PROF ED with answer c.

mean
1) Mr. Santiago gave a chapter test. In which d. index off difficulty
competency did students find the greatest 8. Which applies when the score distribution is
difficulty? In the item with a difficulty index of concentrated at the left side of the curve?
________. a. Bell curve
a. 0.15 b. Positively skewed
b. 1.0 c. Bimodal
c. 0.93 d. Negatively skewed
d. 0.51
9) In a normal curve distribution, about how
2) Which statement about standard deviation many percent of the cases fall between -1SD
is CORRECT? to +1SD?
a. The lower the standard deviation, the more a. 34.13%
spread the scores are. b. 68.26%
b. The higher the standard deviation, the less c. 15.73%
spread the scores are. d. 49.86%
c. The higher the standard deviation, the more
spread the scores are. 10) The scores of the students in a tutorial
d. It is a measure of central tendency. class are as follows: 82, 82, 85, 86, 87, 94,
98. The score 86 is the ________.
3) The index of difficulty of a particular test a. Mean
item is .10. What does this mean? My b. Mode
students ________. c. Median
a. gained mastery over an item d. Median & Mode
b. performed very well against expectation
c. found that test item was either easy nor 11) The discrimination index of a test item is -
difficult 0.46. What does this imply?
d. were hard up in that item a. More students from the upper group
answered the item incorrectly.
4) The mode of a score distribution is 25. This b. More students from the upper group
means that? answered the item correctly.
a. Twenty-five is the score that occurs least. c. More students from the lower group
b. Twenty-five is the score that occurs most. answered the item correctly.
c. Twenty-five is the average of the score d. The number of students from the lower
distribution. group and upper group who answered the
d. There is no score of 25 item correctly are equal.
5) After teaching lessons, Ms. Chavez gave a 12) Which statement is true when the value of
quiz to her class. Which does she give? standard deviation is small?
a. Diagnostic test a. The scores are found at the extremes of the
b. Summative test distribution.
c. Performance test b. The scores are spread out from the mean
d. Formative test value.
6) The variance, standard deviation, and c. The scores are concentrated around the
range are all measures of ________. mean value.
a. variability d. The shape of the distribution is a bell curve.
b. central tendency 13) Which of the following statements is one
c. grouping of the characteristics of a normal curve
d. partition values distribution?
7) If a teacher gets a difference between the a. There are more high scores than low
highest score and the lowest score, he obtains scores.
the ________. b. The scores are normally distributed.
a. range c. Most of the scores are low.
b. standard deviation d. There are more low scores than high
scores.
14) The score distribution is 50, 49, 49, 49, a. range
48, 48, 40, 39, 39, 39, 35, 30, 30, 30, 26, 25, b. inter-quartile range
25, 24, 24, 20, 20, 20, 19, 15, 14, 13, 10, 10. c. variance
Which is the best way to describe the given d. standard variation
score distribution? 21) Which of the following measures of central
a. unimodal tendency is easily affected by extreme
b. bimodal scores?
c. positively skewed a. mean
d. multimodal b. median
15) Teacher Gerald gave a 50-item test where c. mode
the mean performance of the class is 35 with d. quartile
a standard deviation of 7. Ace got a score of 22) The computed r for the scores in Math and
41. What description rating should Teacher English is 0.95. What does this imply?
Gerald give to Ace? a. The English score is not related to the Math
a. Poor score.
b. Outstanding b. The Math score is not related to the English
c. Average score.
d. Above Average c. The Math score is positively related to the
16) Which of the following statements best English score.
describes negatively skewed distribution d. The lower the score in English, the higher
mean? the score in Math.
a. Most of the scores of the test-takers are 23) Teacher Ara gave a test in Science. Item
above the mean. no. 18 has a difficulty index of 0.85 and
b. Most of the scores of the test-takers are discrimination index of -0.10. What should
low. Teacher Ara do?
c. The scores of the test-takers are normally a. retain the item
distributed. b. make the item bonus
d. The mean and the median of the test-takers c. reject the item
are equal. d. reject it and make the item bonus
17) What does positively skewed distribution 24) Which of the following measures of central
mean? tendency can be determined by mere
a. The mean is less than the median. inspection?
b. The mean is greater than the median. a. median
c. The mean is equal to the median. b. mode
d. The scores are normally distributed. c. mean
18) In the parlance of test construction, what d. mode and median
does TOS mean? 25) Which of the following is true about
a. Test of Specifics rubrics?
b. Term of Specifications a. It is analytical
c. Table of Specifications b. It is holistic
d. Table of Specific Item Test c. It is developmental
19) Raul obtained a NSAT percentile rank of d. It is both analytical and holistic
98. This implies that ________. a. Raul 26) Which of the following considerations
answered 98 items correctly. is/are important in developing a scoring
b. Raul got score of 98. rubric?
c. Raul performed better than 2% of his fellow I. Description of each criteria to serve as
examinees. standard
d. Raul performed better than 98% of his II. Very clear descriptions of performance in
fellow examinees. each level
20) Which of the following measures of III. Rating scale IV. Mastery levels of
variation is easily affected by extreme scores? achievement
a. I only associated with misbehavior.
b. I, II & III b. The parents of student Louie must be of the
c. I & II delinquent type.
d. I, II, III & IV c. Student Louie is a "problem student".
27) Which is the most reliable tool for seeing d. Guidance counselors are perceived to be
the development in your pupil's ability to "almighty and omniscient".
write? 33) Which of the following statements talks
a. Interview of pupils about one of the strengths of an
b. Self-assessment autobiography as a technique for personality
c. Scoring rubric appraisal?
d. Portfolio assessment a. It can replace data obtained from other data
28) Which statement about performance- gathering techniques.
based assessment is FALSE? b. It may be read by unauthorized people.
a. They merely emphasize process. c. It gives complete data about the author.
b. They also stress on doing, not only d. It makes the presentation of intimate
knowing. experiences possible.
c. Essay tests are example of performance- 34) Carl Roger is considered the main
based assessment. proponent of ________ counseling?
d. They accentuate on process as well as a. Non-directive
product. b. Directive
29) Which of the following can measure c. Rational Emotive
awareness of values? d. Psychotherapy
a. Rating scales 35) Counselor Ria shares the secrets of his
b. Projective technique counselee with other members of the faculty.
c. Role playing The counselor violates the principle of?
d. Moral dilemma a. secrecy
30) Which of the following does NOT belong b. confidentiality
to the group when we are talking about c. ethics
projective personality test? d. promises
a. Sentence completion test 36) He is considered the father of counseling
b. Word association test in the Philippines?
c. Interview a. Father Bulatao
d. Thematic Apperception test b. Sinfroso Padilla
31) Teacher Julie wrote of JM: "When JM c. Dean Rose Clemenia
came to class this morning, he seemed very d. Sigmund Freud
tired and slouched into his seat. He took no 37) The counselee revealed that she will
part in his class discussion and seemed to commit suicide over the weekend. Can the
have no interest in what was being discussed. counselor reveal the secret to the parents?
This was very unusual for he has been eager a. Yes, it is mandatory that in cases involving
to participate and often monopolized the class suicide, confidentiality is superseded.
discussion." What Teacher Julie wrote is an b. Yes, as long as he tells the parents that he
example of a/an ________. is not the source.
a. incident report c. No, the counselor has no right.
b. observation report d. No, because it is unethical.
c. personality report 38) This is the pre-planned collection of
d. anecdotal report samples of student works, assessed results
32) Student Louie was asked to report to the and other output produced by the students.
Guidance Office. Student Louie and his a. diary
classmates at once remarked: "What's b. observation report
wrong?" What does this mean? c. portfolio
a. Reporting to a Guidance Office is often d. anecdotal record
39) Assessment is said to be authentic when criteria.
the teacher ________. d. The normal distribution curve should be
a. considers students' suggestions in testing followed.
b. gives valid and reliable paper-and-pencil 45) Which must go with self-assessment for it
tests to be effective?
c. includes parents in the determination of a. Consensus of evaluation results from
assessment procedures teacher and student
d. gives students real-life tasks to accomplish b. Scoring rubric
40) What is the main purpose if a teacher c. External monitor
uses a standardized test? d. Public display of results of self-evaluation
a. to compare her students to national norms 46) Which assessment activity is most
b. to serve as a final examination appropriate to measure the objective "to
c. to serve as a unit test explain the meaning of molecular bonding" for
d. to engage in easy scoring the group with strong interpersonal
41) Teacher Dan gave a pretest and most of intelligence?
his students passed the pretest. What should a. Write down chemical formulas and show
Teacher Dan do? how they were derived.
a. Go on to the next unit. b. Build several molecular structures with
b. Go through the lesson quickly in order not multi-colored pop beads.
to skip any. c. Draw diagrams that show different bonding
c. Go through the unit as usual because it is patterns.
part of the syllabus. d. Demonstrate molecular bonding using
d. Administer the post test. students as atoms.
42) "_____________________ is an example 47) Which goes with the spirit of "assessment
of mammal." Why is this test item poor? for learning"?
I. The language used in the question is not a. emphasis on grades and honors
precise. b. emphasis on self-assessment
II. The test item does not pose a problem to c. absence of formative tests
the examinee. d. stress on summative tests
III. The blank is near the beginning of a 48) Here are computed means of a 100-item
sentence. test: Science - 38; Math - 52; English - 33.
IV. There are many possible correct answers Based on the data, which of the following
to this item. statement is true?
a. II & IV a. The Math test appears to be the easiest
b. I & II among the three.
c. I & III b. The examinees seem to be very good in
d. III & IV Science.
43) Teacher Ian gave a test in English to all c. The examinees seem to excel in English.
grade VI pupils to determine the contestants d. The English test appears to be the easiest
for English Quiz Bee. To identify the Top 10 among the three.
who will participate in the said quiz bee, which 49) The difficulty index of test item no. 20 is 1.
statistical measure should be considered? What does this imply?
a. Percentile Rank a. The test is very difficult
b. Percentage Score b. The test is very easy
c. Quartile c. The test item is a quality item
d. Mean d. Nobody got the item correctly
44) Which of the following statements is true 50) What is the mastery level of a score
about marking on a normative basis? division in a 100-item test with a mean of 55?
a. Most of the students get low scores. a. 42%
b. Most of the students get high scores. b. 55%
c. The grading should based from the present
c. 45% GENERAL EDUCATION
d. 50% 1. Ano ang pangalan ng alagang aso ni Dr.
ANSWERS: Jose Rizal?
1. A A. Pandak
2. C B. Bantay
3. D C. Usman
4. B D. Ondo
5. D CORRECT ANSWER: Letter C - Usman
6. A
7. A 2. Being a rationalist in life, what was the
8. B reported request of Dr. Jose Rizal to his
9. B executioners in Bagumbayan?
10. C A. Not to miss their target
11. C B. Not to shoot him at the back
12. C C. Shoot to kill
13. B D. Not to shoot him on the head
14. D CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B - Not to shoot
15. D him at the back
16. A
3. How many twenty thousands are there in
17. B
one million?
18. C
A. 500
19. D
B. 50
20. A
C. 100
21. A
D. 1000
22. C
23. C CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B – 50
24. B 4. If P is a positive integer in the equation
25. C 12p=q, then q must be a _____.
26. D A. positive even integer
27. D B. negative even integer
28. A C. positive odd integer
29. D D. negative odd integer
30. C
31. D CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – Positive
32. A even integer
33. D 5. Voting is a privilege in a democracy. Those
34. A who are deprived their votes are normally
35. B _____.
36. B A. Franchised
37. A B. Exiled
38. C C. Disenfranchised
39. D D. Execute
40. D CORRECT ANSWER: Letter C –
41. C Disenfranchised
42. A
43. B 6. How do countries register dislike or
44. D disagreement of another country’s discussion
45. B through diplomatic means?
46. D A. File a diplomatic protest
47. A B. Recall all its nations
48. A C. Declare war immediately
49. B D. Retaliate by arresting nationals of the
50. B country
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – File a brain
diplomatic protest B. Impulses transmit messages to the brain by
7. To be a moral person is to _____. electrical signal
A. Know and act upon the “ought to be” and C. Human body activities are all in the
the “ought to do” nervous system
B. Be integrated in speech, feelings, thinking D. The nervous system defends most on the
and action brain
C. Be able to follow the dictates of one’s CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B – Impulses
experience transmit messages to the brain by electrical
D. Be acceptable by society signal
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter C – Be able to 13. How does the Department of Science and
follow the dictates of one’s experience Technology assure the quality Science
8. The right of parents to rear their children, teaching in secondary schools?
the constitution provides compulsory A. Open up the science high school in every
elementary education for _____. province.
A. All school children of pre-school age B. Share researches and distributes
B. All children of school age equipment to schools
C. All physically able individuals C. Carry one science fair every year
D. Adult citizens and out-of-school youth D. Maintain a scholarship grant for the
deserving Science and Mathematics teachers
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B – All children
of school age CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B – Share
researches and distribute equipment to
9. Water is rationed in a village every other schools
day. The truck tanks deliver 8 tons of water to
10 houses. How many tons of water, were 14. A bread and butter sandwich _____ my
delivered in 4 days to each house by the favorite snack.
agent? A. is
A. 3.2 tons B. has been
B. 320 tons C. are
C. 40 tons D. have been
D. 80 tons CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – is
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – 3.2 tons 15. What does a professional code of conduct
10. He established the tobacco monopoly prescribe?
during the Spanish Era. A. Civic conduct for all
A. Jose Basco B. Professional traditions and mores
B. Rafael Izquierdo C. Moral and ethical standards
C. Basilio Agustin D. Stricter implementation of laws
D. Francisco Rizzo CORRECT ANSWER: Letter C – Moral and
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – Jose Basco ethical standards

11. Technology _____ dramatically in the

twenty-first century.
A. was improved
B. has improved
C. is improved
D. did improve
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B – has
improved
12. The nervous system has its specific
function. Which is the closest function?
A. The spinal cord links the finger tips to the
MATHEMATICS b. 47
1) Only 26% of 50 students passed the exam. c. 53
How many students failed the test? d. 57
a. 37 9) In Roman numerals, what letter in the
b. 35 alphabet represents 1,000?
c. 33 a. M
b. 39 b. L
2) List the fractions 1/9, 2/15 and 3/15 from c. D
LEAST to GREATEST. d. C
a. 3/21, 1/9, 2/15 10) The value of the expression 3xy + 3y + 7
b. 1/9, 3/21, 2/15 when x=2 and y=3 is:
c. 1/9, 2/15, 3/21 a. 36
d. 2/15, 3/21, 1/9 b. 42
3) What is the square root of 400? c. 34
a. 40 d. 40
b. 20 11) 100 is to 121 as 10 is to?
c. 8 a. 14
d. 4 b. 12
4) Of the 50 students enrolled in the subject – c. 13
Trigonometry, 90% took the final examination d. 11
at the end of the term. Two-thirds of those 12) 20% of 2 is equal to:
who took the final exam passed. How many a. -4
students passed the exam? b. 4
a. 33 c. 1/4
b. 45 d. 10
c. 34 13) If 40% of a number is 55, what is 44% of
d. 30 that number?
5) Which has the most volume? a. 64
a. A box 10 meters high, 6 meters wide, and b. 60.5
14 meters long. c. 52.5
b. A box 1 meter high, 60 meters wide, and 14 d. 56
meters long. 14) A box holds 222 apples. How many
c. A box 9 meters high, 7 meters wide, and 14 apples are there in 20 boxes?
meters long. a. 4400
d. A box 11 meters high, 8 meters wide, and 7 b. 4440
meters long. c. 4420
6) If 4s=b, then a is equal to ________. d. 4460
a. 4 + b 15) I sold 2/3 of my pencils for 0.25 each. I
b. 4b sold the remaining 8 pencils at 0.25 per pair.
c. b/4 How much money did I collect for the pencils?
d. 1/4b a. 7.5
7) If p is a positive integer in the equation b. 7
12p=q, then q must be a: c. 6
a. negative even integer d. 5
b. positive odd integer 16) If a function is defined by the set of
c. negative odd integer ordered pairs (1,2), (2,4), (3,8), (4,16), (5,Y),
d. positive even integer then the value of Y is?
😎 Which of the following is NOT a prime a. 10
number? b. 32
a. 43
c. 20 24) Which of the following illustrates the
d. 25 procedure and correct answer of multiplying 2
17) If n<m and a<b, then _________. 1/2 X 3 2/3?
a. n+a > m+b a. 3/5 X 6/3 = 9/5 X 30/5 = 270/5 = 54
b. m=b b. 2/5 X 3/11 = 5/50 X 30/50 = 150/5 = 30
c. n=a c. 5/2 X 11/3 = 55/6 = 9 1/6
d. n+a < m+b d. 2/3 X 5/2 = 4/6 X 15/6 = 60/6 = 10
18) Why is 1/5 called a unit fraction? 25) Six post office employees are working
a. Then number 5 is the denominator. today. It takes one employee one minute to
b. The unit is less than one. serve one person. How long would you have
c. Unit fraction have 1 as the numerator. to wait in the line if you hold number 321?
d. It is between 0 and 1, the basic unit. a. 33 minutes
b. a half an hour
19) The amount of simple interest denoted by c. 20 minutes
“I” paid by the bank on a savings account, d. 45 minutes
uses which of these formula?
a. I = principal invested X annual rate of 26) If you write all the whole numbers from 1
interest X months through 1,000, how many numbers have the
b. I = principal invested X annual rate of digit 4?
interest X years a. 400
c. I = principal invested X annual rate of b. 271
interest X years and X months c. 264
d. I = principal invested X annual rate of the d. 235
interest 27) A vehicle consumes one liter of gasoline
20) The average of a set of 12 numbers is 12. to travel 10 kilometers. After a tune-up, it
If 1, 2 and 3 are added to the set, what is the travels 15% farther on one liter. To the
new average? nearest tenth, how many liters of gasoline will
a. 8 it take for the vehicle to travel 230 kilometers?
b. 9 a. 20.15 liters
c. 10 b. 23 liters
d. 11 c. 23.15 liters
d. 20 liters
21) If the scores in Mathematics test of 45
students are arranged from the highest to the 28) A 2-hours television program included 12
lowest, the 23rd score is the: minutes of commercials. What percentage of
a. mean the program was not commercials?
b. variance a. 94%
c. median b. 90%
d. mode c. 88%
d. 86%
22) Express the integer 50 as a percent.
a. 5% 29) If the score of 10 students are: 76, 80, 75,
b. 50% 83, 80, 79, 85, 80, 88, 90, the mode is:
c. 500% a. 85
d. 5,000% b. 79
c. 88
23) To find the perimeter (P) of a rectangle d. 80
that has length of 16 inches and a width of 12
inches, which of the following equations can 30) What is 111% of a number, if 132 is 11%
be used? of that number?
a. P = 2(16)(12) a. 1,332
b. P = (16)+(12) b. 1,432
c. P = 2(16)+(12) c. 1,234
d. P = 2(16+12) d. 1,412
31) A rectangle has sides of 10 and 12 units. b. .23, 50, 03, 3.05
How can the area of a square be computed if c. .23, .05, .03, .035
it has the same perimeter of the rectangle? d. .023, 5.00, 3.0, 03.5
a. Add 10 and 12, double the sum, divide by 38) What is the range of the following: 86, 70,
4, then multiply by 4. 83, 90, 85, 78, 79, 81, 87?
b. Add 10 and 12, double the sum, then a. 12
multiply by 4. b. 15
c. Add 10 and 12, double the sum, divide by 4, c. 16
then square the quotient. d. 20
d. Add 10 and 12, double the sum, divide by
4, then multiply by 2. 39) If Bob is exactly 33 years old on the 333rd
day of this year, in what month was he born?
32) The ration of men to women at Mabuhay a. October
High School is 3:7. If there are 6,153 women b. December
in the said school, how many men are at c. November
Mabuhay High School? d. September
a. 2,051
b. 2,637 40) What value of x will satisfy the equation 5x
c. 879 + 7 = 3x – 9?
d. 1,895 a. x = -6
b. x = +8
33) Mrs. Smith has 80 birds: geese, hens and c. x = 10
ducks. The ration of geese to hens is 3:1. 60% d. x = -8
of the birds are ducks. How many geese does
Mrs. Smith have? ANSWERS:
a. 24 1. A
b. 20 2. C
c. 25 3. B
d. 28 4. D
34) If each of the five members in a basketball 5. C
team shakes hands with every other member 6. A
of the team before the game starts, how many 7. D
handshakes will there be in all? 8. D
a. 6 9. A
b. 8 10. C
c. 10 11. D
d. 9 12. D
13. B
35) How many twenty thousand are there in 14. B
one million? 15. D
a. 100 16. B
b. 500 17. D
c. 50 18. C
d. 1000 19. B
36) One scoop of fish food can feed 7 fish for 20. C
two days. How many fish can 6 scoops of fish 21. C
food feed for a week? 22. D
a. 12 fishes 23. D
b. 14 fishes 24. C
c. 16 fishes 25. B
d. 18 fishes 26. B
37) Change the following percents to 27. D
decimals: 23%, 5%, 3%, 3.5%. 28. B
a. 2.3, .500, .30, 30.5 29. D
30. C 😎If the value of quartile deviation is high, the
31. B test scores in the distribution can be
32. B interpreted as ______
33. B a. Heterogeneous √√
34. C b. Plot
35. C c. Slow
36. A d. Homogeneous
37. C 😎Tests that assess student's achievement for
38. D the purpose of ranking and assigning grade
39. C a. Norm-referenced
40. D b. Criterion-referenced √√
c. Open-book
d. Performance
😎Achievement of what the table of
specifications dictates in terms of both content
😎What define and differentiate levels of representativeness and cognitive abilities
performance? a. Relevance
a. Porfolios b. Balance √√
b. Researches c. Discrimination
c. Tests d. Variability
d. Rubrics √√ 😎Type of validity that measures certain
😎Which test has a higher diagnostic value? theoretical factors or traits
a. Restricted essay a. Predictive
b. Multiple choice √√ b. Face
c. Problem solving c. Content
d. Extended essay d. Construct √√
😎If, before you proceed, you want to know 😎The process of obtaining data through
what your students already know about your testing is part of
cognitive lesson for the day, which test may a. Measurement √√
serve best your purpose? b. Evaluation
a. Objective test √√ c. Either a or b
b. Short answer test d. Both a and b
c. c. Essay 😎Which test intends to assess the probable
d. Performance test success in some occupation or training
😎Highest level of objective in the revised course?
Bloom's Taxonomy a. Aptitude √√
a. Creating √√ b. Predictive test
b. Evaluation c. Mental ability test
c. Applying d. Achievement test
d. Analyzing 😎Which test is used for assigning grade
😎It divides the distribution into ten equal parts levels to pupils
a. Percentiles a. Diagnostic test √√
b. Quartiles b. Formative test
c. Quantiles c. Summative test
d. Deciles √√ d. Placement test
😎Given by a teacher after he has finished 😎Which of the following charateristics of a
instruction good measuring instrument is first and
a. Diagnostic test foremost?
b. Power test a. Reliability
c. Posttest b. Scorability
d. Practice test √√ c. Validity √√
d. Usability
😎When is a test valid? a. Likert scale
a. If it yields scores which are consistent. b. Checklist
b. If the students get high scores in the test. c. Anecdotal record
c. If the test yields few or minimal errors. d. Semantic differential scale √√
d. If the test yields scores which help one 😎In the K to 12 implementation, honor
accomplish his purpose √√ students shall be drawn from among those
😎Which of the following test types is scored who performed at the _______level.
least objective? a. Proficient
a. Matching b. Approaching proficiency
b. Multiple test c. Advanced √√
c. True-False d. Developing
d. Short answer √√ 😎The true mode of a set of data where
😎What value typifies or best represents the median is 71.77 and the mean is 71.10 is
whole distribution? ____.
a. Measure of variability a. 72.11
b. Measure of dispersion b. 73.11 √√
c . Measure of central tendency √√ c. 74.11
d. Measure of correlation d. 75.11
😎The intelligence in two classes may be the 😎The first stage in the implementation of
same and yet the classes may be unlike. This portfolio assessment in classroom is ___
means that. a. Introducing the idea of portfolio
a. They differ in average b. Specification of portfolio content
b. They differ in their scores √√ c. Informing key officials and stakeholders
c. They differ in everything d. Identifying teaching goals to assess through
d. They differ in variability portfolio √√
😎What does small standard deviation mean? 😎Part of a performance task that clarifies
a. The group is absolutely heterogeneous what the students will create and why they will
b. The class is of average level create it.
c. The class is below average level a. Situation/scenario
d. The group is relatively homogeneous √√ b. Standard
😎If in a distribution of IQ scores for 200 c. Goal
students, the mean is much lower than the d. Product √√
median, the distribution is probably 😎Understanding by design (UbD) is a firework
a. Negatively skewed √√ to plan curriculum, instruction and _______.
b. Symmetric a. Learning
c. Positively skewed b. Motivation
d. Symmetrical but not normal c. Assessment √√
😎In a normal distribution, approximately how d. Education
many percent comprise the average ability? 😎Part of a performance task that states the
a. 2% job of the students for the task
b. 14% a. Goal
c. 34% b. Product
d. 68% √√ c. Role √√
😎The numerical range value for the d. Situation
developing level of proficiency under the K to 😎Score that indicates how many percent of
12 grading system. the reference group of scores it has
a. 74 and below surpassed.
b. 75-79 √√ a. Variability
c. 80-84 b. Percentile rank √√
d. 85-89 c. Deviation
😎Type of rating scale that uses bipolar d. Central tendency
adjectives. SALIENT POINTS
1. He is the first Asian writer to receive the lands and people encountered by his
Nobel Prize. (Rabindranath Tagore) hero, Ulysses. (Homer)
2. He is considered as the greatest English 24. He is a famous composer from Angono,
writer and also known as the “Bard of Avon”. Rizal, and was given a National Artist Award.
(William Shakespeare) (Luis San Pedro)
3. This Shakespeare’s play is a story of a man 25. This is regarded as the most influential
whose downfall was caused by overwhelming book in the history of English civilization. (The
ambition for power. (Macbeth) King James Bible)
4. He is known as the father of horror stories. 26. This is a popular Philippine secular poetry
(Edgar Allan Poe) in octosyllabic quatrains. (Korido)
5. He is known as the Father of Essays. 27. It is a medieval German epic.
(Francis Bacon) (Nibelungenlied)
6. This Omar Khayam’s work has the theme 28. He is known as the master of “local color”
“Grasping pleasure while you can”. (Rubaiyat) because of his Pickwick Papers. (Charles
7. This short story by Edgar Allan Poe has the Dickens)
theme which is similar to the theme of “Poison 29. It is a story of a man’s effort to save his
Tree”. (The Cask of Amontillado) King from a monster. (Beowulf)
8. He is a Filipino writer whose stories and 30. It is Jonathan Swift’s satire on human folly
poems depict Filipino-Spanish cultural beliefs and stupidity. (Gulliver’s Travel)
and traditions. (Nick Joaquin) 31. He is a Philippine National Artist awardee
9. He was the first Filipino National Artist for for Literature, and used free verse and
Literature awarded in 1973. (Jose Garcia espoused the dictum, "Art for art's sake“.
Villa) (Jose
10. He is a Filipino migrant whose fiction Garcia Villa)
stories reflect the Filipino’s concept of 32. This is known as epic of Ifugao. (Hud-hud)
American culture. (Bienvenido Santos) 33. These poems are often erotic and
11. He is called a “comma poet” because he espouse CARPE DIEM or “seize the day”.
used commas extensively in his works. (Jose (Cavalier Poems)
Garcia Villa) 34. This is known to be the very first
12. This is a collection of Indian beast fables successful short story in English written in
originally written in Sanskrit. (Panchatantra) 1925 by Paz Marquez Benitez. (Dead Stars)
13. This is the first great work of English 35. She wrote the most exquisite love poems
literature. (Beowulf) of her time in “Sonnets from the Portuguese”.
14. This is the greatest lyric poem in the (Elizabeth Barrett Browning)
literature of the world. (Psalms of King David) 36. This is a very long poem about a
15. This is a folk song that originated in pilgrimage from London to Canterbury.
Pampanga. (Atin Cu PungSingsing) (Canterbury Tales)
16. He is known as the greatest Indian writer 37. He is a Japanese poet who won the Nobel
of all time.” (Kalidasa) Prize for literature in 1968. (Yasunari
17. He is called the “Morning Star” of English Kawabata)
literature. (Geoffrey Chaucer) 38. This Indian epic which is considered as
18. He is the first man to replace myth with the longest poem ever written is made up of
natural laws. (Thales of Melitus) almost 100,000 couplets divided into 18
19. This is a collection of Indian sacred parvans or sections. (Mahabharata)
hymns. (Rig Veda) 39. This was the era of knights, chivalry, and
20. This is a collection of Indian religious text. castles in English literature. (Middle Ages)
(Upanishad) PROF ED WITH ANSWER
21. He is regarded as the greatest haiku poet. 1) Which of the following test items can
(Matsuo Basho) effectively measure HOTS cognitive learning
22. He is recognized as the father of American objectives?
literature. (Washington Irving) a. Objective test
23. He was the first mythical geographer who b. Achievement test
was recognized due to his vivid descriptions of
c. Completion test c. I & III
d. Extended essay test d. II & IV
2) Which of the following is NOT a 😎 Who among the following needs less verbal
characteristic of an objective test? counseling but needs more concrete and
a. can cover a large sampling of content areas operational forms of assistance? The child
b. time-consuming to prepare who ________.
c. there is a single or best answer a. has mental retardation
d. can measure higher-order thinking skills b. has attention-deficit disorder
3) Teacher Gabby computed the mean score c. has learning disability
of his students, and he wants to get more d. has conduct disorder
information about the dispersion of the scores. 9) A teacher's summary of a lesson serves the
Which measure of the variability is the most following functions, EXCEPT: a. It links the
appropriate? parts of the lesson.
a. Mean b. It brings together the information that has
b. Inter-quartile Range been discussed.
c. Variance c. It makes provisions for full participation of
d. Standard Deviation students.
4) With grading practice in mind, what is d. It clinches the basic ideas or concepts of
meant by teacher's severity error? a. He uses the lesson.
tests and quizzes for punishment. 10) All of the following describe the of children
b. He tends to favor high-performing students. aged eleven to thirteen, EXCEPT:
c. He tends to give lower grade than what is a. They shift from impulsivity to adaptive
supposed to be. ability.
d. He gives way to students' who ask for b. Sex difference in IQ becomes more evident.
reschedule of the test. c. They exhibit increase objectivity in thinking.
5) About how many percent of the scores fall d. They show abstract thinking and
between -2SD and +2SD units of its mean? judgement.
a. 34% 11) Teacher Dian taught a lesson denoting
b. 68% ownership by means of possessives. She first
c. 95% introduced the rule, then gave examples,
d. 98% followed by class exercises, then back to the
6) Which of the following can measure the rule before she moved into the second rule.
internal consistency of the test results? Which presenting technique did she use?
I. Test-retest method a. Combinational
II. Split-half method b. Comparative
III. Parallel method c. Part-whole
IV. Kuder-richardson formula d. Sequence
a. II only 12) Mr. Lopez discussed how electricity flows
b. II & IV through wires and what generates the electric
c. I & III charge. The he gave the students wires,
d. III only bulbs, switches, and dry cells and told the
class to create a circuit that will increase the
7) Which of the following can measure the brightness of each bulb.
stability of the test results? Which one best describes the approach used?
I. Test-retest method a. It used a taxonomy of basic thinking skills.
II. Split-half method b. It was constructivist.
III. Parallel method c. It helped students understand scientific
IV. Kuder-richardson formula methodology.
a. I only d. It used cooperative learning.
b. II only 13) Which is a direct measure of
competence?
a. Personality tests c. Make students Constitutional experts.
b. Performance tests d. Prepare students for law-making.
c. Paper-and pencil tests 21) How can you exhibit expert power on the
d. Standardized tests first day of school?
14) An effective classroom manager uses low- a. By making students feel you know what you
profile classroom control. Which is a low- are talking about.
profile classroom technique? b. By making students realize the importance
a. Note to parents of good grades.
b. After-school detention c. By reminding students your authority over
c. Withdrawal of privileges them.
d. Raising the pitch of the voice d. By giving your students a sense of
15) To come closer to the truth we need to go belongingness and acceptance.
back to the things themselves. This is the 22) In self-directed learning, to what extent
advice of the ________. should a teacher's scaffolding be?
a. Behaviorists a. To a degree to which the student needs it.
b. Phenomenologists b. None, to force the student to learn by
c. Idealists himself.
d. Pragmatists c. To the minimum, to speed up development
16) Test norms are established in order to of student's sense of independence.
have a basis for ________. d. To the maximum, in order to extend to the
a. establishing learning goals student all the help he needs.
b. interpreting test results 23) Which guideline must be observed in the
c. computing grades use of prompting to shape the correct
d. identifying students' difficulties performance of your students?
17) Who among the following puts more a. Use the least intrusive prompt first.
emphasis on core requirements, longer school b. Use all prompts available.
day, longer academic year and more c. Use the most intrusive prompt first.
challenging textbooks? d. Refrain from using prompts.
a. Perennialists 24) Which is a true foundation of the social
b. Essentialists order?
c. Progressivists a. Obedient citizenry
d. Existentialists b. The reciprocation of rights and duties
18) With synthesizing skill in mind, which has c. Strong political leadership
the highest diagnostic value? d. Equitable distribution of wealth
a. Essay test 25) As a teacher, what do you do when you
b. Performance test engage yourself in a major task analysis?
c. Completion test a. Test if learning reached higher level
d. Multiple-choice test thinking skills.
19) Which is NOT a sound purpose for asking b. Breakdown a complex task into sub-skills.
questions? c. Determine the level of thinking involved.
a. To probe deeper after an answer is given. d. Revise lesson objectives.
b. To discipline a bully in class. 26) What is most likely to happen to our
c. To remind students of a procedure. economy when export continuously surpasses
d. To encourage self-reflection. imports, a thought question on ________.
20) The main purpose of compulsory study of a. Creating
the Constitution is to ________. b. Synthesizing
a. Develop students into responsible and c. Predicting
thinking citizens. d. Relating cause-and-effect
b. Acquaint students with the historical 27) Why should a teacher NOT use direct
development of the Philippine Constitution. instruction all the time?
a. It requires much time.
b. It requires use of many supplementary 35) Ms. Hidalgo teaches her students that
materials. pleasure is not the highest good. Ms.
c. It is generally effective only in the teaching Hidalgo's teaching is against what
of concepts and abstractions. philosophy?
d. It reduces students engagement in learning. a. Realism
28) Which questioning practice promotes b. Hedonism
more class interaction? c. Epicureanism
a. Asking question before calling a student. d. Empricism
b. Focusing on divergent questions. 36) Which test has broad sampling of topics
c. Focusing on convergent questions. as strength?
d. Asking rhetorical questions. a. Objective test
29) Mrs. Salgado wanted to teach the pupils b. Short answer test
the skill to do cross-stitching. Her check-up c. Essay test
quiz was a written test on the steps of cross- d. Problem type
stitching. Which characteristic of a good test 37) We encounter people whose prayer goes
does it lack? like this: "O God, if there is a God; save my
a. Scorability soul, of I have a soul." From whom is this
b. Reliability prayer?
c. Objectivity a. Stoic
d. Validity b. Empiricist
30) Which holds true to standardized tests? c. Agnostic
a. They are used for comparative purposes. d. Skeptic
b. They are administered differently. 38) Which is a form of direct instruction?
c. They are scored according to different a. Discovery process
standards. b. Problem solving
d. They are used for assigning grades. c. Programmed instruction
31) Quiz is to formative test while Periodic is d. Inductive reasoning
to ________. 39) Bruner's theory on intellectual
a. Criterion-reference test development moves from enactive to iconic
b. Summative test and symbolic stages. In which stage/s are
c. Norm-reference test diagrams helpful to accompany verbal
d. Diagnostic test information?
32) Which applies when skewness is zero? a. Enactive and iconic
a. Mean is greater than the median. b. Symbolic
b. Median is greater than the mean. c. Symbolic and enactive
c. Scores have three modes. d. Iconic
d. Scores are normally distributed. 40) Which one can enhance the comparability
33) Which group of philosophers maintain that of grades?
truth exists in an objective order that is a. Using common conversion table for
independent of the knower? translating test scores into ratings. b.
a. Idealists Formulating tests that vary from one teacher
b. Pragmatists to another.
c. Existentialists c. Allowing individual teachers to determine
d. Realists factors of rating.
d. Individual teachers giving weights to factors
34) Which describes norm-reference grading? considered for rating.
a. The performance of the group.
b. What constitutes a perfect score. 41) In the Preamble of Code of Ethics of
c. The students' past performance. Professional Teachers, which is NOT said of
d. An absolute standard. teachers?
a. LET passers
b. Duly licensed professionals
c. Possess dignity and reputation d. Pupils can possibly reach a point where
d. With high moral values as well as technical they have learned everything.
and professional competence 48) Which assumption underlies the teacher's
42) A teacher who equates authority with use of performance objectives? a. Not every
power does NOT ________. form of learning is observable.
a. shame b. Performance objectives assure the learner
b. develop self-respect in every pupil of learning.
c. retaliate c. Learning is defined as a change in the
d. intimidate learner's observable performance. d. The
43) Which is a major advantage of a success of the learner is based on the
curriculum-based assessment? teacher's performance.
a. It is informal in nature. 49) How would you select the most fit in
b. It connects testing with teaching. government positions? Applying Confucius
c. It tends to focus on anecdotal information teachings, which would be the answer?
on student progress. a. By course accreditation of an accrediting
d. It is based on a norm-referenced body
measurement model. b. By merit system and course accreditation
44) Teacher Miko is a teacher of English as a c. By merit system d. By government
Second Language. He uses vocabulary cards, examinations
fill-in-the-blank sentences, dictation and 50) "In the light of the facts presented, what is
writing exercises in teaching a lesson about most likely to happen when....?" is an example
grocery shopping. Based on this information, thought question on?
which of the following is a valid conclusion? a. inferring
a. The teacher is reinforcing learning by giving b. generalizing
the same information in a variety of methods. c. synthesizing
b. The teacher is applying Bloom's hierarchy d. justifying
of cognitive learning. ANSWER KEY
c. The teacher wants to do less talk. 1. D - The extended essay test is the most
d. The teacher is emphasizing listening and effective measure of higher order thinking
speaking skills. skills. The essay tests, whether restricted or
45) Helping in the development of graduates extended, assess the students' ability to
who are maka-Diyos is an influence of? organize and present their original ideas.
a. naturalistic morality 2. D - A,B, and C are characteristics of an
b. classical Christian morality objective test.
c. situational morality 3. D
d. dialectal morality 4. C
46) From whom do we owe the theory of 5. C
deductive interference as illustrated in 6. B
syllogisms? 7. A
a. Aristotle 8. B
b. Socrates 9. B
c. Pythagoras 10. A
d. Plato 11. C
12. C
47) Studies in the areas of neurosciences 13. D
disclosed that the human brain has limitless 14. D
capacity. What does this imply? 15. B
a. Some pupils are admittedly not capable of 16. B
learning. 17. B
b. Every pupil has his own native ability and 18. B
his learning is limited to this nativeability. 19. B
c. Every child is a potential genius. 20. A
21. A making final decision in the classroom.
22. C d. Use unfamiliar materials as examples in
23. A order to arouse their curiosity.
24. B 3) You have a student who is always boasting
25. B in the class his mastery of the Bible because
26. D he is a protestant. How would you react being
27. C a Catholic?
28. B a. Challenge him to a debate.
29. A b. Share with him your knowledge of the Bible.
30. C c. Keep silent and respect his belief.
31. B d. Listen to him once in a while.
32. D
33. D 4) Mrs. Dioneda was scheduled to give district
34. A demonstration one morning but her husband
35. B needed her presence in his office. What
36. C should she do under these circumstances?
37. C a. Send a note to her principal asking to be
38. C excused.
39. B b. Go with her husband to support him and
40. A then proceed to her demonstration even if she
41. A would be late.
42. B c. Send her lesson plan to her co-teacher who
43. D can substitute for her.
44. A d. Arrange her schedule so that she can be
45. B with her husband immediately after her
46. D demonstration.
47. C 5) All the statements below are kinds of
48. C pleasure. Which one is morally good?
49. C a. Pleasure in winning in a beauty contest by
50. A means of ballot.
b. Pleasure in offering one’s hard-earned
PROF ED with answer grades to one’s parents.
c. Pleasure in winning in a chance number
1) Which of the following statements is true game.
about teacher-parent relationship? d. Pleasure in winning in a sports game by
a. Parents should be welcome in school and default.
treated with consideration.
b. Parents should be welcome only during 6) The chairman of a committee which you are
PTA meetings. a member of, came to you personally to
c. Parents are given the rights to interfere in inform you about a meeting at 2:00 in the
school management. afternoon the next day. You are sure you
d. Parents should be given a hand in could not attend it because of an earlier
evaluating students’ performance in school. appointment that is equally important. What
would you do?
2) A person strives to work at a given task a. Send a proxy to the meeting instead.
because of a need. Which of the following b. Call up before the meeting starts and tell
situations can make a person strive to meet her you will not be able to attend.
his needs? c. Answer “yes” as if you are sure you will
a. Ask pupils to submit test questions or attend.
reactions from which you can select items for d. Tell her honestly that you wanted to but you
tests or topics for discussion. have committed yourself to other appointment.
b. Minimize the unpleasant consequences of
student involvement. 7) Happiness is different from pleasure in
c. Utilize your comprehension as teacher in being an abiding consequence of result which
is not destroyed even by the presence of pain. you really know what to do for all his
The best illustration of this principle is: problems.
a. a student topping the board exam 12) Which of the following is another
b. a mother giving birth illustration of happiness?
c. an engaged couple getting married a. A family dining at a 5 star hotel.
d. a jackpot winner collecting his prize b. A family admiring their newly bought car.
😎 The barangay leaders request you to c. A family looking at their crops ready for
explain the present comprehensive agrarian harvest.
reform program to the barangay members. d. A family on their way for a Hong Kong
What would be the best thing to do? holiday.
a. Inform them that the implementing rules 13) Which of the following situations will
and guidelines are being prepared in the manage conflicting situations to bring out
Congress. values enhancing nationhood?
b. Invite a resource speaker from DAR. a. Kidnapped victims’ refusal to report cases
c. Take it up as a lesson in all intermediate to authorities and paying ransom money
classes for further dissemination to parents. instead.
d. Distribute copies of the handouts on the b. The coddling of squatters before election
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program. time and evicting them after election.
9) As a parent and at the same time a c. Aling Tacing and her son patiently pick out
teacher, which of the following will you do to worms and insects in their vegetable plots
show your cooperation to a PTA project in rather than use insecticides made from foreign
your school to be financed with the proceeds chemicals?
of the sales from the school canteen where d. Hostage-taking incidents leading to the
food prices are a little bit higher? granting of the hostage taker’s demands in
a. Buy all your food in the school canteen but exchange for the release of the hostages.
request for a discount. 14) A barangay captain needs money to save
b. Bring baon for you and your children but their barangay and neighboring barangays
always make it a point to buy something from from flood caused by illegal logging. There is
the school canteen. no appropriations for this project. Which of
c. Bring baon enough for you and your these actions will you take?
children even if you really do not like to do it. a. Involve the community in preparing a
d. Buy all your food from the canteen even if financial plan.
you cannot afford to do so everyday. b. Accept the offer of the richest illegal logger
10) How can you help a habitual borrower of to finance the project.
money get rid of his habit? c. Stop all illegal loggers in engaging with their
a. Do not lend him anymore. illegal work.
b. Let him do something for you in return for d. Involve all citizens in the barangay and its
the money you lent him. neighbor to do reforestation.
c. Direct him to others. 15) You teach in a “privileged” school where
d. Ask for a collateral for the cash he is each classroom is air-conditioned. Aware of
loaning. the present economic problems of the country,
11) Since you are looked up to as a leader in how do you think your schools can contribute
the community, what would you do if the to the solution of this problem of the country?
barangay captain seeks your advice on some a. Students cannot be made to sacrifice and
important matters? recite in warm classrooms especially that they
a. Inform the barangay captain that you have do not directly cause the country’s economic
to get permission from your principal. problem.
b. Recommend a co-teacher to take your b. Air-conditioning classrooms could be cut off
place. on certain days especially if they are not in
c. Discuss with the barangay captain how you use.
can be of best help to him. c. Savings on cutting down air-conditioning
d. Impress upon the barangay captain that could be spent on other worthwhile activities
for the students. b. A fireman responds to a fire call to save life
d. Air-conditioning is such a small matter and property.
savings on it could hardly affect the economy. c. A fireman responds to a fire call because he
16) Which of the following situations will is paid to do so.
manage conflicting situations to bring out d. A fireman responds to a fire call because
values enhancing nationhood? his fire chief reprimands him if he does not.
a. Filipino models posing nude to advertisers. 21) Which of the following situations will
b. Ambush interviews of politicians. manage conflicting situations to bring out
c. Distributing lands to the landless tenants. values enhancing nationhood?
d. Celebrating the Centennial of a. A shoemaker decided to abandon his shop
Independence. to go to the city.
17) You were asked by your head to buy gifts b. A fisherman taught his son how to use
for the family of their foreign friend. You were dynamite in order to get a bigger catch.
told to decide. Which of these gifts you will c. A Filipina beauty queen candidate for a
buy? world title tried to imitate native English
a. embroided Philippine products speakers in answering questions.
b. chinaware dining set d. Conchita gifted her British visiting friend
c. a set of towels and imported bed sheets with native bags, sandals and hand-
with pillow cases embroidered blouse.
d. a pair of very expensive elephants for good 22) Which of the following is the best situation
luck wherein you can balance rights and authority?
18) The chairman in the election precinct a. Mrs. Dieta sets ten o’clock for her 15 year
wants you to change the entries in the election old son’s curfew hour.
returns in exchange for special favors. It b. Mrs. Dieta allows her 15 year old son to say
would be best for you to: out as long as he wants.
a. say No and be firm in your decision c. Mrs. Dieta completely forbids her 15 year
b. say Yes but do not do it old son to stay out at night.
c. change some as discretely as you can d. Mrs. Dieta allows her 15 year old son to
d. tell him to make the changes himself stay out late as long as he is with friends.
19) Which of the following situation will 23) Which of the following is the best situation
manage conflicting situations to bring out wherein you can balance responsibility and
values enhancing nationhood? accountability?
a. A barangay captain accepts relief goods to a. A carpenter, paid on an hourly basis rushes
help the flood victims. his work to accomplish more unmindful of the
b. An old-fashioned grandmother insists in the quality of work.
“pamanhikan” way of asking for the hand of b. A carpenter, paid on an hourly basis delays
her grandson’s socialite fiancee. his work to get bigger pay.
c. A Filipina entertainer in a formal gathering c. A carpenter, paid on an hourly basis does
requiring wearing of the official attire of one’s his work with the right quality only when the
country opted instead to wear something master carpenter is present.
similar to another country’s costume. d. A carpenter, paid on an hourly basis tries to
d. A Filipino singer wants to impress his finish as much as possible without sacrificing
audience in a foreign land by singing the quality.
songs of the foreign country and imitating the 24) When a teacher practices professional
way the songs are sang by native speakers of ethics, which of the following he is not likely to
the country. do?
20) Which of the following is the best situation a. maintain cordial relationship with his
wherein you can balance responsibility and colleagues
accountability? b. shares an outstanding outcome of an
a. A fireman responds to a fire call because all undertaking with others
the other firemen are doing so. c. engages in gossips
d. respects his superiors
25) In his relationship with his superiors the and intelligent pupils.
teacher should: d. One who dresses properly, arranges the
a. work with self-vested interests hair meticulously, and entertains only the high
b. work with them without expecting any officials of government and school.
material benefits 31) Which of the following situations will
c. expect to be promoted for every favor done manage conflicting situations to bring out
to them values enhancing nationhood?
d. adopt an indifferent attitude a. After a 20 year stay in London as a
26) A teacher can best help a withdrawn child housekeeper. Mila decided to return to her
to assert himself and win the respect of his country and share her retirement pay with her
classmates by: relative and friends in the form of a business
a. giving him opportunity to show his talents venture.
b. providing him leadership roles b. Illegal recruitment of Filipinos by
c. always calling him to answer questions Foreigners.
d. encouraging him to study harder to outwit c. Filipinos act as a drug couriers
his classmates unsuspectingly to foreign lands by foreign
27) The best way for a teacher to impart drug syndicates.
values to his pupils is: d. Filipino actresses accepting roles against
a. constant repetition of actions to make them Filipina modesty in favor of attractive
routinary remuneration.
b. inflicting corporal punishment 32) Which of the following will you do if
c. acting as a role model somebody confided to you an offense which
d. always scolding his pupils will implicate your brother?
28) While serving during the elections, some a. Find out the full account of the matter.
troublemakers enter your precinct. What do b. Tell him to report the matter to the
you think is the most appropriate thing to do? authorities.
a. challenge them to a duel c. Advise the person who confided to you to
b. close the precinct and go home get the services of the lawyer.
c. ignore them and look for a safe place d. Encourage him to keep quiet so as not to
d. seek the assistance of law enforcers implicate your brother.
29) Schools must train the students to be 33) Underground economy is a great help in
productive for the following reasons: I. To improving the country’s economy. Banana
become economically self-reliant; II. To cue, camote cue, barbecue and the like are
cushion the impact of El niño; III. To compare sold in school and other public places.
favorably with those in other parts of the Students are captive buyers. To augment her
world; IV. To gain control over others. Which income, Mrs. Reyes is selling in school. Which
of the following belong to our educational of the following does Mrs. Reyes need to do?
philosophy? a. Increase the price of hers since the
a. III and IV students will no longer go out of the campus
b. I, II and IV b. Ask her students to sell her items in
c. II and III different places.
d. I and III c. Sell her items lower than the prevailing
price to help the students
30) Which of the following conduct of a d. Seek her co-teachers to help her sell the
teacher will merit the confidence and respect items.
of parents?
a. One who dresses properly depending on 34) Which of the following situations will
the occasion, mingles with all kinds of parents manage conflicting situations to bring out
and entertain all complaints. values enhancing nationhood?
b. One who gives on the spot decisions over a. A local manager took the company’s
cases which require careful deliberation. counterpart based abroad to a very typical
c. One who deals only with well-to-do parents resort famous for all Filipino cuisine and
entertainment.
b. The balut vendor who agrees with the the foreigner can also be spent in the
foreigners that balut are rotten eggs that Philippines.
should not be eaten. 39) Which of the following situations will
c. A balikbayan comes home wearing leather manage conflicting situations to bring out
jacket, high leather boots and dark glasses values enhancing nationhood?
one summer evening. a. A logger was asked to replace the trees he
d. A balikbayan teenager greets her cut.
grandmother with a “Hi” instead of kissing her b. Filipino contract workers abroad accepting
hands to show that she is now a state-side. lower wages than other contract workers from
35) Garbage disposal has become a serious other countries performing the same job.
problem in your community. Garbage are c. A baby dress exporter changes the quality,
scattered and flies are feasting on it. As a workmanship wise of the goods she delivered
teacher which of the following will be your to her foreign partner after learning of the
priority? great profit her partner is getting.
a. Lead the students to burn there own trash d. Local manufacturers agreeing business
in their own yard. partners to provide cheap labor by Filipino
b. Create a desire among your students o workers.
clean the community as an outcome of your 40) Pick out the teacher-student relationship
lesson. that was violated when Miss Vera gave Marie
c. Start a campaign to put up a covered a grade of 75% in her Science class due to
garbage can in every home. poor conduct?
d. Write the major for assistance in cleaning a. A teacher should not make deductions on
the place. pupil’s scholastic ratings for acts that are not
36) The key to continuing community support manifestations of poor achievement.
for an instructional program is to: b. A teacher may deduct on pupil’s scholastic
a. Develop a program responsive to changing ratings for acts that are manifestations of poor
needs of the community. moral values.
b. Allow community participation in the c. Maintain an instructional program that
evaluation of teachers performance. stresses a traditional academic education.
c. Maintain an instructional program that d. Rely on the media to improve the image of
stresses a traditional academic education. the school.
d. Rely on the media to improve the image of 41) Norman, a second year student, received
the school. a failing grade in English in the second
37) Which of the following Filipino attitudes is grading period. The teacher requested a
enhanced by the teaching of “Planting Rice Is conference. During the conference, the
Never Fun”? teacher, in trying to make a point, compared
a. increase once tolerance Norman’s grade with the other members of
b. love for the farm the class. An argument ensued between the
c. dislike for work parent and the teacher. Which of the following
d. love for music is a fundamental mistake the teacher made in
38) An inventor is offered by a foreigner four conducting the conference?
times as much as what he will get practicing in a. The teacher did not close the conference
the Philippines. He refused the offer, is he with a constructive comment.
right? Which of the following is the best b. The teacher’s comments directed attention
answer? away from the problem.
a. No, because opportunity knock once. c. The teacher did not have an interview guide
b. Yes, because his invention will help to use during the conference.
improve the country. d. The teacher showed her bias against the
c. Yes, because the beneficiaries of his students.
invention are his relatives. 42) A police officer informs you that there has
d. Yes, because the amount he will get from been a rash of stealing within the vacinity of
the school. He asks you for the names of
some clients you believe might have been 46) Which of the following will you recommend
involved. Which of the following will you do? to a senior high school scholar who is
a. Remind the police officer of confidentiality impregnated by a fellow student?
of information. a. force her boyfriend to marry her
b. Promise him that you will ask information b. tell her parents about her condition
about this crime. c. stop schooling till after she gave birth
c. Provide him with the names of likely d. direct her to an abortion clinic
suspects. 47) Normal conflicts can be avoided into
d. Ask him to seek permission from the becoming crises through appropriate and
principal. timely intervention. How can this be done?
43) What will you do with the extra amount of a. A case conference is immediately called.
voluntary contribution you solicited from your b. The principal intervenes in the case.
class for typhoon victims? c. The counselor should be a friend to the
a. Spend the extra contribution for their own counselee.
needs. d. Identify and analyze the problem and its
b. Return the extra amount to them. causes.
c. Buy some snacks and distribute them to 48) Mr. Dioneda, an incoming Mayor, is
your pupils. interested to know where to focus his attention
d. Use the extra contribution to buy visual relative to human rights violation in his town.
aids. He requested you to conduct the survey. What
44) Which of the following should a teacher do human right was violated in a war of
if she cannot pay the monthly installment of an aggression?
appliance she got in a department store in a. right to own property
their town? b. right to form family
a. Offer to return the used appliance to the c. right to life
store on the condition that she will be d. right to work
refunded on the monthly installment she paid. 49) What does teaching require teachers to be
b. Move to another neighborhood to escape most alert to?
payment. a. public concerns about education
c. Reject any notice of demand for payment to b. poor behavior and use of immediate
make the impression that she did not receive punishment
any. c. the family backgrounds of students
d. Inform the manager of the store personally d. appropriate behavior and rewards
and make a satisfactory arrangement of
payment on or before the due date. 50) You received an advice from the
COMELEC that you will be the Chairman in
45) Which of the following is the best situation Precinct 3A in your town. You are the first
wherein you can balance responsibility and cousin of one of the candidates for councilors.
accountability? Your cousin and your parents are very happy
a. A construction firm who won the lowest bid for your appointment. What will you do?
for the construction of a bridge employs the a. I will report to Precinct 3A and do my job
lowest paid workers to justify his lowest bid. very well.
b. A construction firm who won the lowest bid b. I will help my cousin by requesting the
for the construction of a bridge hurries his voters in my precinct to vote for him.
workers so they can work on other projects. c. I will decline the appointment and explain to
c. A construction firm who won the lowest bid the COMELEC that I have a relative who is a
for the construction of a bridge lets his candidate for councilor.
workers to themselves while he looks on other d. I will read the name of my cousin even if his
projects to bid on. name does not appear in the ballot.
d. A construction firm who won the lowest bid
for the construction of a bridge carefully ANSWERS:
supervises his workers on the project. 1. A
2. D
3. B 4. Ant colony ECOLOGICAL NICHE
4. D 5. Marine organism that causes Red Tide
5. B phenomenon MOLLUSK
6. D 6. Amoeboid
7. B PSEUDO FILAMENTS
8. B 7. Protein shell of virus CAPSID
9. B 8. Perfume ESTERS
10. D 9. Elements in citric acid HYDROGEN AND
11. C NITROGEN
12. C 10. Discoverer of Penicillin ALEXANDER
13. C FLEMING
14. A 11. Heredity
15. B GREGOR MENDEL
16. C 12. Taxonomy
17. A CAROLUS LINNAEUS
18. A 13. Light travels fastest in AIR
19. B 14. Colloid MILK
20. B 15. Paper Clip
21. D SURFACE TENSION
22. A 16. Arctic Environment WALRUS
23. D 17. Cause of Global Warming GREENHOUSE
24. C GASES
25. B 18. Food making process of plants
26. B PHOTOSYNTHESIS
27. C 19. The molecule that allows plant to capture
28. D energy from sunlight CHLOROPHYLL
29. D 20. Protons of Silicons 14
30. A 21. Feeding connections between all life forms
31. A FOOD WEB
32. A 22. Falls to earth poisoning fish and
33. C destroying vegetation ACID RAIN
34. A 23. Sala Theatre
35. B NATY CRAME ROGERS
36. A 24. Arena Theatre MONTANO
37. A 25. First President of the Third Republic
38. B MANUEL A. ROXAS
39. A 26. Hindi kailangan magbayad ng tax sa
40. A Pilipinas
41. B a. Senior Citizen b. Foreigner C. Disabled
42. A Persons
43. B 27. Writ of Habeas Data INFORMATION
44. D PRIVACY
45. D 28. Writ of Habeas Corpus
46. B DEMAND PRESENCE OF THE ACCUSED
47. A 29. Tobacco Monopoly JOSE BLANCO
48. C 30. Leadership of people with talent
49. A MERITOCRACY
50. C 31. House of Representatives and Senate
General Education March, 2019 BICAMERALISM
1. Anong teorya ng wika ang nagmula sa iyak 32. Aboriginal settlers NEGRITOS
ng bata? COO – COO 33. First editor of La Solidaridad GRACIANO
2. Main organ for respiration LUNGS LOPEZ JAENA
3. Hunter shooting ducks COMPETITION 34. Earliest writing in the Philippines ALIBATA
35. Who changed the date of Independence DECISION
Day DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL 59. Total ban
36. Taking away of life without due process ON THE USE
SALVAGING 60. Rancor
37. He coined the term “Frailocracia” BITTER
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR 61. Red little day
38. Spanish Mestizo Priest PEDRO PELAEZ IDIOM
39. Agreement between Legaspi and Sikatuna 62. Hispanic Filipino writer
BLOOD COMPACT NICK JOAQUIN
40. Birthplace of Rizal CALAMBA, LAGUNA 63. He is the black sheep of the family
41. Father of Local Government AQUILINO METAPHOR
PIMENTEL 64. When helping in the kitchen, I am always
42. Judiciary check on the executive careful not to hurt____ MYSELF
DECLARING THE LAWS SIGNED BY 65. My sister and I met an acquaintance of
PRESIDENT UNCONSTITUTIONAL ____ on the shopping malls OURS
43. Tax paid by all adults COMMUNITY TAX 66. We admire ____ when Cynthia speaks
44. Oldest religion in Asia HINDUISM English fluently with _____ HER, US
45. Resettlement of Filipino to Cabecera 67. In a matriarchal family which family
Reduccion member plays the leading role? MOTHER
46. Pianist 68. Prime factors of 273? 3 x 7 x 13
CECILLE LICAD 69. Prime factors of 91? 7 x 13
47. Which of the following is an artistic 70. Prime factors of 56? 7x2x2x 2
tradition that seeks to revive past glory in 71. Proponent of the Confucian Philosophy
various forms? a. Lao Tzu
CLASSICAL b. Buddha
48. Which is NOT a characteristic of people c. Sidharta Gautamma d. Kung Fu Tzu
with a strong self-efficacy? 72. He was the great plebeian and the father
AVOID CHALLENGING TASK of Katipunan ANDRES BONIFACIO
49. The ultimate objective of the Learning to know
comprehensive Agrarian Reform is: - To recognize the evolving nature of the
DISTRIBUTE ALL ARABLE LANDS TO THE concept of sustainability
LANDLESS - To reflect the ever-growing needs of
50.Constitutional safeguard that prevents one societies
branch of government from becoming - To acknowledge that fulfilling local needs
powerful or abusive often has international effects and
CHECKS AND BALANCES consequences
51. Predominant characteristic of eastern - To address content, context, global issues
religion and local priorities
OPTIMISM
😎 Learning to be
52. Modernisasyon ng wikang Filipino
- To build on the principles and values that
1987
underline sustainable development
53. Tila matino siya sa bayan, ngunit buwaya
- To deal with the well-being of all three
sa katihan
realms of sustainability
TRAYDOR
– environment, society, and economy
54. Salitang ugat ng salitang sinukuan
- To contribute to a person’s complete
SUKO
development: mind and body, intelligence,
55. Love Sonnets
sensitivity, aesthetic appreciation and
OPHELIA DIMALANTA
spirituality
56. Impertinent
IRRELEVANT 😎 Learning to live together
57. Candor - To build capacity for community-based
FRANKNESS decision making, social tolerance,
58. Sound
environmental stewardship, adaptable 😎SPEED TEST
workforce and quality of life - this test measures the speed of accuracy of
😎 Learning to do the examinee within the time imposed. It is
- To contribute to a concrete reality for all our called "alertness test".
daily decisions and actions - To build a 😎POWER TEST
sustainable and safe world for everyone - this test is made up of series of items
 😎 Learning to transform oneself and society arranged from easiest to the most difficult.
- To integrate the values inherent in 😎STANDARDIZED TEST
sustainable development into all aspects of -this test provides exact procedures in
learning controlling the method of administration and
- To empower people to assume responsibility scoring with norms and data concerning the
for creating and enjoying a sustainable future reliability and validity of the test.
INTELLIGENCE TEST 😎TEACHER-MADE TEST
-This test measures the intelligence quotient -this test is prepared by classroom teachers
(IQ) of an individual as genius, very superior, based on the contents stated in the syllabi and
high average, and average, low average, the lessons taken by the students.
borderline or mentally defective. 😎PLACEMENT TEST
😎PERSONALITY TEST - this test is used to measure the job an
applicant should fill in the school setting and
-This measures the ways in which the
the grade or year level the student or student
individual's interest with other individuals or in
should be enrolled after quitting from school.
terms of the roles an individual has assigned
- August 01, 2019
to himself and how he adopts in the society.
● Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis -
😎APTITUDE TEST Sigmund Freud
-This kind of test is a predictive measure of a ● Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's Theory
person's likelihood of benefit from instruction of Personality
or experience in a given field such as arts, ● Ecological Theory - Eric Brofenbrenner's
music, clerical work, mechanical tasks, or Theory of Development
academic studies. ● Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic Theory -
😎PROGNOSTIC TEST Lev Semanovich Vygotsky
-This test forecast how well a person may do ● Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget; John
in a certain school subject or work. Dewey; Jerome Brunner
😎PERFORMANCE TEST ● Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl
-It is a measure which often makes use of Rogers; Louis Raths
accomplishing the learning task involving ● Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan
minimum accomplishment or none at all. Pavlov; Burrhus Frederick Skinner
😎DIAGNOSTIC TEST ● Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg
-This test identifies the weaknesses of an ● Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning
individual's achievement in any field which ● Edward Thorndike - connectionism
serves as basis for remedial instruction. ● B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning &
😎ACHIEVEMENT TEST reinforcement
-This test measures how much the students ● Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment;
attain the learning task. modelling; self eficacy
😎PREFERENCE TEST ● David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception
-This test is a measure of vocational or Theory
academic interest of an individual or aesthetic ● Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning
decision by forcing the examinee to make Theory/Inquiry method
force options between paired or group items. ● Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning
😎SCALE TEST Problem
● Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's -
-this test is a series of items arranged in the
Information Processing Theory
order of difficulty.
● Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning
Theory 😎• dysplosion
● Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence ♥️PREFIGURATIVE - learn older generation
● Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of ♥️POST FIGURATIVE - learn younger
life space generation
● Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System Theory
● Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond
♥️CO FIGURATIVE - learn same age
of Proximal Development (ZPD) * gap b/w ♥️ADOPTED CHANGE - acculturation that is
actual and potential development imposed
● Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach ♥️EXPLOSION - influx of people from rural to
● Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology urban
● Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern ♥️INPLOSION - influx of information
Psychology" ♥️TECHNOPLOSION - influx of ICT tools and
● William James - wrote the "Principles of gadgets
psychology"/ consciousness ♥️DYSPLOSION - deterioration of human
● hypothalamus - brain's stress center values
● Abraham Maslow - physiological needs; ♥️KNOWLEDGE FOR PRACTICE – malaman
"Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" ; | teacher preparation
safety&security; love & belongingness; self-
esteem; self-actualization
♥️KNOWLEDGE IN PRACTICE – maranasan |
● John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach) an artistry of practice
American psychologist who established the ♥️KNOWLEDGE OF PRACTICE –
psychological school of behaviorism. maunawaan | systematic inquiries about
😎CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT😎 teaching
♥️SABERTOOTH CURRICULUM - responsive ☯️CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT - decision
to the environment making
♥️SPIRALLED CURRICULUM - increasing
☯️TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
level of difficulty
♥️CURRICULUM - planning, design, ♥️• content knowledge
development, implement, evaluation, ♥️• pedagogical knowledge
engineering ♥️• technological knowledge
♥️CURRICULUM PLANNING - aligned to ♥️• context knowledge
mission, vision, goals
☯️LEE S. SHULMANS - PCK model
☯️TYPES OF LESSON: ♥️ELEMENT OF TIMELINESS – classic |
😎• development lesson transcends through generation
😎• review lesson ♥️ELEMENT OF TIMELESSNESS - can
😎• drill lesson withstand the test of time
😎• appreciation lesson ☯️TOTAL DEVELOPMENT
☯️ENCULTURATION TYPOLOGIES ♥️• beginner survival
😎• pre-figurative ♥️• content survival
😎• post figurative ♥️• mastery survival
😎• co figurative ☯️TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT
☯️ACCULTURATION TYPOLOGIES ♥️• social
😎• adopted change ♥️• economic
😎• free borrowing ♥️• cultural
☯️SOCIETAL TRENDS - Alvin Teoffer ♥️• political
♥️• technological
😎• explosion ♥️• ethico moral
😎• implosion
😎• technoplosion ☯️J. ABNER PEDDWELL (1939) - sabertooth
curriculum ♥️• indirect instruction
☯️4 DOMAINS ♥️• experiential learning
♥️1. planning and preparation ♥️• independent study
♥️2. classroom environment ♥️• interactive instruction
♥️3. instruction ♥️DIRECT INSTRUCTION - developing skills
or providing information
♥️4. professional response
♥️INDIRECT INSTRUCTION - involvement
☯️TRIVIUM - rhetoric (speech) | grammar ♥️EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING - process not
(English) | logic product
☯️QUADRIVIUM – arithmetic | geometry | ♥️INDEPENDENT STUDY - student initiative
music |astronomy
♥️INTERACTIVE INSTRUCTION - social skills
♥️ARITHMETIC - number itself ♥️PHILIPS 66 - students group by 6 | 6mins
time
♥️GEOMETRY - number in space
♥️MUSIC - number in time ☯️MUSIC TYPOLOGIES
♥️ASTRONOMY - number in time and space ♥️• story music
♥️HERACLITUS - one cannot bathe in the ♥️• program music
same river twice ♥️• pure or absolute music
☯️CURRICULUM - sum total of all the 😎STORY MUSIC - tells a story
experiences provided by the school to 😎PROGRAM MUSIC - describes
students for optimum growth and development 😎PURE OR ABSOLUTE MUSIC - doesn’t tell
😎HARD SKILLS - what do you want the or describe
students to learn? 😎GESSELSCHAFTLICH – market |
😎SOFT SKILLS - why do you want them to perspective of schooling | (efficiency,
learn it? productivity, competition)
😎GEMEINSHAFT – community | cultural
☯️THEORY OF APPERCEPTION - familiar to relationship
unfamiliar
☯️TECHNOLOGICAL FORCES OF CHANGE
☯️EDUCATIONAL DELIVERY SYSTEM 😎• acceleration- mabilis
♥️• instruction 😎• novelty – new
♥️• research & extension library 😎• diversity
♥️• communication school guidance
☯️MAX SCHELLER - state of valuelessness |
♥️• physical facilities canteen
♥️• curriculum anomie
♥️SERVICE LEARNING - teaching method ☯️EDUCATION TYPOLOGIES
that combines meaningful service to the 😎• formal
community with curriculum based learning and 😎• non formal- alternative learning system
education in action
😎• informal - hidden curriculum
♥️CLOZE TEST/ PROCEDURE - every 5th or
7th word is omitted ☯️STRATIFICATION - divided grouping
♥️ARBORESCENT - growth is vertical ☯️PRIMARY GROUP – family |face to face |
♥️RHIZOMATIC - growth is horizontal
intimate and personal
♥️PROGRESSIVE LEARNING - in order
♥️RETROGRESSIVE LEARNING - reverse ☯️SECONDARY GROUP – impersonal |
order business like | casual
♥️ROTE LEARNING - not progressive or retro ☯️IN GROUP – solidarity | camaraderie |
☯️5 MAJOR CLUSTERS OF STRATEGIES sympathetic attitude
♥️• direct instruction
 the students are expected to defend their
☯️OUT GROUP – indifference | avoidance |
position on the issue.” To what domain does it
hatred belong?
☯️PEER GROUP - same age | social and a. Psychomotor
b. Cognitive
economic status including interest
c. Affective
☯️CLIQUE - different age | same interest d. Perceptive
PROF ED With Answer key 😎 The control group in an experimental study
1) The most frequent score in a distribution is is the group which is ________.
the ________. a. compared to the normal group
a. mode b. not given the treatment under study
b. mean c. given the treatment under study
c. midpoint d. not included in the study
d. median 9) Carol obtained a 97 percentile rank in an
2) Which is the most stable measure of central aptitude test. This means that ________.
tendency? a. she answered 97% of the items correctly.
a. median b. she belongs to the 97% of the group who
b. mean took the test
c. percentage c. 97% of the examinees did better than her
d. percentile rank who took the test
3) Norms obtained in a certain school d. she surpassed 97% of those who took the
evaluate pupil/student performance is? test
a. National norms 10) Stanines may be used as means of
b. Local norms integrating raw scores. What is its basis?
c. Grade norms a. distribution of the raw scores in a sampling
d. Age norms population
4) What should a teacher do before b. distribution of the percentages in the normal
constructing items for a particular test? curve
a. Review the previous lessons. c. unselected and identical population
b. Determine the length of time for answering d. purposive and random population
it. 11) A class got a mean raw score of 50 and
c. Announce to the students the scope of the and SD of 5 in an 80 items physics test. If
test. Nica is a member of the class and her score is
d. Prepare the table of specification. 60. Which of the following describes her
5) Under what type of multiple choice test can performance?
this question be classified? “Which of the a. Nica scores 2 SD below the class mean.
following statements expresses this concept in b. Nica missed answering correctly 49% of the
different forms?” test items.
a. cause c. Nica scores 2 SD above the class mean.
b. association d. Nica scored better than 60% of her
c. definition classmates.
d. difference 12) What is the advantage of using computers
6) Setting up criteria for scoring essay tests is in processing test results?
meant to increase their ________. a. Its processing takes a shorter period of
a. reliability time.
b. validity b. Test results can easily be assessed.
c. objectivity c. It statistical computation is accurate.
d. usability d. All of these

7) Read the following objective carefully, 13) Which of the following statements about
“After listening to a group report on ecology the validity and reliability of a test is TRUE?
a. A valid test is always valid but a reliable test
is not always valid. b. accelerating them
b. A reliable test measures what intends to c. involving them in extra-curricular activities
measure. d. providing opportunities for them to help the
c. A reliable test contains representative items slow learners
from all important topics covered. 20) What should be AVOIDED in arranging
d. A valid test consists of test items that have the items of the final form of the test?
moderate levels of difficulty. a. Space the items so they can be read easily.
14) The English class of Ms. Reyes is b. Follow a definite response pattern for the
composed of students with different mental correct answers to ensure ease of scoring.
abilities although they are in the same c. Arrange the sections such that they
curriculum level. What should she do first so progress from the very simple to very
she can make a good start? complex.
a. Ask them to tell something about d. Keep all the items and options together on
themselves. the same page.
b. Make them write a brief composition about 21) For mastery learning, which type of testing
their plans and aspirations. will be most fit?
c. Determine their strengths and weaknesses a. Formative testing
through a diagnostic test. b. Criterion-reference testing
d. Call for a dialog with parents. c. Aptitude testing
15) The major shortcoming of school grades d. Norm-reference testing
or mark is that: 22) In which of the following types of research
a. the school’s different clientele find them would data processing using computers be
satisfactory MOST advantageous?
b. they make students become more a. descriptive
cooperative b. historical
c. the same grade may mean differently to c. experimental
different teachers d. casual-comparative
d. they reflect the true word on performance
23) In which of these research methods can
16) What is the first step the teacher should the researcher control certain variables?
take in carrying out a research? a. qualitative
a. identify the problem b. descriptive
b. gather data c. experimental
c. advance hypothesis d. historical
d. formulate tentative solution
24) Of the following types of tests which is the
17) Which of the following is a tool for most subjective in scoring?
evaluating personal social adjustment of a. multiple choice
students? b. matching type
a. Interview guide c. simple recall
b. Observable checklist d. essay
c. Sociometry
d. All of these 25) In constructing achievement tests, the first
step is to:
18) The following are factors affecting the a. determine the highest rating to be given to
evaluation of essay responses EXCEPT: students
a. the present condition b. assess the teaching capability of teachers
b. mood of the rater c. determine the content and skills covered by
c. answers written on the papers test
d. volume of the test papers d. determine the characteristics of highest
19) It is generally believed that the best way of takers
meeting the need of mentally superior 26) Which of the following methods would
learners is through ________. improve the validity and reliability of an
a. enriching the curriculum examinations?
a. providing hints in answering the test items b. application
b. providing time allotment for each item c. evaluation
c. giving long essay test items d. comprehension
d. giving weights to the items for scoring 33) It is the value representing typical or
27) The following are test scores in geometry average performance of persons of various
arranged in a descending order: 52, 52, 42, age groups.
41, 37, 37, 37, 37, 30, 30, 30, 28, 25. Based a. national norms
on the data given, what is the mean? b. local norms
a. 36.77 c. grade norms
b. 34.60 d. age norms
c. 33.92 34) It refers to the process of evaluating a
d. 33.08 single test items by any of several methods. It
28) The following are reasons why we usually involves determining the difficulty, and
evaluate the learning outcomes EXCEPT: the discriminating power of the item, and often
a. provide tangible evidence useful in its correlation with some criterion.
interpreting school achievements to the a. inventory test
community b. item analysis
b. provide parents information on how well c. factor analysis
their children are doing in school d. normal distribution
c. analyze the learning task 35) Which of these completion items is best?
d. monitor student progress a. A type of guidance that is goal-oriented
29) About how many percent of the cases fall b. Goal-oriented guidance is called guidance
between -2SD and +SD in the normal curve? c. Guidance is goal-oriented
a. 99.85 d. Developmental is goal-oriented
b. 99.72 36) The first process in analyzing score is
c. 68.26 ________.
d. 95.44 a. finding the mean
30) Miss Dioneda observed that some of her b. grouping
pupils do well in written tests but they seldom c. ranking
participate in oral activities. It would be d. tallying
advisable for her to: 37) The lower limit of the step 45-49 is
a. make use of group dynamics such as buzz ________.
sessions, small group discussions, etc. a. 44
b. tell the students that full credit is given to b. 44.5
written work c. 45
c. assign the students to take turns in reading d. 49
the lessons to the class
d. stress to the students that participation in 38) The standard deviation is a measure of
the recitation makes up 25% of their grades _________.
a. central tendency
31) During the first grading period, a student b. relationship
obtained failing marks in five academic c. reliability
subjects. Which of the following tests would d. variability
best explain his performance?
a. aptitude 39) In making the step distribution the first
b. attitude thing to do is:
c. personality a. decide on the class interval
d. mental ability b. find the range
c. rank the scores
32) Measuring the work done by a d. tally the scores
gravitational force as a learning task is what
level of cognition? 40) The non-intellective dimension of a person
a. knowledge is his?
a. achievement 48) The same test is administered to different
b. character groups at different places at different times.
c. personality This process is done in testing the ________.
d. skills a. comprehensiveness
41) Evaluation is effective and useful only b. objectivity
when the result is _________. c. reliability
a. reliable d. validity
b. true and valid 49) Multiple choice test is considered as the
c. used to promote programs suited to the best type of test because:
learners a. it is easy to conduct
d. used to promote of fail a student b. it contains many responses
42) Standardized tests when conducted at the c. it measures several competencies in one
national level require ________. test
a. random implementation d. it possesses the qualities of other types of
b. reading of instruction tests
c. specific guidelines 50) It tells the relative position of a score from
d. uniform administration the rest of the scores.
43) Content validity is determined by the a. arrangement
degree to which? b. frequency
a. there are enough time to measure the c. percentage
ability of the pupils d. rank
b. the contents are valid ANSWERS:
c. the items are representative samples of the 1. A
content of the course 2. A
d. none of these 3. B
44) The crude mode is the ________. 4. D
a. highest score 5. D
b. highest score minus the lowest score 6. C
c. score with the highest frequency 7. C
d. standard deviation 8. C
45) The distance of the scores from the mean 9. D
is called ________. 10. B
a. deviation 11. A
b. mean 12. D
c. mode 13. B
d. range 14. C
15. C
46) In order to find out if there is relationship 16. A
between age and level of intelligence, the 17. C
measure to be used is: 18. A
a. analysis of variance 19. A
b. correlation 20. B
c. standard deviation 21. A
d. t-test 22. C
47) The counting median when the number of 23. C
cases is even is ________. 24. D
a. average of the two middlemost score 25. C
b. highest score 26. D
c. middlemost score 27. A
d. range 28. A
29. D
30. A
31. D C. Bright Mind
32. D D. None of these
33. D 6 . What is the place of principal in an edu-
34. B
cational institute?
35. D
36. D A. Owner of the school
37. C B. Founder of the school
38. D C. Manager of the school**
39. B D. Overall head of the school
40. C 7 . If a student failed in any class what should
41. C be done to him?
42. D
A. He should be kept in the same class
43. C
44. C B. He should be advised to leave studies
45. A C. He should be given a chance to improve
46. B and sent to the next class after he improves**
47. A D. All the above methods are right
48. D 8 . Why are curriculum activities used in
49. C teaching?
50. D
A. To assist the teacher**
Prof.Ed. with ANS KEY
B. Make teaching easy
1 . What is the origin of the word Education?
C. To make teaching attractive
A. Word 'Educate'
D. To make teaching interesting, easy to
B. Edu and 'Catum'
understand and
C. ‘E’ and ‘Catum’**
9 . What are the three components of the
D. None of these
educational process?
2 . Which of the following statements is
A. Direction, instruction and skill
correct?
B. Teaching, learning and practice
A. Education is an art
C. Teacher, student and education**
B. Education is a science
D. Education, teacher and books
C. It is neither an art nor science
10 . What is teaching through deductive
D. To some extent it is art and to some extent
method?
it is science**
A. From easy to difficult
3 . What is called education acquired without
B. From macro to micro
any specific purpose, fixed period and place?
C. From general to specific**
A. Formal Education
D. From specific to general
B. Informal Education**
11 . What is the main centre of informal
C. Indirect Education
Education?
D. Individual Education
A. Family
4 . Which one of the following sentences is
B. Society
correct about the nature of teaching?
C. Radio and Television
A. It is remedial
D. All of the above**
B. It is diagnostic
12 . Which is the first school for a child’s
C. It is diagnostic as well as remedial
education?
D. All the above statements are correct**
A. School
5 . What is the compulsory element of
B. Family**
learning?
C. Friends
A. Tendency to know**
D. Society
B. Ability to read
13 . Which one of the following education Education?
systems supports scientific progress? A. Frolbel
A. Naturalistic Education B. Rosseau**
B. Idealistic Education C. Armstrong
C. Realistic Education** D. John Locke
D. None of these 19 . What do you mean by curriculum?
14 . What is the meaning of lesson plan? A. Sum total of the annual study
A. To read the lesson before teaching it** B. A child learns through curriculum
B. To prepare the list of questions to be asked C. Sum total of the activities of a school
C. To prepare all that the teacher wants to D. Indicates the course to be taught by the
teach in a limited period teachers to the students throughout the year**
D. To prepare detailed answers of all the 20 . Which system of education was
questions to be propounded by Mahatma Gandhi?
15 . On what depends the values of an A. Teaching through listening, meditation etc.
educational experience in the eyes of the B. Teaching through music
idealist? C. Teaching by activities
A. The extent to which it satisfies pupil desires D. All of these**
B. The manner in which it affects future 21 . Who raised the slogan “Back to Nature”?
experience A. Realism
C. Whether or not it preserves accepted B. Naturalism**
institutions** C. Pragmatism
D. Whether or not the pupil has been properly D. Existentialism
motivated 22 . Which statement is not correct about
16 . Which educational activity is most Naturalism?
desirable to the pragmatist? A. A reaction against a mere study of books
A. That is beneficial effect upon the future and linguistic forms**
experiences of the pupil B. A reaction against the degenerated
B. Approximates the goals which educational humanism of the Renaissance period
scientists have set up** C. A reaction against sophistication, artificiality
C. Results from the indiscrimination of the and paraphernalia in education
pupil in democratic theory D. None of these
D. That characterizes by spontaneous, active, 23 . Who said, “Reverse the usual practice
continuously pleasurable and practical for the and you will almost always do right” ?
pupil A. Plato
17 . What is the view point of progressive B. Dewey
educators regarding the issue of liberal vs. C. Rousseau**
vocational education? D. Mahatma Gandhi
A. Vocational ends load one to degrade 24 . “Human institutions are one mass of folly
learning and contradiction.” Whose statement is this?
B. All subjects should have a vocational A. Dewey
orientation B. Rousseau**
C. Liberal arts subject should proceed C. Bernard Shaw
vocational training** D. Ravinder Nath Tagore
D. Vocational and liberal education should not 25 . According to which school of philosophy
be separated of education, exaltation of individual’s
18 . Who was the supporter of Naturalism in personality is a function of education?
A. Marxism C. Mechanical Naturalism
B. Idealism D. Naturalism of physical science
C. Idealism and Marxism both** 32 . Which branch of philosophy examines
D. Pragmatism issues pertaining to the nature of “reality” ?
26 . Which is not Naturalism’s aim of A. Axiology
Education? B. Ontology
A. To inculcate ethical and moral values in the C. Metaphysics**
pupils** D. Epistemology
B. Education is the notion of man’s evolution 33 . On what is based the need for teaching
from lower forms of life philosophy of education?
C. To equip the individual or the nation for the A. All pupils are not alike
struggle for existence so as to ensure survival B. Different ways of teaching-learning
D. To help the pupils to learn to be in harmony C. Different systems of education found in
with and well-adapted to their surroundings different countries
27 . Which school held the view, “God makes D. Different philosophies expressed different
all things good; man meddles with and they points of view on every aspect of education**
become evil” ? 34 . What is the goal of education according to
A. Marxism Idealism?
B. Naturalism** A. Realisation of moral values**
C. Pragmatism B. Satisfaction of human wants
D. Existentialism C. Perfect adaptation to the environment
28 . Which school maintained self-expression D. Cultivation of dynamic, adaptable mind
with the accompanying cries of “no which will be resourceful and enterprising in
interference”, “no restraints”? all situations
A. Truest form of Naturalism 35 . The aim of education according to the
B. Extreme form of Naturalism** Existentialists is
C. Most valid form of Naturalism A. Objective knowledge
D. Most widely accepted form of Naturalism B. Adaptation to practical life
29 . Which is not the nature of philosophy? C. A good understanding of the world outside
A. It is a science of knowledge D. Humanitarian and humanist self-
B. It is the totality of man’s creative ideas** realization**
C. It is a planned attempt on search for the 36 . The Realist’s aim of education is
truth A. Self-realization
D. It is a collective ensemble of various B. Happy and moral development**
viewpoints C. Spiritual and moral development
30 . Which branch of philosophy deals with D. Total development of personality
knowledge, its structure, method and validity? 37 . Naturalist’s conception of man is
A. Logic A. Man’s very essence of being is his spiritual
B. Aesthetics nature
C. Metaphysics B. It is spirit rather than animality that is most
D. Epistemology** truly man
31 . Which school maintained: “Natural C. Nature would have them children before
impulses of the child are of great importance they are men**
and are good in themselves” ? D. There exists in the nature of things a
A. Romantic Naturalism perfect pattern of each individual
B. Biological Naturalism** 38 . Which philosophy of education considers
psychology as an incomplete study of and an 45 . The pragmatists are against
inadequate basis of educational theory? A. The specialist teachers
A. Realism B. Eternal spiritual values
B. Idealism** C. The external examinations
C. Naturalism D. Breakdown of knowledge into separate
D. Pragmatism subjects**
39 . Which among the following does not fit 46 . Pragmatism has a greater sense of
into the scheme of educational goals of the responsibility than Naturalism with regard to
Idealists? moral training because
A. Skills A. They emphasize teaching of values
B. Care of body** B. They consider education, basically, a social
C. Moral values process
D. Self-expression C. They do not want the teacher to abdicate
A from the scene
40 . Religious education is strongly advocated D. The free activity which pragmatic- system
by of education entails does not mean licence;
A. Realist rather it means a guided activity**
B. Idealists** 47 . Which of the following claims of the
C. Pragmatists pragmatists is not acceptable?
D. Existentialists A. Training in character through school’s co-
41 . Which of the following is said about the curricular activities is possible
idealists? B. Training in citizenship is possible through
A. They like “roses” school and community activities
B. They are content with “briars” C. Child’s own experience is valuable for
C. They want “roses” and “briars” both adequate development of child’s personality
D. They are satisfied neither with “briars” nor D. The free activity of the pupil is likely to
with “roses”** result in permanent attitudes of initiative and
42 . Which school of philosophy of education independence and moral discipline**
advocated Project method of teaching? 48 . Project method of teaching is an
A. Idealism outstanding contribution of
B. Realism A. Idealism
C. Naturalism B. Realism
D. Pragmatism** C. Naturalism
43 . Play way method of teaching has been D. Pragmatism**
emphasised in the scheme of the education of 49 . Which is the characteristic of the project
A. Realists method?
B. Naturalists** A. Problematic act
C. Pragmatists B. A voluntary undertaking
D. Existentialists C. Carried in its natural setting
44 . Which is the most widely accepted D. Used for all-round-development of child’s
method of education, according to the personality**
pragmatists? 50 . Which among the following is not
A. Heuristic method essentially desirable in the project method?
B. Learning by doing** A. The task of the project should be full of
C. Lecturing by the teacher message for the children**
D. Leaving the child free to learn B. The task of the project is as real as the task
of the life outside the walls of the school A. It is eternal**
C. The task of the project involves B. It is made by man
constructive effort or thought yielding objective C. It is ever changing
results D. It is what emerges to be true in actual
D. The task of the project should be practice
interesting enough so that the pupil is 58 . In whose methodology of teaching
genuinely eager to carry it out “Experimentation” is the key-note of?
51 . Which is a great disadvantage of the A. Realism
project method? B. Idealism
A. Children are generally not interested in it C. Pragmatism**
B. It consumes much of the time of the child D. Existentialism
C. It leaves gaps in the knowledge of the 59 . The term “progressive education” related
child** to
D. Teachers, generally, do not like to teach A. Realism
through it B. Idealism
52 . Learning by Project Method is technically C. Pragmatism**
known as D. Existentialism
A. Efficient learning 60 . Who said, “No fixed aims of education
B. Adequate learning and no values in advance”?
C. Incidental learning** A. Realists
D. Systematic learning B. Idealists
53 . Education, according to the Pragmatist is C. Marxists
A. Wholly purposive** D. Progressive educators**
B. Wholly pupil-oriented 61 . Which school of philosophy of education
C. Wholly society-oriented stresses the direct study of men and things
D. Wholly interdisciplinary through tours and travels?
54 . Who among the following is not a follower A. Idealism
of Pragmatic Philosophy? B. Marxism
A. Kilpatrick C. Social realism**
B. Peshtalozzi** D. Existentialism
C. John Dewey 62 . Which school believes that all knowledge
D. William James comes through the senses?
55 . What is not associated with Pragmatism? A. Idealism
A. Purposive education B. Pragmatism
B. Freedom-based education C. Existentialism
C. Education for self-realization** D. Sense Realism**
D. Experience-based education 63 . Which school raised the slogan “Things
56 . Who emphasised realization of Truth, as they are and as they are likely to be
Beauty and Goodness as the aims of encountered in life rather than words” ?
education? A. Realists**
A. Realists B. Idealists
B. Idealists** C. Pragmatist
C. Naturalists D. Existentialists
D. Pragmatists 64 . As Huxley pleaded for the introduction of
57 . Which statement about truth is not correct “a complete and thorough scientific culture”
according to the philosophy of Pragmatism? into schools, he is claimed to be
A. A Realist ** 70 . Which is not an aspect of mind according
B. An Idealist to the Realists’ theory of knowing?
C. A Naturalist A. Behaviour**
D. A Pragmatist B. Awareness
65 . Realism in education was born out of C. Consciousness
A. The enthusiasm of the Renaissance D. Processing of awareness
B. The great religious movement of the 17th 71 . Who believe that “Objects have a reality
century independent of mental phenomena”?
C. The degeneration of humanism after A. Idealists
Renaissance B. Realists**
D. A cleavage between the work of the C. Naturalists
schools and the life of the world outside that D. Existentialists
occurred during the 19th century** 72 . Marxist educational philosophy is closer
66 . Which of the following is not criticised by to
realism in education? A. Realism**
A. Teaching which drifts away from life of the B. Idealism
child C. Naturalism
B. Teachers denying the value of school co- D. Pragmatism
curricular activities 73 . Which among the following statements is
C. Pupils cramming for knowledge from books not a characteristic of Marxism?
for reproducing in examination A. It asserts that physical environment can
D. Organizing schools in a way that is definitely change the nature of the child
conducive to practical training in citizenship** B. Its major objective is the development of
67 . In the light of relevant past events, con- child’s personality**
temporary events and their understanding C. Its educational philosophy is essentially
should find a place in the teaching of history. materialistic
Who maintained this principle? D. It presupposes a reality independent of
A. Realist** man’s mind
B. Marxists 74 . Which school of philosophy of education
C. Idealists regrets dualism between cultural, and voca-
D. Naturalists tional curriculum?
68 . The most important thing to keep in mind A. Idealism
for a teacher according to Realism in B. Marxism**
education is C. Naturalism
A. The nature of the child D. Existentialism
B. The method of teaching 75 . According to which educational
C. Organization of the content to be taught philosophy, socially useful labour must form
D. The value and significance of what is the central pivot of the entire school?
taught** A. Marxism**
69 . Which school of philosophy very strongly B. Idealism
advocates that education should be vocational C. Naturalism
in character? D. Existentialism
A. Realism** 76 . Which of the following has been asserted
B. Naturalism about schools by Marxist educational
C. Pragmatism philosophy?
D. Existentialism A. They should not be mere weapons in the
hands of the ruling class acceptable by modern educationists?
B. They should function as deliberate A. Contribution to the welfare of the society
instruments of state policy** should be the only aim of education
C. They should disinterestedly serve society B. There should be one single aim of
as a whole education unchangeable over time and space
D. They should stand above politics C. There is one grand objective of education;
77 . Which of the following characteristics is and that is the development of the inner
common to Pragmatism, Naturalism and nature of the child
Existentialism? D. Education is bound to have several aims
A. Emphasis on the individual** since its concerns are several such as the
B. Emphasis on value education individual, the society, the family, the nation
C. Emphasis on physical environment and so on**
D. Emphasis on spiritual aims of education 84 . What is development of human
78 . Whose is the ultimate concern-“What is potentialities in education?
existence”? A. Social aim
A. Idealists only B. Specific aim
B. Existentialists only C. Individual aim**
C. Existentialists and Idealists both** D. Individual as well as social aim
D. Realists only 85 . What is development of social sense and
79 . Which of the following philosophies held cooperation among the individuals through
that ‘Men in the world feel lonely and anxious, education?
being unsure of their meaning and fearful of A. Social aim **
their annihilation’ ? B. Individual aim
A. Marxism C. National aim
B. Idealism D. Constitutional aim
C. Pragmatism 86 . Which among the following is not an
D. Existentialism** acceptable criticism of social aims of educa-
80 . According to Existentialists, the essence tion?
of existence means A. They are anti-individual**
A. Unity with the ultimate reality B. Man, in them, becomes only a means to an
B. Spiritual good and happiness end
C. Continuous growth and development C. They hinder the growth and development of
D. Tensions and contradictions which art and literature
condition loneliness and anxiety** D. They are un-psychological as they do not
81 . Who was the nineteenth century founder take into account the capacities and interests
of Existentialism? of the individual
A. Hegel 87 . Which among the following is not
B. Rousseau emphasized by the individual aims of
C. D.J. O’Connor education?
D. Soren Kierkegaard** A. Self-expression
82 . Who was twentieth century Existentialist? B. Individual freedom
A. Hegel C. Development of inner potentialities
B. D.J. O’Connor D. Development of values of tolerance and
C. Jean Paul Sartre** non-violence**
D. Soren Kierkegaard 88 . Which of the following statements does
83 . Which of the following is more generally not go in favour of the individual aims of
education? B. Teaching virtues through religious books
A. The society is strong if the individual is C. Organizing specialists’ lectures on
strong importance of values in life
B. Society is supreme and all individuals are D. Rewarding virtuous behaviours and
only parts of it** presenting high character models in the
C. Every individual is unique; development of schools**
his potentialities is essential 94 . Harmonious development of the child aim
D. The individual is an asset to the society; his of education means
development and growth are necessary A. The state is above the individual citizen
89 . Which among the following is the most B. The state is an idealized metaphysical
correct view about social and individual aims entity
of education? C. The state has to give not to take anything
A. Social aims should be preferred to from the individual
individual aims D. The state is superior to the individual
B. Individual aims are implied in the social transcending all his desires and aspirations**
aims of education 95 . Rigid system of state-education is justified
C. Individual aims should be given preference on the basis that the state
to social aims A. Has better resources to manage education
D. Individual and social aims are only two B. Is supreme to dictate what shall be taught
sides of the same coin** and how shall be taught
90 . Which statement is most acceptable to C. Has absolute control over the lives, and
the academicians about “Bread and butter destinies of its individual members
aim” of education? D. Has a right and a bounden duty to mould
A. It is only partly acceptable** the citizen to a pattern which makes for its
B. It is important for only a section of the own preservation and enhancement**
society 96 . Social aims of education imply the
C. It is equally important along with other aims training of
of education A. Individuals according to their needs
D. It is the most important aim and should be B. The individuals according to the facilities
given top priority by educationists C. The individuals according to their
91 . Which of the following does not pertain to capacities
intellectual development aim of education? D. The individuals for the purpose of serving
A. Spiritual development** the needs of the society**
B. Cultivation of intelligence 97 . What does the individual aim of education
C. Training and “formation” of mind imply?
D. Development of cognitive powers A. It should have more and more institutions
92 . Preparing the child for future life as an every year
aim of education is preparing child for B. It should be by and large the concern of the
A. Some suitable vocation private sector
B. A happy married life C. It must contribute to the peace and
C. Some particular course of study happiness of the whole society
D. Facing all kinds of emergencies and D. Education must secure for everyone the
situations of future life** conditions under which the individuality is
93 . The most effective method of character- most completely developed**
formation is 98 . According to which philosophy of
A. Teaching by high character teachers education, childhood is something desirable
for its own sake and children should be 3. Cædmon’s Hymn. (7th century). An
children? unlearned cowherd who was inspired by a
A. Realism vision and miraculously acquired the gift of
poetic song produced this nine-line alliterative
B. Idealism
vernacular praise poem in honor of God.
C. Naturalism** 4. Fates of the Apostles, Juliana, Elene, and
D. Pragmatism Christ II or The Ascension. These Old English
99 . Who emphasized that education should Christian poems were popularized by
be a social process? Cynewulf in the 8th century.
A. Dewey** 5. Beowulf. The National epic of England
B. Rousseau which appears in the Nowell Codex
manuscript from the 8th to 11th century. It is
C. Pestalozzi
the most notable example of the earliest
D. Vivekananda English poetry, which blends Christianity and
100 . The social aims of education imply that paganism.
A. The state is above the individual citizen • Epic is a long narrative poem written about
B. The state is an idealized metaphysical the exploits of a supernatural hero.
entity 6. Dream of the Rood. One of the earliest
C. The state has to give not to take anything Christian poems preserved in the 10th century
Vercelli book. The poem makes use of dream
from the individual **
vision to narrate the death and resurrection of
D. The state is superior to the individual Christ from the perspective of the Cross or
transcending all his desires and aspirations Rood itself.
7. The Battle of Brunanburg. This is a heroic
MAJORSHIP old English poem that records, in nationalistic
Area:ENGLISH tone, the triumph of the English against the
Focus: English and American Literatures combined forces of the Scots, Vikings and
LET Competencies: Britons in AD 937.
1. Trace the major literary works produced in 8. The Battle of Maldon. Another heroic poem
English and American literatures. that recounts the fall of the English army led
2. Explain the tenets of specific literary by Birhtnoth in the hands of the Viking
movements in English and American invaders in AD 991.
literatures. 9. The Wanderer. The lyric poem is composed
3. Define literary terms and concepts of 115 lines of alliterative verse that
exemplified in selected literary texts. reminisces a wanderer’s (eardstapa) past
A. OLD ENGLISH PERIOD glory in the company of his lord and comrades
1. Ecclesiastical History of the English People. and his solitary exile upon the loss of his
Written by The Venerable Bede (673-735) kinsmen in battles.
who is considered as the Father of English 10. The Seafarer. An Old English lyric
History and regarded as the greatest Anglo- recorded in the Exeter Book that begins by
Saxon scholar. recounting in elegiac tone the perils of
2. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Different monks seafaring and ends with a praise of God.
traces the annals that chronicle Anglo-Saxon B. MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD
history, life and culture after the Roman 1. Everyman is regarded as the best of the
invasion morality plays. It talks about Everyman facing
• Alfred the Great (848?-899) who was King of Death. He summons the help of all his friends
the southern Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex but only Good Deeds is able to help him.
from 871-899 championed Anglo-Saxon Characters in this morality play are
culture by writing in his native tongue and by personifications of abstractions like Everyman,
encouraging scholarly translations from Latin Death, Fellowships, Cousins, Kindred, Goods,
into Old English (Anglo-Saxon). It is believed Good Deeds, etc. which makes the play
that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was begun allegorical in nature.
during his reign. • Allegory is a form of extended metaphor, in
which objects, persons, and actions in a • Each verse in the Spenserian stanza
narrative, have meanings that lie outside the contains nine lines: eight lines of iambic
narrative itself. The underlying meaning has pentameter, with five feet, followed by a single
moral, social, religious, or political line of iambic hexameter, an "alexandrine,"
significance, and characters are often with six. The rhyme scheme of these lines is
personifications of abstract ideas as charity, ababbcbc-cdcdee.
greed, or envy. • Spenserian sonnet consists of three
2. English and Scottish ballads preserved the quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic
local events, beliefs, and characters in an pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab-bcbd-
easily remembered form. One familiar ballad cdcd-ee
is Sir Patrick Spens, which concerns Sir 3. Song to Celia. A love poem written by Ben
Patrick’s death by drowning. Jonson - a poet, dramatist, and actor best
• Ballad. A narrative poem meant to be sung. known for his lyrics and satirical plays.
It is characterized by repetition and often by a Drink to me, only with thine eyes,/ And I will
repeated refrain (a recurrent phrase or series pledge with mine;
of phrases). The earliest ballads were Or leave a kiss but in the cup,/ And I'll not look
anonymous works transmitted orally from for wine.
person to person through generations. The thirst, that from the soul doth rise,/ Doth
3. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The best ask a drink divine:
example of the romance of the Middle Ages But might I of Jove's nectar sup,/ I would not
attributed to the Pearl Poet (14th century). change for thine.
• Medieval Romance is a long narrative poem 4. The King James Bible. One of the supreme
idealizing knight errantry. As such, it pictures achievements of the English Renaissance.
chivalrous knights engaged in a number of This translation was ordered by James I and
adventures to protect their King, to pay made by 47 scholars working in cooperation.
homage to their lady love and to prove their It was published in 1611 and is known as the
honor. Authorized Version. It is rightly regarded as
4. The Canterbury Tales. Geoffrey Chaucer’s the most influential book in the history of
frame narrative (story within a story) which English civilization.
showcases the stories told by 29 pilgrims on 5. Shakespearean Sonnets. Also known as
their way to the shrine of the martyr Saint the Elizabethan or English sonnets,
Thomas Becket at Canterbury - the seat of Shakespearean sonnets are composed of
religious activities during the Middle English three quatrains and one heroic couplet with
period. The collection of tales presents a the rhyme scheme - abab-cdcd-efef-gg.
microcosm of the Middle English society 6. Elizabethan Tragedies, Comedies and
composed of the nobility, the religious, the Historical Plays
merchant class and the commoners. • William Shakespeare is the great genius of
5. Le Morte d'Arthur. Originally written in eight the Elizabethan Age (1564-1616). He wrote
books, Sir Thomas Mallory’s collection of more than 35 plays as well as 154 sonnets
stories revolves around the life and and 2 narrative poems –Venus and Adonis
adventures of King Arthur and the Knights of and The Rape of Lucrece.
the Round Table. Examples of Shakespearean Plays
C. THE RENAISSANCE (16th Century) Tragedies
1. Doctor Faustus. Christopher Marlowe Comedies
(Father of English Tragedy) powerfully Historical Plays
exemplifies the sum total of the intellectual a. Antony and Cleopatra
aspirations of the Renaissance through his b. Coriolanus
play Dr. Faustus. In the play, Faustus sells his c. Hamlet
soul to the devil in exchange of power and d. Julius Caesar
knowledge. e. King Lear
2. The Faerie Queene. Edmund Spenser f. Macbeth
composed this elaborate allegory in honor of g. Othello
the Queen of Fairyland (Queen Elizabeth I). h. Romeo and Juliet
i. Timon of Athens j. The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise
j. Titus Andronicus man knows himself to be a fool. - As You Like
a. All's Well That Ends Well It
b. As You Like It D. THE AGE OF REASON (17TH Century)
c. The Merchant of Venice 1. The Essays (Francis Bacon). The greatest
d. A Midsummer Night's Dream literary contribution of the 17th century is the
e. Much Ado About Nothing essay. Francis Bacon is hailed as the Father
f. Taming of the Shrew of Inductive Reasoning and the Father of the
g. The Tempest English Essay.
h. Twelfth Night Some quotable quotes from Bacon
i. Two Gentlemen of Verona a. Some books are to be tasted, others to be
j. Winter's Tale swallowed, and some few to be chewed and
a. Henry IV, part 1 digested; that is, some books are to be read
b. Henry IV, part 2 only in parts; others to be read, but not
c. Henry V curiously; and some few to be read wholly,
d. Henry VI, part 1 and with diligence and attention. - Of Studies
e. Henry VI, part 2 b. He that hath wife and children hath given
f. Henry VI, part 3 hostages to fortune; for they are impediments
g. Henry VIII to great enterprises, either of virtue or
h. King John mischief. - Of Marriage and Single Life
i. Richard II c. Wives are young men’s mistresses,
j. Richard III companions for middle age, and old men’s
Some quotable quotes from Shakespeare nurses. - Of Marriage and Single Life
a. The play’s the thing wherein I'll catch the d. Children sweeten labors; but they make
conscience of the king - Hamlet misfortunes more bitter. They increase the
b. All the world’s a stage, and all the men and cares of life; but they mitigate the
women merely players. They have their exits remembrance of death. The perpetuity by
and their entrances; And one man in his time generation is common to beasts; but memory,
plays many parts" - As You Like It merit, and noble works, are proper to men.- Of
c. Good Night, Good night! Parting is such Parents and Children
sweet sorrow, that I shall say good night till it e. If a man will begin with certainties, he shall
be morrow. - Romeo and Juliet end in doubts; but if he will be content to begin
d. What's in a name? That which we call a with doubts, he shall end in certainties.-
rose by any other name would smell as sweet. Advancement of Learning
- Romeo and Juliet 2. The Pilgrim's Progress (John Bunyan). An
e. If you prick us, do we not bleed? if you allegory that shows Christian tormented by
tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, spiritual anguish. Evangelist, a spiritual guide
do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we visits him and urges him to leave the City of
not revenge? - The Merchant of Venice Destruction. Evangelist claims that salvation
f. Cowards die many times before their can only be found in the Celestial City, known
deaths; The valiant never taste of death but as Mount Zion. Christian embarks on a
once. - Julius Caesar journey and meets a number of other
g. How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to characters before he reaches the Celestial
have a thankless child! - (King Lear, Act I, City.
Scene IV). • Allegory is a story illustrating an idea or a
h. Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking moral principle in which objects and
shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his characters take on symbolic meanings
hour upon the stage and then is heard no external to the narrative.
more: it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound 3. Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained
and fury, signifying nothing. - Macbeth (John Milton)
i. But love is blind, and lovers cannot see/ The • Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse
petty follies that themselves commit. - that tells of the fall of the angels and of the
Merchant of Venice creation of Adam and Eve and their
temptation by Satan in the Garden of Eden O let thy blessed S A C R I F I C E be mine,
("Of Man's first disobedience, and the fruit/ Of And sanctifie this A L T A R to be thine.
that forbidden tree . . . "). 6. Cavalier Poems. Popularized by Thomas
• Paradise Regained centers on the Carew, Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling
temptation of Christ and the thirst for the word and Robert Herrick, cavalier poems are known
of God. for their elegant, refined and courtly culture.
4. Holy Sonnets (John Donne) The poems are often erotic and espouse
• Metaphysical Poetry makes use of conceits carpe diem, "seize the day."
or farfetched similes and metaphors intended From To the Virgins to Make Much of Time
to startle the reader into an awareness of the Robert Herrick
relationships among things ordinarily not
associated. Gather ye rosebuds while ye may,
Old time is still a-flying:
Holy Sonnets XIV And this same flower that smiles to-day
John Donne To-morrow will be dying.
Batter my heart, three-person'd God, for you The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun,
As yet but knock, breathe, shine, and seek to The higher he's a-getting,
mend; The sooner will his race be run,
That I may rise and stand, o'erthrow me, and And nearer he's to setting.
bend
Your force to break, blow, burn, and make me E. THE RESTORATION (18th Century)
new. 1. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
I, like an usurp'd town to'another due, • A Modest Proposal is a bitter pamphlet that
Labor to'admit you, but oh, to no end; ironically suggests that the Irish babies be
Reason, your viceroy in me, me should specially fattened for profitable sale as meat,
defend, since the English were eating the Irish people
But is captiv'd, and proves weak or untrue. anyhow – by heavy taxation.
Yet dearly'I love you, and would be lov'd fain, • Gulliver's Travels is a satire on human folly
But am betroth'd unto your enemy; and stupidity. Swift said that he wrote it to vex
Divorce me,'untie or break that knot again, the world rather than to divert it. Most people,
Take me to you, imprison me, for I, however, are so delightfully entertained by the
Except you'enthrall me, never shall be free, tiny Lilliputians and by the huge
Nor ever chaste, except you ravish me. Brobdingnagians that they do not bother much
with Swift's bitter satire on human pettiness or
5. Easter Wings and the Altar (George crudity.
Herbert). Concrete poems that deal with 2. Alexander Pope (1688-1744) published an
man's thirst for God and with God's abounding exposition of the rules of the classical school
love. in the form of a poem An Essay on Criticism.
The Altar • The Rape of the Lock mockingly describes a
A broken A L T A R, Lord, thy servant reares, furious fight between two families when a
Made of a heart, and cemented with teares: young man snips off a lock of the beautiful
Whose parts are as thy hand did frame; Belinda's hair. Pope wrote in heroic couplets,
No workmans tool hath touch’d the same. a technique in which he has been
A H E A R T alone unsurpassed. In thought and form he carried
Is such a stone, 18th-century reason and order to its highest
As nothing but peak.
Thy pow’r doth cut. 3. Thomas Gray (1716-71) wrote Elegy
Wherefore each part Written in a Country Churchyard, which is a
Of my hard heart collection of 18th-century commonplaces
Meets in this frame, expressing concern for lowly folk.
To praise thy Name; 4. Henry Fielding (1707-54) is known for his
That, if I chance to hold my peace, Tom Jones, which tells the story of a young
These stones to praise thee may not cease. foundling who is driven from his adopted
home, wanders to London, and eventually, for
all his suffering, wins his lady. during the end of the 18th century and the
5. Laurence Sterne (1713-68) wrote Tristram beginning of the 19th. This style usually
Shandy, a novel in nine volumes showcasing portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror,
a series of loosely organized funny episodes despair, the grotesque and other “dark”
in the life of Shandy. subjects.
6. Oliver Goldsmith (1728-74) 3. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (1797-1851)
• She Stoops to Conquer is a comedy of followed Gothic tradition in her Frankenstein.
manners that satirizes the 18th Century 4. William Blake (1757-1827) was both poet
aristocracy who is overly class conscious. and artist. He not only wrote books, but he
F. THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT also illustrated and printed them. He devoted
1. In the Preface to Lyrical Ballads, William his life to freedom and universal love. He was
Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge interested in children and animals the most
declared that “poetry should express, in innocent of God's creatures.
genuine language, experience as filtered
through personal emotion and imagination; from The Lamb
the truest experience was to be found in William Blake
nature.” Little Lamb, who made thee?
2. The most important tenets of Romanticism Dost thou know who made thee?
include: Gave thee life, and bid thee feed
• Belief in the importance of the individual, By the stream and o'er the mead;
imagination, and intuition Gave thee clothing of delight,
• Shift from faith in reason to faith in the Softest clothing, woolly, bright;
senses, feelings, and imagination; from Gave thee such a tender voice,
interest in urban society and its sophistication Making all the vales rejoice?
to an interest in the rural and natural; from Little Lamb, who made thee?
public, impersonal poetry to subjective poetry; Dost thou know who made thee?
and from concern with the scientific and
mundane to interest in the mysterious and from The Tyger
infinite. William Blake
3. Because of this concern for nature and the
simple folk, authors began to take an interest Tyger! Tyger! burning bright
in old legends, folk ballads, antiquities, ruins, In the forests of the night,
"noble savages," and rustic characters. What immortal hand or eye
• Many writers started to give more play to Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
their senses and to their imagination. ______
• They loved to describe rural scenes,
When the stars threw down their spears,
graveyards, majestic mountains, and roaring
And watered heaven with their tears,
waterfalls.
Did he smile his work to see?
• They also liked to write poems and stories of
Did he who made the Lamb make thee?
such eerie or supernatural things as ghosts,
haunted castles, fairies, and mad folk. The Sick Rose
William Blake
Romantic Writers
1. Robert Burns (1759-96) is also known as O ROSE, thou art sick!
the national poet of Scotland because he The invisible worm,
wrote not only in Standard English, but also in That flies in the night,
the light Scot’s dialect. In the howling storm,
2. Horace Walpole (The Castle of Otranto), Has found out thy bed
Ann Radcliffe (The Mysteries of Udolpho) and Of crimson joy;
Matthew Gregory Lewis (The Monk) are And his dark secret love
Gothic writers who crafted stories of terror and Does thy life destroy.
imagination. 5. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) wrote
• Gothic Literature is a literary style popular a long narrative poem about sinning and
redemption in The Rime of the Ancient as the moment of artistic inspiration when the
Mariner poet achieved a kind of self-annihilation –
6. William Wordsworth (1770-1850), together arrived at that trembling, delicate perception of
with Coleridge, brought out a volume of verse, beauty.
Lyrical Ballads, which signaled the beginning From A Thing of Beauty is a Joy Forever
of English Romanticism. Wordsworth found John Keats
beauty in the realities of nature, which he
vividly reflects in the poems: The World is Too A thing of beauty is a joy for ever:
Much with Us, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, Its loveliness increases; it will never
She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways, and Pass into nothingness; but still will keep
She was a Phantom of Delight. A bower quiet for us, and a sleep
7. Charles Lamb (1775-1834) wrote the Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet
playful essay Dissertation on Roast Pig. He breathing.
also rewrote many of Shakespeare's plays G. THE VICTORIAN AGE
into stories for children in Tales from
Major Victorian Poets - shifted from the
Shakespeare.
extremely personal expression (or
8. Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) wrote poems
subjectivism) of the Romantic writers to an
and novels. The Lay of the Last Minstrel and
objective surveying of the problems of human
The Lady of the Lake are representative of
life.
Scott's poems. Between 1814 and 1832 Scott
1. Alfred Tennyson (1809-92) wrote seriously
wrote 32 novels which include Guy Mannering
with a high moral purpose.
and Ivanhoe
• Idylls of the King is a disguised study of
9. Jane Austen (1775-1817) a writer of
ethical and social conditions. Locksley Hall, In
realistic novels about English middle-class
Memoriam, and Maud deal with conflicting
people. Pride and Prejudice is her best-known
scientific and social ideas.
work. Her other novels include: Northanger
2. Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861)
Abbey, Persuasion, Mansfield Park, Emma,
wrote the most exquisite love poems of her
and Sense and Sensibility.
time in Sonnets from the Portuguese. These
10. George Gordon Byron (1788-1824) was
lyrics were written secretly while Robert
an outspoken critic of the evils of his time. He
Browning was courting her.
hoped for human perfection, but his
Sonnet 43
recognition of man's faults led him frequently
Elizabeth Barrett Browning
to despair and disillusionment. He is much
remembered for his poems: Childe Harold’s How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
Pilgrimage, She Walks in Beauty, and The I love thee to the depth and breadth and
Prisoner of Chillon. height
11. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
together with John Keats, established the For the ends of Being and ideal Grace.
romantic verse as a poetic tradition. I love thee to the level of everyday's
• Many of his works are meditative like Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light.
Prometheus Unbound; others are exquisitely I love thee freely, as men strive for Right;
like The Cloud, To a Skylark, and Ode to the I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.
West Wind. Adonais, an elegy he wrote for his I love thee with a passion put to use
best friend John Keats, ranks among the In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith.
greatest elegies. I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
• In Ode to the West Wind, Shelley shows an With my lost saints, --- I love thee with the
evocation of nature wilder and more breath,
spectacular than Wordsworth described it. Smiles, tears, of all my life! --- and, if God
12. John Keats (1795-1821) believed that true choose,
happiness was to be found in art and natural I shall but love thee better after death.
beauty. 3. Robert Browning (1812-89) is best
• His Ode to a Nightingale spoke of what remembered for his dramatic monologues. My
Keats called “negative capability,” describing it Last Duchess, Fra Lippo Lippi, and Andrea del
Sarto are excellent examples. Romance and Adventure
• Dramatic monologue is a long speech by an 1. Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-94) wrote
imaginary character used to expose pretense stories in a light mood. His novels of
and reveal a character’s inner self. adventure are exciting and delightful:
4. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood is a group Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and The Master
of painters and poets who rebelled against the of Ballantrae.
sentimental and the commonplace. They • Stevenson also wrote David Balfour and The
wished to revive the artistic standards of the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
time before the Italian painter Raphael. Dante which endear him to adult readers as well.
Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882) and Christina 2. Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) satirized the
Georgina Rossetti (1830-1894) wrote in this English military and administrative classes in
tradition. India. He stirred the emotions of the empire
Victorian Novelists lovers through his delightful children's tales.
1. Charles Dickens (1812-1870) became a He is known for Barrack Room Ballads,
master of local color in The Pickwick Papers. Soldiers Three, The Jungle Books, and
He is considered as England's best-loved Captains Courageous.
novelist. His works include: Great 3. Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson)
Expectations, Hard Times, Oliver Twist, A (1832-98) combines fantasy and satire in
Christmas Carol, A Tale of Two Cities. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and
2. William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) Through a Looking Glass.
disliked sham, hypocrisy, stupidity, false 19th-Century Drama
optimism, and self-seeking. The result was 1. Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) is a poet and
satire on manners like Vanity Fair with its novelist who became famous for his
heroine, Becky Sharp. Importance of Being Earnest.
3. Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855), Emily Bronte 2. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) wrote
(1818-1848) and Anne Bronte (1820-1849) plays known for their attacks on Victorian
wrote novels romantic novels. prejudices and attitudes. Shaw began to write
• Charlotte's Jane Eyre and Emily's Wuthering drama as a protest against existing conditions
Heights, especially, are powerful and intensely slums, sex hypocrisy, censorship, and war.
personal stories of the private lives of Because his plays were not well received,
characters isolated from the rest of the world. Shaw wrote their now-famous prefaces.
4. George Eliot (1819-80) was one of H. MODERN ENGLISH LITERATURE
England's greatest women novelists. She is Early 20th-Century Prose
famous for Silas Marner and Middlemarch. 1. John Galsworthy (1867-1933) depicted the
5. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) is a naturalist social life of an upper-class English family in
writer who brought to fiction a philosophical The Forsyte Saga, a series of novels which
attitude that resulted from the new science. records the changing values of such a
• Hardy’s Wessex novels from The Return of family.).
the Native, Tess of d’Urbervilles, Mayor of 2. H.G. Wells (1866-1946) wrote science
Casterbridge to Jude the Obscure sought to fiction like The Time Machine, The Island of
show the futility and senselessness of Dr. Moreau, and The War of the Worlds. He
human’s struggle against the forces of natural also wrote social and political satires criticizing
environment, social convention, and biological the middle-class life of England. A good
heritage. example is Tono-Bungay which attacks
6. Samuel Butler (1835-1902) believed that commercial advertising.
evolution is the result of the creative will rather 3. Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) wrote
than of chance selection. His novel The Way remarkable novels as The Nigger of the
of All Flesh explores the relationships Narcissus and Lord Jim where he depicts
between parents and children where he characters beset by obsessions of cowardice,
reveals that the family restrains the free egoism, or vanity.
development of the child. 4. E.M. Forster (1879-1970) is a master of
traditional plot. His characters are ordinary
persons out of middle-class life. They are • Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young
moved by accident because they do not know Man is one of the most notable bildungs-
how to choose a course of action. He is roman in English literature. A bildungsroman
famous for A Passage to India, a novel that is a novel of formation or development in
shows the lives of Englishmen in India. which the protagonist transforms from
Early 20th-Century Poetry ignorance to knowledge, innocence to
1. A.E. Housman (1859-1936) was an anti- maturity.
Victorian who echoed the pessimism found in 4. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) also believed
Thomas Hardy. In his Shropshire Lad, nature that reality, or consciousness, is a stream.
is unkind; people struggle without hope or Life, for both reader and characters, is
purpose; boys and girls laugh, love, and are immersion in the flow of that stream. Mrs.
untrue. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse are among
2. William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), John her best works.
Millington Synge (1871-1909), and Lord 5. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963) wrote Point
Dunsany (1878-1957) worked vigorously for Counter Point, Brave New World, and After
the Irish cause. All were dramatists and all Many a Summer Dies the Swan where he
helped found the famous Abbey Theatre. showed his cynicism of the contemporary
Writers after the World Wars world.
World War I brought discontent and 6. William Golding (born 1911) was awarded
disillusionment. Men were plunged into gloom the Nobel Prize for literature in 1983. His first
at the knowledge that "progress" had not novel, Lord of the Flies tells of a group of
saved the world from war. In fiction there was schoolboys who revert to savagery when
a shift from novels of the human comedy to isolated on an island. In the novel, Golding
novels of characters. Fiction ceased to be explores naturalist and religious themes of
concerned with a plot or a forward-moving original sin.
narrative. Instead it followed the twisted, 7. George Orwell (1903-50) is world-renown,
contorted development of a single character for the powerful anti-Communist satire Animal
or a group of related characters Farm. This was followed in 1949 with an anti-
1. William Somerset Maugham (1874-1965) totalitarian novel entitled Nineteen Eighty-
focused on the alienation and despair of Four.
drifters. His Of Human Bondage portrays 8. Graham Greene (1904-91) is known for
Philip Carey struggling against self- novels of highly Catholic themes like Brighton
consciousness and embarrassment because Rock, The Heart of the Matter, The End of the
of his cub-foot. Affair and The Power and the Glory. Among
2. D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930) explored highly his better-known later novels are The Quiet
psychological themes as human desire, American, Our Man in Havana, A Burnt-Out
sexuality, and instinct alongside the Case, The Human Factor, and Monsignor
dehumanizing effects of modernity and Quixote.
industrialization in such great novels as Sons 9. Kingsley Amis is considered by many to be
and Lovers, Women in Love, The Plumed the best of the writers to emerge from the
Serpent, and Lady Chatterley’s Lover. 1950s. The social discontent he expressed
3. James Joyce (1882-1941) was an Irish made Lucky Jim famous in England. Lucky
expatriate noted for his experimental use of Jim is the story of Jim Dixon, who rises from a
the interior monologue and the stream of lower-class background only to find all the
consciousness technique in landmark novels positions at the top of the social ladder filled.
as Ulysses, Finnegans Wake, and in his semi- 10. Anthony Burgess (born 1917) was a
autobiographical novel The Portrait of the novelist whose fictional exploration of modern
Artist as a Young Man’. dilemmas combines wit, moral earnestness,
• Stream of consciousness is a technique and touches of the bizarre. He is known for A
pioneered by Dorothy Richardson, Virginia Clockwork Orange. His other novels include
Woolf and James Joyce. It presents the Enderby Outside, Earthly Powers, The End of
thoughts and feelings of a character as they the World News, and The Kingdom of the
occur. Wicked.
11. Doris Lessing (born 1919) is a history of martyrs). His best works, according
Zimbabwean-British writer, famous for novels to modern critics, are the series of short
The Grass is Singing and The Golden Preparatory Meditations.
Notebook. She won the Nobel Prize for 4. Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) a Puritan
Literature in 2007. minister best known for his frightening,
12. Salman Rushdie is a British-Indian powerful sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an
novelist and essayist noted for his Midnight's Angry God.
Children and The Satanic Verses which • Puritans refer to two distinct groups:
prompted Iran's Ayatollah Khomeini to issue a "separating" Puritans, such as the Plymouth
fatwa against him, because Muslims colonists, who believed that the Church of
considered the book blasphemous. In July England was corrupt and that true Christians
2008 Midnight's Children won a public vote to must separate themselves from it; and non-
be named the Best of the Booker, the best separating Puritans, such as those in
novel to win the Booker Prize in the award's Massachusetts Bay Colony, who believed in
40-year history. reform but not separation.
• Puritans believed in God’s ultimate
AMERICAN LITERATURE sovereignty in granting grace and salvation;
A. THE LITERATURE OF EXPLORATION therefore, their lives center on three important
1. Christopher Columbus the famous Italian covenants – covenants of Works, Grace, and
explorer, funded by the Spanish rulers Redemption.
Ferdinand and Isabella, wrote the "Epistola," C. THE AMERICAN ENLIGHTENMENT
printed in 1493 which recounts his voyages. Enlightenment thinkers and writers were
2. Captain John Smith led the Jamestown devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and
colony and wrote the famous story of the equality as the natural rights of man. Thus,
Indian maiden, Pocahontas. the18th-century American Enlightenment was
B. COLONIAL PERIOD IN NEW ENGLAND a movement marked by -
1. William Bradford (1590-1657) wrote Of ▪ an emphasis on rationality rather than
Plymouth Plantation and the first document of tradition,
colonial self-governance in the English New ▪ scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning
World, the Mayflower Compact. religious dogma, and
2. Anne Bradstreet (c. 1612-1672) wrote the ▪ Representative government in place of
first published book of poems by an American monarchy.
which was also the first American book to be 1. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was
published by a woman. America's "first great man of letters," who
• She wrote long, religious poems on embodied the Enlightenment ideal of humane
conventional subjects, but she is well loved for rationality.
her witty poems on subjects from daily life and • He used the pseudonym Poor Richard or
her warm and loving poems to her husband Richard Saunders in Poor Richard’s Almanack
and children. – a yearly almanac he released from 1732-
• She was inspired by English metaphysical 1758. The almanac was a repository of
poetry, and her book The Tenth Muse Lately Franklin’s proverbs and aphorisms.
Sprung Up in America (1650) shows the 2. Thomas Paine (1737-1809) is America’s
influence of Edmund Spenser, Philip Sidney, greatest pamphleteer.
and other English poets as well. • His pamphlet Common Sense sold over
3. Edward Taylor (c. 1644-1729) was an 100,000 copies in the first three months of its
intense, brilliant poet, teacher and minister publication.
who sailed to New England in 1668 rather • He wrote the famous line, "The cause of
than take an oath of loyalty to the Church of America is in a great measure the cause of all
England. mankind."
• He wrote a variety of verses: funeral elegies, 3. Philip Freneau (1752-1832) was the Poet of
lyrics, a medieval "debate," and a 500-page the American Revolution who incorporated the
Metrical History of Christianity (mainly a
new stirrings of European Romanticism in his
lyric The Wild Honeysuckle. Walden, or Life in the Woods, which was the
4. Washington Irving (1789-1859) published result of two years, two months, and two days
his Sketch Book (1819-1820) simultaneously (from 1845 to 1847) he spent living in a cabin
in England and America, obtaining copyrights he built at Walden Pond on property owned by
and payment in both countries. Emerson.
• The Sketch Book of Geoffrye Crayon • In Walden, Thoreau not only tests the
(Irving's pseudonym) contains his two best- theories of transcendentalism, but he also re-
remembered stories, Rip Van Winkle and The enacts the collective American experience of
Legend of Sleepy Hollow. the 19th century by living on the frontier.
5. James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) • He also wrote Civil Disobedience, with its
• Leather Stocking tales in which he theory of passive resistance based on the
introduced his renowned character Natty moral necessity for the just individual to
Bumppo, who embodies his vision of the disobey unjust laws. This was an inspiration
frontiersman as a gentleman, a Jeffersonian for Mahatma Gandhi's Indian independence
"natural aristocrat." movement and Martin Luther King's struggle
• Natty Bumppo is the first famous for black Americans' civil rights in the 20th
frontiersman in American literature and the century.
literary forerunner of countless cowboy and 3. Walt Whitman (1819-1892) incorporated
backwoods heroes. both transcendentalist and realist ideas in his
6. Phillis Wheatley (c. 1753-1784) is the first works. He championed the individual and the
African-American author who wrote of country's democratic spirit in his Leaves of
religious themes. Grass.
• To S.M., a Young African Painter, on Seeing • Leaves of Grass, which he rewrote and
His Works and On Being Brought from Africa revised throughout his life, contains Song of
to America. These poems boldly confront Myself, the strongest evocation of the
white racism and assert spiritual equality. transcend list ideals.
From Song of Myself
D. THE ROMANTIC PERIOD, 1820-1860 Walt Whitman
Transcendentalists I CELEBRATE myself, and sing myself,
• The Transcendentalist movement was a And what I assume you shall assume,
reaction against 18th century rationalism and For every atom belonging to me as good
a manifestation of the general humanitarian belongs to you.
trend of 19th century thought. 4. Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) was a radical
• The movement was based on the belief in individualist who found deep inspiration in the
the unity of the world and God. birds, animals, plants, and changing seasons
• The doctrine of self- reliance and of the New England countryside. She wrote
individualism developed through the belief in 1,775 poems but only one was published in
the identification of the individual soul with her lifetime.
God. • She shows a terrifying existential
1. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) was a awareness. Like Poe, she explores the dark
leading exponent of the transcendentalist and hidden part of the mind, dramatizing
movement who called for the birth of death and the grave.
American individualism inspired by nature.
• In his essay Self-Reliance, Emerson The Brahmin Poets
remarks: "A foolish consistency is the Boston Brahmin poets refer to the patrician,
hobgoblin of little minds." Harvard-educated literati who sought to fuse
• Most of his major ideas – the need for a new American and European traditions in their
national vision, the use of personal writings.
experience, the notion of the cosmic Over- 1. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)
Soul, and the doctrine of compensation – are was responsible for the misty, ahistorical,
suggested in his first publication, Nature. legendary sense of the past that merged
2. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) wrote American and European traditions.
• He wrote three long narrative poems
popularizing native legends in European a servant.
meters Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha, • She worked with a preacher to convert
and The Courtship of Miles Standish. prostitutes to Christianity and lived in a
• He also wrote short lyrics like The Jewish progressive communal home. She was
Cemetery at Newport, My Lost Youth, and christened "Sojourner Truth" for the mystical
The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls. voices and visions she began to experience.
2. Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894) was a To spread the truth of these visionary
physician and professor of anatomy and teachings, she sojourned alone, lecturing,
physiology at Harvard. Of the Brahmin poets, singing gospel songs, and preaching
he is the most versatile. His works include abolitionism through many states over three
collections of humorous essays (The Autocrat decades
of the Breakfast-Table), novels (Elsie Venner), 5. Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896) wrote
biographies (Ralph Waldo Emerson), and Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly
verses (The Deacon's Masterpiece, or The which became the most popular American
Wonderful One-Hoss Shay). book of the 19th Century. Its passionate
The Romantic Period, 1820-1860: Fiction appeal for an end to slavery in the United
1. Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) set his States inflamed the debate that, within a
stories in Puritan New England. His greatest decade, led to the U.S. Civil War (1861-1865).
novels, The Scarlet Letter and The House of • Uncle Tom, the slave and central character,
the Seven Gables; and his best-known shorter is a true Christian martyr who labors to
stories The Minister's Black Veil, Young convert his kind master, St. Clare, prays for
Goodman Brown, and My Kinsman, Major St. Clare's soul as he dies, and is killed
Molineux, all highlight the Calvinistic defending slave women.
obsession with morality, sexual repression, • Slavery is depicted as evil not for political or
guilt and confession, and spiritual salvation. philosophical reasons but mainly because it
2. Herman Melville (1819-1891) went to sea divides families, destroys normal parental
when he was just 19 years old. His interest in love, and is inherently un-Christian.
sailors' lives grew naturally out of his own E. REALIST WRITERS
experiences, and most of his early novels 1. Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) (1835-1910)
grew out of his voyages. • Samuel Clemens, better known by his pen
• Moby-Dick is Melville's masterpiece. It is the name of Mark Twain, grew up in the
epic story of the whaling ship Pequod and its Mississippi River frontier town of Hannibal,
"ungodly, god-like man," Captain Ahab, whose Missouri.
obsessive quest for the white whale Moby- • Ernest Hemingway's famous statement that
Dick leads the ship and its men to destruction. all of American literature comes from one
3. Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) refined the great book, Twain's Adventures of
short story genre and invented detective Huckleberry Finn, indicates this author's
fiction. Many of his stories prefigure the towering place in the tradition.
genres of science fiction, horror, and fantasy • Twain's style is vigorous, realistic, colloquial
so popular today. American speech, gave American writers a
• His famous works The Cask of Amontillado, new appreciation of their national voice.
Masque of the Red Death, The Fall of the • Huckleberry Finn has inspired countless
House of Usher, Purloined Letter, and the Pit literary interpretations. Clearly, the novel is a
and the Pendulum, all center on the story of death, rebirth, and initiation. The
mysterious and the macabre. escaped slave, Jim, becomes a father figure
• He also wrote poetry like Anabel Lee, The for Huck; in deciding to save Jim, Huck grows
Raven, and The Bell. morally beyond the bounds of his slave-
4. Sojourner Truth (c.1797-1883) epitomized owning society. It is Jim's adventures that
the endurance of the women reformers. initiate Huck into the complexities of human
• Born a slave in New York, she escaped from nature and give him moral courage.
slavery in 1827, settling with a son and 2. Bret Harte (1836-1902) is remembered as a
daughter in the supportive Dutch-American local colorist and author of adventurous
Van Wagener family, for whom she worked as stories such as The Luck of Roaring Camp
and The Outcasts of Poker Flat set along the 7. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945) explores the
western mining frontier. dangers of the American dream in his 1925
3. Henry James (1843-1916) wrote that art, work An American Tragedy, The novel relates,
especially literary art, "makes life, makes in great detail, the life of Clyde Griffiths, who
interest, makes importance." grows up in great poverty in a family of
• With Twain, James is generally ranked as wandering evangelists, but dreams of wealth
the greatest American novelist of the second and the love of beautiful women.
half of the 19th century. • An American Tragedy is a reflection of the
• James is noted for his "international theme" - dissatisfaction, envy, and despair that afflicted
- that is, the complex relationships between many poor and working people in America's
naive Americans and cosmopolitan competitive, success-driven society. As
Europeans, which he explored in the novels American industrial power soared, the
The American, Daisy Miller, and a glittering lives of the wealthy in newspapers
masterpiece, The Portrait of a Lady. and photographs sharply contrasted with the
4. Edith Wharton (1862-1937) descended drab lives of ordinary farmers and city
from a wealthy family in New York society and workers.
saw firsthand the decline of this cultivated • Muckraking novels used eye-catching
group and, in her view, the rise of boorish, journalistic techniques to depict harsh working
nouveau-riche business families. This social conditions and oppression. Populist Frank
transformation is the background of many of Norris's The Octopus exposed big railroad
her novels. companies, while socialist Upton Sinclair's
• Wharton's best novels include The House of The Jungle painted the squalor of the Chicago
Mirth, The Custom of the Country, Summer, meat-packing houses. Jack London's dystopia
The Age of Innocence, and the novella Ethan The Iron Heel anticipates George Orwell's
Frome. 1984 in predicting a class war and the
5. Stephen Crane (1871-1900) was a takeover of the government.
journalist who also wrote fiction, essays, 8. Willa Cather (1873-1947) grew up on the
poetry, and plays. Nebraska prairie among pioneering
• Crane saw life at its rawest, in slums and on immigrants - later immortalized in O Pioneers!,
battlefields. His short stories like The Open My Antonia, and her well-known story
Boat, The Blue Hotel, and The Bride Comes Neighbour Rosicky.
to Yellow Sky exemplify such realism. • During her lifetime she became increasingly
• He wrote a haunting Civil War novel, The alienated from the materialism of modern life
Red Badge of Courage which explores the and wrote of alternative visions in the
psychological turmoil of a self-confessed American Southwest and in the past.
coward. • Death Comes for the Archbishop evokes the
• Crane's Maggie: A Girl of the Streets is one idealism of two 16th-century priests
of the best naturalistic American novels. It is establishing the Catholic Church in the New
the harrowing story of a poor, sensitive young Mexican desert.
girl whose alcoholic parents utterly fail her. In 9. Carl Sandburg (1878-1967) was a poet,
love and eager to escape her violent home historian, biographer, novelist, musician,
life, she allows herself to be seduced into essayist, but a journalist by profession. To
living with a young man, who soon deserts many, Sandburg was a latter-day Walt
her. When her self-righteous mother rejects Whitman, writing expansive, evocative urban
her, Maggie becomes a prostitute to survive, and patriotic poems and simple, childlike
but soon commits suicide out of despair. rhymes and ballads.
6. Jack London (1876-1916) is a naturalist Fog
who set his collection of stories, The Son of Carl Sandburg
the Wolf in the Klondike region of Alaska and The fog comes
the Canadian Yukon. His best-sellers The Call on little cat feet.
of the Wild and The Sea-Wolf made him the
highest paid writer in the United States of his It sits looking
time. over harbor and city
on silent haunches essays and dramas, and championed the
and then moves on. importance of literary and social traditions for
10. Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935) is the modern poet. As a critic, Eliot is best
the best U.S. poet of the late 19th century. remembered for his formulation of the
Unlike Masters, Robinson uses traditional "objective correlative," as a means of
metrics. expressing emotion through "a set of objects,
• Some of the best known of Robinson's a situation, a chain of events" that would be
dramatic monologues are Luke Havergal, the "formula" of that particular emotion.
about a forsaken lover; Miniver Cheevy, a • The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
portrait of a romantic dreamer; and Richard embodies this approach, when the ineffectual,
Cory, a somber portrait of a wealthy man who elderly Prufrock thinks to himself that he has
commits suicide. "measured out his life in coffee spoons," using
coffee spoons to reflect a humdrum existence
F. MODERNISM AND EXPERIMENTATION and a wasted lifetime.
1. Gertrude Stein termed this age as the 4. Robert Frost (1874-1963) combines sound
"Period of the Lost Generation." Many young and sense in his frequent use of rhyme and
Americans lost their sense of identity because images. Frost's poems are often deceptively
of the instability of traditional structure of simple but suggest a deeper meaning.
values brought about by the wars and the 5. Wallace Stevens (1879-1955) lived a
growing industrialization of cities. double life, one as an insurance business
2. The world depression of the 1930s affected executive, another as a renowned poet.
most of the population of the United States. • Some of his best known poems are "Sunday
Workers lost their jobs, and factories shut Morning," "Peter Quince at the Clavier," "The
down; businesses and banks failed; farmers, Emperor of Ice-Cream," "Thirteen Ways of
unable to harvest, transport, or sell their Looking at a Blackbird," and "The Idea of
crops, could not pay their debts and lost their Order at Key West."
farms. • Stevens's poetry dwells upon themes of the
3. Freudian psychology and to a lesser extent imagination, the necessity for aesthetic form,
Marxism (like the earlier Darwinian theory of and the belief that the order of art corresponds
evolution) became popular. with an order in nature. His vocabulary is rich
4. Henry James, William Faulkner, and many and various: He paints lush tropical scenes
other American writers experimented with but also manages dry, humorous, and ironic
fictional points of view. James often restricted vignettes.
the information in the novel to what a single 6. William Carlos Williams (1883-1963)
character would have known. Faulkner's novel championed the use of colloquial speech
The Sound and the Fury (1929) breaks up the • His sympathy for ordinary working people,
narrative into four sections, each giving the children, and every day events in modern
viewpoint of a different character (including a urban settings make his poetry attractive and
mentally retarded boy). accessible. The Red Wheelbarrow, like a
5. To analyze such modernist novels and Dutch still life, finds interest and beauty in
poetry, New Criticism arose in the United everyday objects.
States. The Red Wheelbarrow
MODERNIST POETS William Carlos Williams
1. Ezra Pound (1885-1972) was one of the so much depends
most influential American poets of this upon
century. His poetry is best known for its clear,
visual images, fresh rhythms, and muscular, a red wheel
intelligent, unusual lines, such as the ones barrow
inspired by Japanese haiku - "In a Station of glazed with rain
the Metro" (1916): water
The apparition of these faces in the crowd; beside the white
Petals on a wet, black bough. chickens.
3. T.S. Eliot (1888-1965) wrote influential • He termed his work "objectivist" to suggest
the importance of concrete, visual objects. His children, and illiterates), and a rich and
work influenced the "Beat" writing of the early demanding baroque style built of extremely
1950s. long sentences full of complicated subordinate
• Beat Generation refers to a group of parts.
American writers who became popular in the • Created an imaginative landscape,
1950s and who popularized the “Beatniks" Yoknapatawpha County, mentioned in
culture. The “Beatniks” rejected mainstream numerous novels, along with several families
American values, experimented with drugs with interconnections extending back for
and alternate forms of sexuality, and focused generations.
on Eastern spirituality. • His best works include The Sound and the
• The major works of Beat writing are Allen Fury and As I Lay Dying, two modernist works
Ginsberg's Howl, William S. Burroughs's experimenting with viewpoint and voice to
Naked Lunch and Jack Kerouac's On the probe southern families under the stress of
Road. losing a family member;
6. Edward Estlin Cummings (1894-1962), • Faulkner's themes are southern tradition,
commonly known as e.e. cummings, wrote family, community, the land, history and the
innovative verse distinguished for its humor, past, race, and the passions of ambition and
grace, celebration of love and eroticism, and love.
experimentation with punctuation and visual 4. Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) is the first
format on the page. American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature
8. Langston Hughes (1902-1967) embraced in 1930.
African- American jazz rhythms in his works. • Lewis's Main Street satirized the
He was one of the leaders of the Harlem monotonous, hypocritical small-town life in
Renaissance responsible for the flowering of Gopher Prairie, Minnesota. His incisive
African-American culture and writings. presentation of American life and his criticism
MODERNIST WRITERS of American materialism, narrowness, and
1. F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) is known for hypocrisy brought him national and
novels whose protagonists are disillusioned by international recognition.
the great American dream. • In 1926, he was offered and declined a
• The Great Gatsby focuses on the story of Pulitzer Prize for Arrowsmith, a novel tracing a
Jay Gatsby who discovers the devastating doctor's efforts to maintain his medical ethics
cost of success in terms of personal fulfillment amid greed and corruption.
and love. 5. John Steinbeck (1902-1968) received the
• Tender Is the Night talks of a young Nobel Prize for Literature in 1963 for his
psychiatrist whose life is doomed by his realist novel The Grapes of Wrath, the story of
marriage to an unstable woman. a poor Oklahoma family that loses its farm
• The Beautiful and the Damned explores the during the Depression and travels to California
self-destructive extravagance of his times to seek work.
2. Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) received 6. Sylvia Plath (1932-1963) was an American
the Nobel Prize in 1954 for his The Old Man poet, novelist, short story and children’s
and the Sea – a short poetic novel about a author. She became famous for her semi-
poor, old fisherman who heroically catches a autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, which
huge fish devoured by sharks. This also won pictures a woman trapped between the
for him the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 dictates of marriage, mother, and wifehood
• Hemingway wrote of war, death, and the and the demands of a creative spirit that.
"lost generation" of cynical survivors. His • Confessional poetry was popularized by
characters are not dreamers but tough Robert Lowell, Richard Snodgrass, Anne
bullfighters, soldiers, and athletes. If Sexton, and Sylvia Plath. It is a kind of poetry
intellectual, they are deeply scarred and which reveals the poet’s personal life in
disillusioned. poems about illnesses, sexuality, and
3. William Faulkner (1897-1962) experimented despondence.
with narrative chronology, different points of 7. Richard Wright (1908-1960) was the first
view and voices (including those of outcasts, African-American novelist to reach a general
audience, despite his little education. He • Miller also wrote All My Sons and The
depicted his harsh childhood as a colored Crucible – both political satires.
American in one of his best books, his 12. Tennessee Williams (1911-1983) focused
autobiography, Black Boy. He later said that on disturbed emotions and unresolved
his sense of deprivation, due to racism, was sexuality within families - most of them
so great that only reading kept him alive. southern.
8. Zora Neale Hurston (1903-1960) is known • As one of the first American writers to live
as one of the lights of the Harlem openly as a homosexual, Williams explained
Renaissance. She first came to New York City that the sexuality of his tormented characters
at the age of 16 - having arrived as part of a expressed their loneliness. He was known for
traveling theatrical troupe. incantatory repetitions, a poetic southern
• Her most important work, Their Eyes Were diction, weird Gothic settings, and Freudian
Watching God, is a moving, fresh depiction of exploration of sexual desire. He became
a beautiful mulatto woman's maturation and famous for his The Glass Menagerie and A
renewed happiness as she moves through Streetcar Named Desire.
three marriages. THE 1950s
9. Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953) is the first • The 1950s saw the delayed impact of
American playwright to be honored with the modernization and technology in everyday life
Nobel Prize for Literature in 1936. left over from the 1920s - before the Great
• O'Neill's earliest dramas concern the Depression.
working class and poor, but his later works • World War II brought the United States out
explore subjective realms, such as of the Depression, and the 1950s provided
obsessions, sex and other Freudian themes. most Americans with time to enjoy long-
• His play Desire Under the Elms recreates awaited material prosperity.
the passions hidden within one family; The • Loneliness at the top was a dominant theme.
Great God Brown uncovers the The 1950s actually was a decade of subtle
unconsciousness of a wealthy businessman; and pervasive stress. Novels by John O'Hara,
and his Strange Interlude, a winner of the John Cheever, and John Updike explore the
Pulitzer Prize, traces the tangled loves of one stress lurking in the shadows of seeming
woman. satisfaction.
• O'Neill continued to explore the Freudian • Some of the best works portray men who fail
pressures of love and dominance within in the struggle to succeed, as in Arthur Miller's
families in a trilogy of plays collectively entitled Death of a Salesman and Saul Bellow's
Mourning Becomes Electra, based on the novella Seize the Day.
classical Oedipus trilogy by Sophocles. • Some writers went further by following those
10. Thornton Wilder (1897-1975) is known for who dropped out, as did J.D. Salinger in The
his plays Our Town and The Skin of Our Catcher in the Rye, Ralph Ellison in Invisible
Teeth, and for his novel The Bridge of San Man, and Jack Kerouac in On the Road.
Luis Rey. • Philip Roth published a series of short
• Our Town has all the elements of stories reflecting his own alienation from his
sentimentality and nostalgia – the archetypal Jewish heritage – Goodbye, Columbus.
traditional small country town, the kindly • The fiction of American Jewish writers
parents and mischievous children, the young Bellow, Bernard Malamud, and Isaac
lovers. Bashevis Singer – are most noted for their
• It shows Wilder’s innovative elements such humor, ethical concern, and portraits of
as ghosts, voices from the audience, and Jewish communities in the Old and New
daring time shifts. Worlds.
11. Arthur Miller (1915- ) is New York-born
dramatist-novelist-essayist-biographer. 1. Ralph Waldo Ellison (1914-1994) is known
• He reached his personal pinnacle in 1949 for his one highly-acclaimed book the Invisible
with Death of a Salesman, a study of man's Man (1952) which is a story of a black man
search for merit and worth in his life and the who lives a subterranean existence in a hole
realization that failure invariably looms. brightly illuminated by electricity stolen from a
utility company. The book recounts his William Burroughs and poet Allen Ginsberg.
grotesque, disenchanting experiences. 8. John Barth (1930- ) is more interested in
2. Katherine Anne Porter (1890-1980) created how a story is told than in the story itself.
fiction organized around a single narrator Barth entices his audience into a carnival fun-
telling the story from a consistent point of house full of distorting mirrors that exaggerate
view. Her first success, the story Flowering some features while minimizing others. Many
Judas, was set in Mexico during the of his earlier works were in fact existential.
revolution. • In Lost in the Funhouse, he collects14
3. Eudora Welty (1909-2001) modeled after stories that constantly refer to the processes
Katherine Ann Porter, but she is more of writing and reading. Barth's intent is to alert
interested in the comic and grotesque the reader to the artificial nature of reading
characters like the stubborn daughter in her and writing, and to prevent him or her from
short story Why I Work at the P.O., who being drawn into the story as if it were real.
moves out of her house to live in a tiny post 9. Norman Mailer (1923-2007) was a novelist,
office. essayist, poet, playwright, screenwriter, and
5. Saul Bellow (1915-2005) received the film director. He is considered as an innovator
Nobel Prize for Literature in 1976. of narrative nonfiction called New Journalism
• Bellow's Seize the Day is a brilliant novella in Miami and the Siege of Chicago. He is also
noted for its brevity. It centers on a failed famous for The Executioner's Song, Ancient
businessman, Tommy Wilhelm, who tries to Evenings, and Harlot's Ghost.
hide his feelings of inadequacy by presenting 10. Toni Morrison (1931- ) won the Nobel
a good front. Seize the Day sums up the fear Prize for Literature in 1993 for her skillful
of failure that plagues many Americans. rendition of complex identities of black people
6. J.D. Salinger (1919- ) achieved huge in a universal manner. Some of her novels
literary success with the publication of his include: The Bluest Eye, Sula, Song of
novel The Catcher in the Rye (1951). Solomon, Tar Baby, and Beloved.
• The novel centers on a sensitive 16-year- 11. Alice Walker (1944- ) is an African-
old, Holden Caulfield, who flees his elite American who uses lyrical realism in her
boarding school for the outside world of epistolary dialect novel The Color Purple
adulthood, only to become disillusioned by its where she exposes social problems and racial
materialism and phoniness. When asked what issues.
he would like to be, Caulfield answers "the 12. Maya Angelou wrote I Know Why the
catcher in the rye," In his vision, he is a Caged Bird Sings (1970) which celebrates
modern version of a white knight, the sole mother-daughter connection.
preserver of innocence.
• His other works include Nine Stories, Franny
and Zooey, and Raise High the Roof-Beam,
Carpenters, a collection of stories from The
New Yorker.
7. Jack Kerouac (1922-1969) was the son of
an impoverished French-Canadian family;
Jack Kerouac questioned the values of
middle-class life.
• Kerouac's best-known novel, On the Road,
describes "beatniks" wandering through
America seeking an idealistic dream of
communal life and beauty.
• The Dharma Bums focuses on
counterculture intellectuals and their
infatuation with Zen Buddhism.
• Kerouac also penned a book of poetry,
Mexico City Blues, and volumes about his life
with such beatniks as experimental novelist