Western Visayas. These services

are likewise very important to our public institutions and local government units

particularly in addressing public welfare concerns and consumer protection. The academe

is likewise being supported in their research and development undertakings through these

laboratory services. The laboratory offers chemical and microbiological testing as well as

calibration services. It is accredited by the Bureau of Health Facilities and Services

(DOH-BHFS).

R&D Management

The DOST VI has made pioneering efforts in R&D management by strengthening

because its collaborative efforts and serving as base agency of two (2) R&D consortia its

namely (WVCIERD), the Western Visayas Consortium for Industry and Energy Research

and (WVHRDC) Developmen and the Western Visayas Health Research and
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Development Consortium. These are consortia were established primarily to provide a

formal venue that would catalyze the redirection, focusing and consolidation of S&T

efforts to address the various needs, issues, wants of the various sectors in Western

Visayas of the Philippines.

S&T Human Resource Management

The Human Resource Development aims ,focus at building future S&T

capabilities through focused programs in basic needs and higher education. DOST VI

offers scholarships for S&T undergraduate degrees, and scholarships and research

fellowships at the graduate level. It also conducts science and mathematics competitions

to motivate members of the academe and promote a culture of achievement.

DOST-SEI Undergraduate Scholarship (MERIT Scholarship)

DOST-SEI Is known also as Project 5801 Education were Undergraduate

Scientific Manpower productive and Development Program. It awards scholarship slots

to incoming freshmen who wish to pursue priority courses in the basic sciences, applied

sciences, physics teaching and engineering at identified universities and soon so fort.

Achievements

The Department Of Science and Technology stated five (5) Major Achievements

in 2017 namely:

1. Research and Development (R&D) Assistance

According to dela Pena DOST, he had assisted more than 1000 research

development projects all over the country, with 65% already completed. The DOST

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managed 1,057 Research and Development projects attached agencies and councils such

as the Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and

Development (PCIEERD) and the Philippine Council for Health Research and

Development(PCHRD). In terms of technology transfer, the DOST-Technology

Application and Promotion Institute (TAPI) guide investors regarding the intellectual

property system. The agency also provides them with patent consultations as well as

grants for the payment of Intellectual Property Office (IPO) fees Technology Transfer

Day is an activity that aims to ensure technologies/inventions are maximized for the

benefit of society and industries.

2. Assistance to MSMEs

According to Dela Pena, 574 firms are provided with a software and hardware to

upgrade the Technology capacity. The Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have

received the SETUP (Small Enterprises Technology Upgrading Program) innovation

fund. The aim of DOST program is to encourage MSMEs to adopt technological

innovations to improve their products and services and to help MSMEs improve their

competitiveness by providing them with a loan that is payable in three years.

3. Assistance to Start-ups

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The DOST has assisted almost 400 startups in 2017. "We have provided them

with all types of assistance -- money, services, calibration, etc.," said Dela Pena.

4. Human resource Development

Dela Pena noted that in 2017, the DOST has provided scholarships to more than

22,000 students. Almost 7,881 are the scholars of the Philippine Science High School.

Close to 1,000 are taking their PhDs while 2,700 are taking Master of Science. The rest

of the scholars are taking an undergraduate course.

5. Additional radars

To further improve weather forecasting capability and disaster risk reduction in

the country, four Doppler radars, which could measure the rain volume, and two flood

forecasting and warning centers have been completed this year.

C. Science Education in the Philippines

Science education has always played an important role in the development of a

country. It has been instrumental in imparting the 'hard' skills and knowledge to our

students to enable them to make a living. For many years now, science education has

helped the Philippines develop a workforce to support the demands of industry,

agriculture: service and the academe.

C.1 History of Science Education in the Philippines

In 1901, American introduces a system of secularized public school education in

the Philippines. Philippine Commission created the Department of Public Instruction in

January 1901 that provided the establishment of schools that would give free primary

education wherein they use English as the medium of instruction. In 1904, American
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introduced Science to the Philippines under the subject matter, Nature study, but was

abolished a year after in order to give more time to language arts.

In 1905, Philippine Medical School was established and later absorbed into the

University of the Philippines. It adopted the coordinated policy for the promotion of

higher education in the sciences and government research institutions and agencies

performing technical functions. Science was again introduced with focus on Nature and

Health in 1935. The Constitution acknowledged the importance of promoting the

scientific development in order to have economic development in the Philippines. Private

Education was re-established Office of Private education in 1936.In 1946, Institute of

Science and institute of Nutrition was established that aim to perform advisory, research,

and extension functions.

The Science Foundation of the Philippines (SFP) stimulated research in the

sciences and engineering and promoted science consciousness. No science offered from

grades 1-4 in elementary level while there are thirty (30) minutes allotted for science and

arithmetic in grades 5 and 6. One teacher handled sixty (60) pupils in the morning and

another teacher handled sixty (60) pupils in the afternoon. General Secondary curriculum

was enforced in all third and fourth year classes on public schools that includes Physics,

Chemistry, and advance algebra that were optional. In 1949-1950, classroom instruction

focused on understanding and appreciation of simple facts and methods, activities such as

observations, experimentation, critical thinking, planning and participating in the

experiments.

Secondary level emphasized activities that include health, sanitation, community

and home beautification. In 1950, leading scientists recognized the importance of Science
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to the development. Science became a part of the curriculum from in all elementary and

secondary schools in 1957. National Committee for Science Education was also set up to

formulate objectives for teaching of science education and recommended steps for

upgrading the teaching of science.

They identified that there are areas that must be improved such as:

a. Integration of science with classroom instruction.

b. Acquisition of more science equipment and tools.

c. Coordination of efforts with other agencies.

d. Negotiation for a science institute for teachers.

e. National science talent search and fellowships.

f. Higher salaries of science and mathematics teachers.

g. Promotion of science teacher’s competence.

In 1960, Biological Sciences Curriculum Study was formed. It is a group of

biological educators at the University of the Philippines that develops curriculum that

was activity-oriented rather than being merely narrative and descriptive that reflected

new developments in biological sciences. Since there are weaknesses that must be

improved, it funded training courses for teachers and adopted BSCS project. In 1962,

BSCS donated 1,600 copies of green version textbooks, experimental edition. Green

version laboratory manual were also tried out in ten (10) public high schools for a full

school year.

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Science textbooks were printed and distributed by the United States operations

Mission National Economic Council (USOM-NEC) Project. UP Science Teaching Center

developed the first generation textbooks. It was also when the Vocational Educational

System and Technical Education System has been firmly established. Students exchange

programs with Ateneo de Manila University started on 1960 up to present.

C.2 Importance of Science Education in the Philippines

Science Education in the Philippines is very important because it has something to

do with the technology and industry which is one of the areas for high development in the

Philippines. It helps students in enhancing their skills in scientific inquiry, improving

their attitude as well as their values, and developing their mind habit that includes their

critical thinking, questioning and problem posing, and even their way of data gathering.

Science has a great impact in the individual development of every student, their future

career, and generally in life. Values, skills, attitudes and dispositions learned through

science can help not just students but it also helps to develop community and even the

entire nation’s culture and identity.

Science Education in the Philippines focuses on the development of scientifically,

technologically, and environmentally literate and productive members of society.

Students in the Philippines must communicate effectively, and must possess life-long

learning skills together with scientific values and attitudes. It encompasses on the

methods of inquiry and focuses on the things that are relevant to the real world. These

skills and knowledge will be implemented in a learning environment that fosters the

construction of ideas and instills respect for other people and even on the environment.

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It was designed for the concept of objectivity, which was opposed to relying

solely on the feelings and emotions that might hamper proper decision-making. Instead of

thinking based on gut feel or emotions alone, Science can present certainty and facts,

while remaining open-minded about the perspectives of other people. The lifelong skills

learned from science allow students to weigh decisions cleverly, generate brilliant ideas

and even understand the evidence behind public policy-making. It also enables students

to gain the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in school and beyond.

D. Selected Indigenous Science and Technology

Science is all about getting knowledge from certain facts after it is well observed

through experiments and undergone systematic procedures. The Science and Technology

successfully existed throughout history and developed by people and have substantially

contributed to Science. Primarily, there were indigenous products made and developed

nowadays that become significant to everyone’s life. Selected indigenous science and

technology pursuit indigenous knowledge means from simply plants and herbs, materials

and inventions through the use of natural resources they have ended up to its

advancement of Science and Technology that understand as having essence to living

creatures of present time then developed through the advancement of Science and

Technology.

Indigenous Science

It is part of indigenous knowledge that is practiced by different group of people

and culturally relative. They used process skills guided by the community, culture and

values composed of traditional knowledge that people of modern times adopted their

ways. It talks about the Science that the indigenous people have their knowledge about
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the culture and their view about communities. Every culture has its own Science that

everyone used and applied for the decision making for the foster sustainability and

environmental integrity for new development and resources. It used Science process

skills guided by community culture and values composed of traditional knowledge.

Indigenous Technology

The technology evolved by indigenous people. There are earliest inventions made

by Science and Technology significant. These are the abacus, shadow clock, hot air

balloon, fireworks, iron casting and kites. China also had their inventions liked

gunpowder, compass, paper making and printing. The mentioned inventions considered

as indigenous because they were existed a long time ago and invented by people in

certain group that become significant to the advancement of technology and then become

an indigenous knowledge. It includes the technologies practiced by indigenous people

that were being used in the past and then being used and focused in modern time. The

indigenous people used ways in fishing, hunting, plant cultivation, architecture, art, and

healing that nowadays people selected and then applied in recent time. The Science

scholars or people who have studied Science contributed knowledge and then developed

it through the use of Science and Technology that is necessary to sustain life.

What is Indigenous Science and Technology?

People alive before were successfully discovered products that benefitted them a

lot. It talks about the certain groups who produced and discovered things and inventions

that are significant to the field of Science and Technology that has sufficient indigenous

knowledge about it. Indigenous knowledge defines as the knowledge known by the group

over generations to generations of living. ( Ryser 2011).What they discovered were being
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known by the community. They have the knowledge what it is all about, the uses and

purposes and even the single detail about it.

Selected Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines

A. Prediction of weather. Indigenous people known as being environmental and

nature’s friendly. It has been a part of their tradition to predict weather so they could

assure what to do the next morning. Seeing a shining moon with a rainbow encircle or it

could be a bloody red sunset is a sign that there’s a storm coming.

B. Preserving of foods. The word “etag” or dried and salted pork/meat called by Igorot

people, is the method they do in order to preserve foods.

C. Using herbal medicines. Indigenous people are fond of treating themselves through

the use of herbal medicine or ways to cure sickness.

Example of Indigenous Beliefs:

Indigenous Beliefs can also be developed desirable values according to Johnston

(2000).

1. Motivating Attitudes

2. Cooperating Attitudes

3. Practical Attitudes

4. Reflective Attitude

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The indigenous people whom depended their living based on the environment situation

and economy. Examples are squash, potatoes, beans and peppers that contributed to

global cuisine. There were circumstances that the indigenous people helped someone and

being cured through the conifer needle tonics that were rich in Vitamin C.

The medicinal plant is still used today especially for those living in tropical

ecosystems. The Aspirin, Acetylsalicylic acid, the active ingredient for pain reliever was

first discovered by the indigenous people. They shared their knowledge now and then and

have been used for pharmacological development.

Indigenous Knowledge System

1. It is embedded in the cultural traditions of regional, indigenous or local

communities. It is widely known by the people in certain community.

2. Orally passed. The knowledge they have learned are passed down from generation to

generation.

3. Evident in stories, poems and songs. The indigenous knowledge are being listened

and seen in the stories, poems and songs. Everybody knows about it especially people

belongs in the tribe; kids, teens and even adults.

The Indigenous Knowledge is also known as Traditional Ecological Knowledge.

It talks about the knowledge in Ecology (science deals with the relationship between

living things and the environment) that is handed down by people from their ancestors

and to their generations and knowledge being observed and experienced of people who

are living before. Adapt changes that are being handed down by people generations

through generations. Examples are canoe and kayak.

Conclusion:

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There are many indigenous things that are being invented by the group of people

from the past that has essential impact to the things nowadays which contributed to the

development of Science and Technology. Selected indigenous science and technology

which are being selected and developed for the good of society and in the environment

which allows everybody to enjoy and benefit from it.

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LESSON 4
HUMAN FLOURISHING IN TERMS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Overview
The progress of human civilization throughout history mirrors the development of

science and technology. The human person is bought bearer and beneficiary of

technology, flourishes and finds meaning in the world that builds. This lesson is helpful

to have an understanding of Human Flourishing in terms of Science and Technology.

Objective

At the end of this lesson the student will be able to:

1. Identify the different concepts in human flourishing

2. Determine the development of the scientific method and validity of science and

technology

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3. Understand the different perception of human flourishing and how it can be

applied in daily life

The Human Person Flourishing in terms of Science Technology

Human flourishing is the progress of science and technology to help the mental

and the emotional state of human for them to be able to define the meaning of good life.

Another term of human flourishing is Eudemonia is the term of combining Greek word

for "Good" and "Spirit" it describes ideology and Eudemonia before happiness as the

pursuit of becoming a better person. And flourishing is groups where people experience

positive emotion and it indicates all the positive aspect. Eudemonia is a property of one's

life when considered as a whole. Flourishing is the highest good of human endeavors and

that toward which all actions aim. It is a success as a human being. The best life is one of

excellent human activity. Everything has its ending. Happiness is not fatal. It will come

to an end and it is called eudemonia. While if we find our full potential and receive the

happiness we want that is what we called flourishing, the momentum of life. Everything

has its ending. Happiness is not fatal and it will come to an end.

According to Memjie Cruz (2019), human flourishing is a state where people

experience positive emotions, positive psychological functioning, and positive social

functioning. An effort to achieve self-actualization and fulfillment within the context of a

larger community of individuals each with the right to pursue this or her such efforts.

And Science technology must be treated as of human life that needs reflective and

meditative thinking

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According to Aristotle, each life of man has a purpose and that the function of

one's life is to attain that purpose. He explains that the purpose of life is earthly happiness

or flourishing that can be achieved via reason and the acquisition of virtue. Articulating

an explicit and clear understanding of the end toward which a person's life aims. Aristotle

states that each human being should use his abilities to their fullest potential and should

obtain happiness and enjoyment through the exercise of their realized capacities. He

contends that human achievements are animated by purpose and autonomy and that

people should take pride in being excellent at what they do. Human beings have a natural

desire and capacity to know and understand the truth, to pursue moral excellence, and to

instantiate their ideas in the world through action.

There is an end of all of the actions that we perform which we desire for itself.

This is what is known as eudemonia, flourishing, or happiness, which is desired for its

own sake with all other things being desired on its account. Eudemonia is a property of

one's life when considered as a whole. Flourishing is the highest good of human

endeavors and that toward which all actions aim. It is a success as a human being. The

best life is one of excellent human activity Younkins W (2003).

Science and technology must use it as a way of meditation to gain a positive

attitude so that it will be easy to have fulfillment in life. Everything has good function

and people must search for the good use of an object and even its abilities. When the

good function is considered, both people and surroundings will receive a good outcome.

Eudemonia is a property of one's life when considered as a whole. Flourishing is the

highest good of human endeavors and that toward which all actions aim. It is a success as

a human being. The best life is one of excellent human activity. Everything has its

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ending. Happiness is not fatal. It will come to an end and it is called eudemonia. While if

we find our full potential and receive the happiness we want that is what we called

flourishing, the momentum of life. Everything has its ending. Happiness is not fatal and it

will come to an end.

Nowadays, people value Science and Technology that much. But according to

Karl Max, it should not be the center of people's life. It is good to value it but there are

still lots of things that must be considered like giving value to other people around us.

Social media makes elder people invisible. Plenty of people love to use social media and

no doubt that social interaction is indeed necessary but it is much more appreciated when

it is personal interaction.

Science of the human flourishing is ambitious to build a new project and bringing

all leaders together, the leader unites to build a new project in the fields of science by

experimenting an old object or things to make a new one. Technology is one of the tools

or the application to examine some of the experiment that contributes the human

flourishing, and people now forget how to be a human just because of technology.

Technology vs. Human

Technology is created by human and the human destroying the word humanity

every single day the technological change is a big impact of humanity on a much deeper

day and every single day technology change things and also human. Human ignores to be

a human they destroying the earth. When it comes to communication technology has a

big impact in our world by providing us with unlimited information and creates

opportunities for meeting new people and makes us second life, and also help us to keep

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and touch with family and friends but technology isolates us, we focus on the gadget now

and then we do not talk to the person who around us. "The world driven large by

advances in technology has because inextricably interconnected across distance and other

boundaries" Downing, (2017).

Technology allows a business, economic, political relationship. And not

everything we see with the internet is true they try to convince us, or example to the food

through advertisement so us people we buy immediately because of what we see on the

internet without knowing the true benefits, by using the technology it should have a

limitation and you should control yourself. People become dependable because of

technology and technology is no longer just a tool that we use to achieve something we

are actually (McLuhan predicted) becoming a tool in technology to ourselves

Effects of Science and Technology in Human Flourishing

There is a negative and positive effect of science and technology in human

flourishing. On the positive side, it makes our life easy. Whatever people are looking

nowadays, can be found in just one click. Science and technology make everything

convenient and easy access, especially in communication. People can now see and talk to

their loved ones whenever and wherever they want in just one click which is very helpful

nowadays because there are plenty of people who are far away from each other. But on

the other side, it makes people dependent on the internet instead of trying their best in

scanning their books. Social media people are now trying to leave by the criteria of others

and not by the capability of their finances. When it comes to science help the human

experiment and builds a new one, science is important for you to be able to discover new

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things. The forefront of our society now is science and technology all we do deals with

the research, progress, and development to grow our technological section.

LESSON 5

TECHNOLOGY IS A WAY OF REVEALING

Overview

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This lesson contains how the technology used as revealed in the modern world.

By entering into a particular relation with reality, the reality is ‘revealed' in a specific way

and this is where technology comes in since technology is the way of revealing that

characterized our time.

Objective

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:

1. Explain the concept of the human condition before and in our modern world

2. Know how technology as instruments as a way of revealing

Technology as a way of Revealing

In what manner is trendy technology a revealing process?

Much as Greek technology may be a revealing method, trendy technology too is

an incident of concealment. Natural objects within the revealing method of recent

technology build themselves receptive the sunshine of the epoch’s manner of being.

Rivers, mountains, plains, plants, and animals area unit all brought forth into the middle

stage therefore on be seen within the new light-weight of recent secret plan. Not like

before, nature is currently seen as a “resource we are able to without delay manipulate.”

it's not any longer associate degree object of surprise however associate degree object of

human conquest. As Francis Bacon aforementioned, our data of nature is additionally our

power over it. This can be however things reveal themselves in trendy technology.

They’re currently simply “things prepared for any human biding.” However, the

revealing of recent technology differs from that of earlier, non-machine-powered

technology, in a very elementary manner. it's not a revealing, associate degree flowering

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within the sense of poises, “the revealing that rules in trendy technology may be a

difficult, that puts to nature the unreasonable demand that it offer energy which may be

extracted and hold on intrinsically.” All technology reveals, however trendy technology

reveals not within the flowering poetic sense however as a challenge it sets upon nature

and simply puts its energy by unlocking it. The revealing that rules throughout trendy

technology has the character of a setting-upon, within the sense of a challenging–forth.

Such difficult happens therein the energy hid in nature is unfastened, what's unfastened is

reworked, what's reworked is hold on up, what's hold on up is successively distributed,

and what's distributed is switched regarding ever afresh. Unlocking, remodeling, storing,

distributing, and shift regarding area unit ways that of showing. However the revealing

merely involves associate degree finish. Neither will it run into the indeterminate. The

revealing reveals to itself its own manifold interlocking ways, through regulation their

course. This regulation itself is, for its half, everyplace secured. Regulation and securing

even become the chief characteristics of the revealing that challenges.

In The Question regarding Technology, philosopher mentions 2 (two)

characteristics of recent technology as a revealing method. First, he says “the revealing

that rules within the trendy technology may be a difficult and second, he says “this

difficult that brings forth energy of nature is associate degree expediting.” The mode of

showing of recent technology may be a difficult victimization his own language, difficult

means that “to come back forth by challenge or demand.” Things area unit discovered or

brought forth by difficult or exacting them. It’s swing to nature the unreasonable demand

that it offer energy which will be extracted and hold on. The mining technology

nowadays may be a model for this mode of showing of things. Shortly, nature reveals

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itself in trendy technology as things of manipulation; as things that yield energy

whenever man demands them to try and do therefore. The mode of showing in trendy

technology caused new world ordering. This type of ordering is best represented as

“artificial,” in distinction to “natural” ordering. It sees nature as associate degree object

of manipulation associate degreed not any longer as an autonomous reality exacting

respect and admiration. The network of things is currently reduced into the network of

manipulation.

Ancient technology as poises, trendy technology as com-posing in keeping with

Rojcewicz clearly lays out, philosopher distinguishes the essence of technology in 2

manners: the traditional manner of poises and also the trendy way of com-posing.

Rojcewicz theory fleshes out, that the essence of ancient technology as poises ought to be

seen in light-weight of the traditional understanding of relation, With Heidegger’s

conception of ancient relation in situ, it's solely however a brief step to understanding the

essence of ancient technology as poises, for philosopher maintains that the traditional

construct of cause is in reality poises, only one not clearly brought get in its essential

nature as a result of ancient handicrafts and technologies aren't as clearly poises because

the natural processes of modification. Despite the variations between the 2 methods

natural modification and producing each process area unit basically constant. Each area

unit poises within the sense of bringing-forth one thing out of concealment into

concealment, with the sole distinction being the intermediating operate of speaking and

mind acting between the start and also the finish of the method.

The Question regarding Technology’ the aim of questioning technology is thus to

interrupt the chains of technology and be free, not within the absence of technology

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however through an improved understanding of its essence and that means. Philosopher

worries with questioning the essence of technology and particularly, trendy technology,

that he understands as one thing totally different to older, pre-industrialized sorts of

technology. He suggests that there are a unit 2 (two) dominant ways that of understanding

technology. One is instrumental, to look at it as a way to associate degree finish, whereas

the opposite is to ascertain it as act. The instrumental read rests on a read of relation that

he breaks down into four Aristotelian causes: the fabric, the form, the end, and also the

impact. These four aspects of relation area unit in reality four aspects of ‘being

accountable for conveyance one thing into appearance’. They reveal that that was hid.

They’re totally different however united by their revealing. Technology may be a manner

of showing. If we have a tendency to provide heed to the current, then another whole

realm for the essence of technology can open itself up to United States. it's the realm of

showing of truth.

Heidegger, (1927) Technology as a way of Revealing, technology is not limited

and his views on technology require some understanding of how the problem of

technology that fits to his broader philosophical project and phenomenological approach.

Phenomenology fir his is the way of showing themselves in their own way, and not see

them through theoretical lens. He said that theoretical sciences is depend on vies of time

and space, that’s very narrow to understand how do we deal with the ordinary world of

faction and concern. To make it simple he compared scientific view and the ordinary

view when it comes to understanding of time, space and nature derives from our more

fundamental experience in the world.

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Heidegger applies his experience and understanding when it comes to technology. He did

the traditional view of technology as machines and the technical technology. he think

using the essence of technology as the way we encounter entities generally, nature,

ourselves and indeed everything.

Introducing the Bremen lectures, Heidegger known because of technology. "All

distances in time and space are shrinking" and "yet the hasty setting of all distances bring

no nearness" it means distance is not a way to stop technology. Technology is a way of

revealing ourselves and communicating with others. we present ourselves as

technological. We treat each other as what Heidegger calls "standing reverse" pieces of

inventory to be conscripted, organize and disorganized, arrange and ignored. We treat

people through only means for technological procedures.

Martin Heidegger (1969) Work on technology explore the essence of technology,

as a way of revealing discussion of a wider understanding of poises, including physics. he

talk about technology as a way of revealing by the sense of truth as concealment.

How a person find themselves from the earth but technology as a way of revealing.

Heidegger is not against on technology, but rather concerned with its essence.

For his personal reflection, technology controlling us. But the truth is we are the one who

need to control technologies. he also tell the effect of technology on us, we share

ourselves to the others using technology.

Heidegger, (1986) how can technology be a way of revealing. For Heidegger, reality is

not given the same way in all times and all cultures. Reality is not absolutely humans can

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know once and for all. it is the most literal sense of the world. And he also said that

reality is in itself. If we try to understand it, it is not self anymore, it is already reality.

This means, whatever we think is emerge out of concealment into concealment. Science

technology is a way of revealing now in our time.

A revealing in which human is power over reality. while the Greeks experience making

the others to be being. He said that modern technology is a forcing into being.

Technology revealing a world as raw material that available for production and

manipulation.

If we want to move towards a new interpretation of being, this will be a technological

interpretation. We need to open the possibility of revealing a technology, while not

becoming enslaved to them and seeing them as manifestation of an understanding of

being.

Stuart Edgar, (2009) technology as a way of revealing. he also adapt Heidegger’s

perception about technology is a way of revealing. base on Stuart’s understanding,

Heidegger ‘said that revealing and regaining are connected. that say's "the clearing of

being" he didn't mean that is a type of conscious thought or unconscious thought but

rather both if this are possible to begin with. it is a speaking a language and dwelling with

the other people in the world.

the view of technology as a way of revealing, technology is inextricably bound up with

the way we are living, practices and institutions. And it is supported by Neil postman, he

said that technology is a function that follows from its form and new technologies

threaten institutions. it will be disturbing, though as we usually use to think of ourselves.

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as Heidegger himself explanations at the end of the essay, though it is not necessary a

fatalistic pictures.

Christopher p. long, (2010) considered the following two passages in 20th century.

Technology is a way of revealing if we give heed for this, he talk about the realm of

revealing. for him it is the essence of technology that will open itself up for us. Based on

his understanding, Heidegger reminds us that technology in not value neutral. The

complex manner in content of our communication defined and determined by the mode in

which it is articulated. For Marshall McLuhan, "medium is the message". It is always

bound to one another in a complex and dynamic relation. Technologies we use condition

the things we say, but things we say conditioned technologies.

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LESSON 6
HUMAN FLOURISHING
Overview

In this lesson, you will gain knowledge about how Technology as a mode of

Revealing and the role of arts in the technological world such as The progress of human

civilization through the Science and technology The Idea that technology poiesis can

apply to modern technologies. Different technologies that can help humans while helping

nature.

Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

 Identify and define Human Flourishing

 Discuss what is Technology as a Mode of Revealing

 Explore modern technology and its parts

 Illustrate the role of the art of the technological world

 Critique human flourishing as the progress of Science and Technology

Human Flourishing
Human Flourishing from the word "flourish" which is a state where people

experience a positive experience psychological functioning and social functioning most

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of the time "living" within an optimal range of human functioning. Human Flourishing is

an effort to achieve self- actualization, and fulfillment within the context of a larger

community the right to pursue his or her efforts. (Cruz, L., 2019).

Comparing the people’s lifestyle now and before will make anyone

realizes the changes that happened in society not just in terms of perception, vocabulary,

and the rights but importantly the changes in people’s way of life due to the discovery

and existence of Science and Technology. It serves as the basis of reveal human

condition

Throughout history, human civilization progress is the development of Science

and Technology. Humans can be both a bearer and beneficiary of Science & Technology.

It flourishes and to discover the meaning in the world that she/ he builds. Science &

Technology must be included as part of human life such as reflective and meditative

thinking as per Greek philosopher Martin Heidegger. Against its methodological and

technical nature, it gives another meaning into the life of a person making his/ her

decision in life. It is capable to understand the value of Science and Technology it must

be examined not only by its function but also for their higher impact of humanity but as a

whole. The different varieties of Gadgets, machines, appliances, vehicles are only

common tools that actually can make humans life easier because it indicates and it serves

as “means to the end”.

Technology as a Mode of Revealing

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Figure 1: Martin Heidegger’s photo

According to Young, G. (2010) Martin Heidegger is a German Philosopher and

seminal thinker in the Continental tradition of philosophy. He widely acknowledges

being one of the most first and influential philosophers of the 20th century.

Heidegger’s Point of View on Technology

As in his crucial work, the question of technology Martin Heidegger motivated us to

question the technology and see behind how people will understand it. As stated by Martin

Heidegger “The essence of a thing is considered to be what the thing is. We ask the question

considered technology when we ask what it is. Everyone realize the two allegation that

answer our question. One says: Technology is a means to an halt. The other says:

Technology is a human action. The two definitions of technology combine. For to hypothesize

end and procure and apply the means to them is human action the synthesize and usage of

equipment, tools, and machines the manufactured and used things themselves, and the

demands that they serve, all belong to what technology is. The whole complex of these

contrivances is technology. Technology itself is contrivance - in Latin, an instrumentum. The

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current concept of technology, which it is a means and a human activity, can, therefore, be

called the instrumental and anthropomorphic definition of technology (Heidegger, 1997, p.5)

The explanation is correct but not necessarily true. The "true" to provoke so much

meaning and more significant. Heidegger stated that the reality in one object can be

accurate through. The experience and understanding of what is right can lead us to what

is true. Heidegger motivates the person as conceive of technology as a mode of revealing

as its views of information about the human person and in the world. It generates

technology by a way of bringing forth as making something new. It is considered as a

mode of revealing, the truth is brought forth. Using technology tools to collaborate with

others rather than working individually at all times to connect new information to their

prior knowledge rather than passively receive information to which gains the action to

the world as well as the instructional setting rather than working on decontextualized. It

is a set of goals, plan activities, monitor progress evaluate the results rather than simply

completing

Heidegger also adapts the ancient Greek concept which of Aletheia, Poiesis,

Techne. Aletheia (n.d.) which means unclosedness, unconcealedness, disclosure.

According to Cambridge Dictionary Poiesis which means generating and bring

forth. For the other Philosopher Aristotle, making a good outcome for a purpose. Techne

(from the word technology) means art, skill, and craft. Heidegger's outcome, technology

is a poiesis that reveals the reality and truth. Meanwhile, technology can more differently

as takes in the mindset in human, it can be more reflective and sensitive idea by viewings

modern world. This context is not easy especially to the modern days, on the current

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observation there has an update that can be a pattern, and when is reaching the popularity

inheritance it is constantly banned on social media. Nowadays, it seems like there's so

much noise in the world that it could take a disciplined tread back to see what is

Heidegger's pointing out and appreciate how technology brings forth to the truth.

Technology as Poiesis: Applicable to Modern Technology?

Can technology is advisable as a poiesis in Modern Technology? Heidegger states

that modern technology as "challenging forth" since it is primarily necessary for every

activity. Modern technology can be able to support in every task that we will do in our

daily activities. Some of the activities that we able to do are required to use technology.

Modern technology considered as a revealing. People used technology to expose their

new inventions like when it comes to our nature. There is more possibility that the

inventors can find a technique so that the demands of people are filled by the

technologies invented by humans. The good example of this is mining.

Figure 1:MiningExcavator

There is technological equipment called Excavator which is used in Mining. It is

used to move some debris of rocks and mines somewhere help the miners work faster.

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Since William Otis Smith invented Excavator, it can be able to support the workers or

miners to facilitate mining. Using this kind of technological equipment, miners can also

finish their work immediately.

Heidegger means to say that quintessence of technology is we need to endeavor

questioning everything that we discernible and do not take it. What Heidegger says, the

embodiment of technology is that there are no technological types about a new way of

ideas so that we are exempt from technology.

According to Heidegger, there is no definite point in technological matters but

technology is finite and universal for people use, but the symbolism of technology is

something else entirely as Heidegger describes it as something like a tree. What

Heidegger wants to emphasize is that the essence of technology is not merely

technological.

Fig 2: River was transformed from grotty marshland

Courtesy: Data Protection Act (2017) "the river was transformed from grotty marshland

to tourist heaven"

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To view how technology can change and build our world. When we build the

hydraulic dam in the river where the water flows changing its course to generate energy.

That is as Heidegger argues, he expanded his critics of technology along in industrial

tourism that in its way transforms the world into a product and make a profit.

Figure 3: Richard Rojcewicz

Courtesy: Anthony Stadlen (1954) “The Question Concerning Technology”

Meanwhile, Rojcewicz clearly stated that Heidegger distinguishes between

technology in the ancient method of creative processing and the modern way of

composing, in other words, the ancient method of creation is based on the ancient

conception of what would cause an “abetting” or “nurturing” something that has evolved

from the process of transforming itself.

On the contrary, the modern method of composing is a “challenging” and “robs”

creatures especially in nature of what it can do to gather unnecessary things.

When Heidegger himself places more emphasis on modern technology as building

on the imposition of non-essentials than on the old method of polite poiesis, though he
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looks forward to creating a manifestation of poiesis to have more close look at the portion

in old and modern technologies and for Rojcewicz to raise again.

Heidegger is just emphasized but Rojcewicz points out, that the embodiment of

ancient technology as poiesis must be seen in a different way of the primitive

understanding of causation, as well as the understanding that it is expressed four times of

meaning in "Aristotle".

Based on Heidegger, in ancient times, the wind was known as "useful" but only on a

windy weather day, and in this revealing view - in this poiesis - the air is very respected

in the nature, it only happens when the weather is windy, therefore it's a natural form that

suspected of being used in human purposes only if it is distorted in view of this "essence"

seeing a form of "force" in the air, in this way - the old designers of windmill were able

to construct a windmill guided through a natural essence of the wind.

For them, "efficient cause" it is understandable as the outer force or persuasion

that brings about the changes, in fact, absent in Aristotle, and instead for the "efficient

cause" it changes its called from occasion or opportunity for an end product, either

natural or produced, to come out from a process like the expression of something from

revealing itself rather than sentenced by an outer force; that is, the "efficient cause" is

more a helping or a nurturing (Rojcewicz suggests “nurturing” or “nudging” cause) in

which the client of execution is obligated to the process and production in a mean for not

to very describable itself. This indication by Heidegger and elaboration by Rojcewicz

itself needed further elaboration.

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When Rojcewicz summarizes some of Heidegger: “The four causes are not

responsible for the things made in the sense of bringing about the existence of the thing,

compelling it into existence, delivering it up ready-made. The four causes offer nurture;

they lie underneath the thing in the sense of making ready the ground, preparing the

conditions, for the potentiality in the matter to actualize itself". That is how, according to

Heidegger, the ancients conceived of causalities.

In Heidegger's concept of ancient causal reasoning, this is one of the brief steps to

better understand the essence of ancient technology as poiesis, since Heidegger maintains

the ancient concept of cause. Indeed in poiesis, one that is not a clear shown in important

nature because of ancient handicrafts and technology, is not as clear in poiesis as the

natural processes of change that Aristotle often describes in his physics. But for

Heidegger, the darkness of this diversity is clear. Despite the differences in these two

processes – natural change and production – both poiesis the meaning of “bringing” and

“something” from “hiding in conflict,”

In other words, before engaging in the trade including implementation once

presented as technology. The ancient Greeks indicate technology as a mean of visual

revelation, poiesis. Meaning, they saw natural processes and for disrupting, the result of

the way is one’s self appears in its own right. For Heidegger, unlike the ancient

technology that drives and cares, modern technology is an important challenge and

penalty that is met with in the form of challenge, temptation, destruction, and disposal.

Perhaps the best way to introduce the basic idea of technology and to compare it to

ancient times is that Rojcewicz compares it between a traditional windmill rather than a

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grids grain and modern power-generating windmills. Rojcewicz described the old

windmill with modern windmills capable of producing and generating electricity.

In other words, Rojcewicz used a modern windmill with a capacitor "instead of a

gear not just looking at the air for what it offers, when it offers, how it offers. rather, it

takes from the wind. what it can, when it can and stockpiles and distribute the harnessed

energy for use in remote places for remote users". With this stockpiling and allotment,

the modern windmill is changing nature to produce something that otherwise would not

have been possible. (stockpiled energy) and moreover this ham and impermanent what air

yield (energy in a certain direction) can provide to a wide variety of energy as a whole

(mechanical to electrical), one that stored in the capacitor for use even when the air is not

available.

At this point, Heidegger and Rojcewicz are same: our ancestors can understand

the wind in its “natural” ways and creations of scenario (a "force in a certain direction

whereas moderns see the wind merely as "energy as such") independently of any natural

setting or conditions in which it might occur. This difference is critical enough to spell

out. According to Heidegger, “for the ancients, the wind was understood as "useful" only

on a windy day, and in this disclosive looking". (in this poiesis) The wind was naturally

respected in ancient times. It is more often very useful when it’s windy weather, with this

kind of abstract essence, the windmill designers or constructor create windmills for them

to use not only in detecting weathering also for farming purposes.

“Questioning as the Pity of Thought”

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Figure 7: Questioning of piety

Courtesy: Jones, Q., Retrieve 2019 “Questioning is the Piety”

According to Dr. Newell, W., Charlesworth M., 2016 that “Heidegger’s The

Questioning is the Piety of Thought can thus aptly described as a comprehensive attempt

to interrogate the idea of Technology in order to gain an understanding of the essence of

the thing, rather than merely understanding it as an instrument or a means.”

According to Winn J., 2010 that "Heidegger is concerned with questioning the

essence of technology and in particular, modern technology, which he understands as

something different to older, pre-industrialized forms of technology. He says that there

are two ways to control the use of technology. One is instruments, to view it as a means

to an end, while the other is to see it as a human activity. He thinks that they belong

together".

“Questioning as the Piety of Thought”, this means that every one of us has a

question that we cannot answer ourselves that others often answer through their thinking.

These two articles stated by Dr. Walter Newell, Marcus Charlesworth and Joss

Winn say that technology helps us find the kinds of information we need. It is used as a

tool to serve as a guide for us to understand the things or questions we have about

ourselves.

The information age or what we call the 21st century is the most widespread use

of this type of technology since then, often used only in information gathering, books, or

journals. Now that we are in the information age we are increasingly able to gather

information due to the emerging nature of technologies. By asking questions and seeking

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answers, we learn a lot and add to our knowledge. We become more and more

knowledgeable as we look for answers on social media, so not only do we know more

about our questions but more.

Another, stated by Heidegger M. (2007 p. 2), “The technology turns to us how we

are going to apply it specifically. Everyone should have authorities to be the use of it

because the more we manage to handle it, the more its vulnerability for the human rule."

It is good for people to know the use of technology, as it is a way by which we know that

our day-to-day work is much simpler but often, to our knowledge, we use it to deceive

other people. We are losing the saying that gets technology spiritually in hand we can no

longer control our use of technology correctly.

In additional, Heidegger’s analysis of technology in The Question Concerning

Technology consists of three main ‘claims’: (1) Technology is “not an instrument”, it is a

way of understanding the world; (2) Technology is “not a human life”, but it flourshes

beyond human rule; and (3) Technology is “the highest danger”, risking us to only see the

world through technological thinking.

First, why technology is not considering as an instrument? It's because, it's the

way to tell you what things matter in the world where you are, the way to describe to you

what world you are living. Second, technology is not human activity, it is a way to

develop human control because there are a lot of things that you can learn from

technology that develop a human, for instance, there are learning that you can absorb

from technology and some of us can prove it. Lastly, technology is the highest danger. It

is the reality that many of us can prove. Many people use the technology in the wrong

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way, some of us get addicted to social media, they can fool people, they can destroy

anything using the technology and also they can do the crime. And as we can see that

many people swallowing by technology.

Art as a way of in framing

Enframing, as a mode of revealing in modern technology, is intended to barricade

the poiesis. In the philosophical aspect, Poiesis is the activity of a person which brings

something that did not exist before. However, in today's world, a way of revealing are

none poetic; it is becoming more challenging and difficult. If there is no harmony in

every matter, poetic can no longer be found in anything.

Men of Ideas

Ozodi Osuji Ph.D

Martin Heidegger, suggests art can be used as the way out of this enframing. With

Art, people will see the harmony and poetic in nature as well as in reality. These two can

lead us to restrain stress, calculative thinking, and even depression. Perhaps, it can guide

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us into a meditative state of mind. Meditated mind allows you to see the beauty of nature

and its poetic characteristic, Lastly, nature is art and excellency.

Heidegger's essay stated that "There was a time when it was not technology alone

that bore the name techne. Once the reveling that brings forth truth into the splendor of

radiant appearance was also called techne.

Once there was a time when the bringing – forth of the truth into the beautiful

techne. The poiesis of the fine arts was also called techne.

At the outset of the destining of the West, in Greece, the arts soared to the

supreme height of the revealing granted them. They illuminated the presence

[Gegenwart] of the gods and the dialogue of divine and human destining. And art was

called simply techne.it was a single, manifold revealing. It was pious, promo, i.e.,

yielding to the bolding sway and the safekeeping of truth.

The arts were not derived from the artistic. Artworks were not enjoyed

aestbetically. Art was not a sector of cultural activity.

“What was art – perhaps only for that brief but magnificent age? Why did art

bear the modest name techne? Because it was a revealing that brought forth and made

present, and therefore belonged within poiesis. It was finally that revealing which bolds

complete sway in all the fine arts, in poetry, and in everything poetical that obtained

poiesis as its proper name” (Heidegger, 1977p. 13)

In meditative speaking about technology, the individual will question its

particularity on its life. Most of us think that Technology is the usual thing that solves the
problem but Heidegger comments that it is just something to be argued and questioned

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about. On the contrary, the meditative mind provides us to be rooted in the essence of
who we are.

Human Person swallowed by Technology

Imagine a world without gadgets, cars, and television, and other technology.

Without those pieces of technology would be extravagant different. In the past years, the

earth has seen a remarkable number of technological advancements. Most people do not

understand the complications of the progress that occur when they handling technologies

like the Internet or computers. According to Martin Heidegger, stated that "the highest

danger". every time we use the technology we need to know what is the effect of that in

us, there has a danger somehow we can use technology in a good way and wisely that can

help us to do things easily and to improve what he studies and for us in the future we can

easily access everything. People do not realize things when it their but when it is gone we

realize that is a big help to our example of this is our eyesight because if we use

technology unlimited our eyesight will suffer from that. Easy access to technology during

every minute of the day can be useful but overusing it is not necessary. Our ability to act

on our own body will evolve us in some mindless robots. High dependency on

technology can cause relationship problems. Also, technologies have negative side effects

on our environment and to the balance of life though they are meant to make our life

greater technology can give us too many options to choose which can make people life

very difficult because too many choices we can choose.

Even though the fact that the individual is engaged in the appreciation of nature,

we must still consider the limitation of the things that we are using. We should not permit

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ourselves to crave modern technology; it can lead to a great event or outcome. Obsession

with technology will cause us to neglect our humanity and we will eventually forget who

we are in the world in which we live. Continued immersion in technology is one reason

to say that the person has been swallowed by technology. Many of the world's leading

technologies such as Cellphones and Computer. This is the best example of a technology

that is causing bad results especially for young people in our generation.

Figure 7: Technologies

A mobile device like Cellphones is used to refer to a wide range of devices that

allow people to access data and information from any time and anywhere. Using this kind

of technology can easily process your message if you want to greet your relatives in

faraway places. Also using this, people can upload and share their pictures and videos

cause for other people to see it. Excessive use of this technology can have devastating

effects on our health.

Figure 8: Solar Panel

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There is also a technology that produces electricity. It is called the Solar Panel.

According to David Nield, Solar Panels are a fantastic process of technology. "Because

of the Environmental and Financial Impact Solar Panel Efficiency Degradation has been

the topic of much scientific and engineering interest in the last four decades," says one of

the researchers, Tony Peaker from the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom.

Activity: Question for Reflections

1. What is Technology a mode of Revealing?

2. In your regular action of technology, what do you experience in technology as a

revealed aside from its function?

3. How should technology be question?

4. What is questioning of piety of thought?

5. Determine the enframing way

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Lesson 6. 2
HUMAN FLOURISHING AS REFLECTED IN PROGRES AND

DEVELOPMENT

Overview

This module aims to provide knowledge and better apprehension regards with the

United Nations’ Sustainable Growth Development and how these factors can affect the

planet earth. Moreover, this module aims to explain the importance of nature and well

beingness of the person than growth, progress and development.

Objectives

 Why we need to slow down on progress and development.

 What is the main reason why the Earth is slowly dying?

 What can we do to save the Earth and its ecosystem

 What is more important?

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 Money or Happiness?

 Development and Progress or Well-beingness of a person?

 Why Well-beingness, Life expectancy, and Happiness should be prioritize.

Human Flourishing

Human Flourishing is a state where people experience positive emotions, positive

psychological functioning and positive social functioning, most of the time, living within an

optimal range of human functioning. It is a descriptor and measure of positive mental health

and overall life well-being and includes multiple components and concepts, such as

cultivating strengths, subjective well-being, goodness, generatively, growth, and resilience.

Flourishing is the opposite of both pathology and languishing, which are described as living a

life that feels hollow and empty. It is a central concept in positive psychology, developed by

Corey Keyes and Barbara Fredrickson.

Reflected in Progress and Development

What are the indicators that we finally achieved progress and development? Are we

still progressing? Or, are we still developing? The measurement of one's progress and

development is measured by its advance technologies, growing economy, and high

human development index. Furthermore, if the proponent can avail stuff it will increase

its level on the development scale. However, the planet earth is already abused by

humans due to overkilling activities: Burning fossil fuels that can cause greenhouse

gases, deforestation, and logging.

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Figure 1: Burning Fossil fuel Figure 2: Deforestation

Figure 3: Logging
In 2015, The United Nations held a General Assembly about the 17 goals of

Sustainable Development Growth (SDG) which is the main goal is to eradicate poverty

by the year of 2030.

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Figure 4: UN’s Sustainable Development Goals

Given all the peal of trumpets, we think that SDG is about to provide

contemporary solutions but beneath all the propaganda, it is all centralized on business.

The main strategy to achieve its goals is the old way: Growth.

Growth has been the main object if development for the past 70 years, despite

the fact that it is not effectively working. Global Economy in 1980 has grown by 380%

but the number of poor people in every continent has increased by more than 1.1

billion. That's 17 times the population of Great Britain. So much for the trickle-down

effect.

According to Orthodox Economists, all we need is yet more growth and we shall be

focusing on the poor countries to shift some yields of growth whereas, it will help them

to be rich but Scientists comments that "Growth is not an option in anymore. We have

already grown too much." In other words, on a current average of Global consumption,

we are consuming 50% of the bio-capacity of the planet annually.

In today's world, our planet has enough sources to provide for us, individuals.

Economist Peter Edward argues that instead of pushing poorer countries to ‘catch up'

with rich ones, we shall be thinking of new notions to get rich countries such as the

Western Countries to ‘catch down'. We shall be looking at the societies where its

people living long and happy. Some of the excess income and consumption we foresee

in the rich world yields improvements in quality of life that are not captured by life

expectancy, or even literacy rates. If we look at overall happiness and well beingness

addition to life expectancy, the low and middle-income countries rank high than to

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those rich countries. We shall tend to categorize these countries not as underdeveloped,

but rather as appropriately developed. And maybe we need to start calling on rich

countries to justify their excesses.

“Forget about ‘developing’ poor countries, it is time to ‘de-

develop’ rich countries

Anthropologist Dr. Jason Hickel explains that the idea of

"de-developing" rich countries might prove to be strong

reassemble calling in the global south, but it will be difficult to

sell to westerners. In a recent Consumer Research, 70% of people

in rich countries believe that overconsumption is the culprit of the

society and the planet's risk. A similar majority also believe we should strive to buy and

own less, and that doing so would not compromise our happiness. People sense there is

something wrong with the dominant model of economic progress and they are hungry

for an alternative narrative.

Perhaps, we must slow down voluntarily or climate change will do it for us. We

can't go on ignoring the laws of nature. Rethinking and enforcing our theory of progress

is not only an ecological imperative; it is also a development one. If we all do not have

any actions right now, all our hard-won gains against poverty will evaporate, as food

systems collapse and mass famine re-emerge to an extent.

This is not about giving anything up; it is about reaching a higher level of

understanding and consciousness about what we’re doing here and why.

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Assessment: Question for Reflection.

1. Why must we change our paradigm of growth and consumption of that ‘de-

development’?

2. Why do the term de-development, de-growth, and zero growth seemingly

unacceptable to the usual framework of human progress?

3. How do we improve our lives and yet reduce consumption?

LESSON 7

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THE GOOD LIFE

Overview

This module presents on why we need to know about the good life and the

modern technologies in this modern world. It also changed the way we live, work, play,

communicate, fight, love, and live. And it is also explaining the relationship between the

good life and technology.

Objectives

 The readers will learn the following:

 Know the main idea of the good life.

 What is a good life?

 Why is it important to learn about having a good life? And what are the possible

effects on the society?

GOOD LIFE

What is the Good Life? A good life must come out to an end. 'A good life' looks

at what conduct be said to compose comparable a life. The attendant is two constitutional

parts: even if your life is good for you, and even if the way you lead it is good (in terms

of well-being and virtue).

Is a current life of someone is living the good life, that they are living in pleasure and

luxury with few problems or worries? It is an era of the new and modern technologies

that change the behavior of many people in this world just like on how to do something

like to play, work, fight, love, communicate, and how to live. Yet a few works have
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systematically analyzed these changes in light of their implications of individual and the

social benefit. By the use of modern technologies can easily have the advancement of old

technology.

Types of human virtue

 There are three types of human virtue and consist of:

 Personal,

 Intellectual,

 Interpersonal excellence

(Hallman, p35). According to the philosopher, the particular excellence in the Good Life

falls under the moral virtue.

Figure 1

According to the Science and Technology Society (STS), they say that there is an

approximately new academic field. It is the foundation of the deception in the interwar

career and the advance in the start of the Cold War, although the historians and

sociologists of the science and scientists develop it into the attentive in the

communication among scientific awareness, technological systems, and in the society.

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The choice known commodity of this significance was in Thomas Kuhn's classic 1962

study, also known as The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. This dominant work helped

assume the pattern and a new advance to classical and social science. Whatever the

scientific certainly obtain recognize as a consequence of the scientists' socially habituated

inspection as a substitute and dispassionate diagram of description. Enclosed by the many

complications of Kuhn's work was a methodical achievement by common scientists to

probe how scientific discovery and its technological applications link up with other social

expansion, like in law, politics, public policy, ethics, and culture.

There have two fundamental parts, whether life is good for you or whether the

way you lead the good in terms of well - being and virtue. The good life refers to a

eudemonia, it is a philosophical term for the life that one would like to live, originally

associated with Aristotle. A philosopher who specializes in unpacking hidden

complexities and the concept of the good life is one of those needs that quite a little bit of

unpacking. He proposed that human are social, rational animals that seek to "live well ".

He also proposed that the system is ethics designed to reach the eudemonia, that means

that there is more to life than just living your life day in the same pattern.

There is two way to choose in life, you can be a person of principled or a person

of doubt. If we want a good life we can act to become empowered with a person of

virtues, wherein you will choose temporary things because you will succumb to they

called a life of voice. In the end, our ability is answered by ethics to and not only what

can make a person happy but also no one can realize the meaning of the good life. A

person who chooses the right path and righteousness will make life better. It will soon

define for the person what it means to be one of moral integrity. Instead of doing the

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proper way is a matter of practice, and sooner or later it becomes a matter of

commitment. A person who chose the moral path doubt was not born in bad. The person

knows what lie ahead the same also know how to distinguish right from wrong and fully

understand what ethical life all about is. The person will seek first to please oneself than

comply with the rules that guide people toward what is right. For this reason, the person

will find easily justify one's laziness, dependency, caprices, and lack of plans in life.

That's why other people will seek help from friends and other people all the time,

including strangers, they convinced the other people should carry one's any burdens.

Aristotle taught the intellectual wisdom was different from moral wisdom. The

moral virtue he suggested that it can only learn through habit and practice. Aristotle

called prognosis or practical wisdom. This is crucial as it explains to us what ethical

person means. "Character" is the ethical literal mean. Base on Aristotle the purpose of all

of us is not just to know what is good and right. Practical knowledge is the ethics linked

because the moral way is about doing and acting.

Practice wisdom in possessing is to be able to live with a good life. Reduce our

pleasure in the long run since overindulgence tends to cause health problems and limit the

range of pleasure we enjoy. It is called higher pleasure just a friendship and study are at

least as important as "pleasure of the flesh ". The good life was to be virtuous although

Epicurus disagreed with the values of pleasure.

The relationship between technology and the good life

Well - being is also an in studies of the quality of working life, which consider job

satisfaction. It is traditionally been a topic of philosophical study in recent decades it's

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become very influential in the concern in other fields as well, well - being and happiness

Supposedly there have been chosen because it has on well - being studied most

extensively. It will discuss also how well - being the good life in academic studies and

how it been taken up in philosophy. It includes hedonism desire, satisfaction, and the list

theories and it has the section to follows on the psychology study of happiness.

In philosophy, well - being or happiness have studied since ancient Greeks. It is

important of Aristotle because of these is work by itself in ancient Greek philosophy

throughout. In the modern world philosophy, well - being or happiness is most important

in a good life, it is held that only pleasure is intrinsically good and pain is only intrinsic

bad. Therefore the person life goes well to the extent that we can accumulate pleasure and

avoid pain to strive for well - being is to make an effort for the great balance of pleasure

over pain. Therefore it does not matter what type of pleasure one has or what its source

is. It is the view of the value of pleasure to determine its quantity and not quality for

avoiding protracted fear and bodily suffering, it has a good life to attained by maximizing

and minimize the amount of pain.

Life is not necessarily good. Others miss out on the so-called higher pleasure that

may involve experiences of friendship, knowledge, art, contemplation, and refinement in

taste. A good life is not merely a life in which intensity of pleasure is maximized, which

of this one the highest pleasure are well represented either its qualitative or quantitative

form. Good life is often a central value in the technology artifacts, given the centrality of

well - being in much of design, this turn out not to be the case. This is the case of a

person which design that they are happy or flourished and their life is going well. It is

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often considered to be the highest value. It is made on life good, a good life is for many

people who have the highest value in any important system of ethics.

Epicurus is one of the first to declare, bluntly, that what makes life worth living is

that we can experience a pleasure. In another way, pleasure is what makes life worth

living known as hedonism. Now when we applied the word "hedonist" to other people

they might think negative connotations. Epicurus certainly praised all kinds of pleasure,

in fact, this is a misrepresentation of Epicureanism. That's why Epicurus certainly praised

all kinds of pleasure in the good life. Although Epicurus disagreed with Plato about the

values of pleasure, he fully agreed with him on his point. People may hold such desires

even after being properly informed it is not clear that we should conclude the satisfying

improved the quality of our lives more than an alternative course of action.

It describes a person as happy means that they feel good and happy life, these

contain of feel-good experience. Socrates emphasizes the virtue and Epicurus emphasize

the pleasure, another great Greek thinker. Aristotle views the good life in a more

comprehension way for Aristotle, the good life is happy. But what does it mean? Many

people automatically think of happiness in subjectivist terms. The person is happy if they

are enjoying a positive way or state of mind, their life is happy this true for them must of

the time.

The Great Greek Thinker

People have much plenty of pleasurable subjective experiences, but we should

describe them as "living well "? Aristotle agrees with Socrates that to live the good life

one must be a morally good person. Also, he agreed with Epicurus that happy life will

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evolve many and varied pleasurable experiences. Aristotle also is one of the philosophers

that contribute to the argument of the good life. Base on philosopher there have three

kinds of human virtues as well as known is the path of excellence. We all know that the

virtue has a three meaning first is personal, intellectual, and interpersonal excellence.

Interpersonal excellence is falling under moral virtue. While in the good life in

technology, it's a frequent objection to objective list theories by claiming the things for

people. Even if they do not want the value of this in spite of the persuasive role of

technology in modern society and contemporary life. Technology hardly registers as a

topic in a positive life. There have a positive and negative in technology true the good

life, even if we believe that the application of science had the potential of giving

humanity unlimited control over nature because they believe that human reason was fully

capable of comprehending reality and anticipating the future. In a good life, technology is

frequently seen as an instrument of social and economic progress that makes peoples

lives better to realize this is important in a good life.

Technology is believed to reduce pain labor and hardship and improving health,

and to increase pleasure by expanding the time and opportunities for

pleasurable experiences. It is seen as a powerful means for the fulfillment of desires, such

as food, luxury products, travel or social interaction. On an objective list view, it is seen a

mean to more successful secure items on the objective to realize one's potential and

perfect oneself.

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Qualitative hedonism holds that a good life is not just a life with many

experiences is called higher pleasure. In economics on most conceptions of well - being

is for a particular person cannot be determined objectively, because it is criteria

indecently from that person. It requires an understanding of that person, which may

include knowledge of preferences, desires, values, traits, and social and cultural

embeddedness.

In the time of ancient, the aspect of the good life was ver

ysimple like having their own family that living together in their

shelter, eating food in every day, work and protect their

individual lives. The other philosophers that influence during the

time of ancient they were created arguments about the issues of

the good life. The good life argument by Aristotle, according to

him it involved the purpose of an individual. The individuality of the human person can

be achieved the good life by having the ability to reason. People in this world can reason

in their life situations is opposite comes when people are having the ability in dealing

with their problems and carrying out their daily activities.

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In his addition, he expressed that the purpose of the human person is to have a perfect

sense of knowing in all of the things in society. The way we live in this whole world was

already changed when the technology came into our lives. The technology is the cause

why all of our activities as an individual was changed it or become upgraded, the way we

live, play and communicate with others it's been developed by modern technology. The

human-invented technology to living a better life to become easy to do what we want.

The technology had a big impact to influence human action. It is your personal choice if

you use technology in the right way and did not abuse this.

In political aspects, all of the political candidates in a political campaign was easy

to promote their advocacy using media. All of the important announcement of the

president are fast to know because of the use of the internet just type what you want to

know then click and a few seconds all of the information was shown. The other countries

will know what are the updated issues in that country because of new technology devices.

Unlike before, you need to buy some newspapers and listen to the radio to be updated

yourself of what are the important issues in your country.

The political candidates they were able to promote their propaganda liked giving

posters, papers, sharing in Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, by using the internet and

showing their face in televisions, announced their propaganda on the radio so that the

people will easily listen and get more information. With the use of technology, the

government will also know the public opinion of the people about the issues of their

country. Publicity becomes easier for all have devices because it was accessible and

widespread all over the world. In the environmental aspect, by creating the furniture you

need to get raw materials in the forest. Cutting trees is not harmful when you plant a lot

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of trees. The positive effect of the environment with the use of technology was providing

shelter and a lot of products used in technology help our life to become better or easier.

It is now easy to do tasks such as: sending emails, video call, voicemail are some easy

steps how to communicate to the person in just a few minutes. Unlike before if you send

a letter it will consume a year or a month before the person receives. Technology is

useful in our social life because it was interconnected across distances and other

boundaries.

The economic status was growth because of technologies that were invented. It

will help the people on their education to become easily get information base on the

technology that they are using. Before they are only using books to get the information

they were going to the library to read a lot of books to get any answers on their

assignments, they need more extra efforts before getting their needs or wants. In our

generations with the help of technology, we have an internet that will get more

information's, in a few minutes you get the information that you needed. The

transportation was upgraded because of the technology. With the use of technology, it

will increase productivity and strengthening international competitiveness.

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Assessment

1. A philosophical term for the life that one would like to live.

a. Eudemonia b. Philosophy c. Psychology d. Philosopher

2. Who proposed that humans are social, rational animals that seek to live well?

a. Socrates b. Plato c. Aristotle d .Philosopher

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3. Who disagreed with the value of pleasure?

a. Epicurus b. Socrates c. Plato d. Aristotle

4. In philosophy well - being or happiness have studied since ____?

a. BCE b. Ancient Greek c. Time era. d. Years ago

5. The ______ is for many people who have the highest value in any important system of

ethics.

a. Healthy environment b. Healthy country c. Good health d. Good life

LESSON 8
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WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS

Overview

This module was explaining how technology effects on the people and explaining the

competence between technology and humanity and the things that we can do to save

humanity and our planet from destruction.

Objectives

 The objective of this study is to give some information that is all about "When

Technology and Humanity Cross". This study has a big impact on everyone. The

reader should be able to know the following:

 The bad effects of technology in human life.

 The importance of humanity on our planet.

What is Technology? Technology is a tool and machine that can help solve

problems or make new things or equipment. Previously there was no electricity so the

light they used was wood and then they put it on fire so they could have light. They can

cook food and increase the types of food eaten. Back then there were no other dishes and

no cooked dishes for sale and no proper cooking utensils so that the bamboo and coconut

shells they cooked. They very rarely do they just have diseases then unlike today.

Because then they knew where the food they were eating was good and it was super

clean. They used a weapon to keep safe from predators. They also know how to do things

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that they use especially when there are wild animals in their area. This is what they used

to wear.

Technology VS. Humanity: The coming clash between man and machine

As human being, we cannot understand that technology had a bad effect on our body.

Humanity is the biggest challenge of changing people caused by this recent time.

• Depends - It left us thinking about software and algorithms because it is more

convenient and fast.

• Confusion - Don't know if it's the intended person who responded to my emails, or his

assistant AI. Or at least don't know if I made my own decision or if I was manipulated by

my IDA.

• Loss of control - Not having a way of knowing whether the AI is optimistic or not,

because we cannot monitor system logic or even understand the works of a whole

computing-fueled, machine -learning system. In other words, we need to trust completely

or not, much like the dilemma that airplane pilots are already facing in their autopilot

systems.

• Coaching - It's tempting to leave more work on the systems that will hold them for us,

whether it's fixing personal schedules, making appointments, or answering simple emails.

If so, of course, we would probably blame the cloud if something went wrong.

Here the Technology Today

INFORMATION AGE

 Computer Age, Digital Age or Media Age

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 IBM to Microsoft to Apple

 Computers got smaller but more powerful

 Desktop to Laptop to Handheld

 Internet to email to texting to APPs

 Global access to information beyond country barriers

INFRASTRUCTURE AGE

 Medical Technology screening, imaging, procedures, and medications

 Transportation Systems interconnected public transit, autonomous cars, flight,

aerospace

 Communications Satellites, satellite imagery

 Advanced training and education

 Technology and Human Nature

What is Human Nature? Technology is innovation a group of learning committed

to making instruments, handling activities and the separating of materials. We use

innovation to broaden our capacities, making individuals the most pivotal piece of any

mechanical framework. Human always uses technology for daily life and will help to

speed up work. Human Nature is Human instinct is a heap of attributes, including

perspectives, feeling, and acting, which people are said to have naturally. The term is

frequently viewed as catching what it is to be human or the pith of humankind.

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The Two world patterns are intensely reshaping human presence: the corruption,

if not obliteration, of enormous pieces of the normal world, and remarkable innovative

advancement. At the nexus of these two patterns lies mechanical nature advances that in

different ways intervene, expand, or recreate the characteristic world. Current instances

of mechanical nature incorporate recordings and live webcams of nature, robot creatures,

and vivid virtual situations. There have a positive and negative of using the technology.

THERE ARE TYPES OF POSITIVE OF USING THE TECHNOLOGY:

Learning - Technology and the internet helps to accelerate or better understand lessons

and increase their knowledge and develop your mind and skills.

Communication - In the modern world the digital devices you can use to make calls and

sending messages and can talk to your loved one even though he is far away on you.

Health Care - Technology is a great help in health care as they can make medicine for

people who are difficult to treat and the technology used to save people.

Find the Job or Business - technology is a great help in health care as they can make

medicine for people who are difficult to treat and the technology used to save people.

Research - Google has big accesses information. Google is an Internet web index. It

utilizes an exclusive calculation that is intended to recover and request indexed lists to

give the most applicable and trustworthy wellsprings of information conceivable.

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Transportation - Is the development of the capacity and the need to ship huge amounts

of merchandise or quantities of individuals over long removes at high speeds in solac and

wellbeing has been a record of human advancement and specifically of mechanical

advancement.

THERE ARE WAYS TO USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN NEGATIVE

WAYS:

Addiction or decrease focus- The overuse the digital dive it is also harmful to

health and can lead to mental health.

Cyber Crime or Bullying- It is criminal activity using internet and computer

Wasting Time- When you are busy to watch in your favorite movies or series you don't

your see your time and maybe you should take a rest.

Our generation is now facing many social problems and some of these problems are

caused by technology, technology is going internal and separating us from the world, that

is why we are disconnecting from human experiences and we are going addictive and

slowly forget the activity that we normally do in our past generation.

Technology in our generation is very dangerous because of bad influenced that

adopted by many people such as teenagers, now many people are depending in

technology and forget how to do simple activity and technology can use to make a crime

such as cyber bullying that can cause harm, so addiction to technology is not good, the

effects of technology in our life is either bad or good, there are bad effects of technology

like when we are addicted to the technology we are going unhealthy because we forget to

eat, to sleep and we do not care ourselves when we are addicted to technology and it

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affects our lifestyle if we are addicted to technology we have no care in our self because

our mind is focus to technology, but there is also a good effect of using technology but as

the time passes effects of using technology is going worst, although technology helps us

to easily do our project or activity but we are spending our time only in technology, we

forget to spend our time in our family, friend and others because of technology, so we

have to make a solution.

For now, one of the best solution to resolve the problem in technology is the

proper using of it and the limitation in using technology. Just remember that we are

humans and don't let the technology control us, we have to balance the use of technology

and prevent addiction In the past we are at a critical pivot point in technology evolution, a

moment when the change will not only become combinatory and exponential but

inevitable and irreversible. And now we have a chance to change the future by

controlling the balance of technology. Technology is more productive than human in

terms of making or calculating sequence and other activity that technology can, even

technology can do the activities of a human it is still a technology and never become or

be us, they have no emotion and feeling that humans have and humans are the creator of

technology, and technology doesn't exist without human technology started in some parts

of the world and the past people are inventing many different kinds of non-living things

like wood, stone and anything that can be used by the people in the past, they discover

how to create a fire and they learned how to make weapons by stone and woods and

when human discover power and electricity it was the beginning of creating technology.

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In the past, technology is used by humans and as time passes many different types of

inventions are exist like the telephone, the radio, television, and improvement are

continuous.

Humanity is very important to us because it shows that we are a human, technology is

rapidly developing and becoming more powerful, so what will happen to our future when

there is no humanity any more? Technology take away our freedom and our intelligence

or our being creative because now we are depending on technology and we are not aware

that technology slowly kills us our talent and our skill of being a human that is why

humans are very important we have to think of what is happening and what will happen

to the future if we are not doing anything or any action to prevent the destruction of our

planet because of technology.

Humans have the following:

-Morals -Ethics

-Values -Humanity

These are the most important things that human s should have and keep to balance the

level of technology and humanity, and according to futurist Gerd Leonhard, Technology

today is not yet smart to do things that are easily or simply do by humans, like deep

language understanding, but after many years we can see technology bring exponential

change and more advanced to every part of our lives as it improved.

We can see the more advanced technology after 7 to 10 years and we have to be

ready for what happened to the future, technology is exponential but humans are linear

that is why humanity can end but the technology is continuously improving so after many

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years the combination of human and technology turns into pure technology such as

cyborg that we watch in many movies but in future it can actually happen.

For now, we have to keep the balance of technology and humanity for peaceful living

with technology, just remember that we are humans and we have to develop humanity as

we develop technology, and we humans are controlling the technology and don't let the

technology control us.

Lesson 9

WHY DOES THE FUTURE DON'T NEED US

Objectives:

After this lesson you shall be able to:

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 Create a subjective analysis about the future, that can be contradict or concur on

bill joy’s or Dr. John Messerl statement.

 Understand the possibilities of negative and positive outcome and, make a critical

thinking about it’s possible resolution.

Overview:

This topic is all about the technology, it shows what will happen in our future and

how could they stated that the future doesn’t need us. If we are just into technology more,

there is a reason why technology is been created in this world, each of it have a different

kind usage and specialization. technology help’s us to make a heavy job easy, but

because of so many technologies that been invented were being technology dependent,

which in some point are very alarming, but still technology helps to regulate our entire

world. In this lesson also you’ll be able to find out the people who’s against the future

and the person who’s agree with the future.

Introduction:

When we hear about the word ‘future ‘ we’ve come up with so many different

kind of ideas. We see the future as living with highly advance environment. We are now

in the 21st century, and there’ so much inventions of technology that still been undergo

development , like car that uses water as a fuel, cellphone with so many advances,

robots and etc., where with these new technology, we can say that the future we thing is

already starting. But did we doing deep thinking about the future? Like all the

possibilities? It’s negativity and it’s positivity?

In this lesson you will be more knowledgeable about the possibilities that can be

happen in the future. You will be able to discover Bill Joyce perspective regarding in
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future in his article “why the future doesn’t need us” and has been critique by Dr. John

Messerl .

1.1 Summary of Bill Joy’s, “Why the future doesn’t need us,”

On the article "Why The Future Doesn't Need Us" that been written by Bill Joy,

he argues that "Our most powerful 21st-century technologies—robotics, genetic

engineering, and nanotech—are threatening to make humans an endangered species.",

joy basis is the atomic bomd that been made by he different scientist, for him it clearly

state that it is very dangerous how technology move fast, to the point that it can take

lives. As they did, people can do such things like atomic bomb, which joy find it can

bring a insurmountable problems. According also to joy we must do a very hyper critical

thinking for us to reduce the shock and the negative consequence of the invention. While

some other critique finds this article of joy as obscurantism or neo-Luddism, others

concern is about the rapidly expanding of technology.

Bill joy is an american computer scientist, the one who co-foundede Sun

Microsystems in 1982, he is also a chieft scientist in the company until 2003. His famous

article in wired magazine which is “Why the future doesn’t need us,” are been critized

because it contain his concerns about the development of modern technology.

Joy fight about her concern and what h belived regards in technologyies and

future, and he discuss it with Ray Kurzweil in the conference in 1998. He had read an

early draft of Kurzweils which is “ The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers

Exceed Human Intelligence” and found it deeply disturbing. After that he received the

argument by the Unabomber Ted Kaczynski. Kaczynski argued that if machines do all of

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society’s work, as they inevitably will, then we can: a) let the machines make all the

decisions; or b) maintain human control over the machines.

It is the matter of what are were gonna choose, if we chooose “A” then it means that we

have a mercy of our machine, it means that they would take the control, and since we are very

dependent on machines we would accepts thier commands, obviously joy doesn’t like this

scenario. Then if we will choose “B”, control would be in the hands of an elite, and the

masses would be unnecessary In that case, the tiny elite: 1) would exterminate the

masses; 2) reduce their birthrate so they slowly became extinct; or 3) become benevolent

shepherds to the masses. The first two scenarios entail our extinction, but even the third

option is bad. In this last scenario, the masses might be happy, but they would not be free.

For joy these arguments are convincing at thesame time troubling. About this time

Joy read Hans Moravec’s book Robot: Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind where he

found predictions similar to Kurzweil’s. Joy focused on his concerned about Moravec’s

claim which is technological superiors always defeat technological inferiors, and the

thing that human will be extict as they will merge with robots. Joy aks a sympaty to other

computer scientist who’s been agree with these prediction.

Joy worries about transforming technologies of the 21st century—genetics,

nanotechnology, and robotics (GNR). What is particularly problematic about them is that

they have the potential to self-replenish. This makes them appropriated more dangerous

than 20th-century technologies—nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons—which were

valuable to build and require rare raw materials. By contrast, 21st-century technologies

allow for small groups or individuals to bring about massive deterioration. Joy claims that

we will soon achieve the computing power needed to implement some of the scenarios

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envisioned by Kurzweil and Moravec, but worries that we overestimate our design

abilities. Such hubris may lead to disaster.

For a situation like, robotics is primarily motivated by the deire to be immortal,

by downloading ourselves into the , for example. But joy doubted that we are still human

after the download or the robots would be our childeren. While in genetic engineering, it

will create new crops, plants, and eventually new species including many variations of

human species, but joy is been afraid if are knowledge is enough to conduct, such that

kind of research. And nanotechnology confronts the so-called “gray goo” problem—self-

replicating nanobots out of control. According to joy making this, is like killing

ourselves, he wonders that were making a species replacement ,because sometimes were

mwking some mistake.

Joy concludes that we ought to relinquish these technologies before it’s too late.

Yes, GNR may bring happiness and immortality, but should we risk the survival or the

species for such goals? Joy thinks not.

In bill joy’s article it clearly state that he is not into future, that we should not

attain it because he thinks that future can lead to destruction. Bill joy’s article has been

controversial, many person critized his article and of them is Dr. John Messerl.

1.2 Critique of Bill Joy’s “Why the future doesn’t need us” Dr. John Messerl

According to Joy, the key to this argument is the notion of unintended

consequences, which is “a well-known problem with the design and use of technology…”

for Messerl it is hard to see the exixtence of unattendent consequences, because the

consequences of an action is in the future relative and, since the future for us is unknown

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until this day the consequences of the future is still unknown also. In this case , unknown

future and unknown outcome of it, are really closely connected and related.

And then again, the strongest idea that conclude by joy is the idea of unintended

outcomes of the future, that we should carefully decide what would be our nexycourse of

action, he also include the idea that we ought to cease and desist when it comes in the

research, development , and the use of technologies in the 21st- century. But still he can

not draw the strongest conclusion of it without doubt , just like what he said, because he

still that not know all the posssibilities regarding in the future outcomes and because he

didn’t know all of these things, we should thingk that abondoning the future like joy want

is necessary. There is a possibility that this ‘future’ will may lead to have the positive

effect that we want.

Joy’s big fish eat little fish argument quotes robotics pioneer Hans Moravec:

“Biological species almost never survive encounters with superior competitors.” Joy in

his satement , stated that the extinction of humaties can be possible because of the

superiority of the robot decendants. But according Messerl were been already in under

the supperior of robots, but even if they were, they are less troublesome than our

neighbours next door. In the vission of joy in the future, robots and human is will remain

the seperate creature, added by Messerl, which this view will be rejected by robotics

expert Rodney Brooks and others, because for them humans will gradually incorporate ,

these technology in thier own body, this conclusion reject the point of view envision of

joy. In addition, we are not sure that the robots will role to be the bigger fish, and even if

they are, it have no assurance that they will eat us, or probably there will even be distinct

fishes.

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Scientist joy outraged argument describe the molecular biologist “constructs and

disseminates a new and highly contagious plague that kills widely but selectively.” , there

is a things that we need to wiped out, because if we do not destroy it we can be destroyed,

by it. Joy vision plays us on the apocalyptic vision of the future technology . The images

of a mad scientist or Frankenstein may be popular, but scientists are no madder than

anyone who’s been describing the future with only one possible outcome.

Self-replication amplifies the danger of GNR: “A bomb is blown up only once—

but one bot can become many, and quickly get out of control.” Joy’s lack of control

arguemnet focus on self relicating, conrtadict to Messerl statement, according to him

bomb that’s joy example is not been just replacating it self, so it means that joy’s vision

about that must not be focus on replication, but with self-replication. “So what is it about

robotic self-replication that frightens us?” Messerl said that robotic self-reflication

appears to be out of control, like human replication. Joy fears that it possibly robots

replicate themself and enslave us, but Messerl said that we’ve been already enslaving not

by robots but human ourself. In fact , added by Messerl we may increase our survival

chances by switching control to more failsafe robots designed and programmed by our

minds. Joy is corrrect on the “uncontrolled self-replication in these newer technologies

runs … a risk of substantial damage in the physical world,” so too does the “uncontrolled

self-replication” of humans, their biological tendencies, their hatreds, and their

ideologies. Joy’s fears are not well-founded because the lack of control over robotic self-

replication is not, prima facie, more frightening than the similar lack of control we exert

over other human’s replication.

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Besides, what else should we control in ourselves? I have a lot to say that you

should know. Because people do not control their reproduction in do not know enough to

do what else do they need to do, to prevent it from multiplying in our society, because too

many us in our society will cause damage to our future. But we can do something to stop

the growth in our society and this is genetic engineering, because joy doesn’t want it.

Joy wants to leave things what we as they are now . Messrel is wonderi g why,

because as far he know there's no something perfect about the current state of our

technology now a day, or it is right to turnback the technologies from 1950? 1800? or

2000 B.C. Messerl point of view about joy's control of replication and lac

Of course, Joy would reiterate that we ought to leave things as they are now. But

why? Is there something perfect or natural about the current state of our knowledge and

technology? Or would things be better if we turned the technological clock back to 1950?

1800? or 2000 B.C.? I suggest that the vivid contrast Joy draws between the control we

wield over our own replication and and self-replicating machine is illusory and

imposible. For him also, he believes that the outcome is depend on us, through our

inventions that been made with our conciois designs and programs. we need to develop

ouselves if we we need to survive and florish our knowledge amd ideas, and the of course

machineries should made with consistent goals.

New technology accses in 20th century like nuclear, biological, and chemical,

should only be accessable by experts and other raw materials used by it. it will pave the

way for just what to o with it, and as a possible outcome it is more great if we have an

access to technology quikly all over the world, because it benefits those people with it.

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It is hard to talk bout the power and access of our tecnology ,that can cause us as a

threat to the survival of the humanity. joy exclaimed that yes we've survived the 21st

century, but how about the next century, would us still be safe?. altnough at this century

the technology is more powerful. we can stop the development of technology but it is

either not advisable and realistic. As the time passed by, of course techonolgy would also

grow and evolve, and it a continuous state.

Now is this more threatening than if we stood still? This is the real question that

Joy should ask because there are risks no matter what we do. If we remain at our current

level of technology we will survive until we self-destruct or are destroyed by universal

forces, say the impact of an asteroid or the sun’s exhaustion of its energy. But if we press

forward, we may be able to save ourselves. Sure, we must be mindful of the promises and

the perils of future technologies, but nothing Joy says justifies his conclusion that: “we

are on the cusp of the further perfection of extreme evil…” Survival is a goal, but I don’t

believe that abandonment of new technologies will assure this result or even make it

more likely; it just isn’t clear that limiting the access to or discovery of knowledge is, or

has ever been, the solution to human woes.

Joy’s poor design abilities argument notes how often we “overestimate our

design abilities,” and concludes: “shouldn’t we proceed with great caution?” But he

forgets that we sometimes underestimate our design abilities; and sometimes we are too

cautious. Go forward with caution, look before you leap—but don’t stand still.

I take the next argument to be his salient one. He claims that scientists dream of building

conscious machines primarily because they want to achieve immortality by downloading

their consciousness into them. While he accepts this as distinct possibilities, his
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existential argument asks whether we will still be human after we download: “It seems

far more likely that a robotic existence would not be like a human one in any sense that

we understand, that the robots would in no sense be our children, that on this path our

humanity may well be lost.” The strength of this argument depends on the meaning of:

“in any sense,” “no sense,” “humanity,” and “lost.” Let’s consider each in turn.

It is simply false that a human consciousness downloaded into a robotic body

would not be human “in any sense.” If our consciousness is well-preserved in the

transfer, then something of our former existence would remain, namely our psychological

continuity, the part most believe to be our defining feature. And if robotic bodies were

sufficiently humanlike—why we would want them to be is another question—then there

would be a semblance of physical continuity as well. In fact, such an existence would be

very much like human existence now if the technologies were sufficiently perfected. So

we would still be human to some, if not a great, extent. However, I believe we would

come to prefer an existence with less pain, suffering, and death to our current embodied

state; and the farther we distanced ourselves from our former lives the happier we will be.

As for our “humanity being lost,” this is true in the sense that human nature will

evolve beyond its present state, but false in the sense that there will still be a

developmental continuity from beings past and present to beings in the future. Joy wants

to limit our offspring for the sake of survival, but isn’t mere survival a lowly goal?

Wouldn’t many of us prefer death to the infinite boredom of standing still? Wouldn’t we

like to evolve beyond humanity? It isn’t obvious that we have achieved the pinnacle of

evolution, or that the small amount of space and time we fill satisfies us. Instead, it is

clear that we are deeply flawed and finite—we age, decay, lose our physical and mental

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faculties, and then perish. A lifetime of memories, knowledge, and wisdom, lost. Oh, that

it could be better! Joy’s nostalgic longings for the past and naïve view that we preserve

the present are misguided, however, well they may resonate with those who share similar

longings or fear the inevitable future. Our descendants won’t desire to be us any more

than we do to be our long-ago ancestors. As Tennyson proclaims: “How dull it is to

pause, to make an end, To rust unburnished, not to shine in use!”

Joy next turns to his other technologies make things worse argument. As for

genetic engineering, I know of no reason—short of childish pleas not to play God—to

impede our increasing abilities to perfect our bodies, eliminate disease, and prevent

deformity. To not do so would be immoral, making us culpable for an untold amount of

preventable suffering and death. And even if there are Gods who have endowed us with

intelligence, it would hardly make sense that they didn’t mean for us to use it. As for

nanotechnology, Joy eloquently writes of how “engines of creation” may transform into

“engines of destruction, but again it is hard to see why we or the Gods prefer that we

remain ignorant about nanotechnology.

Joy’s it’s never been this bad argument asserts: “this is the first moment in the

history of our planet when any species by its voluntary actions has become a danger to

itself.” But this is false. Homo sapiens have always been a danger to themselves, both by

their actions, as in incessant warfare, and by their inaction, as demonstrated by their

impotence when facing plague and famine. I also doubt that humans are a greater threat

to themselves now than ever before. We have explored and spread ourselves to all parts

of the globe, multiplied exponentially, extended our lifespans, created culture, and may

soon have the power to increase our chance for survival from both celestial and terrestrial

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forces. This should be a cause for celebration, not despair. We no longer need be at the

mercy of forces beyond our control, we may soon direct our own evolution.

And I vehemently dispute Joy’s claim that science is arrogant in its pursuits;

instead, it is the humblest of human pursuits. Many human pursuits are more arrogant

than science, which carefully and conscientiously tries to tease a bit of truth from reality.

Its claims are always tentative and amenable to contrary evidence—much more than can

be said for most creeds. And what of the charlatans, psychics, cultists, astrologers, and

faith-healers? Not to mention the somewhat more respectable priests and preachers.

Science humbly does not pretend to know with certainty, much more than can be said

about some ignorant people.

And what of his claim that we have no business pursuing robotics and AI when

we have “so much trouble …understanding—ourselves?” The reply to this, trying to

understand mind won’t help you understand the mind argument, notes that self-

knowledge is the ultimate goal of the pursuit of knowledge. His sentimentally notes that

his grandmother “had an awareness of the nature of the order of life, and of the necessity

of living with and respecting that order,” but this is hopelessly naïve and belies the facts.

Would he have us die poor and young, be food for beasts, defenseless against disease,

living lives that were, as Hobbes so aptly put it: “nasty, brutish, and short?” The

impotence and passivity implied by respecting the natural order has condemned millions

to death. In fact, the life that Joy and most of the rest of us enjoy was built on the labours

of persons who fought mightily with the natural order and the pain, poverty, and suffering

that nature exudes. Where would we be without Pasteur and Fleming and Salk? As Joy

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points out life may be fragile, but it was more so in a past that was nothing like the idyllic

paradise that he imagines.

Joy’s analogy between the nuclear arms race and possible GNR races is also

misplaced, in as much as the 20th-century arms race resulted as much from a unique

historical situation and conflicting ideologies as some unstoppable technological

momentum. Evidence for this is to be found in the reduction of nuclear warheads by the

superpowers both during and after the cold war. Yes, we need to learn from the past, but

its lessons are not necessarily the ones Joy alludes to. Should we not have developed

nuclear weapons? Is he sure that the world would be better today had there not been a

Manhattan project?

Now it may be that we are chasing our own tails as we try to create defences for

the threats that new technologies pose. Possibly, every countermeasure is as dangerous as

the technology for which it was meant to counter. But Joy’s conclusion is curious: “The

only realistic alternative I see is relinquishment: to limit development of the technologies

that are too dangerous, by limiting our pursuit of certain kinds of knowledge.” In the first

place, it is unrealistic to believe that we could limit the pursuit of knowledge even if we

wanted to and it was a good idea. Second, this “freeze” at current levels of technology

does not expunge the danger; the danger exists now.

A basic difficulty with Joy’s article is this: he mistakenly accept the notion that

technology rules people rather than the reverse. But if we can control our technology,

there is another solution to our dilemmas. We can use our technology to change

ourselves; to make ourselves more ethical, cautious, insightful, and intelligent. Surely Joy

believes that humans make choices, how else could they choose relinquishment? So why
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not change ourselves, relinquishing not our pursuit of knowledge, but our self-destructive

tendencies?

Joy’s hysteria blinds him to the possible fruits of our knowledge and his

pessimism won’t allow him to see our knowledge and its applications as key to our

salvation. Instead, he appeals to the ethics of the Dalia Lama to save us, as if another

religious ethics will offer an escape from the less noble angels of our nature. I know of no

good evidence that the prescriptions of religious ethics have, on the whole, increased the

morality of the human race. No doubt the contrary case could easily be made. Why not

then use our knowledge to gain mastery over ourselves? If we do that, mastery of our

technology will take care of itself. Joy’s concerns are legitimate, but his solutions

unrealistic. His planned knowledge stoppage condemns human beings to an existence that

cannot improve. And if that’s the case, what is the point of life?

I say forego Joy’s pessimism; reject all barriers and limitations to our intelligence,

health, and longevity. Be mindful of our past accomplishments, appreciative of all that

we are, but be driven passionately and creatively forward by the hope of all that we may

become. Therein lies the hope of humankind and their descendants.

For Dr. John Messerl base on his statement, we don’t still know yet all the

possibilities that can happen in the future because there’s still a missing piece, the future

is still not that vivid for everyone. Yes, all of bill joy’s theory can be happen but what if

it’s not? What if future can bring more great life , how should we know if were not

stepping forward and try?.

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On some point is future until now is not that clear it can be a future, like what

were watching in some movies, its optimistic side, but future can also be the root of fear,

but we don’t know it yet. Future can be either, celebration of the rapidly on rushing

technology revolution or lament on the fall of civilization, just because we can do it, or

invent those technologies and machineries, it doesn’t mean we should necessarily do such

this things (Leonhard G. 2015). In Leonard perspective we should step backward in

planning how to do this kind of technology and machine instead, focus more on the

things that it can do for the humanities.

The technology now a days are surprisingly not only fast but also cheap and very

intelligent. These spectrum of rapid recent advances runs the gamut from the kind of

simple algorithmic intelligence it takes to win against a chess master, to the advent of

thinking machines and IBM is neuromorphic chips and their ambitious cognitive

computing initiative.

Technology is always limited to the realm of means, while morality is supposed to

deal with ends. it is argued that technology is on the contrary characterized by the ends of

means' that is the impossibility of being limited to tools; technical artefacts are never

tools if what is meant by this is a transmission of function in a mastered way.( B Latour,

C Venn 2002)

The combination of fast, cheap, and ultra-powerful tools, including mobile cloud

technologies, personalization, voice and image recognition, mood analytics, and

sentiment analyse with this kind development in our technology makes possible the

human replication or machines a true copy of ourselves Eventually, we will be come

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constantly connected to machines, and they have a possibility that as time goes by these

kinds of machines will be getting better and better at reading our minds.

New technologies like AIso in its futuristic advances having a deep learning may

lead to a unexpected improvements, for example, there an possibilities that the newly

invent robots can reprogram or upgraded it self or control its power grid for them to stay

alive, witch eventually what they called intelligence explosion can be happen. Some

people like Oxford academic, Nick Bostrom also believed that AIs robots may have a

super-intelligence kind of systems, which they can probably learn faster and think more

human like almost every regards. If you’ll be the person who’s been invent AIs with an

IQ of 500, what makes up on your mind to build another one with an IQ of 50,000.

As for Futurist Gerd Leonhard, we need to be prepare in many different

circumstances and situation and held with this new type of age, where intelligent

machines and mans invented machines are being abundant, we should know things first

to differ what is acceptable and not in different circumstances and conditions, and

specifies who’s will be in charge or manage digression and aberrations.

The best instrument to see or predict the future is to face the trials that come into our

lives, (to quote Peter Drucker, Abraham Lincoln and Alan Kay). Technology and people

are affected by each other because technology is part of our daily lives. This is why we

can do something faster especially when it is hard to do what technology really needs.

And it makes things better, it gives life to the inanimate thing.

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Lesson 10

4TH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Overview

1. In this lesson, you will learn about how the fourth industrial revolution affects the

way of living of the people and in the government. Also, we will study the people

who have a great contribution to this era. Then you can learn what is the

challenges and opportunities in the Fourth Industrial Revolution and its impact on

society. You will learn about technology is equipment used to facilitate the

production, communication, and other work of a human. Does it aim to positive

and negative impacts of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Society?

2. What are the impacts or the effect of the fourth industrial revolution on the people

and who are the contributors to this era?

What is the Fourth Industrial Revolution?

Fourth Industrial Technology, It is a range of new technologies that are using the

physical, digital, and biological world-impacting all disciplines, economies, and

industries, and even challenging ideas about what is being a human. According to

Margaret Rouse. (2019). The fourth industrial revolution technologies current and

developing an environment in which Disruptive Technologies and trends such as the

Internet of Things (IoT), Robotics, Virtual Reality (VR) and Artificial Intelligent (AI) are

changing the way we live and work. It was characterized by the use of new technologies

that were applied to mass production. (Kashyap.2019). Fourth Industrial Revolution also

begins with the development of new technology applied to production processes.

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What is Technologies?

According to Merriam Webster. (2017). The use of science in industry,

engineering, etc. to invent useful things or to solve problems.

Here are some examples of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies.

TECHNOLOGIES MEANING

- Axe made of iron or steel, dating

from Swedish Iron Age, found at

Gotland, Sweden: the iron as a new

material initiated a dramatic

revolution in technology, economy,

society, warfare, and politics

- Spinning Jenny, greatly increased

the productivity of thread

manufacturing compares to the

spinning wheel. It was invented

between 1775 and 1779 by Samuel

Crompton.

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- A Watt Steam Engine, alternatively

known as Boulton, fueled primarily

by coal, propelled the Industrial

Revolution in Great Britain and the

world. Invented by James Watt in

1763 to 1775 to support from

Matthew Boulton.

- Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the

simulation of human intelligence

processes by machines, especially

computer systems.

- Over a network without requiring

human to human to computer

interaction.

- Virtual Reality (VR) is the use of

computer technology to create a

simulated environment.

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- Car in 1885, Karl Benz developed

the first internal combustion car that

was shaped like a tricycle. It was

equipped with a small four-stroke

engine, a horizontal single cylinder

and had carburetors as well as water

cooling.

- The plane, The Wright Brothers of

the United State, invented the first

airplane.

- Light Bulb, In 1809, Humphry

Davy invented the first light bulb

that gave light for 14 successive

hours.

- 3D Printing, Marco Verch/Flickr, is

another interesting technology that

can be expected as a part of the 4IR.

Fourth Industrial Revolution Challenges and Opportunities

We all know that the Industrial Revolution started in the late 1800s had a huge

effect on us. The Fourth Industrial Revolution changed the way people lived because
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hand tools are replaced by machines. Through the use of new machines, it made our

daily life effortless and so easy. Those new machines are usually used in huge factories

to make the work easier.

In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, were facing different challenges and these

are the two challenges:

1. The persistent risk to digital rights through new technology.

- The Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies such as the Internet of

Things, 3D Printing the impacts of the risk related to data protection,

discriminations, and also privacy are increasing. Those digital risks will

take on greater physical consequences, Inequality, and discrimination

would be impossible to trace or understand inhuman capacity.

Additionally, the cybersecurity loom and hackers have increasingly begun

targeting hospitals, charities, and financials.

2. Navigating the relationship with new digital social movements

- When more and more people have begun using any social media platforms

there will be a harmful effect on the health but also on the relationship of

people to others. When people will always use new technology, it will be

made them lazy because they will just depend on social media and new

technologies.

In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, we also have opportunities and these

are the two opportunities:

3. Distance and Language has become less Barrier

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- Nowadays, Technologies allow gaining access to information from all

over there. Distance, it doesn’t matter as long as everyone can connect

and have a Technologies. We can build a business online, connection to

our friends and families in an easy way. Language, the best example of

this is the Google translator, through that translator we can translate the

word we didn’t know. We can also use that when we need to translate

Filipino words into English and vice-versa.

4. Paying Bills Online

- Through the use of our technologies, we can pay our bills without going

out, it is easy and less hassle because through the use of our phosphonates

and computer at home we can pay any kind of bills in just one click. We

can also deliver favorite foods online without going out.

These are the following impacts of the new technologies to our Society

- Technology and human life can not be separated, we use technology in our

daily life to our needs and demands. Technology keeps on rising, people

use the technology to travel, to communicate, to learn, to business, and

even to meet new people all over the world. However, technologies have

also caused us concern. New technologies can impact the environment,

people, and society as a whole. The way we use Technology

determines if it’ the

Positive Impacts

1. Communication

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- Smartphones and computers of today’s technology have made keeping in

touch easier. Mobile phones become essential because you can now call

anyone anytime, and anywhere.

2. Education

- Gadgets can connect to the internet for us to access to educational

materials that are needed for our schools. We can also search for online

when we have an assignment.

3. Medicine

- Another very positive impact of new technology has given mankind in

healthcare because the use of new technology in medicine is more

efficient in saving people’s lives that make for better treatment.

Negative Impacts

1. The threat to Human Health

- The more time people will spend on their technologies, playing games and

talking to their friends online, they are spending less time exercising and

being active. There is a huge possibility of the loss of eyesight in people

who spend too much on using technologies.

2. Lack of Sleep

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- Another negative impact of technology is the lack of sleep. Our online

activities can keep us awake, like watching online videos, talking online,

and playing online games.

3. Increased Bullying

- The use of technology has caused a huge increase in bullying. Not only in

the reality we can face and feel bullying, but also on social media

platforms. Through the use of new technologies people nowadays can

bully online like cyberbullying this kind of bullying can cause an

increasing suicidal to teenagers.

The Impact on the People of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

The fourth industrial revolution shows the primary changes in the way people

live, work and socialize with others. Every revolution that passes through generation has

a visible effect not only to the people but also to the society as a whole, and to the

environment itself. These effects could be positive and could be negative, depending on

how the people adopt it. Though the fourth industrial revolution has a positive outcome,

we should not forget that technology could affect us negatively if we don’t think of what

it could make us.

 Education. The education and access to wide information could really make a

person successful and innovative. Through the use of technology, it becomes easier to

access information relevant to research like what we are doing in our generations. Using

digital and computing devices with the internet and mobile devices the information and

knowledge are everywhere to find in just a click.

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 Freedom of Speech. Social Media become a medium for the human to speak and

hear their rants and opinions. It gives them the voice to speak out and to communicate

with their family and friends or with other races across the world. And also, humans use

the social media to be aware and be updated with the current situations and happenings or

events to the different parts of the world, making people depend more on social media

resources and applications than the traditional way of communicating and collecting

information

 Employment. Because of the innovations in the tech, artificial intelligence is

invested by the people and was used in widely production. It helps in bulk production but

it replaces their job. That’s why, people with less education and fewer skills are in

disadvantage page, so, the businesses and the government to the changing nature of

employment, making them focus on talent development, lifelong reinventing.

 Privacy. Social media detects our personal information and smartphones can

track our locations, though we value our ability to control our privacy, yet we are living

in a world where tracking personal information leads to better performance and social

services.

The Contributors to the Fourth Industrial Revolution

Klaus Schwab

 informational Schwab is the Founder and the

Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, it is

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the International Organization for public-private cooperation. He has given

numerous international honors.

 In 1971, the same year of publishing his book Moderne Unternehmensführung

in Maschinenbau (Modern Enterprise Management in Mechanical Engineering),

he founded the forum.

 With his spouse, in the year 1998, they created the Schwab Foundation for Social

Entrepreneurship that seeks to determine, acknowledge and propagate initiatives

in social entrepreneurship that have significantly improved peoples lives and

have the potential replicated on a global scale.

 In 2004, he builds the Forum of Young Global Leaders (for leaders under 40),

then, after seven years, in 2011, he created the Global Shapers Community (for

potential leaders between the ages of 20 and 30). These foundations were

intended to incorporate young people as a strong voice for the future global

decision-making processes and to encourage their engagement in concrete

projects that address social problems.

Victoria Lee

 She’s a project Leader and Environmental

Initiatives or the Earth in the World Economic Forum

 Currently, she leads the Fourth Industrial

Revolution for the Earth project, World Economic

Forum’s Center for the Fourth Industrial Revolution

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 She’s a British Consulate General that focused on strategic relationship and

information policy-making or emerging technology, science and

entrepreneurship

Howard Newman

 Chairman and CEO of the Pine Brook.

 Before joining Warburg Pincus, Mr. Newman

spent 10 years in energy and financial services

investment banking

 Mr. Newman is a Trustee of The Salk Institute for Biological Studies and serves

on the board of the Tunisian American Enterprise Fund.

 Mr. Newman served as an advisor on energy policy and as a senior advisor to the

Long Island Power Authority

 Mr. Newman has served as a chairman of the Yale Alumni Fund and as a

member of the Yale University Council and its Climate & Energy Institute

Advisory Board.

Elva Bova

 Elva Bova is an Economist at the European

Commission where she has been working since 2016.

 From 2010 to 2016, she was an Economist at the

IMF in the Fiscal Affairs Department, contributing

mainly to the Fiscal Monitor, and in the African Department, working as a

country desk for commodity-producing economies.

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 She also worked as the Senior Economist of the Foundation for European

Progressive Studies, where she conducted research on the labor market

Murat Sonmez

 He is Managing Director; Head in the Centre

for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Global Network,

World Economic Forum.

 1989-1993 various roles from software

engineering to product marketing management with Consilium, Inc. provider of

semiconductor factory automation software, Mountain View, California

 1994-1997 product management with Teknekron Software Systems, provider of

real-time financial trading systems, Palo Alto, California;

The Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in the Government

As the digital, physical, and biological worlds continue to coincide, the new

technologies and platforms will expand to enable the citizens to engross with

governments, speak out their opinions, synchronize their efforts, and even bypassing the

supervision of public authorities. Then the ability of the government systems and public

authorities to adjust will that work on their survival. The modern problems involving the

states are progressively a hybrid in nature, merging the traditional battlefield techniques

with the previously related with the non-state actors. The difference between the war and

peace, a fighter and a not fighter, and even the brutality and gentleness are unbearable

blurry.

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As this process may take place and the new technologies such as self-governing

or biological weapons become effortless to use. Individuals and small groups will

progressively merge in being capable of creating mass harm. This new vulnerability will

take to a new agitation. On the other hand, the advancement of the technology will

produce a possible potential to lessen the impact of harm, through the growth of the new

system of protection.

According to Satyam, Arvind 2018 concept. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a

new monster. It progressing at a faster and more competitive, bold and feisty pace than

the three revolutions that happened in our time. This revolution may be characterized as

an ocean. It has big data, the rise of the autonomous machinery and robotics, AI or

artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and the internet. The rapid adaptation of the newly

invented technologies pushes the traditional government to its maximum capability. That

turns to change the government to adopt what is happening in today’s time. At in his

present time, the government must be more data-driven, people-focused, adaptive, eager

to seek more information and agile than ever before. This agility opens the doors to the

government to create law enactment and new policies that address the innovations of the

Fourth Industrial Revolution.

What are the challenges and opportunities does technology advances add for go

Teknekron.

Key challenges:

 Policymaking around evolving technologies

 Ethical concerns

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 Inequalities and access

 Unemployment caused by automation

Key Opportunities

 Increase the efficiency of public services

 Data-driven decision making

 Productivity improvements from automation

 Increase collaboration between governments and citizens

The four primary factors that the business leaders they consider in the Fourth Industrial

revolution:

1. Trust – data information governs the revolution. The customer’s willingness to

entrust companies with their tactful and diplomatic information about their lives

and business on the quality of their experience present and knowing that their

data is secured and safe

2. Strategy – the blending despairing the emerging technologies that are moving

forward to strategic goals is one of the key challenges in and development of the

Fourth Industrial Revolution.

3. Growth – When the Fourth Industrial Revolution strategy was designed and

convey out rightly, it is agile and adaptable, that is truly capable of incorporating

to the future’s technology and business models with as little interference or

redesign as possible.

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4. Workforce – it is a demand for the digital ability is at an all-time high, and the

companies can’t wait for there to be enough person that is having a degree or

trainees to fill it.

Key Points:

The impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution to the government has an

advantage and disadvantage. The advantage of the Fourth Industrial

Revolution is the advancement of the technology will produce a possible

potential to lessen the impact of harm, through the growth of the new

system of protection. Then the disadvantage of it because of digging

information and make a new product initial capital cost for change is going

to be a huge one. Cybersecurity and privacy are major concerns. That the

devices that the government enhance are susceptible to threats and these

threats could be disastrous at times.

Activity Time!

Directions: Answer the following question under each number.

1. Draw a diagram that shows the happenings in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

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2. Give at least 3 examples of technologies that occur in the Fourth Industrial

Revolution? Then give the date and place it was originated or made in particular

technologies?

3. What is the effect of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in our time?

4. If you’re a scientist or a person that has the capability to make a technology what

is it? Why you have that technology and reason?

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Lesson 11:

Information Age (year and people who published the technology)

Overview

At the end of this lesson, the student should learn about it.

1. When the technology was developed in the current era?

2. What is the information about people who published or created those technologies of

the current era?

3. What is the importance of the information age?

Objectives

In this lesson, you will learn about the Information Age, also you will learn

information technology and you will know those people who published those

technologies.

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When the technology was developed in the current era?

The technology was developed since the 1980s; some of the sociologist and

anthropologist have created social theories dealing with social and cultural evolutions.

The concepts of Morgan have three major stages of social evolution and this is; salary,

barbarism, and civilization. it is divided by technological dividends Such as fire.

While White said that the primary function of culture is to harness and control

energy. He differentiates between five stages of Human development: such as people use

energy by their own muscles, the other one is the energy of domesticated animals then the

last is to use the energy of plants or agricultural revolution.

Lenski focuses on information, he identifies the four stages. The first information

is passed by genes then the second, when humans gain sentience, they learn it and pass

information through experience. The third is, the human’s stats using signs and develop

logic, then the fourth, they can use the symbol, develop language and writing.

Information Age

The information age is also called the Computer Age, the Digital Age, and the

New Media Age.

 Claude Elwood Shannon, he is the “ father of

the information theory”

 He is one of the American mathematicians at

the age of 32 years old and as a researcher at Bell

Laboratories.

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 He published a landmark paper written at Bell Labs in 1948.

 Shannon also showed how all information media developed. That from telephone

signals to radio waves to television that could be transmitted without error using

this single framework.

Fiber optic cables

 it is made from plastic or drawing glass,

 Narinder Singh Kapany has achieved the good Image

transmission through a large bundle of optical fibers for the

first time in 1953.

 His article on Fiber optics in Scientific American in

1960 established the term "Fiber optics".,

 And also a Faster Microprocessors is one of

the technology was change.

 In 1970 a faster microprocessor was

published by Federico Faggin

 He is Federico Faggin.

 He is the Italian American Physicist

Inventor and Entrepreneur.

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 And he is one of the best designing of the microprocessors.

 And he also created the first semi-conductor in 1968.

 It is accelerated the transmission and processing of information by the

year of the 1970s.

 Osborne was developed by Adam Osborne and Design by Lee

Felsenstein first announced in early 1981.

 It is made with a rugged ABS plastic case and a handle.

 It is the first laptop computer was made in May 1983.

 Gavilan as considers as the first fully functional laptop computers.

Importance of Information Age

It is important to us since we are now an information age era. Because we need to

learn how our technology changed. It’s showed us the illustration that the curve of

technological disruption. It is also shown to us a response to the wider changes in

organizations and in society. It is showed us the development of technology and changes

from the current era to apply and use that new information about technology to make a

business or works in the fastest and easy way.

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Activity

Direction: Write your answers in your notebook (5pts each)

1. What is the reason, effort publisher to publish those technologies?

2. What arishe knowledge give to us?

3. How information age can affect tor living?

4. What is the difference between the current era to modern technology?

5. What you’ve learned about the information age? Give at least 2 publishers in

the current era?

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WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms not just rare and endangered forms

of life, nor just attractive animals and plants. It encompasses all kinds of life forms from

the single-celled organisms to the largest multi-celled organisms. Biodiversity in a

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particular place, region or landscapes are influenced by climate, topography and

geological history as well as human and non-human disturbances.

Levels of Biodiversity

Genetic Diversity – different in genes and the combination of genes within the

population.

Species Diversity – organisms that have the potential to interbreed in nature and

reproduce variable and fertile offspring.

Ecosystem Diversity – the variation in the ecosystem found in the region

Figure 1: Genetic Diversity Figure 2: Species Diversity

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Figure 3: Ecosystem Diversity

As shown in Figure 1, those are the variation of peppers from colors, sizes, and

types. It also shows the difference between genes from one pepper to another. Based on

Figure 2, it can be gleaned that each species or organisms can reproduce and pass the

traits from offspring. On Figure 3, it shows the variation of marine species that interact in

the given ecosystem.

The ecosystem is the interaction of biotic and abiotic organisms. Changes from

one ecosystem may affect the parts of the ecosystem. When all species die, that species

placed in a particular ecosystem was gone and become extinct. However, to avoid that

situation humans should be aware of their environment. In this module, you will learn the

interaction in the biodiversity and the ways of living in our society.

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Figure 4: Rainforest

Figure 5: Sea

Look at Figure 4 and 5. Imagine yourself as a researcher, you explored in Amazon

Rainforest, where the densities of mammals, birds, insects, trees, etc. are very high. Now,

imagine yourself as a diver at Verde Island Sea Passage where very high densities of

marine species are found. Both areas are composed of various species and the population

that interacts in the ecosystem.

However, based on the study conducted by the United Nations Environment

Program and the World Health Organization. These are the following threats that cause

loss of biodiversity.

1. Global climate change

2. Habitat loss and ecosystem destruction

3. Pollution and contamination

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4. Over-exploitation

5. Invasion of Species

Assessment:

Direction: Identify the following and write your answers in the space

provided.

Test I

__________1. Refers to the variation of life forms.

__________2. It is the variation of ecosystem found in a particular region.

__________3. Define as organisms that have the potential to interbreed in

nature and reproduce variable and fertile offspring.

_________4. It is different in genes and the combination of genes within

the population.

_________5. It is the interaction of biotic and abiotic organisms.

Test II

Direction: Explain briefly the following (3 points each).

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Write your answers in your notebook.

1. Global Climate Change

2. Pollution and contamination

3. Habitat loss and destruction

4. Overexploitation

5. Alteration in ecosystem composition

WHAT IS HEALTHY SOCIETY?

The term a healthy society is made up of two words, ‘healthy' and ‘society'. A society

comprises of a group of people who are closely interlinked by various activities and

relationships and usually share a common geographical region. Being healthy refers to

the state of holistic being well in terms of the physical, spiritual, emotional, and in all the

aspects that surround the well-being of the existence of the society.

A healthy society does not define free from sickness and diseases but rather a

healthy society is a broad aspect.

A healthy society is characteristic of the rich diversity in views, behaviors, beliefs,

interests, and priorities. This is a major driving force to the prosperity of a society and

they should be cultivated and controlled to ensure that such does not infringe freedom of

other members or are not used to oppress other members in the society; but rather they

should be used to promote the success and ensure the society stays on the course of

prospering

These factors are such as, the income of the members of the society, the education that

the members of the society get, the employment opportunities available to the society

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members, housing, the environment, and the social support accorded. With a better

income, the people can afford a better living condition, which culminates to better

physical health, peaceful coexistence and improved self-esteem. Better education enables

the members of a society to make better-informed decisions on what to do for a better

life.

11 MOST ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A SOCIETY

Elements of society:

Society possesses some elements. Following are the important elements or characteristics

of society.

1.Likeness or Similarity

Likeness or similarity is considered as an essential pre-requisite of society. In the

words of Mac Iver “society means likeness. It exists among the like-beings, like-bodied

and like-minded. It is likeness which provides comfort and it causes various institutions

and associations to exist and continue.

2. Difference

The society also involves differences. Differences within society are not excluded.

Mere similarity or likeness will bring human society very close to animal society. The

essence of society depends as much on difference as on likenesses.

3. Interdependence

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Inter-dependence is yet another essential element of society. It is the basis of

society implies inter-dependence. It is not possible for a human being to satisfy his needs

in isolation. He needs society because his nature compels him to live in it. He can by no

means cut adrift from society.

4. Cooperation

Like inter-dependence co-operation is the basis of society. Society implies co-

operation which is the fourth essential pre-requisite of society. Co-operation may be

direct or indirect and it plays a vital role in every human society. People cannot lead a

happy and comfortable life without co-operation.

No society can be healthy and prosperous without co-operation these days. It is a

difference to mutual destructiveness of groups with opposing interests. Consequently, it

leads to the protection of resources and results in the economy. Not only co-operation but

also conflict is necessary for the formation of society.

5. Organization

There is an important factor in society. It is some kind of organization. In other

words, every society has its individual and unique organization. It is the division of some

kind or other which marks this organization. Society always requires an organization for

its formation.

6. Social Relationship

Society consists of social relations, customs, laws, mores, etc. These social

relations are intangible and unseen. People only feel or realize these relations. Thus they

do not have any concrete form and therefore society is abstract. In this way, abstractness

is a significant ingredient of society.

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7. Society is Dynamic

Society is not static. It is dynamic. Change is ever-present in society.

Changeability is an inherent quality of human, society. No society can even remain

constant for any length of time. Society is like water in a stream or river that forever

flows.

8. Social Control

Society has its ways and means of controlling the behavior of its members. Co-

operation exists in society. But side by side competitions, conflicts, tensions, revolts, and

suppressions are also there. They appear and re-appear off and on. They are to be

controlled. The behavior or the activities of people are to be controlled. Society has

various formal and informal means of social control. It means society has customs,

traditions, conventions and folkways, mores, norms and so on. All are the informal means

of social control. Society has also law, legislation, constitution, police, court, and army

and so on. All are the formal means of social control to regulate the behavior of the

members of the society.

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ACTIVITY 1: WHAT ABOUT HEALTHY SOCIETY?

Direction: Answer the following questions.

1. What is a healthy society?

2. How can you tell if your society is healthy?

3. Give characteristics of a healthy society.

4. Give at least 3 essential elements of society, and explain.

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ACTIVITY 2: DRAW YOUR SOCIETY

Direction: In the short bond paper, draw a dying society and suggest the possible

ways to make it a healthy society

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Lesson 12

WHAT IS GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM (GMO)

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are living organisms whose genetic

material has been artificially engineered in a laboratory through genetic engineering. This

creates combinations of plant, animal, bacteria, and virus genes that do not occur in

nature or through traditional reproduction methods.

GMOs have been engineered to endured the direct application of herbicide

and/or to produce an insecticide. Though, new technologies are now being used to

artificially develop other traits in plants, such as a resistance to browning in apples, and

to create new organisms using synthetic biology. Despite biotech industry promises, there

is no evidence that any of the GMOs currently on the market offer increased yield,

enhanced nutrition, or any other consumer benefit.

Figure 1.1 ( example or illustration of GMO)

SHORT HISTORY ABOUT GMO

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Stanley cohen and Herbert Boyer has made the first genetically modified

organism in 1973, a bacteria resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin. They made thye first

genetically modified animal, a mouse, was created in 1974 by Rudolf Jaenisch, and the

first plant was produced in 1983. The first genetically modified animal to be

commercialized was the GloFish . And the first genetically modified animal to be

approved for food use was the AquAdvantage salmon in 2015.

Figure 1.2 Herbert Boyer (left) Stanley Cohen (right)

HOW ARE ORGANISM GENETICALLY MODIFIED?

Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's phenotype by

reconstructing its genetic material. Some genetic engineering undergoes on a process

known as recombination.

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Recombination is the procedure in which a new gene is inserted into a bacterial DNA

"The plasmid". The DNA needs to be paired with an enzyme called a restriction enzyme.

The restriction enzyme looks for a specific point in the DNA sequence at which to cut the

DNA. When the restriction enzyme cuts, it leaves a "Sticky end" which helps a new gene

to attach at that point. Another enzyme is used to attach the new DNA sequence; this is

called "DNA ligase". Genetically engineered bacterium is cultured and many new copies

of the bacteria with the new gene are grown. Genetic modifications can be made to both

plants and animals.

Agrobacterium is a bacteria that uses a Horizontal gene transfer (HGT). HGT is the

transfer of DNA between different genomes. HGT can occur in bacteria through

transformation, conjugation and Transduction. However, it is also possible for HGT to

occur between eukaryotes and bacteria though the mechanism for this transfer is not well

understood.

three ways of transferring bacteria between cells:

1. Transformation: The uptake and incorporation of external DNA into the cell

thereby resulting in the alteration of the genome

2. Conjugation: The exchange of genetic material through cell-to-cell contact of

two bacterial cells. A strand of plasmid DNA is shared to the recipient cell and the

donor cell then synthesis DNA to replace the strand that was transferred to the

recipient cell.

3. Transduction: A segment of bacterial DNA is carried from one bacterial cell to

another by a bacteriophage. The bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and takes up

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bacterial DNA. When this phage infects another cell, it transfers the bacterial

DNA to the new cell. The bacteria can then become a part of the new host cell.

Agrobacterium also has the ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants and is

therefore commonly used in genetic engineering. The process of utilizing

Agrobacterium for genetic engineering is illustrated in the diagram below.

BENEFITS OF GMO

Genetic modification can be done with plants, animals, or bacteria and other very

small organisms. Genetic modification allows scientists to move desired genes from one

plant or animal into another. Genes can also be transfered from an animal to a plant or

vice versa. Another name for this is genetically modified organisms, or GMOs.

The process to create Genetically modified foods is different than selective breeding.

This includes selecting plants or animals with desired traits and breeding them. this

results in offspring with those desired traits.

One of the problems with selective breeding is that it can also result in traits that are not

expected. Genetic modification allows scientists to select one specific gene to implant.

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This avoids introducing other genes with undesirable traits. Genetic modification also

helps speed up the process of creating new foods with desired traits.

The possible benefits of genetic engineering include:

 More nutritious food

 Tastier food

 Disease- and drought-resistant plants that require fewer environmental resources (such as

water and fertilizer)

 Less use of pesticides

 Increased supply of food with reduced cost and longer shelf life

 Faster growing plants and animals

 Food with more desirable traits, such as potatoes that produce less of a cancer-causing

substance when fried

 Medicinal foods that could be used as vaccines or other medicines

WHAT ARE THE PROS AND CONS OF GMO’s

The Pros

 GMO practices can be used to produce “designer” crops, which have more

nutrients, grow quicker and produce more yield, are more resistant to pesticides

and use less fertiliser.

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 Artificially implanting DNA from one species to another can save many, many

years of research. Waiting for the unpredictable nature of traditional breeding

methods can take decades to achieve the required equilibrium; such a goal can be

reached instantaneously with GMO.

 GMO experimentation can be used to manipulate animal (and, theoretically,

human) cells to be healthier or desirable. For example, the article, Scientists One

Step Closer to Male Contraceptive Pill, talks about how genetically-modified

mice are helping to research possible male contraception.

 GMOs have been around for almost 20 years, so health concerns related to them

should have become apparent by now.

 Change (and specifically, unnatural change) can be good. For example, cleaning

and cooking our food may not be natural but it is beneficial.

The Cons

 Studies have shown that genetically modified corn and soy fed to rats led to a

higher risk of them developing liver and kidney problems. These health risks may

not be transferable to humans, but they illustrate the unpredictable nature of GMOs

on living things.

 GMOs are not always tested thoroughly. The shortest GMO testing times are a

mere 90 days, which many fear is simply not enough time to ascertain all of the

risks.

 Transgenic modification produces organism types which would never occur

naturally, making them highly unpredictable.

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 GMOs could affect those with allergies in unpredictable ways.

 Though GMOs were developed with a view to reducing the amount of pesticides

used, this is not always the case. As weeds and bacteria become resistant to the

pesticide, farmers actually use more, safe in the knowledge the crop will not be

affected.

 Often GMO products are not clearly labelled, meaning people do not have the

choice to decide whether or not they wish to consume GMO products.

 GMO testing often involves performing experiments upon animals, which some

people feel is a breach of animal rights.

The use of genetically modified organisms is a practice still in its infancy. The long-term

effects of this technology are yet to be seen, and thus we must proceed with caution as we

develop our practices and guidelines.

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GENETICS

Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the

study of genes, genetic variation

and heredity in organisms. Though heredity had been

observed for millennia, Gregor Mendel, a scientist

and Augustinian friar working in the 19th century, was

the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the

way traits are handed down from parents to offspring. He observed that organisms (pea

plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today,

is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene. He is also

considered as the father of modern genetics. Though Gregor Mendel was the father of

modern genetics, The word genetics was originally introduced in 1905 by English

biologist William Bateson, who was one of the discoverers of Mendel's work and who

became a champion of Mendel's principles of inheritance.

WHAT IS GENE THERAPY

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Gene therapy is the process of transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of

missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders. Gene therapy is an

experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In the future, this

technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells

instead of using drugs or surgery. Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a

disease. Gene therapy was originally introduced on 14th September 1990 by Dr.William

French Anderson. he was the first person to succeed in carrying out gene therapy by

treating "bubble boy disease").

Figure 1.1 ( example of gene therapy )

TYPES OF GENE THERAPY

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Somatic gene therapy- In somatic gene therapy, the therapeutic genes are transferred

into the somatic cells, or body, of a patient

Germline gene therapy- In germ line gene therapy, Germ cells, i.e., sperm or ovum, are

modified by the introduction of functional genes, which are integrated into their genomes.

This would allow the therapy to be heritable and passed on to later generations.

Somatic gene therapy - somatic gene therapy involves inserting a normal gene

into the appropriate cells of an individual affected with a genetic disease, thereby

permanently correcting the disorder. Figure 1.2 outlines the simplest methods of getting

genes into the person's cells using either viruses (which carry the human gene, in place of

one of their own genes, into a cell) or liposomes (small fat-like molecules which can

carry DNA into a cell). In some cells, the gene or genes become inserted into a

chromosome in the nucleus. The target cells might be bone marrow cells, which are

easily isolated and re-implanted. Bone marrow cells continue to divide for a person's

whole life to produce blood cells, so this approach is useful only if the gene you want to

deliver has a biological

role in the blood. Delivery of

a gene that has a biological

role in, say, the lungs,

muscle, or liver would have

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to occur within those target organs. In many cases, accessing the appropriate tissue or, if

the gene is required in multiple tissues (e.g. muscles throughout the body) ensuring it can

be delivered where it is needed, is a major problem.

Figure 1.2 (example of somatic gene therapy)

Germ line therapy is one type of gene therapy, where genes are modified to cure

genetic diseases. The idea behind gene therapy is to replace faulty genes with a properly

functioning copy. However, this is more difficult than it sounds. DNA can't just be

injected into a cell. The cell would destroy it, thinking it is not supposed to be there. So,

the foreign DNA needs to be integrated properly into a cell by using a vector, a carrier for

the DNA. Viruses are good vectors because they are designed to invade cells and

introduce their DNA. Viruses in gene therapy are engineered not to cause disease, but

rather to introduce the foreign DNA to the target cells. The vector should be engineered

so that it only introduces the DNA to a particular type of cell in the body. This can be
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very difficult and is one challenge scientists are trying to overcome to use gene therapy.

An alternative is to remove the cells from the body and transfer the DNA in a lab, then

return them to the patient. Germ line therapy uses only sperm and eggs for genetic

modification so that the changes will be passed down to future generations.

Figure 1.3 ( examples of germ line gene therapy )

STEM CELL THERAPY

Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.

Bone marrow transplant is the most widely used stem-cell therapy, but some therapies

derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use. Research is underway to develop

various sources for stem cells, as well as to apply stem-cell treatments

for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions such as diabetes and heart disease, among

others.

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Figure 1.4 ( examples of stem cell therapy )

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GENE THERAPY

ADVANTAGES:

1. Gene silencing is a concept that in itself is self-efficient for management of many dis-

eases.

2, Gene therapy has the potential to eliminate and prevent hereditary diseases, such as

cystic fibrosis, and is a possible cure for heart disease, AIDS and cancer.

3. Gives an advantage to a person born with genetic disorder to live life in a normal way

by replacing non-functional gene with a functional one

DISADVANTAGES:
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1. Irregular immune responses.

2. Viral vectors may introduce toxicity, as well as immune and inflammatory responses.

3. Multi-gene disorders such as heart disease, high blood pressure, Alzheimer’s disease,

arthritis, and diabetes cannot be treated through this therapy as conditions or disorders

that arise only from mutations in a single gene are the best candidates for gene therapy.

4. Religious concerns.

5. Chances of inducing iatrogenic (physician induced) tumours in human being.

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LESSON 14

NANO WORLD

Overview

In this module, you will learn about what nanotechnology is and how this newly

developed technology benefits us. This module also includes the tool/s that is needed for

us to accurately measure this technology especially the materials that are essential in

building it. Lastly, this module entails the fundamental approaches in manufacturing the

materials that will lead to the development of new products in this field.

Objectives

By the end of this module, the students should be able to learn the following:

 What isNanotechnology;

 Distinct features of the Nano Scale;

 Nanomaterials and Nanomanufacturing; and

 Benefits of Nanotechnology

Introduction

Everything nowadays is impossible through science with an integration of technology

where it is a product of human demand and curiosity. We cannot ignore the reality that

even the smallest thing or even particles can be examined and study. One of the current

inventions is the nanotechnology where Merriam Webster defines it as the science of

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manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular scale especially to build microscopic

devices (such as a robot). It simply means that with the use of nanotechnology it can

create something that can help upgraded things. Most of the things you can avail on the

market are products of nanotechnology and even the new version of it. In their ongoing

quest to improve existing products by creating smaller components and better

performance materials, that for sure all companies that fabricate Nano products cannot

work on and maybe cannot be useful nowadays.

 What is nanotechnology

Nanotechnology refers to the science, engineering, and technology conducted at the

nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers (NNI, 2017). Nanotechnology also

pertains generally to a field of applied science and technology whose basic theme is

control of matter on the molecular level in scales not bigger than 1 micrometer commonly

1 to 100 nanometer and the fabrication of device within that size range

("Nanotechnology", n d) In the other words, nanotechnology deals with objects especially

technology that is too tiny and use them for various purpose. And there is also the

Nanoscience which is the study of structures andmaterials on the scale of nanometers

(TMI, 2019).

How it started

The ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology first

started by physicist Richard Feynman with a talk entitled “ There’s Plenty of Room at

the Bottom” at an American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of

Technology (Cal Tech) on December 29, 1959, long before the term nanotechnology was

used. In this meeting, Feynman talked about a process in whichindividual atoms and
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molecules can be controlled and manipulated andafter a decade, Professor Signori

Baluchistan coined the term nanotechnology during his explorations of appreciation

machining. It wasn’t until 1981, with the development of the scanning tunneling

microscope that could “see” individual atoms, that modern biotechnology began (NNI,

2017).

 What is Nanoscale

According to Margaret Rouse, Nanoscale is a branch of nanotechnology in which

standard size tools are used to manufacture simple structures and devices with dimension

on the order of few nanometer's or less, where one nanometer (1 nm) is equal to a

billionth of a meter (10-9 m).

Figure 1. The Scale of Things

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Features of Nanoscale

Nanotechnology involves operating at a very small dimension and it allows scientists

to make use of the exceptional optical, chemical, physical, mechanical, and biological

qualities of materials of that small scale (NNI, 2017).

1. The scale at which quantum effects dominate the properties of the material.

Particles with a dimension of 1-100 nanometer have properties that are significantly

discrete from particles of bigger dimensions. Quantum effects direct the behavior and

properties of particles in this size scale. The properties of materials are highly dependent

on their size. Among the essential properties of nanoscale that change as a function of

size include chemical reactivity, crescendo, magnetic permeability, melting point, and

electrical conductivity.

One example is the nanoscales gold, which is not only the yellow-colored element

we are used to seeing but it can also appear red or purple. Gold’s electrons display

restricted motion in the nanoscale. Practically, nanoscale gold particles selectively build

up in tumors, where they permit both precise imaging and targeted laser construction of

the tumor while avoiding damage on healthy cells.

2. The scale at which much biology occurs.

Various activities of the cell take place at the nanoscale. The denuclearize acid

(DNA) serves as the genetic material of the cell and is only about 2 nanometers in

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diameter. Furthermore, the hemoglobin that transports oxygen to the tissues through the

body is 5.5 nanometers in diameter.

A good number of modern researches focus on advancingprocedures, therapies tools,

and treatments that are more accurate and custom-made than traditional methods and

cause no adverse effects on the body.

An example of this is the bio-barcode assay, which is a fairly inexpensive approach

for identification of specific disease markers in the blood despite their small number in a

particular specimen.

3. The scale at which surfaces and interfaces play a large role in materials

properties and interactions.

Nanoscale materials have a more larger surface areas than larger-scale materials with

similar masses. As we increase the surface area per mass of a particular material, a

greater amount of the material comes in contact with another material and can affect its

reactivity.

Nanostructured membranes and material with large surface area are ideal candidates

for water treatment and desalination, among other uses. It also helps support

"functionalization" of nanoscale material surfaces (adding particles for specific

purposes), for application range from drug delivery to clothing insulation.

 What are Nanomaterials

They are partly characterized by their very small size, measured in nanometers. A

nanometer is one-millionth of a millimeter - approximately 100,00 times smaller than the

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diameter of a human hair (NIEHS, 2019). Also, ISO (2015) defines a nanomaterial as a

material with any external dimension in the nanoscale (size ranges from approximately 1

- 100 nm) or having internal structure or surface in the nanoscale.

How do we see Nanomaterials

Nanoscientists use high-powered microscopes that use unique methods to allow them

to see the surface features on the atomic scale, effectively (NNI, 2017). n the early 1930s,

scientist were able to see at the nanoscale using the electron microscopes and field

microscope. The scanning tunneling microscope and the atomic force microscope are

among the most recent and notable developments in microscopy.

1. Electron Microscope

The first electron microscope was built by German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max

Knoll in the 1930s. It uses a particle beam of electrons to light up a specimen and make a

highly magnified image. Electron microscopes produce much better and greater

resolution than the older light microscopes because it can obtain magnify objects up to 1

million times while the conventional light microscopes can only magnify objects up to

1,500 times. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron

microscope (TEM) are the two general types of an electron microscope.

1. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)

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This device was first built by Gerd Bing, along with Calvin Quate and Christoph

Gerber in 1986. It gathers information by "feeling" the surface with a mechanical probe.

1. Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

This type of microscope allows the scientist to view and manipulate nanoscale

particles, atoms, and small molecules. This invention was able to earn its inventors, Gerd

Binig and Heinrich Rohrer, the Novel Prize in Physics in 1986.

Nanomanufacturing

It refers to scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale

materials, structures, devices, and systems. It also involves research, improvement, and

incorporation of the process for the construction of materials. Therefore,

Nanomanufacturing leads to the development of new products and improved materials.

There are two fundamental approaches to nanomanufacturing, either bottom-up or top-

down (NNI, 2017)

1. Bottom-up fabrication

It manufactures products by building them up from atomic- and molecular-scale

components. However, this method can be time-consuming. Scientist and engineers are

still in search of effective ways of putting up together molecular components that self-

assemble and from the bottom-up to organized structures.

2. Top-down fabrication

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It trims down large pieces of materials into the nanoscale. This process needs larger

amounts of materials and discards excess raw materials. There are new approaches to the

assembly of nanomaterials based on the application of principles in top-down and

bottom-up fabrication. This include:

 DIP PEN LITHOGRAPHY

It is a method in which the up of an atomic force microscope is “dipped” into a

chemical fluid and then utilized to “write” or a surface, like an old-fashioned ink pen onto

paper.

 SELF-ASSEMBLY

It depicts an approach wherein a set of components join together to mold an

organized structure in the absence of an outside direction.

 CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION

It is a product wherein chemicals act in response to form very pure, high-

performance films.

 NANOIMPRINT LITHOGRAPHY

It is a method where the generation of the nanoscale attributes are made by

“stamping” or “printing” them onto a surface.

 MOLECULAR BEAN EPITAXY

It is one form for creating extremely controlled thin films.

 ROLL-TO-ROLL PROCESSING

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It is a high-volume practice for constructing nanoscale devices on a roll of extremely

thin plastic or metal.

 ATOMIC LAYER EPITAXY

It is a move for laying down one-atom-thick layers on a surface. With the use of

these techniques, nanomaterials are made more durable, stronger, lighter, water-repellent,

ultraviolent- or infrared-resistant, scratch-resistant, electrically conductive, antireflective,

antifog, antimicrobial, self-cleaning, among others. The abovementioned characteristics

lead to the manufacture of the present variety of nanotechnology-enable products such as

tennis rackets and baseball bats to catalysts for purifying crude oil and ultrasensitive

recognition and classification of biological and chemical toxins.

Benefits of Nanotechnology

With the eployment of nanotechnology, materials can be successfully made stronger

yet lighter, more durable, more reactive, more sieve-like, or better electrical conductors,

among many other traits. Most of the everyday commercial products are currently on the

market in daily use the rely on nanoscale materials and processes:

1. Nanoscale additives to surface treatments of materials can give lightweight flight

energy deflection in personal body armor, or facilitate them resist wrinkling, staining, and

microorganism growth.

2. Clear nanoscale films on surfaces can make them water- and residue-repellent,

antireflective, self-cleaning, resistant to ultraviolet or infrared light, antifog,

antimicrobial, scratch-resistant, or electrically conductive.

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3. Nanoscale materials are setting out to implement washable, durable, “smart

fabrics” equipped with versatile nanoscale sensors and electronics with capabilities for

health observation, capture of solar energy, and energy gathering through movement.

4. Light weighting of cars, trucks, airplanes, boats, and spacecraft could significantly

lead to fuel savings.

5. Nanoscale materials are also being incorporated into a variety of personal care

products to improve performance. Sunscreen is one of the examples because it uses

nanoscale titanium dioxide and zinc oxide for years to proved protection from the sun

while appearing invisible on the skin.

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