~.l n.cri,;n.i,,!~v.C. v ~ ,:-.1 -rvn. ~U./il,.l.l~ ~~.tU;I0.10 V.E' .D~.lv J:V\.JJ.

lv/U,O ~ -

~
Make the solution of the given ntixture in distilled Wat.,r, in di), HCI or conc. _HCI, cold or hot. Label it ori&inal solution (O.S.). To the.O .S., add di!. H CI. ..-------,.
Wh ite ppt.
(Pb 2 •) If g,-oup I is absent, pass H,S gas through O.S. for sufficient time ufter acidificntion with dil. HCI. Filler. - - - - -
_/
•=::...::.,:.::,:___ __:_~=:---=--::--:--:--;-:--::;;;:-:::-;~:-:--~-:--::----:--:::--~---:---- ----j
Ppt.-Group II 'If group II is absent, add ~oJ;,! rlH,CI, 0.5 ml cone. HNO, to tbe O.S . Boil and ·cool. Add NH 4 OH till it s;;,ells of ammonia. If a ppt. is formed, group !II is present.
Confirma Lion of Pbz..
Black ppt.-{Pb'•. Cu'')
Boil white ppt. with djstilied 1f group III is absent, through n part ot the s0Jut10n ootw.ned tn group III pass H 2S. gas. If a ppt. is obtained
Yellow ppt.-(As'• ) ; Reddish brown ppt.-(Fe 3•,
water and divide the solution group IV _is present.
in to two parts : Dissolve the black ppt. in nunimum quan- \ White ppt.-(AJ 3•)
-White ppt.-(Zn2•) If group N is -abse,;t, to, the O.S. add solid NII,CI, NH.OH and (NH,) 2 CO3 solution .
(i) Add KI .solu tion to one tity of 50% HNO,. To one part of the above !Confirmation of (Fel+)
solut10n add dil. H 2 SO, a,nd alcohol. If a Black ppt.-(Ni,. and--Co .. )

Pb
pa.rt of aboY;e .solution. I

Yellow ppt. confirms whlte ppt. is formed Pb,.. is indica~d. Ifno . the brown ppt. in dH. HCI and White ppt. (Ba>+, S~, ca>+)
2 •.
white ppt. is formed, add excess NH 4OH to " I)Dissolve
divide the solution into two ps,-ts.
Flesh coloured ppt.-(Mn2+J If group Vis absent test for Mg'+.
(ii) Add K,Cr0 4 solution to the second ?llli:
of the solu~n-Blue col- '(i) To one ·part of _solution add p_ot.
Confirmation of Zn .. (i) To-the O.S. add a pinch ofNH4 Cl, a
few drops of NH4 OH and excess of
the second part of the our~d solution mdicat,,s Cu . ferrocyanide solution. A pruss,on Dissolve a part of white ppt. in dil. H CI 3..0d · Dissolve a part of whit., ppt. in di!. aoetic

P/Pb divide the solution 5.n two ~.lrt.s. · acid. Boil off CO 2, . amm- phosphate solution-'-White
above solution. Yellow .. ·.blue colour or ppt.
2
ppt.-)Yig"+.
•. Confirmation of Cu (ii) To second ' part of solution add pot. (i) To one part of soiution add_ pot . . (i) To, 011e part of the above solution, add
ferrcicyanide sol•ition-Bluish white K,CrO, solution- Yellow ppt. Con- (ii) Perform charcoal cavity cobalt
(i) Add excess of N,¥:~PH solution to · sulphocy.an.ide solution. A bloo'd
.original solutioj;l.. · Deep blue - red colouration. . ppt. ' ' firms Ba"'. · nitrat,, test with whit,, ppt.-A pink
mass.
solution. . ,Confirmation of AJl+ (ii) Tci ·second part of solution add NaOH (ii) If Ba,. is absent, then to the second
(ii) Acidify the above deep blue solutiQn . · . . solution. White ppt. soluble. in ex- . part of-above ·solution add a.m,m_ sul-
with dil. acetic acid . Add Po(. (1) Perform cha,coal cav.1t:•-cobalt cess. phate solu ti o n. A white ppt. con-
f~rrocyanide solution.- Chocola~ nitrate test with white ppt. Blu1> firms Sr ... Test for NH; ~
brown ppt. confirms Cu 2• . mass. Confirmation of Ni .. and Co,.
2
(iii) lfboth Ba 2 • and Sr'· are absent, then To t.he salt and sodium hvdroxi~ ~ ~-J lu -
2
If the ppt. obtained is black Ni • or Co • i.s·
Confirmation of Pb 2 • (ii) Lake test. White ppt. + dil. HCl + a to the thud part of the above solution tion ruid heat. If amn: nnia gn~ evolve~
(i) Pot. iodide test. To the O.S. add KI
few drops of blue litmus Otllution + indicaood. Note the.colour of the salt. If the
salt is greenish -Ni•• is indicated and if
add ammonium ox:.late solution. A Nt;, .
is present.
NH 4 OH solution 'in excess A blue white ppt. confirms ca>+.
sol ution. Yellow ppt. the salt .is purple Co2+ is indicated. Pass the gas throu.1s·h Ncsslers rengen t .
ppt., suspended in a cofourless
(i i ) Pot. chromate t est . To· the O.S. add medium (called a lake). A bro ,t• nish ppt. or colouration is
K.,CrO 4 • Yellow ppt. Confirmo. t'ion of Co2 •
Perform the Dame test wi th a part of the obtain ':<1.
(i) Take O.S . and neutralise the acid by salt.
If the ppt. obtained is yellow in colour As,. adcµn_g NH,OH. Add a pinch of potas-
is .indjcated. sium .n itrite and acidify w ith dil. ace- (i ~ Light gree n t11l.nl.e--Ba2-- confi.n:r.ed.
tic acid-Yellow ppt. · (ii) Crinlson red fla.nie-Sr-2• con.firmed.
Confirmation of A ,,: 3 • - Note . NH 4 • may be t.ested lil the
(ii) Pe'r fiirm· boraxbead tes_t with tli e (iii) Brick red fhune--Ca 2 • confirmed.
li) Am.m. molybdate test. Yellow ppt. sait.-:-Blue bead. beginning of analysis of basic radicals as
+ cone. HN0 3 + Amm. molybdat,, so- zero group.
lution-Yellow pl)t. ·conru:mation of Ni ..
(ii) ~gnesia mixture test. To the O.S. (i) Take O.S. and maka alkaline by add-
add magneaiii. mixture--White ppt. ing NH 4OH 'and then add a few drops
:'!,, ,
_of dim4'thyl glyoxime-Bright red
··\ - ppt.
(ii) Perform borax bead' test with the
.,{<'
sal~Brown bead in oxidising flame .
and grey bead in redu_c ing flame . ·
Confirmation of Mn:i.
(i) Dissolve flesh colou.red ppt. in dil. HCi,
boi l off H 2 S, add NaOH and Br 2
water-White ppt. turnini; i;.-cy .
(ii) Perform borax bend test wi th group
ppt.-Pinl< bead in oxidising flame
and colourless in reducing flame .

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READY REFERENCE CHART FOR QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ACID RADICALS

Dil. H.,SO,·Test
Treat the salt with di!. a,so,.
Cone. H 2 SO, Test
Heat a pinch of the salt with cone. H,S ),.
If no gas is evolved whe n mixture is h eated With cone. H 2 SO ◄- ~
~
(i) CO gas, turns lime water milky -C0 ,.__

(,i)
2 3
H1 S gas (smells like rotten eggs), turns lead acetate paper black -S,._.
(i) HCl gas gives white ppt. (solutile n NH,OH) with AgNO,-CJ-.
(ii) Br, go.a turns starch paper yeUo," or orange-Br .
Absence 0 £ C\- , B,- . 1-, NO,- , CH 3CQO- and C 2 0 ◄-'-·.
Ir° the salt does not r eact with dil. H,SO, as well as con e. H 2SO, l est. for
"'t•
(i i t ) SO 2 gas, turns acidified potass!'..lm dichromate paper green -SQ 3 2- . · (iii) 1 vapours turn starch paper bluc-J-. SO,'- nnd PO/·.
2
(iu) N0 2 gas (reddish brown), turns FeSO, solution black -NO,-. (iu) N0 gas (on adding n paper peU e·.J turns FeSO, solution black- NO,-.
2
i ' ~
~
A colourless, odourless gas (CO2:• -C,O;'-·.
(u)
Confirmation of SO 4,_
(vi) ('0lourless vapours with vinegar omell-CH 3COO- . \
(i) Barium chloride test. W.E. or S.E. + dil. HCI + BsCl, solution-White i:pt.

'
C01\' FI.Rl\1ATORY TESTS CONFIRMATORY TESTS insoluble in dil. HCl .
Confirmation of C0 3,._ (ii) Match stick test. Mix the salt w\th N¾C0 3 • Make its pnste. Fuse a little
Confirmation of CJ-
Try to dissolve the salt in water. If the salt dissolves soluble (;0 32 - is indicu.Lec! (0 To the salt ,olution add .cone. HH0 3 and AgN0 3 solution-A white ppt. solu-
paste on the end of match stick. Dip the fused mass in sod. nit.roprusside
zolu ti.011- Purµ\c st("a]u. \
(i) To the solution add dil. HC1-C0 2 gas evolves with brisk effervescence. ble in NH,OH solution. _
(ii) T,:,.the salt a,dc/,.M!19,,:~d cone. H~SO, and hea~J, gns evolves
(ii) To the solution add MgSO, solution-White ppt. con.firms soiilble carbonate. Confirmation of Po.3--
(iii) Salt + K,Cr 0 solid + .cone. 1, 2S0,, he!ft-Red vapours. Pass the vapours
ht If tho sP.lt does uot dissolve in watel'-inspluble carbonate ia·indicated. 2 7
through NaOH solution. To th<
y~llow solution obtained add a~etic acid and (i) Anunonium molybdate ·teirt.. S.E. + cone. HN0 3 and boil. Now add a.mm.
To the solid salt add dil ..HCI- CO2 gas evolves with .brisk effervescence---<:on.finns lead acel:ate solutlon-:-Yellow 1-pt. confirms c1-. molybdate sol. and heat-Yellow ppt.
i.ru,oluble carl>onate.
(ii) Magnesia mxiture test. W.E. or neutral S.E. + Ma;;nesia mixture-White
C9~P.tion of s>- Confirmntion ·M B"rl·: ,., ~pt. -
.,.,(.,1 ;,:
;, : . -· · J ,1 : •· .
(i) W.E. or S.E. + acetic acid + lead acetate •oh,1tion--:-Black ppt. /.gNQ3 solution-Pale yellow ppt. partially
(i) Salt sQlµt,i_Ql'.I ,,+ ~pnc. HN\) 3 +

(ii) W.E. or S.E. + Sod. nitroprusside solution-A purple or violet colouration. soluble. ll).,NH,mi;. .
(ii) Chlo~e water test. Salt sohjlion + dil. HCI + 1-2 mL of carbon disulphide +
(iii) W.E . or S.E. + suspension of CdC0 3-A yellow ppt.
chlorine water, shake-Orang [' colour in CS, layer.
Confirm ;H. "' :1 of SO/~- Confirmation of 1-
(::.- \V-. E . or S .E. + BaC½: so! ution - \Vhite ppt. which-dissolves with evolution of (ifSalt solution+ ·conc: HN0-0 ~ J,NO, solution-Yellow ppt. insoluble in NH,OH.
(u) ~~~
0

+ a. ;e~ ·:~:s ·:t~cidified KMnO ,-P\nk colour of KMnO, disappea':' - ,

(ii) ChJorine wat~r test. Salt_:: ;lution + dil. H Cl + 1-2 mL of CS 2
water, shake-Violet colour irJ CS 2 layer.
-Confirmation 9f CH,coo-
+ Clilorine .

Confirmation of N0 2-
\
(i) W.E. + acetic acid+ FeSO,--Dark brown or black colour. (i) Oxalic acid test. Solid salt .-i oxalic acid ~ 2·3 a_;.,ps of water, rul>-Vinegar
smell.
(ii) W.E . + 2·3 drops ofH2 SO, + KI solution+ 2-3 drops of st.arch solution-Blue
colouration. · (ii) Estertest. Salt+ cone. H,SC.•, + Ethyl alcohol, heat-Fruity smell.
:--; (iii)° W.E. + a few drops of acidified KMnO • solution....:...Pink colour disappears. I Confi.rmat_ion _of C 0 ,2- .. 2

I (i) Salt soltition + acetic aci_d + ;)nCl,. solution-White ppt. .

If no gas is .e volved when the salt is treated with dilute s~phuric acid. (ii) Salt+ di!. H,SO,, w~rm and \-dd 2-3 drops ofKMri0 4 solution-Pink colour is
discharged. · ·
--Absence of C0 3...., s2.-, S0 3,._ and No 2- .
Conrirmation of :r:,10 3- .. : ;, .,

(i) Mixture+ con~. ir s0, + eu\chips. Heat-Reddish brown gas.

2
(ii) W,..-E'. + F eSo, ·solution + ·c°i'c. H,SO, by the sides of the tu')~-Dark brown
nng. 1

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