Vikas DCS-II Course File NAAC

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY
COURSE FILE
Department of Civil Engineering
Sixth Semester
SUBJECT CODE : CET-351
SUBJECT NAME : DCS-II
SUBJECT TEACHER : Er. Vikas Khandelwal
1|Page
Sr. Item Annexure/Page
No. no.
1 Academic calendar 3
2 Syllabus of the Subject 4-5
3 Time table of the Sections 6
4 Time table of the concerned teachers 7
5 Scheme of Evaluation and attendance rules 8
6 Lecture planning and implementation sheet (Format already 9-14
sent)
7 Case study planning and execution sheet NA
8 Quiz (References to Teaching-Learning resources/ question 184-198
bank/websites/other study materials to be recorded) and
feedback of students/faculty.
9 Assignment Schedule 14-15
10 Surprise tests (Sample Paper) (Record to be maintained) 19
11 MST-1 and MST-2 (Samples) 20-21
12 Previous Semester Question or specimen papers 22-23
13 1. Lecture details (hand-notes, models, animations, videos 24-73
UNIT- planned to be used in class). 74-78
1 2.Tutorial sheets(based on lectures of the previous weeks) 79-83
3. Assignments (1) 84-85
4. Question paper of MST-1 along with marking scheme
14 1. Lecture detail 86-124
UNIT- 2. Tutorial sheets(based on lectures of the 125-128
2 previous weeks)
5. Question paper of MST-2 along with marking scheme 134-135
15 1. Lecture detail 136-153

UNIT- 2. Tutorial sheets(based on lectures of the 154-155
3 previous weeks)
16 Sample Question Bank (for students orientation) 159-181

17 Topics on advances in the subject (3-4 lectures in Sem). 199-201
18 PPTs to be uploaded 202
19 Analysis and feedback of the contents by Faculty 203
20 Students Result Analysis after MST-1/MST-2/End Semester 204
Examination
21 Identification of slow learners and fast learners after MST-1 205
22 Remedial actions to be recorded 206-208
23 Review of slow learners and fast learners progress after MST- 209
2
24 Review of slow learners and fast learners progress after end 210-213
semester exams.
25 Best Practices adopted by the faculty 214
2|Page
Academic Calendar Academic Year 2018-19
EVEN Semester
Date Working
S.No. Event Displayed
From To days
1 Faculty 02-Jan-19
Start of Semester
Students 07-Jan-19
2 First Fortnight 07-Jan-19 17-Jan-19 9 17-Jan-19
3 Second Fortnight 18-Jan-19 28-Jan-19 7 28-Jan-19
Third Fortnight 29-Jan-19 07-Feb-19 8 07-Feb-19
4 Annual Sports Meet 01-Feb-19 02-Feb-19 2
5 Assignments Unit-I 17-Jan-19 15-Feb-19
6 First Hourly Test 08-Feb-19 11-Feb-19 3
8 Fourth Fortnight 12-Feb-19 22-Feb-19 9 22-Feb-19
9 CU Fest 2017 15-Feb-19 16-Feb-19
10 Fifth Fortnight 18-Feb-19 07-Mar-19 12 07-Mar-19
11 Assignments Unit-II 20-Feb-19 18-Mar-19
12 Second hourly Test 08-Mar-19 11-Mar-19 3
14 Sixth Fortnight 12-Mar-19 21-Mar-19 8 21-Mar-19
Seventh Fortnight 22-Mar-19 01-Apr-19 7 01-Apr-19
15 Assignments Unit-III 20-Mar-19 05-Apr-19
16 Tech Invent 22-Mar-19 23-Mar-19 2
17 Innovation Day 03-Apr-19
19 Eighth Fortnight 02-Apr-19 12-Apr-19 9 12-Apr-19
20 Student's and Parent's Day 06-Apr-19 Student--Teacher Interaction
21 End of Semester 12-Apr-19

22 Online Quiz 15-Apr-19 16-Apr-19 2
23 Practical Examinations 17-Apr-19 20-Apr-19 4
24 Theory Examinations 23-Apr-19 14-May-19 21
25 Work Train/Sum Course 15-May-19 20-Jun-19 4/6 Weeks
26 Declaration of result 02-Jul-19
27 Summer Vacations 24-Jun-19 12-Jul-19 21
28 Start of ODD Semester 15-Jul-19
3|Page
SYLLABUS OF THE SUBJECT
4|Page
5|Page
TIME TABLE OF SECTION
CE-1
6|Page
TIME TABLE FOR TEACHER
7|Page
Scheme of Evaluation
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES-II L T P C
Total Contact Hours: 30

2 2 0 3
CET-351 Applicable to CE
Prerequisite : Knowledge of basic concrete and IS 456:2000
Marks
Internal 40 External 60
8|Page
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Civil Engineering
Semester: 6th
Course Course Title Course Coordinator Lectu Tuto Prac Cr

Code res rials
DESIGN OF VIkas Khandelwal
CET-351 CONCRETE 2.0 2.0 0.0 3.0
STRUCTURE-II E-code: - E3177
Text Books
Sr No Title Author Edition Year Publisher
T-1 Advance Reinforced Concrete S.S. Bhavikatti 2 nd 2005 Name
Newage
Design, vol-I&II international
T-2 Limit State Design of P. C. Varghese 2nd 2008 Prentice Hall
publication
Reinforced Concrete India Learning
Private Limited
T-3 B.C Punima 5th 2013 Laxmi

Reinforced Concrete structures publication
Reference Books
Sr No Title Author Edition Year
Sr No Title Author Edition Year
R-1 Reinforced Concrete S U Pillai and D 3rd 2003

Design Menon
R-2 Plain and Reinforced O P Jain and J. 8th 2015

concrete, Vol. 2 Krishna
R-3 IS 456: 2000, ― Indian IS 456: 2000 IS 456: 2000
Standard Plain and 2000
Reinforced Concrete
R-4 IS 3370: 2009, ― Indian IS 3370: 2009 IS 3370: 2009

Standard Concrete 2009
Structures for Storage
of Liquids –Code of
Practice‖ Part 1 & 2.
9|Page
Schedule No. of Weeks No. of Scheduled No. of Scheduled
Lectures: Tutorials
Weeks before 1st MST 5 10 10
Weeks before 2nd MST 5 10 10
Weeks after2nd MST 5 10 10
Total 15 30 30
Detailed Plan for Lectures

Chapters/Sections of Text/reference books
Audio Visual Aids, software and Virtual
Pedagogical Tool Demonstration/ Case

Study / Images / animation / ppt etc.
Other Readings, Relevant Websites,
Broad Topic(Sub Topic)
Lecture Description
Learning Outcomes
Planned
Lecture
Week
Labs
No.
No.
FOUNDATION: T-1, 9.1, https://np Basic Students will

Introduction Ch-9, tel.ac.in/c knowledge know the
to necessity of
pp-180 ourses/10
Week Lecture foundations footings
5105104/p
1 1 df/m11l29 PPT
.pdf
FOUNDATION: T-1, 9.2- https://n Various Students will

loads acting 9.4, combination of understand
ptel.ac.i
on Ch-9, loads the concept
Lecture foundation, n/course of loading
pp-181- -
2 depth ,cover s/10510 and the
Week reinforceme
183 initial step
5104/pd
1 nts for design of
f/m11l2 footing
9.pdf
10 | P a g e
FOUNDATION: T-1, 9.8, Lecture Various types Students
Design of Ch-9, notes of footings: will
isolated pp--183 square,
Week Lecture footings https://np circular, Get to know
PPT
2 3 tel.ac.in/c sloped, having the design of
ourses/10 uniform ISOLATED
5105104/p thickness FOOTING
df/m11l29
FOUNDATION: T-1, vol- .pdf
https://np Introduction Students
Design of 2, 9.1 tel.ac.in/c and Various will
combined Ch-9, ourses/10 types of understand Lecture
Week Lecture footings pp-149 5105104/p combined the notes
2 4 df/m11l29 footings difference
.pdf between PPT
various
types of
footings
FOUNDATION: T-1, vol- https://np Detailed design Students
Detailed 2, 9.4 tel.ac.in/c will be able
designing of Ch-9, ourses/10 to learn
Week Lecture trapezoidal sloped Notes in
pp-159 5105104/p
3 5 ,beam and df/m11l29 footing Course File
slab
.pdf

Detailed 2, 9.6 & tel.ac.in/c will
designing of 9.7 ourses/10 understand
strip, strap Ch-9 5105104/p various
Week Lecture footing reinforceme
pp-166- df/m11l29 PPT
3 6 .pdf nts for
167 various
types of
footings

Detailed 2, 9.8 tel.ac.in/c will
Week Lecture designing of Ch-9 ourses/10 understand Notes in
mat or raft 5105104/p various
4 7 pp-178 Course File
footing df/m11l29 reinforceme
.pdf nts for
various
RETAINING T-1, vol- https://np Introduction to types
Students of
WALL:Introd tel.ac.in/c retaining walls footings
will get to
2, 10.1 Lecture
uctionto ourses/10 problems
know where
Ch-10
these are notes in
Week Lecture retaining pp-180 5105104/p
walls df/m11l29 supposed to file
4 8 be provided
.pdf
PPT
11 | P a g e
RETAINING T-1, vol- https://np Benefits of Students Lecture
WALL:Desig 2, 10.6 tel.ac.in/c providing will know
notes in
n of Ch-10 ourses/10 retaining walls where
cantilever 5101083/d cantilever file
pp-185-
retaining ownload/l walls are to
191 be provided PPT
wall ec26.pdf
Week Lecture
RETAINING T-1, vol- https://np Detailed design Students
5 9 Lecture
WALL:Desig 2, 10.6 tel.ac.in/c will know
n of Ch-10 ourses/10 the notes in
cantilever pp-185- 5101083/d functions of file
retaining ownload/l its essential
191 parts of
wall ec26.pdf PPT
such
retaining
RETAINING T-1, vol- https://np Schematic Students
walls
WALL:Desig 2, 10.7 tel.ac.in/c diagram of will study
Week Lecture
n of Ch-10 ourses/10 counterfort the PPT
5 10 counterfort pp-192- 5101083/d retaining wall behaviour of
retaining ownload/l counterfort
203 retaining
wall ec26.pdf
DESIGN OF T-3, vol- https://ww Definition of walls and
Students will Lecture
CURVED 2, 1.1 w.structvill curved the
understand
Week Lecture BEAMS IN beam,(Differen the concept
difference notes in
Ch-1 e.com/201
PLAN:(Intro ces between of Curved file
6 11 duction to pp-1-29 7/08/analy
Straight Beams
between the
sis-and- twoBeam
curved & Curved
beam) design-of- Beams) PPT
curved- applications
DESIGN T-3, vol- https://ww Design Students will Lecture
circular.ht curved beam) White
OF 2, 1.1- w.structvill Procedure of know about
CURVED ml curved beams the Ends notes in
Board/Video
1.9 e.com/201
Week Lecture BEAMS IN 7/08/analy
fixed at both Conditions of file
PLAN:( Ch-1 ends and Supports
6 12 Ends support pp-1-29 sis-and- Special Case :
conditions of design-of- semicircular
curved curved- beam fixed at
beam) circular.ht the ends
ml
https://ww Analysis of Students will
DESIGN T-3, vol- Lecture
OF 2, 1.1- w.structvill curved beam Analysis of
CURVED and solve the Curved notes in
Week Lecture 1.9 e.com/201
BEAMS IN numerical Beams file
Ch-1 7/08/analy
7 13 PLAN:
sis-and-
problems
(Procedure pp-1-29
of curved design-of-
beam) curved-
Numerical circular.ht
DESIGN T-3, vol- https://ww
ml Design Students will Lecture
OF RING 2, 1.1- w.structvill Procedure of understand
Week Lecture BEAM Ring Beam and the Concepts notes in
1.9 e.com/201
7 14 (Procedure analysis of Ring of Ring file
Ch-1 7/08/analy
about ring Beams Beam
sis-and-
beam) pp-1-29 (numerical
design-of- solve )
DESIGN T-3, vol- curved-
file:///C:/U Definition of Students will Lecture
OF 2, 2.1- circular.ht
sers/pc%2 domes, Types understand
DOMES(Int the concept notes in
Week Lecture 2.6 ml
01/Downlo of domes,
roduction&
ads/Reinfo Nature of
of file
8 15 Analysis of Ch-2 performance
rced%20C Stresses due to
Spherical pp-57 parameter of
PPT
domes about ement%20 wind load Domes
domes ) Concrete- Nature of Students will
2438%20( Stresses in be able to
1).pdf Spherical and Analysis of
Spherical
12 | P a g e solve
Domes
Numerical.
DESIGN T-3, vol- file:///C:/U Numerical Students will White Board
OF 2, 2.6 sers/pc%2 Solve for R.C.C be able to
Week Lecture DOMES(An Domes Design the
Ch-2 01/Downlo
8 16 alysis of Conical
pp-72 ads/Reinfo
Conical Domes
domes ) rced%20C
ement%20
WATER T-3, vol- Concrete-
http://ethes General Design Students will Video or
TANKS:(Int 2, 3.1 2438%20(
is.nitrkl.ac. Requirements understand Animation
roduction to 1).pdf
in/108/1/1 of Water Tanks the concept
water Tanks( Ch-3 ,Joints of Water Lecture notes
pp-77 0401010.p of Water
Design of Tank, Method in course file
Week Lecture Rectangular df About Water Tank and
water tank ) Tank Design Use the IS
9 17 Codes (3370
Procedure of
Rectangular Part-II)
Section and
Solve the Students will
Numerical study the
Problems General
WATER T-3, vol- http://ethes Design Requirement
Students will Lecture notes
Week Lecture TANKS:( 2, 3.4 is.nitrkl.ac. Procedure of s of Water
study the in course file
Design of in/108/1/1 Cylindrical Tanks
General
9 18 cylindrical Ch-3 Section. And Requirement
pp-85 0401010.p
water tank) Solve s of Water
df Numerical Tanks and
WATER T-3, vol- http://ethes Design Students will Lecture notes
Week Lecture TANKS :( is.nitrkl.ac.
Problems
Procedure of
Apply the
be able to in course file
2, 3.9 Design
10 19 Design of
Ch-3 in/108/1/1 Under Ground General
Conditions to
Intz type Water Tank Requirement
pp-166 0401010.p solve the
tank water Section. And s Under
df
http://ethes Design cylindrical
Students
Week Lecture
WATER
water tank) T-3, vol- Solve Ground will Lecture notes
TANKS:( Procedure waterabletank
2, 3.9 is.nitrkl.ac. Numerical of be
Water to
Tank in course file
10 20 Design of
Ch-3 in/108/1/1 Tntz types
Problems General
and solve
Intz type Water Tank Requirement
numerical
pp-180 0401010.p
tank water Section. And sproblems
Intz types
tank)FLAT T-1, vol- df
https://civi Introduction of
Solve Student
and solvewill PPT
Week Lecture SLAB:Introd ltoday.com be able to
2, 1.1 Numerical
flat slab and numerical
11 21 uction of flat Ch-1 /structural- Problems
Advantages of know what is
problems Lecture notes
slab and engineerin flat slabs the in course file
Advantages
pp-1 Advantages
FLAT T-1, vol- g/54-flat-
https://civil Proportioning Lecture notes
of flat slabs slab- ofStudent
flat slabs
Week Lecture SLAB:Propor 2, 1.2 today.com/ of flat slabs will be able in course file
tioning of design-
structural- (drops, column to know
11 22 Ch-1
flat slabs and-
engineerin head, thickness types of
(drops,
pp-3
detailing-
g/54-flat- of flat slab) flat slab
column pdf
slab-
FLAT
head, T-1, vol- https://civil The direct Student will Lecture notes
Week Lecture SLAB:Theof design-
today.com/ design method be able to in course file
thickness 2, 1.4 and-
12 23 direct design
flat slab) Ch-1 structural- for flat slab know design
method detailing-
engineerin of
pp-4 pdf
FLAT T-1, vol- g/54-flat-
https://civil design steps of Student will PPT
Week Lecture slab-
today.com/ flatable
be slabs
to
SLAB:design 2, 1.5
12 24 offlat slabs Ch-1 design-
structural- flat slabs know design Lecture notes
and-
engineerin of in course file
pp-7
STAIR detailing-
g/54-flat-
https://npte Introduction of PPT
Week T-1, vol- Student will
Lecture CASE:Introdu 1, 10.1 pdf
slab-
l.ac.in/cou stair case, flatable
be slabs
to
13 design-
rses/10510 Types of stair know Lecture notes
25 ction of stair Ch-10
case, Types and-
5104/pdf/ case Types of in course file
pp-221
of stair case detailing-
m9l20.pdf stair case
pdf
13 | P a g e
STAIR T-1, vol- http://ntpel Design of Student PPT
CASE:Design 1, 10.2 .courses/10 Tread-riser type will be able
Week Lecture 5105104/p Lecture notes
of Tread- Ch-10 stairs to know
13 26 df/m9l20 Design of in course file
riser type pp-221
stairs Tread-riser
type stairs
STAIR T-1, vol- https://npte Design of dog Student will Lecture notes
Week Lecture CASE:Design l.ac.in/cour leg type stairs be able to in course file
1, 10.2
14 27 of dog leg
Ch-10 ses/105105 case know
type stairs 104/pdf/m Design of
case
pp-224 dog leg type
STAIR T-1, vol- 9l20.pdf
https://npte Design of dog Student Lecture notes
stairs case
Week Lecture CASE:Design 1, 10.3 l.ac.in/cour leg type stairs will be able in course file
of dog leg Ch-10 ses/105105 case to know
14 28
type stairs pp-238 104/pdf/m Design of
case 9l20.pdf dog leg
type stairs
MASONARY Lecturehttps://engi Introduction of Student will Lecture notes
Week Lecture notes in
neering.pu masonry
case
be able to in course file
COLUMN
15 29 :Introduction course file
rdue.edu/~ columns know what
of masonry ramirez/C is masonry
E479/FAL columns
Design and
columns Lecture https://ww Detailed Student Lecture notes
Week Lecture notes in L2004/DE
w.iabse.or discussion on in course file
discussion of will be able
15 30 SIGNOFR advancement in
course file g/Images/P
Burj Khalifa. to know
EINFORC
ublications DCS Design of
EDMASO
_PDF/SEI/ masonry
NRYCOL
SEI.Burj% columns
UMNS.pdf
20Dubai.p
SCHEDULE OF df ASSIGNMENT
Content of
Assignment
Last date of
Assignment No. Date of Allotment (Assignment to be
Submission
allotted group-
wise)
G1: isolated
footings
G2:combined
footings
01
G3:strap and raft
Covering Unit-1 17 Jan 2019
th
15 Feb, 2019
th footings
G4: Strip Footing
G5: Combined
G:6 Retaining wall
G7: Counter fort
02 G1:curved beams
Covering Unit-2 20th Feb, 2019 19th March, 2019 G2: curved beam
G3:ring beam
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G4:water tanks
G5:domes
G6: Domes
G1:flat slabs
03 G2:staircases
Covering Unit-3 20th March, 2019 5th April 2019 G3:masonry
G4:columns
G5: flat slab
15 | P a g e
UNIT-I
Plan for Tutorial: (Please do not use these time slots for syllabus coverage)
Tutorial No. Lecture Topic Type of pedagogical tool(s) planned

(case analysis, problem solving test,
role play, business game etc)
Tutorial 1 Basics of foundations Theoretical

Tutorial 2 Numerical on isolated footings Problem solving
Tutorial 3 Isolated footings subjected to shear and Problem solving
punching
Tutorial 4 Isolated footings with slope Problem solving
Tutorial 5 Discussion on combined footings and Theoretical /Problem solving
problem solving on rectangular footings
Tutorial 6 Numerical on square footings Problem solving
Tutorial 7 Introductions and Numerical on combined Problem solving

footings
Tutorial8 Numerical on trapezoidal footings Problem solving
Tutorial 9 Locations where trapezoidal footings are to Theoretical/Problem solving

be provided
Tutorial 10 Numerical on Beam and slab footings Problem solving
Tutorial 11 Numerical on Strap footings Problem solving
16 | P a g e
UNIT-II
Plan for Tutorial: (Please do not use these time slots for syllabus
Tutorial No. Lecture Topic coverage)
Type of pedagogical tool(s) planned
(case analysis, problem solving test, role

Tutorial 1 Basics of curved beams play, business game etc)
Theoretical
Tutorial 2 Numerical on curved beams Problem solving
Tutorial 3 Numerical on ring beams Problem solving
Tutorial 4 Spherical domes Problem solving

Tutorial 5 Discussion on spherical Theoretical /Problem solving
Tutorial 6 domes
Numerical on conical Problem solving
domes
Tutorial 7 Numerical on conical domes Problem solving
Tutorial8 Numerical on rectangular Problem solving

water tanks
Tutorial 9 Underground water tanks Theoretical/Problem solving
Tutorial 10 Numerical on water tanks Problem solving
Tutorial 11 Numerical on Cylindrical Problem solving

water tanks
UNIT-III
Plan for Tutorial: (Please do not use these time slots for syllabus coverage)
Tutorial Lecture Topic Type of pedagogical tool(s) planned
No.
(case analysis, problem solving
Tutorial 1 Basics of flat slabs Theoretical game etc)
test,roleplay,business
Tutorial 2 Numerical on flat slabs Problem solving
Tutorial 5 Direct Design Method Theoretical /Problem solving

Tutorial 6 Numerical on Direct Problem solving
Design Method
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Tutorial 7 Introductions Problem solving
andNumericals on
Tutorial8 Numerical
masonryon masonry
columns Problem solving
columns
Tutorial 9 Numerical on flat slabs Theoretical/Problem solving
18 | P a g e
SURPRISE TEST
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES II
COURSE CODE: CET-351
1. What are the main requirements of a foundation system for a structure?
2. From structural analyses, it is found that the following stress resultants develop
at a column base under the action of characteristic loads:
(i) P = 475 kN, M = 35 kNm under dead loads;
(ii) P = 380 kN, M = 39 kNm under live loads;
(iii) H = ± 30 kN, P = ±12 kN, M = ± 41 kNm under wind loads.
3.Determine the combined loads to be considered in deciding the area of thefooting

2
to be located in a soil with an allowable soil pressure of 200 kN/m at a depth
of 1.5 m below ground level.
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SUMMER TERM
DCS-II CET-351
MID SEMESTER TEST -I

Time Allowed 1 hour Maximum Marks 36
NOTE – Attempt all questions of Section A and attempt any two from section B
Section –A (2*3=6)
Q. I.
a. Differentiate one way and two way shear.

b. Differentiate cantilever and counter fort retaining wall?
c. Pen down dome and types of dome based on structural use.
(3X6 =18)
Section – B (2*15 =30)
Q. No. 2 Design an isolated footing for a square column, 500 mm x 500 mm

carrying service loads of 1000 kN. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. The safe
bearing capacity of soil is 180 kN/m2. Use M 20 and Fe 415.
Q. No. 3
Design a circular footing for a circular column of diameter 500 mm carrying a

working load of 900 kN. SBC of soil is 200 kN/m2. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415
steel.
Q.no: 4 Describe the various stability checks for designing retaining walls.
Explain step by step design procedure for designing shear key for the wall.
20 | P a g e
SUMMER TERM
DCS-II CET-351
MID SEMESTER TEST -II

I. Q. I.
i. What do you understand by combine footing and
conditions for which combine footing is necessary to
provide.
ii. If the cross sectional area of the curved beam is 200 mm
X 1000mm. find out minimum percentage of steel used.
iii. What are the formulas for shear force and bending
moment for curved beam?
(3X6 =18)
Section – B (2*15 =30)
Q. No. 2 Design a combined footing for two columns C1, 400 mm x 400 mm
with 8 bars of 16 mm diameter carrying a service load of 800 kN and C2, 300
mm x 500 mm with 8 bars of 20 mm diameter carrying a service load of 1200
kN. The column C1 is flushed with the property line. The columns are at 3.0 m
c/c distance. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m2 at a depth of 1.5 m
below the ground level. Use M 20 and Fe 415 for columns and footing.12
Q. No. 3
a) .Write down step by step procedure of design of a circular dome.

b) Which IS Code is recommended for design of footing. What
procedure a designer has to follow according to IS code during
the calculation of moments and shear force?
Q.no: 4 A rectangular water tank of size 4m x 8m x 4m deep is to be designed

using M25 concrete and Fe 415 Steel. The tank rests on firm ground. Design the
tank and draw the reinforcement details.
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UID: …………………..……….. Printed Pages:
Chandigarh University
Paper ID: __________
B.E.-CE 6th Summer Term Examination
Design of Concrete Structures-II
Paper- CET-351
Time Allowed: 3 hours] [Maximum marks: 60
Instructions for Candidates:
1. Section-A is compulsory.
2. Attempt any 5 questions from section B, C and D, attempting not more than two questions from
each section B, C and D.
3. All questions carry equal marks.
Section-A
1.
(5x2=10)
a) Define counter fort type retaining walls.
b) What are the difference between strip footing and strap footing?
c) What are the Meridional and hoop stress in Dome?
d) Write the name of different type of water tank.
e) Define element of stair case
Section-B
2. Design an isolated footing for a square column, 450 mm × 450 mm,

reinforced with 8–25 φ bars, and carrying a service load of 2300 kN.
Assume soil with a safe bearing capacity of 300 kN/m2 at a depth of 1.5 m
below ground. Assume M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel for the
footing, and M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel for the column. (10marks)
3. Design a cantilever retaining wall (T type) to retain earth for a height of
4m. The backfill is horizontal. The density of soil is 18kN/m3. Safe bearing
capacity of soil is 200 kN/m2. Take the co-efficient of friction between
concrete and soil as 0.6. The angle of repose is 30 degrees. Use M20
concrete and Fe415 steel. (10marks)
4. Design reinforced concrete counter fort-retaining wall having height from
the ground level is 6.0 m. for the given data: SBC of soil is 180 KN/m2.
Angle of repose is 300, Coefficient of friction between concrete and soil is
0.5, and Unit weight of soil is 18 KN/m2 concrete M 20 and Fe-415 steel.
(10marks)
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Section-C
5. Design a flat bottom circular elevated water tank of diameter 10 m and total
height 4m which is to be supported by ring beam of 7.5 m diameter. The
ring beam is to be supported by six columns equally placed. Use M25 and
Fe 415 steel. Design the following Components of water tank
(a) Top domes
(b) Top ring beam
(10marks)
6. Design a spherical dome over a circular room, for the following data:
(i) Inside diameter of room = 15 m
(ii) Rise of Dome = 3.5m
(iii) Live load due to wind, ice snow = 1.5 kN/m2
The dome has an opening of 1.6 m diameter at its crown. A lantern is
provided at its top, which causes a dead load of 30 kN acting along the
circumference of the opening. Use M20 concrete and steel of grade Fe 415.
(10marks)
7. A curved beam is in the form of a full continuous circle in plan with a
radius of 3m and is supported continuously on five supports. The beam
carries a uniformly distributed load of 50 kN/m length, inclusive of its own
weight. Determine the bending moment, twisting moment and shear force
at salient locations. Also, Plot the Bending Moment, Twisting moment and
shear force Diagrams for one span.
(10marks)
Section-D
8. Design an interior panel of a flat slab of size 8mx 8m without drop and
column head. Size of columns is 600x600 mm and live load on the panel is
8kN/m2. Use M20 and fe 415.(10marks)
9. Design a Masonry column with axial load of 400 KN. Height of column is
3m.(10marks)
10. A straight staircase is made of structurally independent tread slabs,

cantilevered from a reinforced concrete wall. Given that the riser is 150
mm, tread is 300 mm, and width of flight is 1.5 m, design a typical tread
slab. Apply the live loads specified in the IS Loading Code for stairs liable
to be overcrowded. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 250 steel. Assume mild
exposure conditions.(10marks)
23 | P a g e
LECTURE NOTES
Lecture No -01
Foundation &Types
Introduction
A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity

loads to the earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories:
shallowfoundations and deep foundations. A tall building must have a strong

foundation if it is to stand for a long time.
24 | P a g e
Different types of foundation
Fig :Different Typesof footing
If the soil conditions immediately below the structure are sufficiently strong and
capable of supporting the required load, then shallow spread footings can be
used to transmit the load. On the other hand, if the soil conditions are weak, then
piles or piers are used to carry the loads into deepermore suitable soil.
25 | P a g e
Lecture No -02
Loads for designing foundations:

It is not simple to set up general rules for all the loads for designing foundation ,
the difficulty to set up general rules for the loads of the considered for designing
foundation is due to the differences in local conditions such as earthquake ,
winds , ice pressure etc. ., and the special characteristics of structure such as a
different type and system of buildings, bridges , dams etc. However, the designer
who deals with the study and the design of foundation must be familiar to the
loads that may act upon the foundation either transmitted by the superstructure
or applied directly on the footing. If the engineer has enough knowledge about
all the forces that may act upon the footing at least once during the service life of
a certain structure, then he may reach a decision about the forces which have to
be taken into consideration in the design, and the forces which might be
neglected without making a considerable error in calculation . It is the general
understanding that on able engineer is a person who selects major forces and
factors, and eliminates minor ones. Because the forces may act upon the
foundations in groups of various combinations, the engineer has to study the
most possible combination of forces.
In general the loads and forces that may act upon foundation directly or by the
superstructures are going to be discussed below.
1. DEAD LOAD:
Dead loads are in general the most important loads in foundation design
particularly for the structures whose footings rest on soft cohesive soils. Dead
loads being permanent forces action upon the structures may cause considerable
settlements or dangerous shear failures. Dead load is the weight of the structure
and its permanent parts. The weight of the foundation itself and the weight of the
soil on the footing are also dead loads. In estimating dead loads for purposes of
foundation design the actual weights of construction materials must be used.
Many local building codes include (for example, institute of Turkish standards,
TS 498, 1967) the weight of different materials in the structure. If the complete
list of the weight of various materials is not available, the engineer must either
estimate the weight of material or measure it directly. In making a preliminary
estimate of the dead loads on the foundation of the certain structure, the
commonly accepted practice is to use approximate weight per unit area of the
roof. Floors and walls. The approximate unit weight of such elements of a
building may be obtained from the local codes or handbooks. It is also common
practice to make reasonable assumptions as to the distribution of weight to the
various parts of the foundation .If the weights are not uniformly distributed , care
must be taken in the evaluation of the distribution of foundation loads . For the
final design , the actual weight of various part of the structure and the
26 | P a g e
distribution of loads must be evaluated considering the nature of building frame
and the system of any other structures .
2. Live LOAD:
the weight of the structure may be assumed as live loads if they act temporarily
or intermittently during service life, For example, human occupancy, some
partition walls , furniture , some stock material and mechanical equipment in
residential and office buildings are live loads , Wind and snow loads are not
considered as live load and they will be studied separately within their specific
paragraphs . The weights of cars, trucks and pedestrians are major live loads that
must be included in the design of bridge foundation. In some special industrial
buildings some truck load will also be considered as live load on the same floors.
Cranes in industrial buildings may also cause very large live loads. In general
(with exception of some industrial buildings, silos, oil tanks etc...), live loads act
for a short time during the service life of structure or they act intermittently or
alternately. If a multistory office building is considered, for example, it is not
expected that every floor will be loaded with the maximum live load at the same
time. It is observed that maximum live loads practically do not occur
simultaneously on all floors of tall residential or office buildings. Taking into
consideration these facts, then commonly accepted assumption of reduced live
loads in the design of foundations is very reasonable practice.
3. IMPACT:
It is widely accepted practice not to add the impact effect to the foundation loads
if they are not transmitted directly to the foundation . It is assumed that in most
cases the impact will be absorbed by the inertia of the structure when it reaches
the foundation . It is unnecessary , for example , to take into consideration the
impact effect of moving cars in the design of the foundation of massive bridge
piers or abutments. On the other hand, the impact effect to the machinery
foundation cannot be neglected, particularly heavy machines on concrete
pedestals resting on soil directly. Each manufacturer of machines and vibrating
in the foundation design if necessary. The following table may give a very rough
idea about the impact effect of some units. Table : 2.1 Live Load Increments
Due to Impact. ( From American Civil Engineering Practice – Robert W. Abbett,
Vol.I ) Unit producing impact Increments in live loads 1.Light motor-driven
machinery 20% 2.Cranes 25% 3. Reciprocating machinery and power units 50%
4.Elevators and their supporting units 100% 5.Rock crushers, cement mills 300%
( Note : Impact is the dynamic effect of the acting live load. The live loads
should be increased by given values in the table. ) In AASHO (American
Association of state highway officials , Standard Specifications for Highway
Bridges ) it is recommended that impact shall not be applied to foundations of
bridges . On the other hand , theoretical live load reaction should include some
27 | P a g e
allowance for impact for foundations of short railroad bridges ( for spans of 60
meters or less)
4. SNOW LOAD:
Snow load should be considered in countries where winters are severe and long .
The snow load that is going to be included in the design is given in local codes .
In Turkey snow load is given in TS 498 and it depends to the altitude above sea
level and the slope of the roof . In zones where altitude is Less than 1000 meters
, snow load is given as Ps = 75 kg / m2 On horizontal roofs . If the altitude is
more than 1000 meters than snow load will be taken as Ps = 75 + (H – 1000 ) Х
0.08 Where H is the altitude in meters .
5. WIND LOAD:
Wind load acts on all exposed surface structures . The magnitude of the design
wind pressure is given in local codes . The wind loads may be neglected in
designing the foundation unless caused loads on foundations exceeding one –
third of the load due to dead and live loads combined . In other words wind load
must be included in the foundation design if , qW> ( qD + qL ) where in qW ,
qD and qL are foundation pressure due to wind load , dead load and live load
respectively . However the above comment given is not a definite suggestion and
it will be judged by the designer . This problem also depends upon the frequency
of high winds in the locality under consideration . Full wind loads should be
absolutely considered in the design of the foundations of unusually tall and
narrow buildings , smokestacks and other tall structures . It should be
remembered that the foundations of the unusually tall structures may be even
subjected to uplift when the wind loads act on them . According to ( TS 498 )
wind load may be expressed by the following equation P = C = Cq Where in P =
wind load ( kg/m2 ) V = wind velocity ( w/sec ) C = shape factor
Design Considerations:
 Must not settle excessively.

 Must be placed at depth sufficient top regent damage from surface
environmental effects (frost, swelling and shrinkage, erosion and scour).
 Must not cause failure of supporting soil(Bearing Capacity criteria).
Advantages of using shallow foundation
 Cost (affordable)
 Construction Procedure (simple)
 Materials(mostly concrete)
28 | P a g e
 Labor (does not need expertise)
Disadvantages of using shallow foundation
Settlement Irregular ground surface (slope, retaining wall) Foundation subjected

to pullout, torsion, moment.
Shallow foundations are foundations where the depth of ( ) the footing is

generally less than the width (B).of the footing .Deep foundations are
foundations where the depth of the footing( )
Different types of footings
Introduction
In this section you will earn the following:
 Spread Footing
 Strap Footing
 Strip/continuous footings
 Combined Footing
 mat or raft footing
LECTURE NO 3
ISOLATED FOOTING:
The footing which transfer the load of individual column to the under laying soil
called as isolated footing.
1. Spread Footing:
It is circular, square or rectangular slab of uniform thickness. Sometimes, it is

stepped to spread the load over a larger area .When spread footing is provided to
support an individual column, it is called “Isolated footing” also showing in fig.
29 | P a g e
Fig: Isolated (spread) footing
Numerical Problems
PROBLEM 1:
Design a plain concrete footing for a column of 400 mm x 400 mm carrying an

axial load of 400 kN under service loads. Assume safe bearing capacity of soil as
300 kN/m2 at a depth of 1 m below the ground level. Use M 20 and Fe 415 for
the design.
Solution 1:
Step 1: Transfer of axial force at the base of column
It is essential that the total factored loads must be transferred at the base
of column without any reinforcement. For that the bearing resistance should be
greater than the total factored load Pu.
Here, the factored load Pu = 400(1.5) = 600 kN.
σbr= 0.45fck(A1/A2)1/2
with a condition that
(A1/A2)1/2 ≤ 2.0
Since the bearing stress σbr at the column-footing interface will be governed by
the column face, we have A1 = A2 = 400(400) = 160000 mm2. Using A1 = A2, in,
we have
Pbr= Bearing force = 0.45fck A1= 0.45(20)(160000)(10-3) = 1440 kN>Pu(=
600 kN).
30 | P a g e
Thus, the full transfer of load Pu is possible without any reinforcement.
Step 2: Size of the footing

Let us assume the weight of footing and back fill soil as 15 per cent of Pu. Then,
the base area required = 400(1.15)/300 = 1.533 m2. Provide 1250 x 1250 mm (=
1.5625 m2) as shown in FigThe bearing pressure qa =400(1.15)/(1.25)(1.25) =
294.4 kN/m2.
Step 3: Thickness of footing
tanα≤ 0.9{(100qa/fck) + 1}1/2

≤ 0.9[{100(0.2944)/20} + 1]1/2
≤ 1.415
We have from Fig.a:
h = {(1250 - 400)/2}(tanα ) = 601.375 mm
Provide 1250 x 1250 x 670 mm block of plain concrete.
Step 4: Minimum reinforcement
The plain concrete block 1250 x 1250 x 670 shall be provided with the
minimum reinforcement 0.12 per cent for temperature, shrinkage and tie action.
Minimum Ast = 0.0012(1250)(670) = 1005.0 mm2.
31 | P a g e
Provide 9 bars of 12 mm diameter (= 1018 mm2) both ways as shown in
Fig.11.29.1b. The spacing of bars = (1250 - 50 - 12)/8 = 148.5 mm c/c. Provide
the bars @ 140 mm c/c.
Step 5: Check for the gross base pressure
Assuming unit weights of concrete and soil as 24 kN/m3 and 20 kN/m3
Service load = 400.00 kN
Weight of footing = (0.67)(1.25)(1.25)(24) = 25.125 kN
Weight of soil = (0.33)(1.25)(1.25)(20) = 10.3125 kN
Total = 435.4375 kN
qa= 435.4375/(1.25)(1.25) = 278.68 kN/m2< 300 kN/m2
Hence, o.k.
PROBLEM 3:
Design a sloped footing for a square column of 400 mm x 400 mm with 16

longitudinal bars of 16 mm diameter carrying a service load of 1400 kN. Use M
20 and Fe 415 both for column and footing slab. The safe bearing capacity of
soil is 150 kN/m2.
Solution 3:
Given P = 1400 kN and qc = 150 kN/m2. Assuming the weight of
the footing and the back file as 10 per cent of the load, the required base
area is: 1400(1.1)/150 = 10.27 m2. Provide 3400 x 3400 mm giving 11.56
m2
32 | P a g e
Step 2: Thickness of footing slab based on one-way shear
Factored bearing pressure = 1400(1.5)/(3.4)(3.4) = 181.66 kN/m2 = 0.18166

N/mm2.
Assuming 0.15 per cent reinforcement in the footing slab, Table
19 of IS 456 gives τc for M 20 = 0.28 N/mm2. From the condition that the one-
way shear resistance ≥ one-way shear force, we have at a distance d from the
face of the column (sec.1-1of Figs.11.29.3a and b).
0.28(3400)d ≥ 0.18166(1500 – d)(3400)
Ord≥590.24 mm.
Provide total depth of footing as 670 mm, so that the effective depth = 670 –
50 – 16 – 8 = 596 mm.
(The total depth is, however, increased to 750 mm in Step 7.)
Step 3: Checking for two-way shear (See sec.11.28.5.d-2)
At the critical section 2222 (Figs.11.29.3a and b), the shear resistance =
4(400 + 596)(596)(0.25)(fck)1/2 = 2654.73 kN.
The shear force = {(3.4)(3.4) – (0.996)(0.996)}0.18166 = 1919.78 kN<

2654.73 kN.Hence, o.k.
Step 4: Gross bearing capacity
Assuming unit weights of concrete and soil as 25 kN/m3 and 18 kN/m3,

respectively, we have:
Load on footing = 1400.00 kN
Weight of footing = (3.4)(3.4)(0.67)(25) = 193.63 kN
Weight of soil = (3.4)(3.4)(1.25 - 0.67)(18) = 120.69 kN

(Assuming the depth of the footing as 1.25 m).
Total = 1714.32 kN
Gross bearing capacity = 1714.32 / (3.4)(3.4) = 148.30 kN/m2< 150 kN/m2.
Hence o.k.
Step 5: Bending moment
We have to determine the area of steel in one direction as it is a square

footing. So, we consider the lower effective depth which is 596 mm. The
33 | P a g e
critical section is sec.33), where we have
Mu= 3400(1500)(0.18166)(1500)/2 = 694.8495 kNm
Mu/bd2= 694.8495(106)/(3400)(596)(596) = 0.575 N/mm2
Table 2 of SP-16 gives, p = 0.165%. Accordingly, area of steel =

0.165(3400)(596)/100 = 3343.56 mm2.
Provide 30 bars of 12 mm diameter (= 3393 mm2), both ways.

Step 6: Development length
Development length of 12 mm diameter bars = 0.87(415)(12)/4(1.6)(1.2) =

564.14 mm.
Hence, o.k.
Step 7: Providing slope in the footing slab
Since the three critical sections (.i.e., of bending moment, two-way

shear and one-way shear) are within a distance of 596 mm from the face of
the column, the full depth of the footing slab is provided up to a distance of
700 mm from the face of the column. However, by providing slope the
available section now is a truncated rectangle giving some less area for the
one-way shear. Accordingly, the depth of the footing is increased from 670
mm to 750 mm. With a cover of 50 mm and bar diameter of 12 mm in both
directions, the revised effective depth = 750 – 50 – 12 – 6 = 682 mm.
Providing the minimum depth of 350 mm at the edge, as shown in
Figs.11.29.3a and b, we check the one-way shear again, taking into account
of the truncated rectangular cross-section at a distance of682 mm from the
face of the column.
One-way shear force = 0.18166(1500 – 682)(3400) = 505232.792 N
Area of truncated rectangle = 1800(682) + 1600(282) + 1600(682 – 282)/2
= 1998800 mm2
The shear stress = 505232.792/1998800 = 0.2527 N/mm2< 0.28 N/mm2.
Hence, o.k.
Step 8: Revised area of steel
The bending moment in step 5 is 694.8495 kNm at the face of the column.
With d = 682 mm now, we have
Mu/bd2= 694.8495(106)/(3400)(682)(682) = 0.4394 N/mm2
Table 2 of SP-16 gives,p is less than 0.15 per cent. Provide p = 0.15 per cent
due to the one-way shear. So, Ast = 0.15(3400)(682)/100 = 3478.2 mm2.
Provide
31 bars of 12 mm (Ast = 3506 mm2), both ways. Effectively, the number of
bars has increased from 30 to 31 now.
34 | P a g e
Step 9: Transfer of force at the base of the column
Pu= 1400(1.5) = 2100 kN. Compressive bearing resistance =

0.45fck(A1/A2)1/2= 0.45(20)(1) = 9 N/mm2.
Force transferred at the base through the column = 9(400)(400)(10-3) =
1440 kN< 2100 kN.
Provide dowels for the excess (2100 – 1440) = 660 kN. The area of dowels =
660(103)/(0.67)(415) = 2373.67 mm2.
Minimum area of dowels = 0.5(400)(400)/100 = 800 mm2. Provide 12
dowels of 16 mm diameter (area =2412 mm2).
The development length of 16 mm dowels = 0.87(415)(16)/4(1.6)(1.2)(1.25)
= 601.76 mm.
The vertical length available 750 – 50 – 12 – 12 – 16 = 660 mm > 601.76

mm. Hence, o.k.
The arrangement of reinforcement and dowels.
35 | P a g e
TOPIC NAME – COMBINED FOOTING
LECTURE NO 4
Combined Footing:
(Rectangular and trapezoidal footing_)
It supports two columns as shown in fig .
It is used when the two columns are so close to each other that their
individual footings would overlap. A combined footing is also provided
when the property line is so close to one column that a spread footing would
be eccentrically loaded when kept entirely within the property line . By
combining it with that of an interior column ,the load is evenly distributed .A
combine footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal in plan. Trapezoidal
footing is provided when the load on one of the columns is larger than the
other column.
36 | P a g e
COMBINED FOOTING PROBLEM STATEMENT :
Design a rectangular combined footing to support two columns shown above.

The edge column on the left has a section of 16” x 16” and carries dead & live
load of 175 kips & 110 kips respectively. The interior column has a section of
20” x 20” & carries dead & live load of 220 kips & 120 kips respectively. The
allowable soil pressure is 5.5 ksf (kips per square foot) and the bottom of footing
is 5 ft. below the final grade. Using f’c = 4 ksi&Fy = 60 ksi. Design the footing
using ACI Strength design method.
STEP 1: LOCATE THE RESULTANT OF LOADS ‘R’.

_________________________________________________________________
__
Taking moments about center line of left column. The distance of resultant from
property line.
x¯.R=(200+120)×16
x¯(175+110+220+120)=(340)×16
[bar{x} = frac{340*16}{625}]
x¯=340×16625
The distance of resultant from property line is;
= 2+ 8.704 = 10.704′
In order to have resultant at the middle of footing, the length of footing should
be;
L= 10.704 x 2 = 21.41′
Now resultant of applied loads coincides with resultant of upward soil pressure.
STEP 2 : DETERMINE THE TOTAL AREA OF FOOTING

_________________________________________________________________
__
First find the effective depth of footing

Assume a total depth of footing = 36”
d = Total Depth – Concrete cover – bar dia

d = 36-3 -1.5 = 31.5”
Total applied load = 175 +110 + 220 + 120 = 625 kips.
37 | P a g e
Net Upward Soil Pressure
Net Upward Pressure=5500 –3612×150+2412×120
Net Upward Soil Pressure = 4810 psf = 4.810 ksf

Required Area of footing = 628/4.810 = 130 ft²
Width of footing = 130 / Length of footing = 130 / 21.41
Width of footing = 6.07′ take 6.5′
We have chosen a footing with the length of 21.41′ and width of 6.5′, giving an
area of 139.165 sq.ft .
STEP 3 : DETERMINE FACTORED UPWARD PRESSURE

_________________________________________________________________
_
Pu (Left Column) = 1.2 x 175 + 1.6 x 110 = 210 + 176

Pu (Left Column) =386 Kips
Pu (Right Column) = 102 x 220 + 1.6 x 120 = 264 +176

Pu( Right Column) = 456 Kips
Net Factored soil pressure = qu = (386 +456)/139.16 = 6.05 ksf

STEP 4: DRAW FACTORED SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM & BENDING
MOMENT DIAGRAM
_________________________________________________________________
_
Considering the footing as a beam of 21.4′ span supported on two columns and
subjected to a uniform upward pressure of
6.05 x 6.5 = 39.325 k/ft
Va + Vb = 39.325 x 21.41 = 841.95 Kips
∑Ma = 0 Vb x 16 = 39.325 x 21.41 x[(21.41/2) - 2)]

Vb = 458.07 Kips (look at shear force diagram i.e. already plotted)
Va = 841.95 – 458.07 = 383.87 Kips ( As shown in the below diagram)
38 | P a g e
Vu (at outer face of left column) = 39.325 x ( 2 – 0.66)
Vu = – 52.69 Kips
Vu(at inner face of left column) = 39.325x(2+0.66) – 383.87

Vu = +279.26 Kips
Vu(at outer face of right column) = 39.325x( 3.41- 0.833)

Vu(at outer face of right column) = + 101.34 kips
Vu(at inner face of right column) = 39.325 x (3.41 + 0.833) – 458.07

Vu(at inner face of right column) = – 291.22 Kips
So, Shear force diagram can be plotted. Now locate a point of zero shear.
Compare similar triangles or write a generalized shear force expression for mid
span and set it to zero.
279.26x=291.2214.51−x
X = 7.10′
STEP 5: DRAW FACTORED BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

_________________________________________________________________
__
Moment at the outer face of left column;

M = 39.325x[(2-0.66)/2]^2 = – 35.306 k-ft
Moment at the outer face of right column;
M = 39.325x[(3.41 - 0.833)/2]² = -130.57 k-ft
Maximum Positive Moment;
M = -39.325 x [(2+7.1 + 0.66)/2]² + 383.87 x(7.1 + 0.66)
M = – 1873 + 2978.83
M = + 1105.83 K-ft.
39 | P a g e
Now we will check the depth of footing for one way shear and two way shear.
STEP 6: CHECK DEPTH OF FOOTING FOR ONE WAY SHEAR

_________________________________________________________________
_
From shear force diagram, maximum shear occurs at the critical sections, located
at a distance ”d” from the interior face of right column, as shown in the loading
diagram above.
Vu (at critical Section) = 291.22 – 39.325 x (31.5/2)

Vu(at critical section) = 188 Kips
d =Vu/Φ2b√f’c = 188×1000/0.75x2x6.5×12*√4000
d = 25.4”<31.5 ”
Hence, depth of footing is adequate against one way shear.
STEP 7: CHECK FOR TWO WAY SHEAR

_________________________________________________________________
__
Two way shear or punching shear can be determined from critical perimeter
b0.
FOR INTERIOR COLUMN;
b0 = 4x(c + d) = 4 x (20 + 31.5)
b0 = 17.17 ft. C + d = (20 + 31.5) / 12 = 4.29 ft.

Shear at d/2 from all sides of this column is;
Vu = Pu – qu (C + d)^2
40 | P a g e
Vu = 456 – 6.05(4.29)^2
Vu = 344.65 Kips
d =Vu/Φ(4√f’c)b0 = (344 x 1000)/0.75(4x√4000)x 17.17x 12
d = 8.81” <31.5” →ok
The Depth of footing is adequate with respect to two way shear or punching
shear.
STEP 8: CHECK THE DEPTH OF MOMENT & CALCULATE
REQUIRED MOMENT:
_________________________________________________________________
___
From Bending moment diagram:

Maximum bending moment = 1105.83 k-ft
The depth would be adequate
Mu/Φbd² = (1105.83 x 1000)/ (0.9 x 6.5 x 12 x 31.5²) = 190.51 psi.

ρ = (0.85xf’c)/fy[1- √1 - (2Mu)/Φbd²/0.85f'c) ]
ρ = (0.85 x 4)/60 [1 - √1 - (2 x 190.5)/ 0.85 x 4000 ]
ρ = 0.00322 As = ρbd = 0.00322 x 6.5 x 12 x 31.5
As = 7.91 in²
ρmin = 0.0018
As min = ρmin x bd = 0.0018 x 6.5 x 12 x 36
As min = 5.05 in.
Choose 8 #9- bars (As = 7.91 in²)
41 | P a g e
BAR SPACING:
S = (6.5 x12 – 2 x3)/ 8 S = 10.28”
These bars are extended between the columns at top of footing with concrete
cover of 3” as place minimum reinforcement corresponding to temperature and
shrinkage reinforcement, corresponding to minimum area of 5.5 in². Use (7 #8
bars) they provide an area (As = 5 in²).
Place this reinforcement at the bottom of projecting ends of footings beyond

columns to take care of positive moments (see the bending moment diagram).
Extend these bars by a development length beyond sides of the columns.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH (LD) FOR TOP BARS = 1.3

LD = 1.3 X 54 LD = 70″
Reinforcement in the short direction.
Now calculate the bending moment in shorter direction. The reinforcement under
each column is toplaced within a maximum band width equal to column width
plus twice the effective depth of footing.
Use full width of 6.5 ft as band width for concentrating reinforcement under;
LEFT COLUMN:
_____________
Net Upward Pressure = Pu1/ width of footing = 386/6.5
Net Upward Pressure = 59.38 k/ft
Distance from free end to the face of left column. 2 – 8/12 = 1.33′
Mu at the face of left column. = 59.38 x (1.33)²/2 = 52.51 K-ft.
42 | P a g e
Assume jd = 0.9d d = 31.5″
Mu = ΦTjd = ΦAsfyjd As = Mu/ Φfyjd = (52.51 x 12000)/(0.9 x 60,000 x 0.9 x

31.5”)
As = 0.411 in² → Provide (As)min = 7 #8 bars (5.05 in²)
RIGHT COLUMN:
_______________
Net Upward Pressure under Right column = Pu2/ Width of footing = 456 / 6.5
Net Upward Pressure = 70.15 K/ft
Mu at face of right column = 70.15 x (2.57)²/2 = 231.66 k-ft.
As = (231.66 x 12000)/(0.9 x 60,000 x 28.35)
As = 1.81 in² → Provide minimum As = 7 # 8 bars (5.5 in²
43 | P a g e
Lecture No 5.
RECTANGULAR AND TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING
Trapezoidal and Rectangular footing:
Q: Design the footing of uniform base pressure considering that moments are
due to dead load and hence irreversible Other data of are: column size = 300
mm x 450 mm, longitudinal bars of column = 20 bars of 20 mm(Ast = 4021
mm2), Pu = 1620 kN, Mu = 170 kNm, safe bearing capacity of soil = 200
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kN/m 2 at a depth of 1 metre below the ground level, grade of concrete = M
25 and grade of steel = Fe 415.
A:Step 1: Size of the footing
The required eccentricity between the centroids of column and footing =
Mu/Pu= 170(106)/1620(103) = 104.938 mm, say 105 mm.
Assuming the weight of the footing and backfill as 15 per cent, the required
base area = 1620(1.15)/200(1.5) = 6.21 m2.
It is desirable that the cantilever projections in the two direction from the
respective column face should be equal. Accordingly, the footing is selected
as 2.7 m x 2.64 m where the centre line of column is located at a distance of
105 mm left from the centre line of footing, as shown in Fig.The
arrangement shows that the cantilever projections are equal (1200 mm).
Step 2: Thickness of footing based on one-way shear
Factored soil pressure = 1620/(2.7)(2.64) = 227.27 kN/m2.
The critical section of one-way shear is marked by sec.1-1 in Figs. at a

distance of d from the face of the column, where the factored shear Vu is,
Vu= 0.22727(2700)(1200 – d) = (736354.8 – 613.629 d) N
Assuming 0.15 per cent reinforcement in the footing slab, Table 19 of IS 456
gives τc = 0.29 for M 25 concrete. Accordingly, the resistance shear of the
section is 0.29(2700)d = 783d. From the condition that the resistance shear ≥
actual shear, we have783 d ≥ 736354.8 – 613.629 d, which gives d ≥
527.237. Let us use full depth = 527.237 + 50 + 16 + 8 = 601.237 mm, say
605 mm, so that
d = 605– 50 – 8 = 547 mm in the long direction and 605 – 50 – 16 – 8 = 531

mm in the short direction.
Step 3: Checking for two-way shear
The shear strength of concrete for two-way shear = 0.25(fck)1/2 (cl.31.6.3 of

IS 456) = 1.25 N/mm2. The resistance shear of the section is (sec.2222 of
Fig.(1.25)(2){(450 + 547) + (300 + 547)}(547) = 2521.67 kN
The actual shear force in sec.2222 (Fig.) is
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{(2.7)(2.64) – (0.997)(0.847)}(227.27) = 1428.06 kN< 2521.67 kN
Hence, o.k.
Assuming unit weights of concrete and soil as 25 kN/m3 and 18 kN/m3, we

have the factored gross bearing capacity as
Q = (1620)/(2.7)(2.64) + {0.605(25) + 0.395(18)}
= 249.509 kN/m2< 300 kN/m2
Step 5: Bending moment
(i) In the short direction
The critical section is marked by sec.33 in Fig., at the face of column, where
the bending moment is:
Mu= (2.7){(1.2)(1.2)/2}227.27 = 441.82 kNm
M u/Ld2= 441.82(106)/(2.7)(103)(547)(547) = 0.546 N/mm2< 3.45

N/mm2for M 25 and Fe 415.
Hence, the section has the capacity to resist Mu = 441.82 kNm.
Table 3 of SP-16 gives p = 0.15488 per cent. Accordingly,
Ast= 0.15488(2700)(547)/100 = 2287.42 mm2
Provide 12 bars of 16 mm diameter (area = 2412 mm2). The spacing = (2700

– 50 – 16)/11 = 239.45 mm c/c, say 220 mm c/c. Provide 12 bars of 16 mm
diameter @ 220 mm c/c.
Development length of 16 mm diameter bars
= 0.87(415)(16)/4(1.4)(1.6) = 644.73 mm
Length available = 1200 – 50 – 16 = 1134 mm > 644.73 mm
Hence, o.k.
(ii) In the long direction
The critical section is marked by sec.4-4 in Fig.., at the face of column,
where the moment Mu is,
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Mu= (2.64){(1.2)(1.2)/2}(227.27) = 431.994 kNm
Mu/Bd2= 431.994(106)/(2640)(531)(531) = 0.5803 N/mm2< 3.45 N/mm2
Hence, the section can carry this moment. Table 3 of SP-16 gives p =
0.16509 per cent. Accordingly,
Ast= 0.16509(2640)(531)/100 = 2314.2976 mm2
Provide 12 bars of 16 mm diameter (area = 2412 mm2). The spacing = (2640

– 50 – 16)/11 = 234 mm c/c, say 220 mm c/c. Provide 12 bars of 16 mm
diameter @ 220 mm c/c.
Development length as calculated in (i) for 16 mm diameter = 644.73 mm
Hence, o.k.
Step 6: Transfer of force at the base of column
Since the column is having moment along with the axial force, some of the
bars are in tension. The transfer of tensile force is not possible through the
column-footing interface. So, the longitudinal bars of column are to extended
to the footing. The required development length of 20 mm bars =
0.87(415)/4(1.4)(1.6) = 805.92 mm.
Length available = 531 mm < 805.92 mm.
The bars shall be given 90o bend and then shall be extended by 200 mm
horizontally to give a total length of 531 + 8(20) (bend value) + 200 = 891
mm > 805.92 mm.
TOPIC NAME – STRAP FOOTING
Lecture No 6.
StrapCombinedFooting:
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Strap footing
Q.2: Design a reinforced concrete footing for a wall of 400 mm

thicknesstransmitting a load of 200 kN/m Fig. under service condition. Assume
the safe bearing capacity of soil as 100 kN/m2 at a depth of 1 m below the
ground level. Use M 20 and Fe 415.
A.2:Step 1: Size of the footing

Given axial load = 200 kN/m and safe bearing capacity of soil qc = 100 kN/m2 at
a depth of 1 m below the ground level. Assuming the self weight of footing and
backfill as 10 per cent, the area of the base required = 200(1.1)/100 =2.2 m2.
Provide width of 2.2 m for every one meter to get the required area of 2.2 m2.
Step 2: Thickness of footing slab based on shear
The critical section of shear is marked as sec.1-1 in Fig., at a distance of

effective depth d of the footing.
Factored soil pressure = 200(1.5)/2.2 = 136.36 kN/m2 = 0.13636 N/mm2.
Assuming 0.15 per cent reinforcement in the footing slab, the shear strength of
M 20 τc = 0.28 N/mm2. From the condition that the shear strength ofthe section ≥
actual shear force in sec.11, we have:
0.28(1000)d ≥ (0.13636)(1000)(900 – d)
This gives d ≥ 294.755 mm. Using cover of 50 mm and diameter of

reinforcing bar as 10 mm, the total depth of footing = 295 + 50 + 10 + 5 =
360 mm. This gives effective depth = 295 mm.
Step 3: Checking for the moment
The critical section for the bending moment is marked as sec.2-2 in Fig..10,
where the bending moment (factored) is,
Mu= (1)(0.13636)(1000)(1000)/2 = 68.18 kNm/m
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(2.76)(1000)(295)(295) = 240.189
The capacity of the section = kNm/m
> 68.18 kNm/m. Hence, o.k.
M/bd2= 68.18(106)/1000(295)(295) = 0.784 N/mm2

Table 2 of SP-16 gives p = 0.2282 per cent. Accordingly,
Ast=0.2282(1000)(295)/100 = 673.19 mm2/m.
Provide 10 mm diameter bars @ 110 mm c/c which gives 714 mm2/m > 673.19
mm2/m.
Step 4: Development length
The development length of 10 mm bars = 47.01(10) = 470.1 mm
Length available = 900 – 50 = 850 > 542.88
Step 5: Distribution reinforcement
Minimum reinforcement @ 0.12 per cent should be provided longitudinally.
Ast= 0.12(2200)(360)/100 950.4 mm2
Provide 13 bars of 10 mm diameter (area = 1021 mm2).
The spacing = (2200 – 50 – 10)/12 = 178.33 mm c/c, say @ 175 mm c/c.
Step 6: Transfer of loads at wall-footing base
Bearing stress = 0.45 fck (A1/A2)1/2 = 0.45(20)(1) = 9 N/mm2
The forces that can be transferred = 9(1000)(2200)(10-3) kN = 19800 kN
>>factored load of 200(1.5) = 300 kN.
Hence,
o.k
Strip/continuousfootings:
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Strip footing
Problem :Design a combined footing for two columns C1, 400 mm x 400 mm
with 8 bars of 16 mm diameter carrying a service load of 800 kN and C2, 300
mm x 500 mm with 8 bars of 20 mm diameter carrying a service load of 1200
kN. The column C1 is flushed with the property line. The columns are at 3.0 m
c/c distance. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m2 at a depth of 1.5 m
below the ground level. Use M 20 and Fe 415 for columns and footing.
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Solution :
Assuming the weight of combined footing and backfill as 15 per cent of the
total loads of the columns, we have the required base area, considering qc = 200
kN/m2,
Area of the base = (800 + 1200)(1.15)/200 = 11.5 m2.
It is necessary that the resultant of the loads of two columns and the centroid of
the footing coincide so that a uniform distribution of soil pressure is obtained.
Thus, the distance of the centroid of the footing y from column C1
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(Fig.11.29.5b) is:
Y = 800(0) + 1200(3)/2000 = 1.8 m (Fig.11.29.5b). Since y is greater
than half the c/c distance of column, a rectangular footing has to be designed.
Let us provide 4 m x 3 m and the dimensions are shown in Fig.coinciding the
centroid of the footing and the resultant line of action of the two loads, i.e. at a
distance of 2 m from the left edge.
Step 2: Thickness of footing slab based on one-way shear
Considering the footing as a wide beam of B = 3 m in the longitudinal direction,

the uniformly distributed factored load = (800 + 1200)(1.5)/4 = 750 kN/m.
Figures.6a, b and c present the column loads, soil pressure, shear force and
bending moment diagrams.
The critical section of one-way shear is sec.11 (at point K) of Figs.11.29.5a and
11.29.6a, at a distance of d + 250 mm from G (the location of column C2). The
one-way shear force is
Shear force = (1600 – d – 250)1200/1600 = (1012.5 – 0.75d) kN
Assuming p = 0.15 per cent reinforcement in the footing slab, the shear strength
of M 20 concrete = 0.28 N/mm2. Hence,
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the shear strength of section 11 =(3000)d(0.28)(10-3) kN. From the condition
that shear strength ≥ shear force, we have
(3000)d(0.28)(10-3) ≥ 1012.5 – 0.75d, which gives d ≥ 636.79 mm.
Provide d = 650 mm and the total depth = 650 + 50 + 16 + 8 = 724 mm
(assuming cover = 50 mm and the diameter of bars = 16 mm).
Step 3: Checking for two-way shear
(i) Around column C2
The effective depth along 4.0 m is 650 + 16 = 666 mm.
The critical section for the two-way shear around column C2 is at a distance of
666/2 = 333 mm from the face of the column and marked by 2222 line in Fig.5b.
The two-way punching shear force, considering the soil pressure = 750/3 = 250
kN/m2, is
Vu= 1800 – (1.166)(0.966)(250) = 1518.411 kN
As per cl.31.6.3.1 of IS 456, here ks = 0.5 + (500/300) but >/ 1.0; so, ks = 1.0.
Therefore, shear strength of concrete = 0.25(20)1/2 (2){(300 + 666) + (500 +

666)}(666) = 3174.92 kN> 1518.411 kN.
Hence, o.k.
(ii) Around column C1
The effective depth of footing is 666 mm. The critical section is marked by
3333 in Fig.
The two-way punching shear = 1200 – (1.066)(0.733)(250)= 1004.65 kN.
The resistance to two-way shear = 0.25(20)1/2 (2){(1066 +733)}(666) = 2679.1

kN> 1004.65 kN.
Hence, o.k.
Thus, the depth of the footing is governed by one-way shear.
Assuming unit weights of concrete and soil as 25 kN/m3 and 18 kN/m3,

respectively, the gross bearing capacity under service load is determined below.
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(i) Due to two loads: (800 + 1200)/(3)(4) = 166.67 kN/m2
(ii) Due to weight of the footing: With a total depth of the footing = 724 mm,
the pressure = 0.724(25) = 18.1 kN/m2.
(iii) Due to backfill of 1500 – 724 = 776 mm, the pressure = 0.776(18) =
13.968 kN/m2.
The total pressure = 166.67 + 18.1 + 13.968 = 198.738 kN/m2< 200 kN/m2.
Hence, o.k.
Step 5: Bending moments (longitudinal direction)
(i) Maximum positive moment
Figure 11.29.6c shows the maximum positive bending moment = 720 kNm at a
distance of 1.4 m from the column C1 (at point J). With effective depth d = 666
mm, we have
M/Bd2= 720(106)/(3000)(666)(666) = 0.541 N/mm2
Table 2 of SP-16 gives p = 0.1553 per cent.
Ast= 0.1553(3000)(666)/100 = 3102.894 mm2
Provide 16 bars of 16 mm diameter (area = 3217 mm2), spacing = (3000 – 50 –

16)/15 = 195.6 mm c/c, say 190 mm c/c.
Development length of 16 mm bars = 47.01(16) = 752.16 mm
Hence, o.k.
(ii) Maximum negative moment
Figure 11.29.6c shows the maximum negative moment = 240 kNm at a distance
of 800 mm from the right edge. With the effective depth = 666 mm, we have
M/Bd2= 240(106)/(3000)(666)(666) = 0.018 N/mm2
It is very nominal. So, provide 0.15 per cent steel, which gives Ast =
0.15(3000)(666)/100 = 2997 mm 2. Provide 27 bars of 12 mm (area = 3053
mm2) at spacing = (3000 – 50 – 12)/26 = 113 mm c/c; say 110 mm c/c.
Development length = 47.01(12) = 564 mm
Length available = 800 – 50 – 12 = 738 mm > 564 mm
Hence, o.k.
54 | P a g e
Step 6: Design of column strip as transverse beam
Figure shows the two column strips under columns C1 and C2.
(i) Transverse beam under column C1
The width of the transverse beam is 0.75d from the face of column C1. The
effective depth is 666 – 6 – 8 = 652 mm, as the effective depth in the
longitudinal direction = 666 mm, bottom bar diameter in longitudinal direction =
12 mm and assuming the bar diameter in the transverse direction as 16 mm. We
have to check the depth and reinforcement in the transverse direction considering
one-way shear and bending moment.
(A) One-way shear
The factored load for this transverse strip = 1200/3 = 400 kN/m. The section of
the one-way shear in sec.44 (Fig.11.29.7) at a distance of d = 652 mm from the
face of column C1. The width of the transverse strip = 400 + 0.75(652) =889
mm.
One-way shear force in sec.44 = (1500 – 652 – 200)(400)(10-3) = 259.2kN
Shear stress developed = 259.2(103)/(889)(652) = 0.447 N/mm2
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To have the shear strength of concrete ≥ 0.447 N/mm2, the percentage of
reinforcement is determined by linear interpolation from Table 19 of IS 456, so
that the depth of footing may remain unchanged. Table 19 of IS 456 gives p =
0.43125. Accordingly, Ast = 0.43125(889)(652)/100 = 2499.65 mm2. Provide
13 bars of 16 mm (area = 2613 mm2), spacing = 889/12 = 74.08 mm c/c, say 70
mm c/c. However, this area of steel shall be checked for bending moment
consideration also.
(B) Bending moment at the face of column C1 in the transverse strip under
column
Bending moment = (1.3)(1.3)(400)/2 = 338 kNm. We, therefore, have
M/(width of strip)d2= 338(106)/(889)(652)(652) = 0.89 N/mm2
Table 2 of SP-16 gives p = 0.2608 < 0.43125. Hence, the area of steel as
determine for one-way shear consideration is to be provided. Provide 13 bars of
16 mm @ 70 mm c/c in the column strip of width 889 mm under the column C1.
Development length of 16 mm bars = 47.01(16) = 752.16 mm
Hence, o.k.
ii) Transverse beam under column C2
Figure shows the strip of width = 500 + 0.75d + 0.75 d = 500 +
1.5(652) = 1478 mm, considering the effective depth of footing = 652 mm.
(A) One-way shear
The factored load for this transverse strip = 1800/3 = 600 kN/m. The one-way
shear section is marked by sec.5.5 in Fig.at a distance of d = 652 mm from the
face of the column C2.
One-way shear in sec.55 (of width = 1478 mm) = (1500 – 652 – 150)(600)(10-3)
= 418.8 kN
The shear stress developed = 418.8(103)/(1478)(652) = 0.434 N/mm2
The corresponding percentage of area of steel, as obtained from Table 19 of IS

456 is, p = 0.404 per cent. Accordingly, Ast = 0.404(1478)(652)/100 = 3893.17
mm 2. Provide 20 bars of 16 mm (area = 4021 mm2), spacing = 1478/19 = 77.78
mm c/c, say 75 mm c/c. However, this area of steel shall be checked for bending
moment consideration also.
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(B) Bending moment at the face of column C2 in the transverse strip under
column C2The bending moment = (1.35)(1.35)(600)/2 = 546.75 kNm. We,
therefore, have
M/(width of strip)d2= 546.75(106)/(1478)(652)(652) = 0.87 N/mm2
Table 2 of SP-16 gives: p = 0.2544 < 0.404 per cent as required for one-way
shear. So, provide 20 bars of 16 mm diameter @ 75 mm c/c in the column strip
of width 1478 under column C2.
Development length as calculated in Step (B) of col strip C1 = 752.16 mm
The length available = 1350 – 50 – 16 = 1284 mm > 752.16 mm
Hence, o.k.
Step 7: Transfer of forces at the base of the columns
(A) For column C1
The limiting bearing stress at the column face governs where the bearing stress =
0.45fck = 9 N/mm2, since the column C1 is at the edge of the footing.
The force that can be transferred = 9(400)(400)(10-3) = 1440 kN> 1200 kN, load
of column C1. Hence full transfer of force is possible without the need of any
dowels. However, four 16 mm nominal dowels are provided as shown
inFigs.11.29.5a and b.
(B) For column C2
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Figure shows the dimensions to determine A1 and A2 for the column C2 and the
footing. Accordingly,
A1= (1600)(1400) mm2, andA2= (300)(500) mm2
(A1/A2)1/2 = {(16)(14)/(3)(5)}1/2 = 3.86 but limited to 2
The bearing stress at the column face = 0.45fck = 9 N/mm2, and the bearing
stress at the footing face = 0.45fck(2) = 18 N/mm2. However, the bearing stress
of 9 N/mm2 governs.
The force that can be transferred through the column C2 = 9(300)(500) =
1350 kN< 1800 kN. For the excess force (1800 – 1350) = 450 kN, dowels shall
be provided. The area of dowels = 450(103)/0.67(415) = 1618.414 mm2.
The minimum area of dowels = 0.5(300)(500)/100 = 750 mm2. Provide 6 dowels

of 20 mm diameter (area = 1885 mm2).
The development length required in compression
= 0.97(415)(20)/4(1.6)(1.2)(1.25) = 752.2 mm.
The length available = 652 – 20 = 632 mm Therefore, the dowels shall be given
a 90o bend and shall be extended horizontally by 100 mm to have a total length
of 632 + 8(20) + 100 = 892 mm >752.2 mm.
Step 8: Distribution reinforcement
Nominal distribution reinforcement shall be provided at top and bottom where

the main reinforcement bars are not provided. The amount @ 0.12 per cent
comes to 0.12(1000)(652)/100 = 782.4 mm2/meter. Provide 12 mm diameter
bars @ 140 mm c/c (area = 808 mm2/m).
LECTURE NO 7.
Mat or Raft footings:
It is a large slab supporting a number of columns and walls under entire structure
or a large part of the structure. A mat is required when the allowable soil
58 | P a g e
pressure is low or where the columns and walls are so close that individual
footings would overlap or nearly touch each other. Mat foundations are use full
in reducing the differential settlements on non-homogeneous soils or where there
is large variation in the loads on individual columns .In this there are two types:
Conventionalmethod
Buoyancytype
Then,
Duetobuoyancy.So,wecanputextrasuperstructureloadof5.4t/m2
tobalancetheloads.4t/m2 tobalancetheloads.
So,nofootingisrequired. Thisisatheoretical case.
TypicalRaft Foundation
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LECTURE NO 8
Retaining wall
A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral
pressure of soil, when there is a desired change in ground elevation that
exceeds the angle of repose of the soil. A basement wall is thus one kind
of retaining wall.
Types of Retaining Walls
 Gravity Walls. Reinforced Gravity Walls. Concrete Cantilever retaining wall.

Counter-fort / Buttressed retaining wall. Precast concrete retaining wall. ...
 Brick.
 Brick Masonry retaining wall.
 Stone.
 Reinforced Soil Walls. Reinforced Soil. Soil Nailing.
 Hybrid System. Anchored Earth. Tailed Gabion. Tailed Concrete Block.
Miscellaneous.
USE PPT
LECTURE NO 9
CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL
Cantilever retaining wall are usually of reinforced concrete and work on the
principles of leverage. It has much thinner stem and utilize the weight of the
backfill soil to provide most of the resistance to sliding and overturning.
Cantilever retaining wall is the most common type of earth-retaining structure. It

is constructed of reinforced Portland-cement concrete (PCC) was the
predominant type of rigid retaining wall used from about the 1920s to 1970s.
Earth slopes and earth retaining structures are used to maintain two different
ground surface elevations.
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Function of Cantilever Retaining Wall
To retain the soil at a slope that is greater than it would naturally assume, usually
at a vertical or near vertical position.
Design Consideration
In order to calculate the pressure exerted at any point on the wall, the following
must be considered:
o Height of water table

o Nature & type of soil
o Subsoil water movements
o Type of wall
o Material used in the construction of wall
The effect of two forms of earth pressure needs to be considered during the
process of designing the retaining wall. They are:
1. Active earth pressure – It is the pressure that at all times are tending to move or
overturn the retaining wall
2. Passive earth pressure – It is reactionary pressures that will react in the form of a
resistance to movement of the wall.
Two Basic Form of Cantilever Wall

A base with a large heel so that the mass of earth above can be added to the wall
for design purposes.
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Figure :Typical reinforced concrete cantilever walls
The drawing show typical section and pattern of reinforcement encountered with
these basic forms of cantilever retaining walls.
o The main steel occurs on the tension face of the wall and nominal steel (0.15%
of the cross-sectional area of the wall) is very often included in the opposite face
to control the shrinkage which occurs in in-situ concrete work.
o Reinforcement requirements, bending, fabricating and placing are dealt with in
the section on reinforced concrete.
Reinforcement of cantilever retaining wall
Advantages and details about cantilever wall

Reinforced cantilever walls have an economic height range of 1.200 to 6.000 m;
walls in excess of this height have been economically constructed using
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prestressing techniques. Any durable facing material may be applied to the
surface to improve the appearance of the wall but it must be remembered that
such finishes are decorative and add nothing to the structural strength of the
wall.
Cantilever Wall Failure

o Effect of water: Ground water behind a retaining wall, whether static or
percolating through subsoil, can have adverse effects upon the design and
stability.
o Slip circle failure: sometimes encountered with cantilever wall in clay soils
particularly if there is a heavy surcharge.
o Low quality of material that use in cantilever construction
o Low design reinforcement in cantilever wall.
o Mistake in calculate height of water table, nature & type of soil.
o Subsoil water movements.
Identifying Failure of Cantilever Wall

o Cantilever wall be in sloping position.
o Cantilever wall had curve on its surface/wall.
o Crack on wall structure.
o Cantilever wall awashed.
LECTURE NO 9
Counter fort Retaining Wall

When the height of earth to be retaining exceeds 5m, the bending
moment developed in the stem, heel and toe slabs are very large
which results in large thickness of structural elements and becomes
uneconomical. Thus, counterfort type retaining wall is adopted for
larger heights.
o Figure below shows counterfort retaining wall and its parts.
63 | P a g e
o
o Counterfort retaining wall consists of a stem, toe slab and heel

slab as in case of cantilever retaining wall. But it also consists
of counterforts are regular interval which divides the stem. The
stem with combination of counterfort behaves like a tee-beam
with varying width.
o The stem and heel slabs are effectively fixed to counterforts so

that the stem bends horizontally between the counterforts due
to lateral earth pressure. Thus the thickness of stem and the
heel slab is considerably reduced due to the reduction of
moment due to fixity of these slabs between counterforts.
Ring beam
LECTURE NO 10
Design of Counterfort Retaining Wall

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TUTORIAL SHEETS (UNIT-I)
TUTORIAL SHEET:1 (UNIT-I)
1. Design a square footing for a rectangular column 300 mm × 500 mm,

reinforced with 6–25 φ bars, and carrying a service load of 1250 kN. Assume
2
soil with an allowable pressure of 200 kN/m at a depth of 1.25 m below
ground. Assume Fe 415 grade steel for both column and footing, and M 20
grade concrete for the footing and M 25 grade concrete for the column.
TUTORIAL SHEET:2 (UNIT-I)
1. Design a plain concrete footing for a column, 400 mm × 400 mm, carrying an
2
axial (service) load of 400 kN. Assume an allowable soil pressure of 350 kN/m
at a depth of 1.0 m below ground. Assume M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
TUTORIAL SHEET: 3 (UNIT-I)
1. Design a sloped footing for a square column of 400 mm x 400 mm with 16

longitudinal bars of 16 mm diameter carrying a service load of 1400 kN. Use
M 20 and Fe 415 both for column and footing slab. The safe bearing capacity
of soil is 150 kN/m2.
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1. Design the footing of uniform base pressure considering that moments are due
to dead load and hence irreversible other data of are: column size = 300 mm x
450 mm, longitudinal bars of column = 20 bars of 20 mm
(Ast = 4021 mm2), Pu = 1620 kN, Mu = 170 kNm, safe bearing capacity of soil =
200 kN/m 2 at a depth of 1 metre below the ground level, grade of concrete = M
25 and grade of steel = Fe 415.
1. Given axial load = 200 kN/m and safe bearing capacity of soil qc = 100 kN/m2
at a depth of 1 m below the ground level. Assuming the self-weight of footing
and backfill as 10 per cent, the area of the base required = 200 (1.1)/100 = 2.2
m2. Provide width of 2.2 m for every one metre to get the required area of 2.2
m2 .
1. Design a combined footing for two columns C1, 400 mm x 400 mm with 8
bars of 16 mm diameter carrying a service load of 800 kN and C2, 300 mm x
500 mm with 8 bars of 20 mm diameter carrying a service load of 1200 kN .
The column C1 is flushed with the property line. The columns are at 3.0 m
c/c distance. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m2 at a depth of 1.5
m below the ground level. Use M 20 and Fe 415 for columns and footing.

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76 | P a g e
77 | P a g e

o
1. Design a cantilever wall to retain earth with a backfill sloped at 20 to the horizontal.
The top of the wall is 5.5 m above the ground level, and the foundation depth may be
2
taken as 1.2 m below ground level, with a safe bearing capacity of 120 kN/m .
2
Assume that the backfill has a unit weight of 17 kN/m and an angle of shearing
o
resistance of 35 . Further, assume a coefficient of friction between soil and concrete,
μ = 0.55. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

o
1. Design a cantilever wall to retain earth with a backfill sloped at 25 to the horizontal.
The top of the wall is 4.5 m above the ground level, and the foundation depth may be
2
taken as 1.2 m below ground level, with a safe bearing capacity of 100 kN/m .
2
Assume that the backfill has a unit weight of 17 kN/m and an angle of shearing
o
resistance of 35 . Further, assume a coefficient of friction between soil and concrete,
μ = 0.55. Use M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
1. Suggest suitable proportions for a counterfort retaining wall to support difference

in ground elevation of 9 m. The foundation depth may be taken as 1.5 m below
2
ground level, with a safe bearing capacity of 160 kN/m . Assume a level backfill with
3 o
a unit weight of 16 kN/m and an angle of shearing resistance of 30 . Assume a
coefficient of friction, μ = 0.5, between soil and concrete. Check the stability of the
wall.
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UNIT-I (ASSIGNMENT)
ASSIGNMENT NO: 1
GROUP: A
1. Design an isolated footing for a square column, 450 mm × 450 mm, reinforced
with 8–25 φ bars, and carrying a service load of 2300 KN. Assume soil with a
safe bearing capacity of 300 KN/m2 at a depth of 1.5 m below ground. Assume
M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel for the footing, and M 25 concrete
and Fe 415 steel for the column.
2. Redesign the footing for the column in Example 1.including a spatial

restriction of 2.5 m on one of the plan dimensions of the footing.
3. Determine suitable dimensions of a cantilever retaining wall, which is

required to support a bank of earth 4.0 m high above the ground level on the toe
side of the wall. Consider the backfill surface to be inclined at an angle of 15o
with the horizontal. Assume good soil for foundation at a depth of 1.25 m below
the ground level with a safe bearing capacity of 160 kN/m2. Further assume the
backfill to comprise granular soil with a unit weight of 16 kN/m3 and an angle of
shearing resistance of 30o. Assume the coefficient of friction between soil and
concrete to be 0.5.
UNIT-I (ASSIGNMENT)
ASSIGNMENT NO: 1
GROUP: B
1.Design a combined footing for two columns C1 (400 mm × 400 mm with 4–25
φ bars) and C2 (500 mm × 500 mm with 4–28 φ bars) supporting axial loads P1 =
900 kN and P2 = 1600 kN respectively (under service dead and live loads). The
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column C1 is an exterior column whose exterior face is flush with the property
line. The centre-to-centre distance between C1 and C2 is 4.5 m. The allowable
2
soil pressure at the base of the footing, 1.5 m below ground level, is 240 kN/m .
Assume steel of grade Fe 415 in columns as well as footing, and concrete of M
30 grade in columns and M 20 grade in footing.
2.Determine suitable dimensions of a cantilever retaining wall, which is

required to support a bank of earth 4.0 m high above the ground level on the toe
o
side of the wall. Consider the backfill surface to be inclined at an angle of 15
with the horizontal. Assume good soil for foundation at a depth of 1.25 m below
2
the ground level with a safe bearing capacity of 160 kN/m . Further assume the
3
backfill to comprise granular soil with a unit weight of 16 kN/m and an angle of
o
shearing resistance of 30 . Assume the coefficient of friction between soil and
concrete to be 0.5.
3.Design a suitable counterfort retaining wall to support a level backfill, 7.5 m

high above the ground level on the toe side. Assume good soil for foundation at
a depth of 1.5 m below the ground level with a safe bearing capacity of 170
2
kN/m . Further assume the backfill to comprise granular soil with a unit weight
3 o
of 16 kN/m and an angle of shearing resistance of 30 . Assume the coefficient of
friction between soil and concrete to be 0.5. Use M 25 and Fe 415 steel.
COURSE CODE:CET-351
ASSIGNMENT NO:1
GROUP: C
1. Design a suitable counterfort retaining wall to support a level backfill, 7.5 m

high above the ground level on the toe side. Assume good soil for foundation
at a depth of 1.5 m below the ground level with a safe bearing capacity of 170
2
kN/m . Further assume the backfill to comprise granular soil with a unit
3 o
weight of 16 kN/m and an angle of shearing resistance of 30 . Assume the
coefficient of friction between soil and concrete to be 0.5. Use M 25 and Fe
415 steel.
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with 8–25 φ bars, and carrying a service load of 2300 kN. Assume soil with a
2
safe bearing capacity of 300 kN/m at a depth of 1.5 m below ground. Assume
M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel for the footing, and M 25
concrete and Fe 415 steel for the column.

2
soil with an allowable pressure of 200 kN/m at a depth of 1.25 m below
ground. Assume Fe 415 grade steel for both column and footing, and M 20
grade concrete for the footing and M 25 grade concrete for the column.
ASSIGNMENT NO: 1
GROUP:D

required to support a bank of earth 4.0 m high above the ground level on
the toe side of the wall. Consider the backfill surface to be inclined at an
o
angle of 15 with the horizontal. Assume good soil for foundation at a
depth of 1.25 m below the ground level with a safe bearing capacity of
2
160 kN/m . Further assume the backfill to comprise granular soil with a
3 o
unit weight of 16 kN/m and an angle of shearing resistance of 30 .
Assume the coefficient of friction between soil and concrete to be 0.5.

2
Assume soil with an allowable pressure of 200 kN/m at a depth of 1.25
m below ground. Assume Fe 415 grade steel for both column and
footing, and M 20 grade concrete for the footing and M 25 grade
concrete for the column.
3. Design a plain concrete footing for a column, 400 mm × 400 mm,

carrying an axial (service) load of 400 kN. Assume an allowable soil
2
pressure of 350 kN/m at a depth of 1.0 m below ground. Assume M 20
concrete and Fe 415 steel.
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ASSIGNMENT NO: 1
GROUP:E
1. Design a square footing for a rectangular column 300 mm × 500 mm, reinforced
with 6–25 φ bars, and carrying a service load of 1250 kN. Assume soil with an
2
allowable pressure of 200 kN/m at a depth of 1.25 m below ground. Assume Fe
415 grade steel for both column and footing, and M 20 grade concrete for the
footing and M 25 grade concrete for the column.

high above the ground level on the toe side. Assume good soil for foundation at
a depth of 1.5 m below the ground level with a safe bearing capacity of 170
2
kN/m . Further assume the backfill to comprise granular soil with a unit weight
3 o
of 16 kN/m and an angle of shearing resistance of 30 . Assume the coefficient of
friction between soil and concrete to be 0.5. Use M 25 and Fe 415 steel.
with 8–25 φ bars, and carrying a service load of 2300 kN. Assume soil with a
2
safe bearing capacity of 300 kN/m at a depth of 1.5 m below ground. Assume M
20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel for the footing, and M 25 concrete and
Fe 415 steel for the column.
ASSIGNMENT NO: 1
GROUP:F
1. Design a suitable counterfort retaining wall to support a level backfill,

7.5 m high above the ground level on the toe side. Assume good soil for
foundation at a depth of 1.5 m below the ground level with a safe bearing
2
capacity of 170 kN/m . Further assume the backfill to comprise granular
3
soil with a unit weight of 16 kN/m and an angle of shearing resistance of
o
30 . Assume the coefficient of friction between soil and concrete to be
0.5. Use M 25 and Fe 415 steel.
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2
Assume soil with an allowable pressure of 200 kN/m at a depth of 1.25
m below ground. Assume Fe 415 grade steel for both column and
footing, and M 20 grade concrete for the footing and M 25 grade
concrete for the column.
3. Design a plain concrete footing for a column, 400 mm × 400 mm,

carrying an axial (service) load of 400 kN. Assume an allowable soil
2
pressure of 350 kN/m at a depth of 1.0 m below ground. Assume M 20
concrete and Fe 415 steel
ASSIGNMENT NO: 1
GROUP:G

required to support a bank of earth 4.0 m high above the ground level on the
toe side of the wall. Consider the backfill surface to be inclined at an angle of
o
15 with the horizontal. Assume good soil for foundation at a depth of 1.25 m
2
below the ground level with a safe bearing capacity of 160 kN/m . Further
assume the backfill to comprise granular soil with a unit weight of 16
3 o
kN/m and an angle of shearing resistance of 30 . Assume the coefficient of
friction between soil and concrete to be 0.5.
2. Design an isolated footing for a square column, 450 mm × 450 mm,

2
soil with a safe bearing capacity of 300 kN/m at a depth of 1.5 m below
ground. Assume M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel for the footing,
and M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel for the column.

high above the ground level on the toe side. Assume good soil for foundation
at a depth of 1.5 m below the ground level with a safe bearing capacity of 170
2
kN/m . Further assume the backfill to comprise granular soil with a unit
3 o
weight of 16 kN/m and an angle of shearing resistance of 30 . Assume the
coefficient of friction between soil and concrete to be 0.5. Use M 25 and Fe
415 steel.
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SUMMER TERM
DCS-II CET-351
MID SEMESTER TEST -I

Q. I.
d. Differentiate one way and two way shear.

e. Differentiate cantilever and counter fort retaining wall?
f. Pen down dome and types of dome based on structural use.
(3X6 =18)
Section – B (2*15 =30)
Q. No. 2 Design an isolated footing for a square column, 500 mm x 500 mm

carrying service loads of 1000 kN. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. The safe
bearing capacity of soil is 180 kN/m2. Use M 20 and Fe 415.
Q. No. 3
Design a circular footing for a circular column of diameter 500 mm carrying a

working load of 900 kN. SBC of soil is 200 kN/m2. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415
steel.
Q.no: 4 Describe the various stability checks for designing retaining walls.
Explain step by step design procedure for designing shear key for the wall.
84 | P a g e
SUMMER TERM
Marking Scheme
1st Hourly Test
BE: Civil Engineering

Semester: 6th
Design of concrete structure-II Sub

Code: CET-351
Section-A
Q.1 (a) At least two difference. 2 marks
(b) At least two difference. 2 marks.
(c) Definition 1 marks, Types of dome 1 marks total 2 marks.
Section-B
Q.2 a. Load, shear and moment calculations 5

marks
b. Size calculation for footing and checks. 5

marks
c. Provision of reinforcement with diagram 5

marks
Q.3 a. Load, shear and moment calculations 5

marks
b. Size calculation for footing and checks. 5

marks
c. Provision of reinforcement with diagram 5

marks
Q.4 a. various checks for retaining wall

10 marks
b. Design of shear key 5

marks
85 | P a g e
Unit-2
LECTURE :11
Design of Curved Beams :
Derivation of stress equations
CURVED MEMBERS IN FLEXURE
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The distribution of stress in a curved flexural member is determined by using
the followingAssumptions.
1 The cross section has an axis of symmetry in a plane along the length of the
beam.
2 Plane cross sections remain plane after bending.
3 The modulus of elasticity is the same in tension as in compression.
It will be found that the neutral axis and the centroidal axis of a curved beam,
unlike a straight beam, are not coincident and also that the stress does not
vary linearly from the neutral axis. The notation shown in the above figures is
defined as follows:
ro = radius of outer fiber
ri = radius of inner fiber
h = depth of section
co = distance from neutral axis to outer fiber
ci = distance from neutral axis to inner fiber
r = radius of neutral axis
r-- = radius of centroidalaxis
e = distance from centroidal axis to neutral axis
To begin, we define the element abcdby the angle φ. A bending moment M
causes section bctorotate through dφ to b’c’. The strain on any fiber at distance
ρ from the center 0 is
The normal stress corresponding to this strain is
(1)
Since there are no axial external forces acting on the beam, the sum of the
normalforces acting on the section must be zero. Therefore
(2)
Now arrange Eq. (2) in the form
(3)
87 | P a g e
and solve the expression in parentheses. This gives
(4)
This important equation is used to find the location of the neutral axis with
respect tothe center of curvature 0 of the cross section. The equation indicates
that the neutral and the centroidal axes are not coincident.
Our next problem is to determine the stress distribution. We do this by
balancing theexternal applied moment against the internal resisting moment.
Thus, from Eq. (2),
(5)
Since Eq. (5) can be written in the form
(6)
Note that r is a constant; then compare the first two terms in parentheses with
Eq.(4). These terms vanish, and we have left
The first integral in this expression is the area A, and the second is the product
rA.Therefore
Now, using Eq. (1) once more, and rearranging, we finally obtain
This equation shows that the stress distribution is hyperbolic. The algebraic
maximumstresses occur at the inner and outer fibers and are
(7)
The sign convention used is that M is positive if it acts to straighten on the
beam. Thedistance y is positive inwards to the center of curvature and is
measured from theneutral axis. It follows that ci is positive and co is negative.
88 | P a g e
These equations are valid for pure bending. In the usual and more general case
suchas a crane hook, the U frame of a press, or the frame of a clamp, the
bending momentis due to forces acting to one side of the cross section under
consideration. In this casethe bending moment is computed about the
centroidal axis, not the neutral axis. Also,an additional axial tensile (P/A) or
compressive (-P/A) stress must be added to the
Bending stress given by Eq. (7) to obtain the resultant stress acting on the
section.
LECTURE :12
Design of Curved Beam :
Formulas for Some Common Sections
Sections most frequently encountered in the stress analysis of curved beams

are shown below.
89 | P a g e
Stress in curved beams
 Deformation analysis---------------stress and strain distribution
(1) Any transverse plane section (containing C) remain plane

(2) A neutral surface must exist in the member(R=R’’)
(3) Elongation of the arc JKJ’K’, =r’’-r
(4) The normal stress x

E y E R r
xEx  
 Ry r
The normal stress x does not vary linearly with y.
The position of the neutral axis
90 | P a g e
≤ The distance R from the center of curvature C to the neutral surface is
defined by the relation
R A dA
r
The Neutral surface does not pass through the centroid of the section.
[ centroid at r 
A rdA ]
 Stress formula
My
x
Ae(R  y)
xM(r  R)Ae
(1) Determine the distance e

between the centroid and the
neutral axis of the cross
section.
( r 100mm, b 50mm, h 25mm )
A bh h
R  r  r
r2 dA 2 bdr 2 dr,
 r1 R  r1 r 
r1 r
R h
ln r2
91 | P a g e
r1
r  r  1 h 87.5mm, r  r  1 h 87.5mm
1 2 1 2
h
R R  99.477mm
ln 2
r1
e r R10099.4770.523mm
(2) If M=500Nm, determine the largest tensile
and compressive stress
M(r2R)
max 
88.5MpaAer2
M(r1R)
min 104.7MpaA
er1
* Compared with straight beam
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LECTURE :13
Design of Curved Beam :
Example 2
Knowing that the
allowable compressive
stress is 50Mpa,
determine the largest
force P which may
be applied.
(1) Force
And couple
atcentroid D of
the cross P=?
M=(0.110m)P
(2) Superposition:
the total stress at
cross-section a-a
is
 P  M (r  R)
A Aer
(3) Radius of neutral
surface
A
R  0.04561m
dA
r
e  r  R 0.00439m
(4) The largest
compressive
stress will occur
at point A, where
r=0.030m using


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
all 50MPawe obtain P=8.55kN
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LECTURE 14 :
Design of Ring Beam :
Derivation of Expression to Determine Stress at any Point on the Fibres of a ring

Beam:
Consider a curved beam with rc, as the radius of centroidal axis, rn, the radius of neutral
surface, ri, the radius of inner fibre, ro, the radius of outer fibre having thickness ‘h’
subjected to bending moment Mb.
Let AB and CD be the two adjacent cross-sections separated from each other by a
small angle dφ.Because of Mb the section CD rotates through a small angle dα. The unit
deformation of any fibre at a distance y from neutral surface is
ydα
Deformation ∈  δ
… (1.1)
( −y
l r )dφ
n
The unit stress on this fibre is,
Stress = Strain × Young’s modulus of material of
beam
Eydα
σ∈ E  … (1.2)
( rn−y )dφ
For equilibrium, the summation of the forces acting on the cross sectional area must
bezero.
i.e., ∫σdA0
E ydαdA
∫
or rn– y dφ  0
dα ydA
E
dφ ∫ r–y 0 … (1.3)
n
Also the external moment Mb applied is resisted by internal moment. From equation
1.2 we have,
E y 2d αdA
i.e., ∫  M
rn– y dφ
dα y 2dA
E ∫  M … (1.4)
d φ rn− y
Ed α ydA
i.e., M dφ ∫ ( −y )dArn ∫ rn− y … (1.5)
95 | P a g e
∫yσdA M
Note: In equation 1.5, the first integral is the moment of cross sectional area with respect toneutral
surface and the second integral is zero from equation 1.3.
dα
Therefore, M E Ae … (1.6)
dφ
Here ‘e’ represents the distance between the centroidal axis and neutral axis.
96 | P a g e
Note: Since e = rc– rn, equation 1.9 can be used to determine ‘e’. Knowing the value of ‘e’,equation
1.8 is used to determine the stress σ.
For a given beam, Mb and ‘I’ are constant and hence σbαy, i.e., the variation of bending stress is linear
and is directly proportional to its distance from centre of gravity axis which coincides with neutral
axis.
The maximum bending (tensile) stress σb tensile at A and compressive at B are equal in magnitude at
‘A’ and ‘B’ as shown in the Fig. 1.2.
(b) Curved beam

Figure 1.3 shows a curved beam subjected to bending moment Mb.
Let ri = Distance of inner fibre from centre of curvature, Cro= Distance of
outer fibre from centre of curvature
rc= Distance of centroidal axis (CG axis) from centre of curvaturern=
Distance of neutral axis from centre of curvature
97 | P a g e
The neutral axis is shifted towards the centre of curvature by a distance called eccentricity
‘e’. The value ‘e’ should be computed very accurately since a small variation in the value of ‘e’
causes a large variation in the values of stress.
i.e., e =rc–rn
ci= Distance between neutral axis and inner fibre =rn–ri co= Distance
between outer fibre and neutral axis =ro–rn
LECTURE 15 :
DESIGN OF DOMES
A dome (from Latin: domes) is an architectural element that resembles the hollow upper half
of a sphere. The precise definition has been a matter of controversy. There are also a wide
variety of forms and specialized terms to describe them. A dome can rest upon rotunda or
drum, and can be supported by columns or piers that transition to the dome through
squinches or pendentives. A lanternmay cover an oculus and may itself have another dome.
Domes have a long architectural lineage that extends back into prehistory and they have
been constructed from mud, stone, wood, brick, concrete, metal, glass, and plastic over the
centuries. The symbolism associated with domes includes mortuary, celestial, and
governmental traditions that have likewise developed over time.
Domes have been found from early Mesopotamia, which may explain the form's spread.
They are found in Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Chinese architecture in the Ancient
world, as well as among a number of contemporary indigenous building traditions. They
were popular in Byzantine and medieval Islamic architecture, and there are numerous
examples from Western Europe in theMiddle Ages. The Renaissance style spread from Italy
in the Early modern period. Advancements in mathematics, materials, and production
98 | P a g e
techniques since that time resulted in new dome types. The domes of the modern world
can be found over religious buildings, legislative chambers, sports stadiums, and a variety of
functional structures
Beehive dome
Also called a corbelled dome, or false dome, these are different from a 'true dome' in that they
consist of purely horizontal layers. As the layers get higher, each is slightly cantilevered, or corbelled,
toward the center until meeting at the top. A monumental example is the Mycenaean Treasury of
Atreus from the late Bronze Age.
Cloister vault
Called domical vaults (a term sometimes also applied to sail vaults), polygonal domes, coved domes,
gored domes, segmental dome(a term sometimes also used for saucer domes), paneled vaults, or
pavilion vaults, these are domes that maintain a polygonal shape in their horizontal cross section.
The earliest known examples date to the first century BC, such as the Tabulation of Rome from 78
BC. Others include the Baths of Antonius in Carthage (145-160) and the Palatine Chapel at Aachen
(13th - 14th century). The most famous example is the Renaissance octagonal dome of Filippo
Brunelleschi over the Florence Cathedral. Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States,
installed an octagonal dome above the West front of his plantation house, Monticello.
Design of dome:
99 | P a g e
Internal forces: A masonry dome produces thrusts down and outward. They are thought of in terms
of two kinds of forces at right angles from one another. Meridional forces (like the meridians, or
lines of longitude, on a globe) are compressive only, and increase towards the base, while hoop
forces (like the lines of latitude on a globe) are in compression at the top and tension at the base,
with the transition in a hemispherical dome occurring at an angle of 51.8 degrees from the top. The
thrusts generated by a dome are directly proportional to the weight of its materials. Grounded
hemispherical domes generate significant horizontal thrusts at their haunches.
Zone of transition: When the base of the dome does not match the plan of the supporting walls
beneath it (for example, a dome's circular base over a square bay), techniques are employed to
transition between the two. The simplest technique is to use diagonal lintels across the corners of
the walls to create an octagonal base. Another is to use arches to span the corners, which can
support more weight. A variety of these techniques use what are called "squinches".
A squinch can be a single arch or a set of multiple projecting nested arches placed diagonally over an
internal corner. Squinches can take a variety of other forms, as well, including trumpet arches
and niche heads, or half-domes.
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Forces on Dome:
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LECTURE 16 :
ANALYSIS OF DOMES
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Meridian stress
Circular domes:
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104 | P a g e
LECTURE 17 :
WATER TANK
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Water tanks:
Reinforced Concrete Water Tank Design Requirements
Reinforced concrete water tanks are constructed for storing water. The design of
reinforced concrete water tank is based on IS 3370: 2009 (Parts I – IV). The design
depends on the location of tanks, i.e. overhead, on ground or underground water tanks
The tanks can be made in different shapes usually circular and rectangular shapes are mostly used. The tanks
can be made of reinforced concrete or even of steel. The overhead tanks (elevated tanks) are usually elevated
from the rooftop through column. In the other hand the underground tanks are rested on the foundation.
In this article, Design requirements of reinforced concrete water tanks are discussed.
1. Types of RCC water tank
Based on the water tank location and their shapes, they are classified as
Types of RCC water tank based on their location and shapes
Types of water tanks

Based on water tank location
Based on water tank shape
Underground tanks Rectangular tank
Tank resting on grounds Circular tank
Overhead tanks*
Spherical tank
Intze tank
Circular tank with conical bottom
the aesthetical view of the surroundings and the design of the construction controls shape of the
overhead tanks.
Above ground RCC water tank
Above ground RCC water tank
Underground RCC water tank

106 | P a g e
Underground RCC water tank
Overhead RCC water tank
Overhead RCC water tank
2. Basis of concrete water tank design
RCC water tank design should be based on sufficient resistance to cracking to avoid leakage and
adequate strength. For achieving these following assumptions are made:
Plain section before bending remains plain after bending
Both concrete and steel are perfectly elastic and modular ratio value has a value given in IS 456-
In calculation of stresses. Both for flexural and direct tension or combination thereof relating to
resistance to cracking, the entire section of concrete including the cover together with reinforcement
can be taken into consideration provided that tensile stress in concrete limited to values provided
Neglect concrete tensile strength during strength calculation.

Stresses in a RCC water tank
Stresses in a RCC water tank
3. Permissible stress on concrete
Permissible stress for resistance of cracking
Water tank concrete shall be free of leakage. This may be achieved by selecting concrete M 20 grade
and greater, and concrete near water face need to such that no crack occurs.
So, to make concrete crack free at water face, water tank wall thickness shall be designed so that
stress on concrete is smaller than values provided in Table
In members less than 225mm. thick and in contact with liquid on one side these permissible stresses
in bending apply also to the face remote from the liquid.
Permissible Stresses in Concrete (For calculations relating to resistance to concrete)
107 | P a g e
Permissible stress in steel
The stress in steel must not be allowed to exceed the following values under different positions to
prevent cracking of concrete.
When steel is placed near the face of the members in contact with liquid 115 N/mm2 for mild steel
Bars and 150 N/mm2 for high strength deformed bars.
If steel is placed on the face away from the liquid for members 225 mm or more in thickness then
permissible stress in steel shall be 125 N/ mm2 for mild steel bars and 190 N/ mm2 for high strength
deformed bars.
When steel is placed on face away from liquid for members less than 225 mm in thickness same as
earlier.
Reinforcement in water tanks
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Estimation of forces :
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Topic : Rectangular water tank
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LECTURE 18
Topic Name - cylindrical tank resting on ground
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LECTURE : 19, 20
Topic Name -intz types tank
Design a intz tank with capacity of 4,00,000 liters. The tank is rest on firm level ground. The height of
the tank including a free board of 200 mm should not exceed 3.5 m. tank is open at the top. Use
m20 and fe-415 steel.
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Design a intz tank with capacity of 7,00,000 liters. The tank is rest on firm level ground. The height of
the tank including a free board of 500 mm should not exceed 5 m. tank is open at the top. Use m20
and fe-415 steel.
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TUTORIAL SHEET: 1 (UNIT-II)
Q.1 Design a circular water tank of capacity 2, 50,000 liters of total height 4.2m, which will be
resting on firm ground, if
(I) Joint between wall and tank is flexible
(ii) Joint between wall and Tank is fixed.
Q.1Design a Rectangular water tank of size 7m x 5m x 3.5m deep resting on firm ground. Use m25
concrete and Fe-415 steel. Assume tank is open at the top.
Q.1A circular water tank of size 8m diameter x 4m deep is to be designed using M25 concrete and Fe
415 Steel. The tank rests on firm ground. Design the tank and draw the reinforcement details.
Q.1Design an Underground water tank of size 4m x 6m x3m deep. Using properties γs = 20kN/m3 and
ϕs = 30o. Subsoil water can rise up to top of tank.
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Q.1Design a flat bottom circular elevated water tank with dome roof of diameter 20m and total height
3.2m. It is to be supported by a ring beam of diameter 9m. The ring beam is to be supported by eight
columns. Use M25 concrete and Fe 415 Steel.
Q.1Design an Intz type water tank of capacity 2,8, 00,00 liters capacity supported on symmetrically
placed eight columns. Use M25 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Q.2Design the staging for the water tank of Prob.5, staging height required is 15 m. Assume wind
pressure of 1.8 kN/m2.
Q.1Design an Intz type water tank of capacity one million liters capacity supported on symmetrically
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Q.1 Design a flat bottom circular elevated water tank of diameter 10 m and total height 4m which is
to be supported by ring beam of 7.5 m diameter. The ring beam is to be supported by six columns
equally placed. Use M25 and Fe 415 steel. Design the following Components of water tank
(a) Top domes
(b) Top ring beam
(c) Cylindrical wall
(d) Bottom slab
(e) Bottom ring beam.
Q.1A curved beam is in the form of a full continuous circle in plan with a radius of 3m and is
supported continuously on five supports. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 50kN/m
length, inclusive of its own weight. Determine the bending moment, twisting moment and shear force
at salient locations. Also Plot the Bending Moment, Twisting moment and shear force Diagrams for
one span.
Q.1A beam is curved in plan in the form of arc of circle with radius of 3m, and central angle of 120o
.The beam is fixed at the ends, and carries a super-imposed load of 30kN/m. the beam is rectangular
in cross- section, having width = 30 cm and depth = 60 cm. taking G= 0.4 E for concrete. Draw the
bending moment and torsional moment diagrams for beam.
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Q.1 Design a spherical dome over a circular room, for the following data:
(iii) Live load due to wind, ice snow = 1.5kN/m2
The dome has an opening of 1.6 m diameter at its crown. A lantern is provided at its top, which
causes a dead load of 30kN acting along the circumference of the opening. Use M20 concrete and
steel Fe 415.
Q.1Design a conical roof for a hall having a diameter of 15 m. The rise of dome has to be 4 m .
Assume the live and other loads as 1700 N/m2. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Q.1a Spherical domes, span 12 m and rise 2 m, has a shell which is 120 mm thick. It carries a lantern
load of 5000 N at its apex. The wind load on dome is estimated to the equivalent to 1200 N/m 2.
Examine the stresses in domes and design suitable reinforcement. Also design the ring beam. Use M
20 concrete and Fe 415 steel reinforcement.
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UNIT II (ASSIGNMENT)
ASSIGNMENT NO: 2
GROUP 1
Q.1Explain the various types’ classification of water tank?
Q.2 Design a conical roof for a hall having a diameter of 20 m. The rise of dome has to be 4 m.
assume the live and other loads as 1500 N/m . Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
2
Q.3 A beam is curved in plan in the form of arc of circle with radius of 3m, and central angle of 120
o
.The beam is fixed at the ends, and carries a super-imposed load of 25 kN/m. the beam is
rectangular in cross- section, having width = 40 cm and depth = 70 cm. taking G= 0.4 E for concrete.
Draw the bending moment and torsional moment diagrams for beam.
Q.4Explain the stresses developed in spherical dome of uniform thickness?
Q.5 Design an Intz type water tank of capacity one million liters capacity supported on symmetrically
Q.6A rectangular water tank of size 4m x 8m x 4m deep is to be designed using M25 concrete and Fe
415 Steel. The tank rests on firm ground. Design the tank and draw the reinforcement details.
ASSIGNMENT NO: 2
GROUP 2
Q.1 Define minimum reinforcement required in water tank?

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Q.2Explain the Design Procedure of r c domes?
Q.3 a Spherical domes, span 10 m and rise 2 m, has a shell which is 120 mm thick. It carries a lantern
load of 5000 N at its apex. The wind load on dome is estimated to the equivalent to 1200 N/m . 2
Q.4 Design a flat bottom circular elevated water tank of diameter 10 m and total height 4m which is
to be supported by ring beam of 7.5 m diameter. The ring beam is to be supported by six columns
equally placed. Use M25 and Fe 415 steel. Design the following Components of water tank
(a) Top domes

(b) Top ring beam
(c) Cylindrical wall
(d) Bottom slab
(e) Bottom ring beam.
Q.5 A curved beam is in the form of a full continuous circle in plan with a radius of 3m and is
supported continuously on five supports. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 30 kN/m
length, inclusive of its own weight. Determine the bending moment, twisting moment and shear
force at salient locations. Also Plot the Bending Moment, Twisting moment and shear force
Diagrams for one span.
ASSIGNMENT NO: 2
GROUP 3
Q.1 A semi-circular beam is simply supported on three equally spaced columns. Show that the
maximum bending moment and the maximum twisting moment are equal to 0.429 wR and 0.1045 2
wR .
2
Q.2 Design a spherical dome over a circular room, for the following data:
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(ii) Rise of Dome = 4m
(iii) Live load due to wind, ice snow = 1.5 kN/m 2
The dome has an opening of 1.6 m diameter at its crown. A lantern is provided at its top, which
causes a dead load of 22 kN acting along the circumference of the opening. Use M20 concrete and
steel Fe 415.
Q.3 Explain the design principles of various element use in water tank?
Q.4 Explain the various types classification of water tank?
Q.5 A rectangular water tank of size 4m x 8m x 4m deep is to be designed using M25 concrete and
Fe 415 Steel. The tank rests on firm ground. Design the tank and draw the reinforcement details.
Q.6a Spherical domes, span 10 m and rise 3 m, has a shell which is 100 mm thick. It carries a lantern
ASSIGNMENT NO: 2
GROUP 4
Q.1 Explain the design Requirement of water tank?
Q.2 Design a flat bottom circular elevated water tank with dome roof of diameter 12m and total
height 3.2m. It is to be supported by a ring beam of diameter 9m. The ring beam is to be supported
by eight columns. Use M25 concrete and Fe 415 Steel.
Q.3 Design an Intz type water tank of capacity 8, 00,00 liters capacity supported on symmetrically
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Q.4 a Spherical domes, span 10 m and rise 2 m, has a shell which is 120 mm thick. It carries a lantern
Q.6A semi-circular beam is simply supported on three equally spaced columns. Show that the
maximum bending moment and the maximum twisting moment are equal to 0.429 wR and 0.1045 2
wR .
2
ASSIGNMENT NO: 2
GROUP 5
by eight columns. Use M25 concrete and Fe 415 Steel. Staging height required is 15 m. Assume wind
pressure 1.8 kN/m .
2
Q.2 Explain the design Requirement of curved beam?
Q.3Design a Rectangular water tank of size 6m x 4m x 3m deep resting on firm ground. Use m25
concrete and Fe-415 steel. Assume tank is open at the top.
Q. 4Explain the procedure of Intz water tank?
Q.5 A beam is curved in plan in the form of arc of circle with radius of 3m, and central angle of 120 o
.The beam is fixed at the ends, and carries a super-imposed load of 25 kN/m. the beam is
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rectangular in cross- section, having width = 40 cm and depth = 70 cm. taking G= 0.4 E for concrete.
Draw the bending moment and torsional moment diagrams for beam.
Q.6 Explain the stresses developed in conical dome of uniform thickness?
ASSIGNMENT NO: 2
GROUP 6
Q.1 Design a circular water tank of capacity 1, 50,000 liters of total height 3.2m, which will be resting
on firm ground, if
(I) Joint between wall and tank is flexible
(ii) Joint between wall and Tank is fixed.
Q.2Explain the procedure of underground water tank?
Q.4 Design an Underground water tank of size 4m x 6m x3m deep. Using properties γ = 16 kN/m s
3
and ϕ = 30 . Subsoil water can rise up to top of tank.

s
o
by eight columns. Use M25 concrete and Fe 415 Steel.
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SUMMER TERM
DCS-II CET-351
MID SEMESTER TEST -II

II. Q. I.
i. What do you understand by combine footing and conditions for which combine
footing is necessary to provide.
ii. If the cross sectional area of the curved beam is 200 mm X 1000mm. find out
minimum percentage of steel used.
iii. What are the formulas for shear force and bending moment for curved beam?
(3X6 =18)
Section – B (2*15 =30)
Q. No. 2 Design a combined footing for two columns C1, 400 mm x 400 mm with 8 bars of 16 mm
diameter carrying a service load of 800 kN and C2, 300 mm x 500 mm with 8 bars of 20 mm diameter
carrying a service load of 1200 kN. The column C1 is flushed with the property line. The columns are
at 3.0 m c/c distance. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m2 at a depth of 1.5 m below the
ground level. Use M 20 and Fe 415 for columns and footing.12
Q. No. 3
c) .Write down step by step procedure of design of a circular dome.

d) Which IS Code is recommended for design of footing. What procedure a designer has
to follow according to IS code during the calculation of moments and shear force?
Q.no: 4 A rectangular water tank of size 4m x 8m x 4m deep is to be designed using M25 concrete
and Fe 415 Steel. The tank rests on firm ground. Design the tank and draw the reinforcement details.
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Marking Scheme
2nd Hourly Test
BE: Civil Engineering Semester: 6th
Design of concrete structure-II Sub Code: CET-351
Section-A
Q.1 (a) Definition 1 marks, types of combined footing 1 marks total 2 marks.
(b) Calculate minimum percentage of steel for given cross section. 2 marks.
(c) Formula for shear force 1 marks, Bending moment 1 marks.
Section-B
Q.2 a. Load, shear and moment calculations 5 marks
b. Size calculation for footing and checks. 5 marks
c. Provision of reinforcement with diagram 5 marks
Q.3 a. Design procedure of circular dome. 8 marks
b. IS CODE recommendations and moments , shear 7 marks
Q.4 a. Load, shear and moment calculations 5 marks
b. Size calculation for water tank walls and checks . 5 marks
c. Provision of reinforcement with diagram 5 marks
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Unit-3
Lecture21: Introduction of flat slab and Advantage
INTRODUCTION
Common practice of design and construction is to support the slabs by beams and support the beams
by columns. This may be called as beam-slab construction. The beams reduce the available net clear
ceiling height. Hence in warehouses, offices and public halls some times beams are avoided and slabs
are directly supported by columns. This types of construction is aesthetically appealing also. These
slabs which are directly supported by columns are called Flat Slabs.
Critical section for shear
Fig:25.1 A flat slab without drop and column head

The column head is some times widened so as to reduce the punching shear in the slab. The widened
portions are called column heads. The column heads may be provided with any angle from the
consideration of architecture but for the design, concrete in the portion at 45º on either side of vertical
only is considered as effective for the design.
Fig:25.2 A flat slab with drop and without column head

(i) Slabs without drop and column head (Fig. 25.1).
(ii) Slabs without drop and column with column head (Fig. 25.2).
(iii) Slabs with drop and column without column head (Fig. 25.3).
(iv) Slabs with drop and column head as shown in Fig. 25.4.
Fig:25.2 A flat slab with drop and without column head
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Lecture 22: Proportioning of flat slabs
Ł.2 PROPORTIONING OF FLAT SLABS

IS 456-2000 [Clause 31.2] gives the following guidelines for proportioning.
Ł.2.Ł Drops
The drops when provided shall be rectangular in plan, and have a length in each
direction not less than one third of the panel in that direction. For exterior panels,
the width of drops at right angles to the non continuous edge and measured from
the centre-line of the columns shall be equal to one half of the width of drop for
interior panels.
Ł.2.2 Column Heads
Where column heads are provided, that portion of the column head which lies
within the largest right circular cone or pyramid entirely within the outlines of the
column and the column head, shall be considered for design purpose.
Ł.2.3 Thickness of Flat Slab
From the consideration of deflection control IS 456-2000 specifies minimum
thickness in terms of span to effective depth ratio. For this purpose larger span is
to be considered. If drop as specified in
1.2.1 is provided, then the maximum value of ratio of larger span to thickness shall be
= 40, if mild steel is used
= 32, if Fe 415 or Fe 500 steel is used
If drops are not provided or size of drops do not satisfy the specification 1.2.1,
then the ratio shall not exceed 0.9 times the value specified above i.e.,
= 40 × 0.9 = 36, if mild steel is used.
= 32 × 0.9 = 28.8, if HYSD bars are used
It is also specified that in no case, the thickness of flat slab shall be less than 125 mm.
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Lecture 23 and 24: The direct design method and Design of flat slab:
Ł.3 DETERMINATION OF BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE
For this IS 456-2000 permits use of any one of the following two methods:
(a) The Direct Design Method
(b) The Equivalent Frame Method
Ł.4 THE DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

This method has the limitation that it can be used only if the following conditions are fulfilled:
(a) There shall be minimum of three continuous spans in each directions.
(b) The panels shall be rectangular and the ratio of the longer span to the shorter span within a
panel shall not be greater than 2.
(c) The successive span length in each direction shall not differ by more than one-third of longer
span.
(d) The design live load shall not exceed three times the design dead load.
(e) The end span must be shorter but not greater than the interior span.
(f) It shall be permissible to offset columns a maximum of 10 percent of the span in the direction
of the offset notwithstanding the provision in (b).
Total Design Moment

The absolute sum of the positive and negative moment in each direction is given by
WLn
M =
0
8
Where,
M0 = Total moment
W = Design load on the area L2 × Ln
Ln = Clear span extending from face to face of columns, capitals, brackets or
walls but not less than 0.65 L1
L1 = Length of span in the direction of M0;
and L2 = Length of span transverse to L1
In taking the values of Ln, L1 and L2, the following clauses are to be carefully noted:
(a) Circular supports shall be treated as square supports having the same area i.e., squares of size
0.886D.
(b) When the transverse span of the panel on either side of the centre line of support varies, L2 shall
L2a  L2b
be taken as the average of the transverse spans. In Fig. 1.5 it is given by .
2
(c) When the span adjacent and parallel to an edge is being considered, the distance from the
edge to the centre-line of the panel shall be substituted for L2.
Distribution of Bending Moment in to –ve and +ve Moments

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The total design moment M0 in a panel is to be distributed into –ve moment and +ve
moment as specified below:
In an interior span
Negative Design Moment 0.65
M0 Positive Design Moment
0.35
M0
In an end span
Interior negative design moment µ
= 0.75 –
0.10 yM
¡ 1 ¡ 0
1+
Positive design
µ aj c
moment µ
= 0.63 –
0.28 y
M
¡ 1 ¡ 0
¡µ 1 + ¡
j ac
Exterior negative design moment
= µ 0.65 yM
¡µ1 + 1 ¡¡ 0
aj c
where ac is the ratio of flexural stiffness at the exterior columns to the flexural stiffness
of the slab at a joint taken in the direction moments are being determined and is given
by
K c
ac =
K s
Where
,
Kc = Sum of the flexural stiffness of the columns meeting at the
joint; and Ks = Flexural stiffness of the slab, expressed as moment
per unit rotation.
Distribution of Bending Moments Across the Panel Width
The +ve and –ve moments found are to be distributed across the column strip in a panel
as shown in Table 1.1. The moment in the middle strip shall be the difference between
panel and the column strip moments.
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Table 1.1 Distribution of Moments Across the Panel Width in a Column Strip
S. No. Distributed Moment Per cent of Total Moment

a Negative BM at the exterior support 100
b Negative BM at the interior support 75
c Positive bending moment 60
Problem: Design an interior panel of a flat slab of size 5 m × 5 m without providing drop and column
head. Size of columns is 500 × 500 mm and live load on the panel is 4 kN/m2. Take floor finishing load
as 1 kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Thickness
Since drop is not provided and HYSD bars are used span to thickness ratio shall not exceed
1 1

0.9 
32 28.8
Minimum thickness required
Span 5000
=  = 173.6 mm
28.8 28.8
Let d = 175 mm and D = 200 mm
Loads
Self weight of slab = 0.20 × 25 = 5
kN/m2 Finishing load =1
kN/m2
Live load = 4 kN/m2
Total working load = 10 kN/m2
Factored load = 1.5 × 10 = 15 kN/m2
Ln = 5 – 0.5 = 4.5 m
Total design load in a panel W = 15 L2 Ln = 15 × 5 × 4.5 = 337.5 kN
Moments
WLn 4.5
Panel Moment = = 337.5 × = 189.84 kNm
M
0
8 8
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Panel –ve moment = 0.65 × 189.84 = 123.40 kNm
Panel +ve moment = 0.35 × 189.84 = 0.35 × 189.84 = 66.44 kNm
Distribution of moment into column strips and middle strip:
Column Strip in kNm Middle Strip in kNm
–ve moment 0.75 × 123.40 = 92.55 30.85
+ve moment 0.60 × 66.44 = 39.86 26.58
Checking the thickness selected:

Since Fe 415 steel is used,
Mu lim = 0.138 fck b d2
Width of column strip = 0.5 × 5000 = 2500 mm

Mu lim = 0.138 × 20 × 2500 × 1752 = 211.3125 × 106 Nmm
= 211.3125 kNm
Hence singly reinforced section can be designed i.e., thickness provided is satisfactory
from the consideration of bending moment.
Check for Shear
The critical section for shear is at a distance from the column face. Hence periphery of critical
d
2
section around a column is square of a size = 500 + d = 500 + 175 =

675 mm Shear to be resisted by the critical section
675
500
500 675
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Lecture25: STAIRCASES
Introduction
Staircases provide means of movement from one floor to another in a structure. Staircases
consist of a number of steps with landings at suitable intervals to provide comfort and safety for
theusers.
Some common types of stairs are shown in fig these include straight-flight stairs, quarter-turn
stairs, half-turn stairs, branching stairs, and geometrical stairs.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
(f) (g)
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(h) (i) (j)
Figure (a); (b) Straight flight stairs; (c) Quarter-turn stairs; (d)
Half-turn stairs; (e) Branching stairs; (f) Open-well (half turn);
(g) Open-well with quarter turn landing; (h); (i); (j)
Geometrical stairs
Technical Terms
The definitions of some technical terms, which are used in connection with design of stairs, are
given.
a. Tread or Going: horizontal upper portion of astep.
b. Riser: vertical portion of astep.
c. Rise: vertical distance between two consecutivetreads.
d. Flight: a series of steps provided between twolandings.
e. Landing: a horizontal slab provided between twoflights.
f. Waist: the least thickness of a stairslab.
g. Winder: radiating or angular taperingsteps.
h. Soffit: the bottom surface of a stair slab.
i. Nosing: the intersection of the tread and the riser.
j. Headroom: the vertical distance from a line connecting the nosingsof all treads and the
soffitabove.
Figure shows main technical terms associated with stairs design.
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Figure: Stairs main technical terms
Types of Stairs
For purpose of design, stairs are classified into two types; transversely, and longitudinally
supported.
a- Transversely supported (transverse to the direction ofmovement):
Transversely supported stairs include:
 Simply supported steps supported by two walls or beams or a combination ofboth.
 Steps cantilevering from a wall or abeam.
 Stairs cantilevering from a central spinebeam.
b- Longitudinally supported (in the direction ofmovement):
These stairs span between supports at the top and bottom of a flight and unsupported at the
sides. Longitudinally supported stairs may be supported in any of the following manners:
a. Beams or walls at the outside edges of thelandings.
b. Internal beams at the ends of the flight in addition to beams or walls at the outside edges
of thelandings.
c. Landings which are supported by beams or walls running in the longitudinaldirection.
d. A combination of (a) or (b), and(c).
e. Stairs with quarter landings associated with open-wellstair.
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Design ofStairs
SimplySupported
Figure shows a stair, simply supported on reinforced concrete walls.
The waist is chosen to accommodate the reinforcement using appropriate concrete cover. A
waist t of 7.5 cm is reasonable for this type of stair.
Loading:
a. Deadload:
The dead load includes own weight of the step, own weight of the waist slab, and surface
finishes on the steps and on thesoffit.
b. LiveLoad:
Live load is taken as building design live load plus 150 kg/m2, with a maximum value of 500
kg/m2
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Design for Shear and Flexure:
Each step is designed for shear and flexure. Main reinforcement runs inthe transverse direction
at the bottom side of the steps while shrinkage reinforcement runs at the bottom side of the slab
in the longitudinal direction. Since the step is not rectangular, an equivalentrectangular section
can be used with an average height equals to
t R
 
hav
g cos  2
Lecture 26
Example
Design a straight flight staircase in a residential building that is supported on reinforced
concrete walls 1.5 m apart (center-to-center) on both sides and carries a live load of 300 kg/m2.
The risers are 16 cm and goings are 30 cm. Goings are provided with 3 cm thick marble finish
while 2 cm thick plaster is applied to both the risers and bottom surfaces of theslab.
Use f250kg/cm2, f 4200 kg/cm2 , γ  2.2 t/m3 , and  2.6 t/m3 .
c y plaster marble
γ
Solution:
Minimum stair thickness required to satisfy deflection requirements is given by
l 150
  7.5 cm
hmi
n 20 20
Let slab waist tbe equal to 7.5 cm.

Average step height is given as
havg 8 7.5 8 7.5  7.5 cm
16.5
cos 0.8823 cm
Loading:
a. Deadload:
Own weight of step = (0.30) (0.16/2) (2.5) = 0.06 t/m of step
Own weight of slab = (0.34) (0.075) (2.5) = 0.06375 t/m of step
Weight of marble finish = (0.03) (0.30) (2.6) = 0.0234 t/m of step
Weight of plaster finish = (0.02) (0.34 + 0.16) (2.2) = 0.022 t/m of step
b. Live load:
Live load = (0.30) (0.3) = 0.09
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Factoredload:
wu1.20.060.063750.02340.0221.60.090.35 t/mof step
Shear Force:
0.35 1.5
Vu,max  0.263 t
2
d = 16.5 – 2.0 – 0.6 = 13.9 cm
Vc0.750.53 2503013.9/10002.62 t0.263 t
i.e. step thickness is adequate for resisting beam shear without using shear reinforcement.
Bending Moment:
0.35 1.52
M u,max  0.10 t.m

8
Flexural reinforcement ratio is given by

0.85 250 2.353105 
 1 0.10 0.000459
1 
4200 
 0.930 13.9 2250  
As Asmin  0.0018 3016.5 0.891 cm2 /step
Use 1  12 mm for each step.
For shrinkage reinforcement,

As  0.00181007.51.35 cm2 /m
Use 1 8 mm @ 30 cm in the longitudinal direction. Figure shows provided reinforcement

details.
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Figure Reinforcement details
Lecture-27,28
Question-Design a trade-riser staircase spanning longitudinally. Landing slabs are
supported on beams spanning transversely. The dimensions of riser and trade are 160 mm
and 270 mm, respectively. The finish loads and live loads are 1 kN/m2 and 5 kN/m2,
respectively. Use M 20 and Fe 415.
Solution:
The distribution of loads on landings common to two spans perpendicular to each other
shall be done as per cl. 33.2 of IS 456 (50% in each direction), since the going is supported
on landing slabs which span transversely. The effective span in the longitudinal direction
shall be taken as the distance between two centre lines oflandings.
(A) Design of going
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Step 1: Effective span and depth of slab
Figure shows the arrangement of the landings and going. The effective span is
4200 mm. Assume the thickness of trade-riser slab = 4200/25 = 168 mm, say 200 mm.
The thickness of landing slab is also assumed as 200 mm.
Step 2: Calculation of loads
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The total loads including self-weight, finish and live loads on projected area of going
(1500 mm x 2465 mm) is first determined to estimate the total factored loads per
metrerun.
(i) Self-weight of going
(a) Nine units of (0.2)(0.36)(1.5) @ 25(9) = 24.3 kN
(b) One unit of (0.27)(0.36)(1.5) @ 25(1) = 3.645kN
(c) Nine units of (0.07)(0.2)(1.5) @ 25(9) = 4.725kN
(ii) Finish loads @ 1 kN/m2 = (1.5)(2.465)(1) = 3.6975 kN (iii)
Live loads @ 5 kN/m2 = (1.5)(2.465)(5) = 18.4875kN
Total = 54.855 kN
Factored loads per metre run = 1.5(54.855)/2.465 = 33.38 kN/m
(iv) Self-weight of landing slabs per metre run = 1.5(0.2)(25) = 7.5kN/m
(v) Live loads on landings = (1.5)(5) = 7.5kN/m
(vi) Finish loads on landings = (1.5)(1) = 1.5 kN/m Total =
16.5kN/m
Factored loads = 1.5(16.5) = 24.75 kN/m
Due to common area of landings only 50 per cent of this load should be considered.
So, the loads = 12.375 kN/m. The loads are shown in Fig
Step 3: Bending moment and shear force
Total factored loads = 33.38(2.465) + 12.375(0.85 + 0.885) = 103.75 kN
VC= {12.375(0.85)(4.2 – 0.425) + 33.38(2.465)(0.885 + 1.2325)
+ 12.375(0.885)(0.885)(0.5)}/4.2 = 52.09 kN
VD= 103.75 – 52.09 = 51.66kN
The distance x from the left support where shear force is zero is now determined:
150 | P a g e
52.09 – 12.375(0.85) – 32.38(x – 0.85) =0
or x = {52.09 – 12.375(0.85) + 33.38(0.85)}/33.38 = 2.095m
Maximum factored bending moment at x = 2.095 m is
52.09(2.095) – 12.375(0.85)(2.095 – 0.425) – 33.38(2.095 – 0.85)(2.095 –

0.85)(0.5)
= 65.69 kNm
Step 4: Checking of depth of slab
From the maximum bending moment, we have
d = {(65690)/(1.5)(2.76)}½ = 125.97 mm < 174 mm
From the shear forceVu= VA, we get

v = 52090/(1500)(174) = 0.199
N/mm2. From cl. 40.2.1.1 and Table 19 of IS 456, we have c = (1.2)(0.28) =
cmax
0.336 N/mm2. Table 20 of IS 456 gives the  = 2.8 N/mm2.Since, v <c <c max ,
depth of 200 mm is accepted.
Step 5: Determination of areas of steel reinforcement
Mu/bd2= 65.69(106)/(1500)(174)(174) = 1.446 N/mm2
151 | P a g e
Table2ofSP-16gives,p=0.4416,tohave Ast= 0.4416(1000)(174)/100=
768.384 mm /m. Provide 12 mm diameter bars @ 140 mm c/c (= 808 mm2) in form of
2
closed ties (Fig.9.20.18).
Distribution bars: Area of distribution bars = 0.12(1000)(200)/100 = 240 mm2/m.
Provide 8 mm diameter bars @ 200 mm c/c. The reinforcing bars are shown in Fig.
(B) Design of landingslab
Step 1: Effective span and depth of slab
Withtotaldepth D = 200 mm andeffectivedepth d = 174 mm, the

effective span (cl. 22.2a) = lesser of (1500 + 150 + 1500 + 174) and (1500 +150
+ 1500 + 300) = 3324 mm.
Step 2: Calculation of loads
(i) Factored load of landing slab A = 50% of Step 2 (iv to vi) @ 12.375 kN/m =
12.375(3.324 = 41.1345kN
(ii) Factored reaction VCfrom one flight (see Step 3) = 52.09kN
(iii) Factored reaction VCfromotherflight = 52.09 kN
Total factored load = 145.32 kN. Due to symmetry of loads, VG = VH=

72.66 kN. The bending moment is maximum at the centre line of GH.
Step 3: Bending moment and shear force (width b = 1500 mm)
Maximum bending moment = 145.32(3.324)/8 = 60.38 kNm
152 | P a g e
Maximum shear force VG = VH= 145.32/2 = 72.66 kN
Step 4: Checking of depth of slab
From bending moment: d = {60380/(1.5)(2.76)}½ = 120.77 mm < 174 mm.

Henceo.k.
From shear force: v = 72660/(1500)(174) = 0.278 N/mm2
From Step 4ofA: c = 0.336N/mm2,  cmax = 2.8 N/mm2. Hence,the

Depth is o.k. for shear also.
Step 5: Determination of areas of steel reinforcement
Mu/bd2= 60380/ (1.5)(174)(174) = 1.33 N/mm2
Table 2 of SP-16 gives, p =0.4022.So, Ast= 0.4022(1000)(174)/100 =699.828

mm . Provide 12 mm diameter bars @ 160 mm c/c (= 707 mm2).
2
Distribution steel area = (0.12/100)(1000)(200) = 240 mm2
Provide 8 mm diameter @ 200 mm c/c (= 250 mm2).
Step 6: Checking of development length
The moment M1 for 12 mm @ 160 mm c/c (707 mm2) =

(707/699.828)60.38 = 60.998 kNm.
153 | P a g e
UNIT-III
COURSE CODE: -CET-351
TUTORIAL SHEET: -1
Design the exterior panel of a flat slab of size 6 m ×6 m with suitable drop to
support a live loadof 5 kN/m2. The floor system is supported by columns of size
500 mm × 500 mm. Floor tofloor distance is 3.6 m. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415
steel.
TUTORIAL SHEET: -2
Design the typical interior panel of a flat slab floor of size 5 m × 5 m with suitable
drop tosupport a live load of 4 kN/m2. The floor is supported by columns of size
450 mm×450 mm.Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Sketch the reinforcement
details by showing cross sections (i) at column strip(ii) at middle strip.
TUTORIAL SHEET: -3
For the flat slab system of size 6 m×6 m provide suitable drop and fix up overall
dimensions. The floor system is supported by columns of size 500 mm×500 mm,
the floor height being 3.6 m. Calculate the design moments at various strips in the
interior and exterior panels. Give the plan of the floor system showing these design
moments.
TUTORIAL SHEET: -4
A straight staircase is made of structurally independent tread slabs, cantilevered

from a reinforced concrete wall. Given that the riser is 150 mm, tread is 300 mm,
and width of flight is 1.5 m, design a typical tread slab. Apply the live loads
specified in the IS Loading Code for stairs liable to be overcrowded. Use M 20
concrete and Fe 250 steel. Assume mild exposure conditions.
TUTORIAL SHEET: -5
Design a ‘waist slab’ type staircase comprising a straight flight of steps, supported
between two stringer beams along the two sides. Assume an effective span of
1.5m, a riser of 150mm and a tread of 250mm assume a live load of 3.0kn. use
M20 and Fe 250 steel. Assume mild exposure conditions.
154 | P a g e
TUTORIAL SHEET: -6
Design the staircase slab, shown in Fig. The stairs are simply supported on beams
provided at the first riser and at the edge of the upper landing. Assume a finish
load of 0.8 kN/m2 and a live load of 5.0 kN/m2. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415
steel. Assume mild exposure conditions.
TUTORIAL SHEET: -7
Design an interior panel of a flat slab with panel size 6X6 m supported by columns of
size 500X500 mm. Provide suitable drop. Take live load as 4 kN/m2. Use M20
concrete and Fe 415 steel
TUTORIAL SHEET: -8
Design an interior panel of a flat slab of size 5 m X 5 m without providing drop and
column head. Size of columns is 500X500 mm and live load on the panel is 4 kN/m 2.
Take floor finishing load as 1 kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
TUTORIAL SHEET: -9
A flat slab system consists of 5 m ×6 m panels and is without drop and column head.
It has to carry a live load of 4 kN/m2 and a finishing load of 1 kN/m2. It is to be
designed using M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel. The size of the columns
supporting the system is 500 ×500 mm and floor to floor height is 4.5 m. Calculate
design moments in interior and exterior panels at column and middle strips in both
directions.
155 | P a g e
UNIT-III
UNIT-III (ASSIGNMENT)
COURSE CODE: -CET-351
ASSIGNMENT NO: -3
GROUP: -1
1. Design the typical interior panel of a flat slab floor of size 5 m ×5 m with suitable drop
tosupport a live load of 4 kN/m2. The floor is supported by columns of size 450 mm ×
450 mm.Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Sketch the reinforcement details by
showing cross sections (i) at column strip (ii) at middle strip.
2. Design the exterior panel of a flat slab of size 6 m×6 m with suitable drop to support a
live loadof 5 kN/m2. The floor system is supported by columns of size 500 mm×500
mm. Floor tofloor distance is 3.6 m. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
3. For the flat slab system of size 6 m ×6 m provide suitable drop and fix up overall
dimensions. The floor system is supported by columns of size 500 mm ×500 mm, the
floor height being 3.6 m. Calculate the design moments at various strips in the interior
and exterior panels. Give the plan of the floor system showing these design moments.
GROUP 2
1. A straight staircase is made of structurally independent tread slabs, cantilevered from a

reinforced concrete wall. Given that the riser is 150 mm, tread is 300 mm, and width
of flight is 1.5 m, design a typical tread slab. Apply the live loads specified in the IS
Loading Code for stairs liable to be overcrowded. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 250 steel.
Assume mild exposure conditions.
2. Design a ‘waist slab’ type staircase comprising a straight flight of steps, supported
between two stringer beams along the two sides. Assume an effective span of 1.5m; a
riser of 150mm and a tread of 250mm assume a live load of 3.0kn. Use M20 and Fe
250 steel. Assume mild exposure conditions.
3. Design the staircase slab, shown in Fig. The stairs are simply supported on beams
provided at the first riser and at the edge of the upper landing. Assume a finish load of
0.8 kN/m2 and a live load of 5.0 kN/m2. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Assume
mild exposure conditions.
156 | P a g e
GROUP 3
1.Design a (‘waist slab’ type) dog-legged staircase for an office building, given the following data:
• height between floor = 3.2 m;
• riser = 160 mm, tread = 270 mm;

• width of flight = landing width = 1.25 m
2
• live load = 5.0 kN/m
2
• finishes load = 0.6 kN/m
Assume the stairs to be supported on 230 mm thick masonry walls at the outer edges of
the landing, parallel to the risers [Fig.] Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Assume
mild exposure conditions.
157 | P a g e
1. Describe the common geometrical configurations of staircases. Explain the basic
difference in structural behaviour between ‘stair slabs spanning transversely’ and
‘stair slabs spanning longitudinally’.
2. The gravity loading on a ‘waist slab’ type flight can be resolved into components
normal to the flight and tangential to the flight. Describe their load effects on the
waist slab if it is (i) spanning transversely, (ii) spanning longitudinally.
GROUP 4
1. In the case of ‘tread-riser’ type stairs spanning longitudinally, discuss the load effects
produced by gravity loading.
2. Sketch the appropriate detailing of longitudinal bars in longitudinally spanning ‘waist
slab’ type stairs at the junction of the flight and (i) lower landing slab, (ii) upper
landing slab. Are there any special requirement re-entrant corners?
3. What is meant by “stair slab supported on landings”? explain the code
recommendations for the effective span other stair slab in such cases
GROUP 5
1. Design an interior panel of a flat slab with panel size 6X6 m supported by columns of
size 500X500 mm. Provide suitable drop. Take live load as 4 kN/m2. Use M20
2. Design an interior panel of a flat slab of size 5 m X 5 m without providing drop and
column head. Size of columns is 500X500 mm and live load on the panel is 4 kN/m2.
Take floor finishing load as 1 kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
3. A flat slab system consists of 5 m ×6 m panels and is without drop and column head.
It has to carry a live load of 4 kN/m2and a finishing load of 1 kN/m2. It is to be
designed using M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel. The size of the columns
supporting the system is 500 ×500 mm and floor to floor height is 4.5 m. Calculate
design moments in interior and exterior panels at column and middle strips in both
directions.
158 | P a g e
Question Bank
Course & Branch : BE & CIVIL ENGINEERING Semester: 6
Subject : Design of concrete structure-II Subject Code: CET-351
No. of Students: Regular/ Reappear:
Note: 1. Fill the details in the above table correctly.
2. Do not delete/move the position of chapter and its difficulty level in the below format of
question bank.
3. Type the question by making virtual chapter of the Unit (if unit not divided into
chapters)and properdifficulty level in the appropriate cell so that from each chapter the
question may be selected for Tests.
4. For long Answer type questions, HODs are requested to decide that how many subparts
are required for their course i.e. 2 subparts or 3, keeping in consideration the level of
Question.
5. All the sub parts, equations, pictures if any are to be placed in the same cell of the table
for the same question.
6. Do not leave any cell blank
7. Do not repeat the question which may leads to duplicate question in Test
8. Do not repeat the similar question in short and in long answer type question.
Short Answer Type Questions
Lev Identify Que

Sr. el stio
N in CO n Question
o BT Typ
e
159 | P a g e
L2 CO-1 Unit Pen down foundation and what are the different types of
-1 foundation?
1 (cha
pter
-1)
L2 CO-1 Unit Differentiate one way and two way shear.

-1
2 (cha
pter
-1)
L2 CO-1 Unit Describe the pressure being exerted by soil under footing.
-1
3 (cha
pter
-1)
L2 CO-1 Unit
-1
4 (cha
Elaborate the meaning of punching shear effect? What will be
the permissible punching shear stress for concrete?
pter
-1)
L1/ CO-1 Unit

L2 -1
5 (cha
What do you understand by combined footing and benefits of
providing?
pter
-1)
L2 CO-1 Unit Spot the differencesbetween Strip footing and Strap footing.
-1
6 (cha
pter
-1)
L2 CO-1 Unit
7
-1 Scribe a note onactive and passive earth pressure.
160 | P a g e
(cha
pter
-2)
L2 CO-1 Unit
-1
8 (cha
pter
-2) Differentiate cantilever and counterfort retaining wall?
L2 CO-1 Unit Sketch detailed plan and elevation of cantilever retaining wall.
-1
9 (cha
pter
-2)
L2 CO-1 Unit Enumerate stability check for designing retaining walls.

-1
10 (cha
pter
-2)
L1 CO2 Unit
-2
11 (cha
pter Ring beams and curved beams, how are they different from each
-1) other?
L2 CO2 Unit
-2
Opine on the minimum reinforcement required in curved
12 (cha
pter beams& water tank.
-1)
L2 CO2 Unit
-2
13
(cha Pen down dome and types of dome based on structural use.
pter
161 | P a g e
-2)
L2 CO2 Unit
-2
14 (cha
pter
-2) Enlist the reason to provide opening in case of domes?
L1 CO2 Unit
-2
15 (cha
pter
-2) Mention hoop stresses in conical and spherical domes.
L2 CO2 Unit
-2
16 (cha
pter
-3) Why do we design water tank by working stress method?
L1 CO2 Unit
-2
17 (cha
pter Reinforcement has a major role to play in structures. What is the
-3) minimum reinforcement required in a water tank?
L1 CO2 Unit
-2
18 (cha
pter Enlist the various types of water tank.
-3)
L2 CO2 Unit
-3
19 (cha
pter Write down the criteria for distribution of bending moment in a
-1) flat slab?
20 L2 CO2 Discuss briefly different components of flat slab?

Unit
162 | P a g e
-3
(cha
pter
-1)
L2 CO3 Unit Drops are provided on the top of columns while designing flat
-3 slab. Your opinion on the same.
21 (cha
pter
-1)
L1 CO3 Unit Discuss on the advantages of flat slab.

-3
22 (cha
pter
-1)
L1 CO3 Unit
-3
23 (cha
pter
-1) Individuate: flat slab and one way –two way slab.
L3 CO3 Unit
-3
24 (cha
pter
-1) How to calculate punching shear in a flat slab?
L2 CO3 Unit
-3
25 (cha
pter
-1) What do you mean by column strip in a flat slab?
L1 CO3 Unit
26 -3 Classify the different types of staircases based on geometrical
configurations.
(cha
163 | P a g e
pter
-2)
L1 CO3 Unit
-3
27 (cha
pter
-2) Define effective Span of Stairs.
L1 CO3 Unit
-3 Explain the basic difference in structural behavior between ‘stair
slabs spanning transversely’ and ‘stair slabs spanning
28 (cha longitudinally’.
pter
-2)
L2 CO3 Unit
-3 The gravity loading on a ‘waist slab’ type flight can be resolved
29 (cha into components normal to the flight and tangential to the flight.
pter Describe their load effects on the waist slab if it is spanning
-2) transversely,
L2 CO3 Unit If R and T are rise and tread of a stair spanning horizontally, the
-3 steps are supported by a wall on one side and by a stringer beam
30 on the other side, what is the beam width required for designing
(cha
steps?
pter
-2)
Long Answer Type Questions

Le
Sr. ve Identify Questi
N l CO on Question
o in Type
BT
1 L1 CO1 Unit -1 Design an isolated footing for a square column, 500 mm x 500 mm
Averag carrying service loads of 1000 kN. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415
164 | P a g e
e steel. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 180 kN/m2. Use M 20 and
Fe 415.
(chapte
r -1)
L2 CO1 Unit -1 Design an isolated footing for a square column, 400 mm x 400 mm
Averag carrying service loads of 1500 kN. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415
2 e steel. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 250 kN/m2. Use M 20 and
Fe 415.
(chapte
r -1)
L2 CO1 Design a combined footing for two columns C1, 400 mm x 400 mm
Unit -1
Averag carrying a service load of 800 kN and C2, 300 mm x 500 mm
e carrying a service load of 1200 kN. The column C1 is flushed with
3
the property line. The columns are at 3.0 m c/c distance. The safe
(chapte bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m2. Use M 20 and Fe 415 for
r -1)
columns and footing.
L2 CO1 Unit -1 Design a circular footing for a circular column of diameter 500 mm
Averag carrying a working load of 900 kN. SBC of soil is 200 kN/m2. Use M
4 e 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
(chapte
r -1)
L2 CO1 Unit -1 Design a sloped footing for a square column of 400 mm x 400 mm
Averag carrying a service load of 1400 kN. Use M 20 and Fe 415 both for
5 e column and footing slab. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 150
kN/m2.
(chapte
r -1)
Unit -1 carrying a service load of 800 kN and C2, 300 mm x 500 mm
Averag carrying a service load of 1200 kN. The column C1 is flushed with
6 e the property line. The columns are at 3.0 m c/c distance. The safe
bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m2. Use M 20 and Fe 415 for
(chapte columns and footing.
r -1)
165 | P a g e
L2 CO1 Unit -1 Design a circular footing for a circular column of diameter 550 mm
Averag carrying a working load of 1000 kN. SBC of soil is 220 kN/m2. Use
7 e M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
(chapte
r -1)
Unit -1 carrying a service load of 800 kN and C2, 300 mm x 500 mm
Averag carrying a service load of 900 kN. The column C1 is flushed with the
8 e property line. The columns are at 3.0 m c/c distance. The safe
bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m2. Use M 25 and Fe 415 for
(chapte
columns and footing.
r -1)
L2 CO1
Determine suitable dimensions of a cantilever retaining wall,

which is required to support a bank of earth 5 m high above the
ground level on the toe side of the wall. Assume safe bearing
Unit -1
capacity of soil 180 kN/m2. Further assume the backfill to comprise
Averag
e granular soil with a unit weight of 17kN/m3 and an angle of
9
Internal friction of 30o. Assume the coefficient of friction between
(chapte soil and concrete to be 0.5. Check stability of retaining wall.
r -1)
L2 CO1 Unit -1 Describe the various stability checks for designing retaining walls.
Averag Explain step by step design procedure for designing shear key for
10 e the wall.
(chapte
r -2)
L3 CO1 Unit -1 Design a sloped footing for a square column of 600 mm x 600 mm
11 - Difficul carrying a service load of 1600 KN. Use M 20 and Fe 415 both for
L4 t column and footing slab. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 180
166 | P a g e
(chapte KN/m2.
r -1)
L3 CO1 Combined trapezoidal footing is to be provided for columns of

Unit -1
- sizes 400 x 400 mm and 600 x 600 mm carrying load of 600 KN and
Difficul
L4 1000 KN. The centre to centre distance of column is 4m. The
12 t
property line is at a distance 0.3 m from the column carrying 600
(chapte KN. Length of footing is to be restricted to 5m. Prepare the layout
r -1) plan of the footing and show the loading on longitudinal section.
Given SBC of soil is 150 KN/m2.
L4 CO1 Unit -1 Design a combined footing to support two columns of sizes 500 x
- Difficul400 mm spaced 4.5 m apart, carrying axial loads of 800 KN and
13 L5 t 1000 KN respectively. The SBC 150 KN/m2. The property line is 0.8
m from the centre of column carrying 800 KN load. Adopt M20
(chapte
concrete and Fe-415 Steel.
r -1)
L4 CO1 A strap combined footing needs to be designed which is to be

- Unit -1
provided for columns of sizes 400 x 400 mm and 600 x 600 mm
L5 Difficulcarrying load of 700 KN and 1100 KN. The centre to centre
14 t distance of column is 4.5 m. The property line is at a distance 0.4
m from the column carrying 700 KN. Width of footing is to be
(chapte
restricted to2.5m. Prepare the layout plan of the footing and show
r -1)
the loading on longitudinal section. Given SBC of soil 150 KN/m2.
Also find depth of footing required?
L5 CO1/C Unit -1 Design a combined footing for two columns C1, 400 mm x 400 mm
/L O2 Difficulcarrying a service load of 800 kN and C2, 300 mm x 500 mm
15 6 t carrying a service load of 1200 KN. The column C1 is flushed with
the property line. The columns are at 3.0 m c/c distance. The safe
(chapte
bearing capacity of soil is 200 KN/m2. Use M 20 and Fe 415 for
r -1) columns and footing.
L5 CO1/C Design a strap footing needs to be designed which is to be
/L O2 Unit -1
provided for columns of sizes 500 x 500 mm and 600 x 600 mm
6 Difficul
carrying load of 800 KN and 1200 KN. The center to center
16 t distance of column is 5 m. The property line is at a distance 0.5 m
(chapte from the center of column carrying 800 KN. Width 2
of footing is to
be restricted to 2.6m.Given SBC of soil 160 KN/m .
r -1)
L5 CO1/C Unit -1 A isolated concrete footing for a column, 400 mm × 400 mm,
17
/L Difficul needs to be designed carrying an axial (service) load of 800 kN.
167 | P a g e
6 O2 t 2
Assume an allowable soil pressure of 350 kN/m . Assume M 20
(chapte concrete and Fe 415 steel.
r -1)
L5 CO1/C Unit -1 4. Design a square footing for a rectangular column 300 mm × 500
/L O2 Difficul mm, and carrying a service load of 1250 kN. Assume soil with an
6 t 2
18 allowable pressure of 200 kN/m . Assume Fe 415 grade steel for
(chapte both column and footing, and M 20 grade concrete for the footing
r -1) and M 25 grade concrete for the column.
L5 CO1/C Unit -1 5. Carve out an isolated footing for a square column, 450 mm × 450
/L O2 Difficul mm, and carrying a service load of 2300 kN. Assume soil with a
19 6 t 2
safe bearing capacity of 300 kN/m . Assume M 20 grade concrete
(chapte and Fe 415 grade steel for the footing, and M 25 concrete and Fe
r -1) 415 steel for the column.
L5 CO1/C Unit -1 Design a rectangular footing for a square column, 450 mm × 450
/L O2 Difficul mm, and carrying a service load of 2300 kN. Assume soil with a
6 t safe bearing including a spatial restriction of 2.5 m on one of the
20
plan dimensions of the footing. M25 concrete & Fe415 steel.
(chapte
r -1)
L4 CO1/C Unit -1
/L O2 Difficul Design a circular footing for a circular column of diameter 550 mm
5/ t carrying a working load of 800 kN. SBC of soil is 180 kN/m2. Use M
21
L6 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Sketch details of reinforcement.
(chapte
r -1)
L5 CO1/C Design a rectangular, isolated footing of uniform thickness for RC

Unit -1
/L O2 column bearing avertical load of 600 kN and having a base size of
Difficul
6 450 mm X 600 mm. The safebearing capacity of the soil may be
22 t
taken as 120 kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and
(chapte
r -1) Fe415 grade steel. Use Limit state method.
L5 CO1/C Design a strap footing needs to be designed which is to be

23 Unit -1
/L O2 provided for columns of sizes 400 x 400 mm and 600 x 600 mm
Difficul
carrying load of 900 KN and 1200 KN. The center to center
168 | P a g e
6 t distance of column is 4.5 m. The property line is at a distance 0.4
m from the center of column carrying 700 KN. Width of footing is
(chapte to be restricted to 2.5m.Given SBC of soil 150 KN/m2.
r -1)
L4 CO1/C Design a counter fort type retaining wall to suit the following
/L O2 data:
5/ Safe bearing capacity of soil = 200KN/m2
L6 Unit -1 Height of the soil above GL = 7m
Difficul
Unit weight of soil = 18 KN/m2
24 t
Angle of internal friction = 30o
(chapte Spacing of counter fort = 3m centers
r -2) Grade of concrete = M20
Grade of steel = Fe 415 HYSD bars
L5 CO1/C Design reinforced concrete counter fort-retaining wall having

/L O2 Unit -1 height from the ground level is 6.0 m. for the given data:
6 Difficul
t SBC of soil is 180 KN/m2. Angle of repose is 300, Coefficient of
25
friction between concrete and soil is 0.5, and Unit weight of soil is
(chapte 18 KN/m2 concrete M 20 and Fe-415 steel.
r -2)
L5 CO1/C 6. Design a suitable counterfort retaining wall to support a level

/L O2 Unit -1 backfill, 7.5 m high above the ground level on the toe side. Assume
6 Difficul 2
good soil for foundation with a safe bearing capacity of 170 kN/m .
26 t Further assume the backfill to comprise granular soil with a unit
3 o
(chapte weight of 16 kN/m and an angle of shearing resistance of 30 .
r -2) Assume the coefficient of friction between soil and concrete to be
L5 CO1/C Unit -1 Design reinforced concrete counter fort-retaining wall having

/L O2 Difficulheight from the ground level is 6.0 m. for the given data: SBC of
27 6 t soil is 180 KN/m2. Angle of repose is 300, Coefficient of friction
between concrete and soil is 0.5, and Unit weight of soil is 18
(chapte KN/m2 concrete M 20 and Fe-415 steel.
169 | P a g e
r -2)
L4 CO1/C Design a suitable counterfort retaining wall to support a level

/ O2 Unit -1 backfill, 7.5 m high above the ground level on the toe side. Assume
L5 Difficul 2
good soil for foundation with a safe bearing capacity of 170 kN/m .
/L t
28 Further assume the backfill to comprise granular soil with a unit
6
3 o
(chapte weight of 16 kN/m and an angle of shearing resistance of 30 .
r -2) Assume the coefficient of friction between soil and concrete to be
L4 CO1/C Unit -1 Suggest suitable proportions for a counter-fort retaining wall to

/L O2 Difficulsupport difference in ground elevation of 9 m. The safe bearing
29 5 t capacity of soil 160 kN/m2. Assume a level backfill with a unit
weight of 16 kN/m3 and an angle of shearing resistance of 30o.
(chapte
Assume a coefficient of friction, μ = 0.5, between soil and
r -2)
concrete. Check the stability of the wall.
L4 CO1/C Design cantilever retaining wall, which is required to support a
/L O2 Unit -1
bank of earth 4.0 m high above the ground level on the toe side of
5 Difficulthe wall. Consider the backfill surface to be inclined at an angle of
30 t 15o with the horizontal. Assume a safe bearing capacity of soil 160
kN/m2. Further assume the backfill to comprise granular soil with a
(chapte
unit weight of 16 kN/m3 and an angle of shearing resistance of 30o.
r -2)
Assume the coefficient of friction between soil and concrete to be
0.5.
L2 CO2 A curved beam is in the form of a full continuous circle in plan
with a radius of 6m and is supported continuously on five
Unit -2
supports. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 100
Averag
kN/m length, inclusive of its own weight. Determine the bending
31 e
moment, twisting moment and shear force at salient locations.
(chapte Also Plot the Bending Moment, Twisting moment and shear force
r -1) Diagrams for one span.
L2 CO2 Unit -2
Averag
32
e How to calculate S.F., B.M. & T.M. in case semicircular beam acting
udl? Mention the design requirements of curved beam in details.
(chapte
170 | P a g e
r -1)
L5 CO2 Unit -2
/L Averag
33 2 e
(chapte
r -3) Discuss in detail the design requirements of water tank.
L2 CO2 Design a circular water tank of capacity 1, 50,000 liters of total

/L Unit -2 height 3.2m, which will be resting on firm ground, if
5 Averag
34 e (I) Joint between wall and tank is flexible
(chapte (ii) Joint between wall and Tank is fixed.

r -3)
L2 CO2 Unit -2
/L Averag
5 e Expound on the procedure of underground rectangular water tank
35
in detail.
(chapte
r -3)
L4 CO2 Unit -2
/L Averag Design an Underground water tank of size 4m x 6m x3m deep.
5 e Using properties γs = 16 kN/m3 and ϕs = 30o. Subsoil water can rise
36
up to top of tank. Use M25 concrete and Fe 415 Steel.
(chapte
r -3)
L5 CO2 Unit -2
Averag Design a circular ground water tank with diameter 12m and total
e height 3.2m.Use M25 concrete and Fe 415 Steel. Design the tank
37
and draw the reinforcement details.
(chapte
r -3)
L5 CO2 Unit -2
Averag Rectangular water tank of size 7m x 5m x 3.5m deep resting on
38
e firm ground needs to be designed. Use M25 concrete and Fe-415
steel. Assume tank is open at the top.
(chapte
171 | P a g e
r -3)
L2 CO2 Unit -2
Averag
e Reveal in detail the design principles of various element used in
39
water tank.
(chapte
r -3)
L2 CO2 Unit -2
Averag An Underground water tank is of size 4m x 6m x3m deep. Using
e properties γs = 20 kN/m3 and ϕs = 30o. Design the tank. Subsoil
40
water can rise up to top of tank.
(chapte
r -3)
L6 CO2 A semicircular beam with radius of 6 m is simply supported at its

Unit -2
ends and is continuously over a column at its middle. The beam
Difficul
carries audl of 25 kN/m length of the beam including its own
41 t
weight Determined S.F., B.M. & T.M. at salient points & plot S.F.,
(chapte B.M. & T.M. diagrams.
r -1)

with a radius of 3m and is supported continuously on five
Unit -2
supports. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 50
Difficul
kN/m length, inclusive of its own weight. Determine the bending
42 t
moment, twisting moment and shear force at salient locations.
(chapte Also Plot the Bending Moment, Twisting moment and shear force
r -1) Diagrams for one span.
L6 CO2 A semicircular beam with radius of 5 m is simply supported at its

Unit -2
Difficul
carries a udl of 22 kN/m length of the beam including its own
43 t
r -1)
172 | P a g e
with a radius of 4m and is supported continuously on six supports.
Unit -2
The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 60 kN/m length,
Difficul
inclusive of its own weight. Determine the bending moment,
44 t
twisting moment and shear force at salient locations. Also Plot the
(chapte Bending Moment, Twisting moment and shear force Diagrams for
r -1) one span.
L6 CO2 A semicircular beam with radius of 4.5 m is simply supported at its

Unit -2
Difficul
carries audl of 17 kN/m length of the beam including its own
45 t
r -1)
L6 CO2 Unit -2 Carve out in details the stresses developed in conical dome of
Difficul
t uniform thickness. Also write the procedure for designing a ring
46
(chapte beam supported by the dome.
r -2)
L6 CO2 Unit -2
Difficul
t Expoundon the step by step design procedure for spherical type
47
(chapte RCC domes.
r -2)
L6 CO2 Design a spherical dome over a circular room, for the following
data:
Unit -2
Difficul (i) Inside diameter of room = 15 m
48 t
(chapte
r -2) (iii) Live load due to wind, ice snow = 1.6kN/m2
The dome has an opening of 1.65 m diameter at its crown. A

lantern is provided at its top, which causes a dead load of 32kN
173 | P a g e
acting along the circumference of the opening. Use M25 concrete
and steel Fe 415.
L6 CO2 Design a spherical dome over a circular room, for the following
data:

Unit -2
Difficul
49 t (iii) Live load due to wind, ice snow = 1.5 kN/m2
(chapte The dome has an opening of 1.6 m diameter at its crown. A lantern
r -2) is provided at its top, which causes a dead load of 30 kN acting
along the circumference of the opening. Use M20 concrete and
steel Fe 415.
L6 CO2 Unit -2
Difficul Design a conical roof for a hall having a diameter of 15 m. The rise
t of dome has to be 4 m. Assume the live and other loads as 1700
50
N/m2. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
(chapte
r -2)
L2 CO2 A Spherical domes, span 12 m and rise 2 m, has a shell which is

Unit -2 120 mm thick. It carries a lantern load of 5000 N at its apex. The
Difficul wind load on dome is estimated to the equivalent to 1200 N/m 2.
51 t Examine the stresses in domes and design suitable reinforcement.
Also design the ring beam. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
(chapte
reinforcement.
r -2)
L4 CO2 Unit -2
Difficul
52
t Derive an expression for Hoop stress & meridian thrust developed
in spherical dome of uniform thickness.
(chapte
174 | P a g e
r -2)
L2 CO2 Unit -2 Design a conical roof for a hall having a diameter of 10 m. The rise
Difficulof dome is such that angle at base =30˚Assume LL =2500 N/m2.
53 t
Take allowable stress in tension in concrete =2MPa and
(chapte compression in concrete 5MPa. Stress in steel both in tension &
r -2) compression =120MPa.
L2 CO2 Unit -2
Difficul
54 t
Design a conical roof for a hall having a diameter of 20 m. The rise
(chapte of dome has to be 4m. Assume the live and other loads as 1500
r -2) N/m2. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
L4 CO2 Unit -2 Design long and short walls of an underground water tank 4 m x 9
Difficulm x3 m deep. The sub-soil consists of sand having angle of repose
t of 300, and saturated unit weight of 17.5 KN/m3. The water table is
55
likely rise up to ground level. Use M25 concrete and HYSD bars.
(chapte Take unit weigh of water as 9.81 KN/m3 .
r -3)
L2 CO2 Unit -2
Difficul Write a detailed step by step design procedure for designing
t elevated Intz tank with sketch. Also mention codal
56
recommendations for designing Intz tank.
(chapte
r -3)
L4 CO2 Unit -2
Difficul A rectangular water tank of size 4m x 8m x 4m deep is to be
t designed using M25 concrete and Fe 415 Steel. The tank rests on
57
firm ground. Design the tank and draw the reinforcement details.
(chapte
r -3)
L4 CO2 Unit -2
/L Difficul
58 2 t
A circular water tank of size 8m diameter x 4m deep is to be
(chapte designed using M25 concrete and Fe 415 Steel. The tank rests on
r -3) firm ground. Design the tank and draw the reinforcement details.
175 | P a g e
L6 CO2 Unit -2
Difficul An Underground water tank of size 4m x 6m x3m deep. Using
t properties γs = 20 kN/m3 and ϕs = 30o. Subsoil water can rise up to
59
top of tank. Design Long and short walls.
(chapte
r -3)
L3 CO2 Unit -2
Difficul Design a circular ground water tank with a capacity of 60000
t liters. Take total height of tank as 3.2m. Use M25 concrete and Fe
60
415 Steel.
(chapte
r -3)
L3 CO3 Design the typical interior panel of a flat slab floor of size 5 m × 5
m with suitable drop tosupport a live load of 4 kN/m2. The floor is
Unit -3 supported by columns of size 450 mm x 450 mm.Use M20
Averag concrete and Fe 415 steel. Sketch the reinforcement details by
e showing cross sections
61
(chapte (i) at column strip
r -1)
(ii) at middle strip.
L3 CO3 Unit -3 Design the interior and exterior panel of a flat slab of size 6 m x 6
Averag m with suitable drop to support a live load of 5 kN/m2. The floor
62 e system is supported by columns of size 500 mm x 500 mm. Floor
tofloor distance is 3.6 m. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
(chapte
r -1)
L2 CO3 Design the flat slab system of size 6 m x 6 m provide suitable drop
Unit -3 and fix up overall dimensions. The floor system is supported by
Averag columns of size 500 mm x 500 mm. Calculate the design moments
63 e at various strips in the interior and exterior panels. Give the plan of
the floor system showing these design moments. Use M20
(chapte
Concrete and Fe415 steel. Assume L.L. as 4kN/m2.
r -1)
176 | P a g e
L2 CO3 A straight stair in a residential building is supported on wall at one
Unit -3
side and by stringer beam on the other side, with a horizontal span
Averag
of 1.4 meters. The risers are 160 mm and tread 320mm. Design
64 e
the steps. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel Take live load as 4
(chapte kN/m2.
r -2)
L2 CO3 Unit -3
Averag
65 e
Elucidate the distribution of loadings of open-well stairs and for those
(chapte where the landings are embedded in walls.Also Illustrate the simplified
r -2) analysis of longitudinally spanning free-standing staircases.
L3 CO3 Unit -3 Design an interior panel of a flat slab with panel size 7X7 m
Averag supported by columns of size 500X500 mm. Provide suitable drop.
66 e Take live load and finishing load as 4 kN/m2&1 kN/m2. Use M20
(chapte
r -2)
L3 CO3 Unit -3 Describe the common geometrical configurations of staircases.

Averag Explain the basic difference in structural behavior between ‘stair
67 e slabs spanning transversely’ and ‘stair slabs spanning
longitudinally’.
(chapte
r -2)
L4 CO3 Unit -3 The gravity loading on a ‘waist slab’ type flight can be resolved
Averag into components normal to the flight and tangential to the flight.
68 e Describe their load effects on the waist slab if it is (i) spanning
transversely, (ii) spanning longitudinally.
(chapte
r -2)
L3 CO3 Unit -3
Averag Elucidate the methods of determining the effective spans of stairs.
69 e
(chapte
r -2)
177 | P a g e
L3 CO3 Unit -3
Averag
70 e Discuss four general considerations for the design of a staircase. Also
shows loading on stairs with open wells.
(chapte
r -2)
L3 CO3 Unit -3
Difficul Design an interior panel of a flat slab with panel size 6X6 m supported
71 t by columns of size 500X500 mm. Provide suitable drop. Take live load as
4 kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
(chapte
r -1)
L3 CO3 Unit -3
Difficul Design an interior panel of a flat slab with panel size 6X6 m
t supported by columns of size 500X500 mm. Provide suitable drop.
72
Take live load as 4 kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
(chapte
r -1)
L3 CO3 Unit -3 Design an interior panel of a flat slab of size 5 m X 5 m without

Difficul providing drop and column head. Size of columns is 500X500 mm
73 t and live load on the panel is 4 kN/m2. Take floor finishing load as 1
kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
(chapte
r -1)
L3 CO3 A flat slab system consists of 5 m x6 m panels and is without drop

and column head. It has to carry a live load of 4 kN/m2 and a
Unit -3
finishing load of 1 kN/m2. It is to be designed using M20 grade
Difficul
concrete and Fe 415 steel. The size of the columns supporting the
74 t
system is 500mm x 500 mm and floor to floor height is 4.5 m.
(chapte Calculate design moments in interior and exterior panels at
r -1) column and middle strips in both directions.
L3 CO3 Unit -3 Design the exterior & interior panel of a flat slab of size 6 m x 6 m
Difficul with suitable drop to support a live load of 5 kN/m2. The floor
75
t system is supported by columns of size 500 mm ×500 mm. Floor
tofloor distance is 3.6 m. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
(chapte
178 | P a g e
r -1)
L3 CO3 Design the typical interior panel of a flat slab floor of size 5 m x 5 m with
suitable drop tosupport a live load of 4 kN/m2. The floor is supported by
Unit -3 columns of size 450 mm x 450 mm.Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Difficul
Sketch the reinforcement details by showing cross sections
76 t
(i) at column strip
(chapte
r -1) (ii) at middle strip.
L3 CO3 Design the flat slab system of size 6 m x 6 m provide suitable drop and fix
Unit -3 up overall dimensions. The floor system is supported by columns of size
Difficul 600 mm x 600 mm. Calculate the design moments at various strips in the
t interior and exterior panels. Give the plan of the floor system showing
77
these design moments. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Assume a
(chapte
live load of 5 kN/m2.
r -1)
L3 CO3 Unit -3
Design an interior panel of a flat slab with panel size 6X6 m
Difficul
supported by columns of dia. 500 mm. Provide suitable column
78 t
head. Take live load as 4 kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415
(chapte steel
r -1)
L4 CO3 Unit -3 Design an interior panel of a flat slab of size 5 m X 5 m without providing
Difficul drop and column head. Size of columns is 500X500 mm and live load on
79 t the panel is 4 kN/m2. Take floor finishing load as 1 kN/m2. Use M20
(chapte
r -1)
L4 CO3 Unit -3 A flat slab system consists of 5 m x6 m panels and is without drop and
Difficulcolumn head. It has to carry a live load of 4 kN/m2 and a finishing load of
t 1 kN/m2. It is to be designed using M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel.
80
The size of the columns supporting the system is 500 x500 mm and floor
(chapte to floor height is 4.5 m. Calculate design moments in interior and
r -1) exterior panels at column and middle strips in both directions.
179 | P a g e
L4 CO3 Unit -3
Design an interior panel of a flat slab with panel size 5X6 m
Difficul
supported by columns of dia. 550 mm. Provide suitable column
81 t
head. Take live load as 4 kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415
(chapte steel.
r -1)
L4 CO3 Unit -3 Design a flat slab system (interior panel) to suit the following data:
Difficul
Size of the floor = 20 x 30m.Column interval = 5m c/c Live load on
82 t
slab = 5kN/m2.Materials used are Fe415 HYSD bars and M20
(chapte
r -1) concrete
L3 CO3 Unit -3 Design an interior panel of a flat slab floor system of size 24m x
Difficul
24m, divided into panels 6m x 6m size. The live load on the slab is
t
83 5kN/m2 and the columns at top and bottom are at diameter
(chapte 400mm. Height of each storey is 3m. Use M20 concrete and Fe415
r -1) steel.
L4 CO3 Unit -3
Difficul “Stair slab supported on landings”, comment. Explain the code
t recommendations for the effective span other stair slab in such
84
cases.
(chapte
r -2)
L4 CO3 Design a dog-legged staircase for public building where floor to floor
Unit -3
height is 3.5 m. The dimension for space of stair case is 2.6 m x 6 m. The
Difficul
live load may be assumed as 4.5 kN/m2. The grade of concrete and steel
85 t
is M20 and Fe 415 respectively. The size of tread is 260 mm and size of
(chapte riser is 140 mm.
r -2)
Unit -3
height is 4.5 m. The dimension for space of stair case is 3 m x 6 m. The
Difficul
86 live load may be assumed as 6 kN/m2. The grade of concrete and steel is
t
M25 and Fe 500 respectively. The size of tread is 270 mm and size of
180 | P a g e
r -2)
L4 CO3 Unit -3 A straight stair in a residential building is supported on wall at one

Difficulside and by stringer beam on the other side, with a horizontal span
87 t
(chapte the steps. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel Take live load as 5
r -2) kN/m2.
L4 CO3 Unit -3
DifficulDesign a dog-legged staircase for public building where floor to floor
t height is 3.4 m. The dimension for space of stair case is 4 m x 6 m. The
88 live load may be assumed as 5 kN/m2. The grade of concrete and steel is
(chapte M20 and Fe 415 respectively. The size of tread is 270 mm and size of
r -2) riser is 150 mm.
L5 CO3 Unit -3 A straight stair in a residential building is supported on wall at one

Difficulside and by stringer beam on the other side, with a horizontal span
89 t
(chapte the steps. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel Take live load as 5
r -2) kN/m2.
Unit -3
height is 3.5 m. The dimension for space of stair case is 5 m x 6 m. The
Difficul
live load may be assumed as 4 kN/m2. The grade of concrete and steel is
90 t
M25 and Fe 415 respectively. The size of tread is 260 mm and size of
r -2)
181 | P a g e
REFERENCES
1. Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design, 6th Edition, by Ashok K. Jain, Nem Chand &
Bros, Roorkee, 2002.
2. Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete, 2nd Edition, by P.C.Varghese, Prentice-Hall of

India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002.
3.Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, by P.C.Varghese, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi, 2001.
4.Reinforced Concrete Design, 2nd Edition, by S.UnnikrishnaPillai and DevdasMenon, Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2003.
5.Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures, by P.Dayaratnam, Oxford & I.B.H.
Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2004.
6.Reinforced Concrete Design, 1st Revised Edition, by S.N.Sinha, Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing Company. New Delhi, 1990.
7.Reinforced Concrete, 6th Edition, by S.K.Mallick and A.P.Gupta, Oxford & IBH Publishing
Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 1996.
8.Behaviour, Analysis & Design of Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements, by I.C.Syal and
R.K.Ummat, A.H.Wheeler& Co. Ltd., Allahabad, 1989.
9.Reinforced Concrete Structures, 3rd Edition, by I.C.Syal and A.K.Goel, A.H.Wheeler& Co.
Ltd., Allahabad, 1992.
10.Textbook of R.C.C, by G.S.Birdie and J.S.Birdie, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi,
1993.
11.Design of Concrete Structures, 13th Edition, by Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin and
Charles W. Dolan, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2004.
12.Concrete Technology, by A.M.Neville and J.J.Brooks, ELBS with Longman, 1994.
13.Properties of Concrete, 4th Edition, 1st Indian reprint, by A.M.Neville, Longman, 2000.
14.Reinforced Concrete Designer’s Handbook, 10th Edition, by C.E.Reynolds and

J.C.Steedman, E & FN SPON, London, 1997.
15.Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice (4thRevision), IS 456:
2000, BIS, New Delhi.
182 | P a g e
16.Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978, BIS, New Reinforced Concrete
Limit State Design, 5th Edition, by Ashok K. Jain, Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, 1999.
183 | P a g e
MCQ
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE-II
Q.1In a combined footing if shear stress exceeds 5 kg/cm2, the nominal stirrups
provided are:
A. 6 legged
B. 8 legged
C. 10 legged
D. 12 legged
Q.2The maximum area of tension reinforcement in beams shall not exceed
A.0.15%
B.1.5%
C. 4%
D. 1%
C
Q.3The number of treads in a flight is equal to
A.risers plus one
B.risers minus one
C. risers in the flight
D. none of these.
B
Q.4 Thickened part of a flat slab over its supporting column, is technically known as
A.capital
B. none of these.
C. drop panel
184 | P a g e
D.column head
Q.5 Pick up the incorrect statement from the following:

A.In the stem of a retaining wall, reinforcement is provided near the earth side
B.In the toe slab of a retaining wall, reinforcement is provided at the bottom of the slab
C. In the heel slab of a retaining wall, reinforcement is provided at the top of the slab
D.None of these.
Q.6 Bottom bars under the columns are extended into the interior of the
footing slab to a distance greater than
A. 42 diameters from the outer edge of the column
B.42 diameters from the centre of the column
C. 24 diameter from the centre of the column
D. 42 diameters from the inner edge of the column
Q.7 the thickness of base slab of a retaining wall generally provided, is

A.one-third of the width of the stem at the bottom
B. one fourth of the width of the steam at the bottom
C. one half of the width of the stem at the bottom
D.width of the stem at the bottom
Q.8 For initial estimate for a beam design, the width is assumed
A.1/25th of span
B.1/15th of span
C. 1/30th of span
D.1/20th of span
185 | P a g e
C
Q.9 Cantilever retaining walls can safely be used for a height not more than
A.6m
B. 5m
C. 4m
D. 7m
Q.10 As per I.S. 456 – 1978, the pH value of water shall be

A.less than 6
B. Not less than 6
C. equal to 6
D. equal to 7
Q.11 An R.C.C. beam not provided with shear reinforcement may develop
cracks in its bottom inclined roughly to the horizontal at
A. 45°
B.55°
C. 35°
D.65°
Q.12 If the effective length of a 32 cm diameter R.C.C. column is 4.40 m, its

slenderness ratio, is
A. 40
B. 44
C. 50
D. 55
D
186 | P a g e
Q.13 The shear reinforcement in R.C.C. is provided to resist
A. horizontal shear
B.vertical shear
C. diagonal compression
D.diagonal tension.
Q.14 the radius of a bar bend to form a hook, should not be less than
A. thrice the diameter
B.Five times the diameter
C. twice the diameter
D.Four times the diameter
Q.15 The length of lap in tension reinforcement should not be less than the bar
diameter x (actual tension / four times the permissible average bond stress) if
it is more than
A. 24 bar diameters
B.18 bar diameters
C. 30 bar diameters
D.36 bar diameters
Q.16 the effective width of a column strip of a flat slab, is

A. one-fourth the width of the panel
B.half the width of the panel
C. diameter of the column
D.radius of the column
Q.17 The toe projection of foundation slabs is taken
187 | P a g e
A. as one sixth of overall height of the wall
B.as one third of the base
C. equal to heel slab
D.below ground surface.
Q.18 In a simply supported slab the minimum spacing of distribution

reinforcement, should be four times the effective thickness of the slab or
A. 40 cm
B.60 cm
C. 30 cm
D.20 cm
Q.19 the transverse reinforcements provided at right angles to the main

reinforcement
A. resists the temperature stresses
B.resists the shrinkage stress
C.distribute the load
D.all
Q.20 Design of R.C.C. simply supported beams carrying U.D.L. is based on the
resultant B.M. at
A. quarter span.
B.supports
C. mid span
D.every section
A
188 | P a g e
Q.21 If T and R are tread and rise respectively of a stair, then
A. R + 2T = 60
B.2R + T = 30
C. 2R + T = 60
D.R + 2T= 30
Q.22 for stairs spanning horizontally, the minimum waist provided is

A. 12cm
B.6cm
C. 3cm
D.9cm
Q.23 according to I.S.: 456, 1978 the thickness of reinforced concrete footing
on piles at its edges, is kept less than
A. 30 cm
B.20 cm
C. 40 cm
D.50 cm
Q.24 A continuous beam shall be deemed to be a deep beam if the ratio of

effective span to overall depth, is
A.less than 2.5
B.2.0
C. less than 2
D.2.5
189 | P a g e
Q.25 If the ratio of the span to the overall depth does not exceed 10, the
stiffness of the beam will ordinarily be satisfactory in case of a
A. continuous beam
B.simply supported beam
C. cantilever beam
D.none of these.
Q.26 A T-beam behaves as a rectangular beam of a width equal to its flange if

its neutral axis
A.remains within the flange
B.remains below the slab
C. coincides the geometrical centre of the beam
D.none of these.
Q.27A reinforced concrete cantilever beam is 3.6 m long, 25 cm wide and has
its lever arm 40 cm. It carries a load of 1200 kg at its free end and vertical
stirrups can carry 1800 kg. Assuming concrete to carry one-third of the
diagonal tension and ignoring the weight of the beam, the number of shear
stirrups required, is
A.20
B.30
C.40
D. 50
C
Q.28 If the sides of a slab simply supported on edges and spanning in two
directions are equal, the maximum bending moment is multiplied by
A. 0.5
B.0.4
190 | P a g e
C. 0.3
D.0.2
Q.29 The amount of reinforcement for main bars in a slab, is based upon
A. maximum shear force
B.minimum bending moment
C. maximum bending moment
D.minimumshear force.
Q.30 Distribution reinforcement in a simply supported slab, is provided to

distribute
A. temperature stress
B.shrinkage stress
C. load
D. All
Q.31 The weight of a foundation is assumed as

A. 7% of wall weight
B.5% of wall weight
C. 10% of wall weight
D.12% of wall weight
191 | P a g e
Q.32 A flat slab is supported
A.on columns
B.on beams and columns
C. on columns monolithically built with slab
D.on beams
Q.33A raft foundation is provided if its area exceeds the plan area of the
building by
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 40%
D. 50%
Q.34the angle of internal friction of soil mass is the angle whose

A.tangent is equal to the rate of the maximum resistance to sliding on any internal inclined
plane to the normal pressure acting on the plane.
B.sine is equal to the ratio of the maximum resistance to sliding on any internal inclined plane
to the normal pressure acting on the plane
C.cosine is equal to the ratio of the maximum resistance sliding on any internal inclined plane
to the normal pressure acting on the plane
D.none of these.
Q.35 If the size of a column is reduced above the floor, the main bars Zof the
columns, are
A.all
B. stopped just below the floor level and separate lap bars provided
C. continued up
192 | P a g e
D.bent inward at the floor level
Q36.Piles are usually driven by
A.single acting steam hammer
B.diesel operated hammer
C. drop hammer
D. all
Q37. Minimum spacing between horizontal parallel reinforcement of different

sizes, should not be less than
A.One diameter of thicker bar
B. sum of the diameters of thinner and thicker bars
C. one diameter of thinner bar
D. twice the diameter of thinner bar
Q38. The minimum clear cover for R.C.C. columns shall be

A.greater of 25 mm or diameter
B. greater of 40 mm or diameter
C. smaller of 40 mm or diameter
D. smaller of 25 mm or diameter
Q39.The thickness of the flange of a Tee beam of a ribbed slab is assumed as

A.depth of the rib
B. width of the rib
C. thickness of the concrete topping 0d) half the thickness of the rib
D. twice the width of the rib.

193 | P a g e
C
Q40. If diameter of a reinforcement bar is d, the anchorage value of the hook is

A.4d
B. 8d
C.2d
D.16d
Q41.Top bars are extended to the projecting parts of the combined footing of
two columns L distance apart for a distance of
A.0.1 L from the outer edge of column
B. 0.1 L from the centre edge of column
C. half the distance of projection
D.one-fourth the distance of projection.
Q.42 Ifdepth of slab is 10 cm, width of web 30 cm, depth of web 50 cm, centre
to centre distance of beams 3 m, effective span of beams 6 m, the effective
flange width of the beam, is
A.150cm
B. 200cm
C. 100cm
D. 250cm
194 | P a g e
Q.43 in a singly reinforced beam, if the permissible stress in concrete reaches
earlier than that in steel, the beam section is called
A.critical section.
B. under-reinforced section
C. over reinforced section
D. economic section
Q.44Design of R.C.C. cantilever beams, is based on the resultant force at

A.mid span and fixed support.
B. free end
C. fixed end
D. mid span
Q45. If H is the overall height of a retaining wall retaining a surcharge, the

width of the base slab usually provided, is
A.0.4 H
B. 0.5 H
C. 0.7 H
D. 0.6 H
Q46 the length of the lap in a compression member is kept greater than bar
diameter x (Permissible stress in bar / Five times the bond stress) or
A.30 bar diameters
B. 24 bar diameters
C. 18 bar diameters
D. 12 bar diameters
B
195 | P a g e
Q.47 A part of the slab may be considered as the flange of the T-beam if
A.it is built integrally with the beam
B. it is effectively bonded together with the beam
C. flange has adequate reinforcement transverse to beam
D. All
Q.48 In a slab, the pitch of the main reinforcement should not exceed its
effective depth
A.4times
B. 5times
C. 3times
D. 6times
Q.49 Ifthe length of an intermediate span of a continuous slab is 5m, the length
of the end span is kept
A.4.2m
B. 4.5m
C. 3.5m
D. 5.5m
Q.50 the minimum head room over a stair must be
196 | P a g e
A.220cm
B. 210cm
C.205cm
D. 200cm
Q.51 Lapped splices in tensile reinforcement are generally not used for bars of
size larger than
A.30 mm diameter
B. 24 mm diameter
C. 18 mm diameter
D. 36 mm diameter
Q.52 The diameter of transverse reinforcement of columns should be equal to

one-fourth of the diameter of the main steel rods but not less than
A.7mm
B. 4mm
C. 3mm
D.6mm
Q.53In case the factor of safety against sliding is less than 1.5, a portion of slab
is constructed downwards at the end of the heel slab, which is known as
A. a cut-off wall
B. a key
C. a rib
D. a rib
197 | P a g e
D
Q.54 The ratio of the breadth to effective depth of a beam is kept
A. 0.40
B. 0.50
C. 0.80
D. 0.20
Q.55 The floor slab of a building is supported on reinforced cement floor

beams. The ratio of the end and intermediate spans is kept
A. 0.5
B. 0.6
C. 0.8
D. 0.9
198 | P a g e
TOPIC ON ADVANCEMENT: Design and discussion of Burj Khalifa.
Tallest Structure in the world
The Burj Dubai Tower is the world’s tallest structure, passing all previous height records.
Such a project by necessity requires pushing current analysis, material, construction
technologies, and building systems to literally new heights. However, as such a building
height has never before been attempted, it is also necessary to ensure all technologies and
methods used are of sound development and practice. As such, the designers sought to be able
to use conventional systems, materials, and construction methods — modified and utilized in
new capacities — to achieve such a lofty goal.
The 160-plus-story Burj Dubai Tower is the centrepiece of a $20 billion multi-tower
development located just outside of downtown Dubai. The Burj Dubai project consists of the
tower itself, as well as an adjacent podium structure, and separate six-story office annex and
two-story pool annex. The 280,000-square-meter (m2) (or 3 million-square-foot, ft2)
reinforced concrete multi-use tower is predominantly residential and office space, but it also
contains retail space and a Giorgio Armani hotel. The tower and podium structures —
combined 465,000 m2 (5 million ft2) — are currently under construction, and the project is
scheduled for completion in late 2009.
199 | P a g e
Architectural Design:
The primary design concept of the tower is an organic form with tri-axial geometry and
spiralling growth that can be easily seen in the final design. Additionally, traditional Islamic
forms were utilized to enrich the tower’s design, and to incorporate visual references to the
culture and history of the surrounding region. As such, the floor plan of the tower consists of a
tri-axial, “Y” shaped plan, formed by having three separate wings connected to a central core.
As the tower rises, one wing at each tier sets back in a spiralling pattern, further emphasizing
its height. The Y-shape plan is ideal for residential and hotel use in that it allows the
maximum views outward without overlooking a neighbouring unit. The wings contain the
residential units and hotel guest rooms, with the central core housing all of the elevators and
mechanical closets. The tower is serviced by five separate mechanical zones, located
approximately 30 floors apart over the height of the building. Located above the occupied
reinforced concrete portion of the building is the structural steel spire, housing
communication and mechanical floors, and completing the architectural form of the tower.
The result is an efficient building in terms of its functionality, structural system, and response
to wind, while still maintaining the integrity of the initial design concept.
Structural system description:

The tower’s Y-shaped floor plan not only has aesthetic and functional advantages, but also is
ideal for providing a high-performance, efficient structure. The structural system for the Burj
Dubai can be described as a “buttressed-core” and consists of high-performance concrete wall
construction. Each of the wings buttresses the others via a six-sided central core, or hexagonal
hub. This central core provides the torsional resistance of the structure, similar to a closed
pipe or axle. Corridor walls extend from the central core to near the end of each wing,
terminating in thickened hammer head walls. These corridor walls and hammerhead walls
behave similar to the webs and flanges of a beam to resist the wind shears and moments.
Perimeter columns and flat plate floor construction complete the system. At mechanical
floors, outrigger walls are provided to link the perimeter columns to the interior wall system,
allowing the perimeter columns to participate in the lateral load resistance of the structure;
hence, all of the vertical concrete is utilized to support both gravity and lateral loads. The
result is a tower that is extremely stiff laterally and torsionally. It is also a very efficient
structure because the gravity load-resisting system has been used to maximize its use in
resisting lateral loads also.
200 | P a g e
Structural system:
The entire building structure was analyzed for gravity (including P-Delta analysis), wind, and
seismic loadings utilizing ETABS version 8.4, from Computers and Structures, Inc. The 3D
analysis model consisted of the reinforced concrete walls, link beams, slabs, raft, piles, and
the spire structural steel system. Under lateral wind loading, the building deflections are well
below commonly used criteria. The dynamic analysis indicated the first mode is lateral sides
way with a period of 11.3 seconds. The second mode is a perpendicular lateral sides way with
a period of 10.2 seconds. Torsion is the fifth mode with a period of 4.3 seconds.
Construction methods and technology:
The Burj Dubai Tower utilizes the latest advancements in construction techniques and
material technology. The walls are formed using Doka’s SKE 100 automatic self-climbing
formwork system. The circular nose columns are formed with circular steel forms, and the
floor slabs are poured on MevaDec panel formwork. Wall reinforcement is prefabricated on
the ground to allow for fast placement. Three primary self-climbing Favco tower cranes are
located adjacent to the central core, with each continuing to various heights as required. The
cranes have been specially modified to be able to lift the extreme lengths of cable required, as
well as 25-metric-tonne (27.5-ton) payloads, at high speeds. High-speed (120-m/minute, 393-
foot/minute), high-capacity (3,200-kg, 7,050-pound) construction hoists were used to
transport workers and materials to the required heights. Because of limitations of conventional
surveying techniques, a specialized GPS monitoring system has been developed to monitor
the verticality of the structure.
The construction sequence for the structure has the central core and slabs being cast first, in
three sections; the wing walls and slabs follow behind; and the wing nose columns and slabs
follow behind these. Concrete is distributed to each wing utilizing concrete booms that are
attached to the jump form system. Two of the largest concrete pumps in the world were used
to deliver concrete to heights over 600 m (1,968 feet) in a single stage. A horizontal pumping
trial was conducted prior to the start of the superstructure construction to ensure pump ability
of the concrete mixes.
Conclusion:
Burj Dubai Tower has eclipsed all previous height records, and is the tallest structure ever
built. It represents an enormous collaboration and coordination effort of many individuals
across all sectors of the building profession. Conventional and cutting-edge technologies and
building systems were utilized, developed, and further advanced to create this unprecedented
structure, taking this building and the profession to literally new heights.
201 | P a g e
Design of Concrete Structure-II
List of PPT
Sr. No. Topic Remarks
1. Introduction to Design of Concrete Structure-II Subject Introduction
Unit-1
2. Introduction to Footing Unit-1
3. Combined Footing Unit-1
4. Retaining Wall Unit-1
Unit-2
5. Curved Beam Unit-2
6. Domes Unit-2
Unit-3
7 Flat Slab Unit-3
8 Design of stair case Unit-3
202 | P a g e
Analysis and feedback of the contents by Faculty
 Course was well structured to achieve the learning outcomes (good balance of lectures,
learning resources, tutorials, practical etc.)
 The Course was well organized (e.g. teaching hours, content flow, access to materials,
notification of changes, etc.)
 The syllabus was need based; Emphasis on fundamentals, coverage of modern/ advanced
topics, good balance between theory and application.
 The books prescribed/listed as reference materials are relevant, updated and appropriate.
203 | P a g e
RESULT ANALYSIS MST 1:
Total Students – Subject code CEA

Branch Class/Section Particulars
Appeared 403
Max marks 30
Average marks 21
No. of Students
CIVIL who score less 8
7CE1 52
ENGINEERING than 12 marks
Percentage of
students who
15.38
score less than 12
marks
Total Students - Subject code CEA

APPEARED 403
Max marks 34
Average marks 25
No. of Students
7CE1 64
Percentage of
students who
3.125
score less than 12
marks
204 | P a g e
SLOW LEARNERS AFTER MST 1
Sr. No, UID NAME MARKS OBT.

1 16BCE1037 ABHISHEK SHARMA 5
2 16BCE1041 AKSHAY DEEP THAKUR 9
3 16BCE1409 DEEPTANSHU SHARMA 9
4 16BCE1414 VIKRAM PARTAP BLOCH 8
5 16BCE1429 ZAHID YASEEN 10.5
6 17BCE8001 PRIKSHIT SHARMA 11
7 17BCE8020 AMBAR SHARDA 5
8 17BCE8025 NIKHIL CHAUHAN 10
FAST LEARNERS AFTER MST 1
Sr. No. UID Student Name Mark Obtd.

1 16BCE1020 RICKEELA CHONJONBAM 24
2 16BCE1043 CHAITANYA BHARDWAJ 24
3 16BCE1061 ANIL KUMAR 27
4 16BCE1068 JITENDER KUMAR PANDIT 26
5 16BCE1073 RAMAN SALGOTRA 25.5
6 16BCE1323 ULVEENA JAVED 30
6 16BCE1402 MD ASHRAF ALAM 24
6 16BCE1461 DIKSHANT 25
6 17BCE8014 RAGHAV GUPTA 25
6 17BCE8066 ADITYA SAKLANI 28
REMEDIAL ACTION
 Took Extra Lectures

 Clear their doubts individually in the cabin
205 | P a g e
Timetable for slow learners:

DIVISION - CIVIL ENGINEERING
Slow Learner Classes Time Table
6th SEMESTER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY DCS-2 503
FRIDAY
206 | P a g e
TOPIC COVERED:
Name of Subject with Subject Code: DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTRES-II./CET-
351
Branch and Semester: Civil Engg./ 6th AFTER MST-1
Sr. No. of Students

Date of Lecture Topic Covered
No. Present
1 14.2.2019 ISOLATED FOOTING DESIGN 8
COMBINED FOOTING
2 21.2.2019 8
RECTANGULAR
3 28.2.2019 COMBINED FOOTING STRAP 6
4 07.3.2019 DESIGN OF RETAINING 7
207 | P a g e
Name of Subject with Subject Code: DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTRES-II./CET-351
Branch and Semester: Civil Engg./ 6th
ATTENDANCE FOR SLOW LEARNER OF MST-1
Sr.
No UID NAME 14 -02-2019 21-2-2019 28-2-2019 7/3/2019
1 16BCE1037 ABHISHEK SHARMA P P A A
2 16BCE1041 AKSHAY DEEP THAKUR P P P P
3 16BCE1409 DEEPTANSHU SHARMA P P P P
4 16BCE1414 VIKRAM PARTAP BLOCH P P P P
5 16BCE1429 ZAHID YASEEN P P P P
6 17BCE8001 PRIKSHIT SHARMA P P P P
7 17BCE8020 AMBAR SHARDA P P A P
8 17BCE8025 NIKHIL CHAUHAN P P P P
208 | P a g e
Total Students - Subject code CEA

APPEARED 403
Max marks 34
Average marks 25
No. of Students
7CE1 64
Percentage of
students who
3.125
score less than 12
marks
Review of slow learners’ after MST 2:
SR. NO NAME MARKS OBTAINED
16BCE1060 Shrey Sharma 11
17BCE8020 AMBAR SHARDA 6
209 | P a g e
FAST LEARNERS AFTER MST 2:
SR NO UID Student Name MARKS OBTD.

1 16BCE1004 DIVYANSH RANA 25
2 16BCE1013 MOHAMMAD IRFAN SHAH 28
3 16BCE1018 GURJOT SINGH JHAJJ 33
4 16BCE1020 RICKEELA CHONJONBAM 33
5 16BCE1029 KANAV SHARMA 26
6 16BCE1032 ABHISHEK 30
7 16BCE1035 GURSIMRAN SINGH 27
8 16BCE1040 SPARSH MAHAJAN 31
9 16BCE1041 AKSHAY DEEP THAKUR 33
10 16BCE1043 CHAITANYA BHARDWAJ 34
11 16BCE1045 ROHIT CHAUHAN 29.5
12 16BCE1054 VISHAL THAPA 29.5
13 16BCE1061 ANIL KUMAR 32
14 16BCE1062 SIDHARATH BARDHAN 29.5
15 16BCE1064 PRASHANT 30.5
16 16BCE1068 JITENDER KUMAR PANDIT 30.5
17 16BCE1069 KSHITIJ CHAUHAN 28
18 16BCE1073 RAMAN SALGOTRA 33.5
19 16BCE1075 SAKET KUMAR SINGH 27
20 16BCE1078 MALIK MEHRAN 29
21 16BCE1323 ULVEENA JAVED 34
22 16BCE1330 ZEZA FAROOQ 30
210 | P a g e
TIME TABLE AFTER MST-2:

Slow Learner Classes Time Table
6th SEMESTER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY DCS-2 514
FRIDAY
211 | P a g e
Name of Subject with Subject Code: DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTRES-II./CET-
351
Sr. No. of Students

Date of Lecture Topic Covered
No. Present
1 14.3.2019 Curved beam analysis 2
2 21.3.2019 Design of domes 2
3 28.3.2019
Design of circular water 2
tank
4 04.4.2019
Design of Under Ground 2
water tank
212 | P a g e
Name of Subject with Subject Code: DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTRES-II./CET-351
ATTENDANCE FOR SLOW LEARNER OF MST-2
Sr. No UID NAME 14 -03-2019 21-3-2019 28-3-2019 4/4/2019
1 16BCE1060 Shrey Sharma P P P P
2 17BCE8020 AMBAR SHARDA P P P P
213 | P a g e
Best Practices adopted by the faculty
1. Identifying Weaker Students and Guiding them
2. Put best efforts to enhance performance of slow learner students
3. Availability of Learning material on CUIMS
4. Review more design specification by Indian and American Standards
5. Student Mentoring
214 | P a g e
Chandigarh University follows Outcome Based Education (OBE) and ensure the attainment of
Course outcomes (COs) and Program outcomes (POs). The Course Objectives and Course
Outcomes are mapped with concerned Program educational objectives and outcomes. The
testing and evaluation of the students are done to ensure that PSOs are ensured through the
competencies attained by the students in terms of knowledge and skills.
Assignments, class discussions, mid semester tests, online quiz, end semester examination etc.
are all focused on measuring the course outcomes by creating material and questions based on
critical thinking and analysis. The university uses both direct and indirect methods of assessment
to ensure attainment of PO, PSO and COs.
Direct Assessment Methods
1. Assignments
2. Class Test
3. Group Discussion
4. Laboratory performance (Term Work)
5. Student Project(s)
4. Mid Semester Tests and End Term Theory Result
The data used for evaluating CO attainment is obtained from the students score for these
assessments.
Indirect Assessment Methods:
1. Course Exit Survey and Feedbacks
2. Alumni Survey
3. Employer Survey
4. Co-curricular Activities
5. Extracurricular Activities
215 | P a g e
Procedure for Attainment of Program Outcomes
At the end of the each programme, the PO/PSO assessment is done from the CO attainment of
all curriculum components. The description of Assessment tools used for the evaluation of
program outcomes is given in Table 1.
In each course, the level of attainment of each CO is compared with the predefined targets, if is
not; the course coordinator takes necessary steps for the improvement to reach the target.
With the help of CO against PO/PSO mapping, the PO/PSO attainment is calculated by the
HoD/Coordinator.
Table 1: Mapping of assessment tools to POs/PSOs with frequency

Mode of Assessment Description Evaluation of Course Outcomes Related Frequency
Assessment Tool POs/PSOs of
assessment
Direct Theory Continuous evaluation The questions in the internal PO Semester
Examinations system with Internal examinations and assignment 1,2,3,6,7 wise
and external sheets are mapped against COs of and 12
examinations respective course. The questions
for two internal examinations and
Direct Assignments Two assignments are internal evaluation components PSOs
like assignments, surprise test, 13,14
given for each course for case studies, etc are framed in
AND 15
continuous assessment. such a way to cover all course
outcomes.
Direct Surprise The surprise test
Tests evaluation is considered.
The final attainment for CO under
direct assessment is calculated by
considering marks of Internals
components and End Term
Examination.
Direct Practical Internal continuous The final attainment for each CO NA
Examination assessment and is calculated by taking into
s examination is conducted consideration laboratory
in lab course. performance evaluations, Internal
Lab Examination and External
216 | P a g e
examination.
Direct Industry To test student’s concepts Project reviews are conducted NA As per
Oriented in design, creative regularly using rubrics and curriculum
Project thinking and independent internal evaluation and end term
analysis. Project reviews examination records are
are conducted considered for attainment of CO.
Direct Comprehensiv To assess the student’s The assessment is carried out by NA As per
e Viva Voce technical and analytical HoD and three senior faculty curriculum
Examination skills in the domain of members along with student’s
Civil Engineering and overall academic performance in
also communication the Viva.
skills.
Direct Major Project To test student’s concepts Continuous assessment is carried NA As per
curriculum
in design, creative by the Project review committee.
thinking and independent First review emphasizes on
analysis. Literature survey and
problem identification, second
reviewon
Design methodology and the third
review on validation of the model
and documentation.
The external examiner assessment
is considered as another
assessment tool for project work.
Final CO attainment is calculated
by considering all the above
parameters.
Indirect Course End This survey gives the The indicators in the survey form NA At the end of
Survey opinion of the student and are framed in line with the each course
faculty on the attainment respective Course outcomes.
of course outcomes.
Indirect Graduate Exit This survey gives the At the end of the programme, the NA At the end of
Survey opinion of the graduate graduate exit survey is collected the program
on the attainment of from the graduates and
Programme outcomes. considered for the PO attainment
under indirect PO
assessment.
University gives different weight age to these assessment tools in the overall course assessment.
Attainment levels of course outcomes are set as follows:
 Attainment Level 1: 60% students scoring more than C grade.
The University follows student-centric system with focus on what the students are expected to
demonstrate at the end of the program. The outcomes are assessed and evaluated to identify the
extent to which learning goals are accomplished. The gaps thus identified are addressed through
review of the performance criteria that are used to measure the achievement of learning outcomes.
217 | P a g e
Students attainment of COs, POs, and PSOs are assessed by customized evaluation pattern to suit
the course and its course outcomes.
Date: ____/____/____ Signature of the Faculty
218 | P a g e
219 | P a g e

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CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering

SUBJECT NAME : DCS-II

SUBJECT TEACHER : Er. Vikas Khandelwal

15 1. Lecture detail 136-153

16 Sample Question Bank (for students orientation) 159-181

20 Student's and Parent's Day 06-Apr-19 Student--Teacher Interaction

21 End of Semester 12-Apr-19

Total Contact Hours: 30

Prerequisite : Knowledge of basic concrete and IS 456:2000

Course Course Title Course Coordinator Lectu Tuto Prac Cr

T-3 B.C Punima 5th 2013 Laxmi

R-1 Reinforced Concrete S U Pillai and D 3rd 2003

R-2 Plain and Reinforced O P Jain and J. 8th 2015

R-4 IS 3370: 2009, ― Indian IS 3370: 2009 IS 3370: 2009

Weeks before 1st MST 5 10 10

Weeks before 2nd MST 5 10 10

Weeks after2nd MST 5 10 10

Detailed Plan for Lectures

Audio Visual Aids, software and Virtual

Pedagogical Tool Demonstration/ Case

FOUNDATION: T-1, 9.1, https://np Basic Students will

FOUNDATION: T-1, 9.2- https://n Various Students will

FOUNDATION: T-1, vol- https://np Detailed design Students

FOUNDATION: T-1, vol- https://np Detailed design Students

G4: Strip Footing

G:6 Retaining wall

G7: Counter fort

Covering Unit-3 20th March, 2019 5th April 2019 G3:masonry

G5: flat slab

Tutorial No. Lecture Topic Type of pedagogical tool(s) planned

Tutorial 1 Basics of foundations Theoretical

Tutorial 6 Numerical on square footings Problem solving

Tutorial 7 Introductions and Numerical on combined Problem solving

Tutorial 9 Locations where trapezoidal footings are to Theoretical/Problem solving

Tutorial 11 Numerical on Strap footings Problem solving

(case analysis, problem solving test, role

Tutorial 3 Numerical on ring beams Problem solving

Tutorial 4 Spherical domes Problem solving

Tutorial8 Numerical on rectangular Problem solving

Tutorial 10 Numerical on water tanks Problem solving

Tutorial 11 Numerical on Cylindrical Problem solving

Tutorial 13 Numerical on water tanks Problem solving

Tutorial 4 Numerical on flat slabs Problem solving

Tutorial 5 Direct Design Method Theoretical /Problem solving

COURSE CODE: CET-351

1. What are the main requirements of a foundation system for a structure?

(i) P = 475 kN, M = 35 kNm under dead loads;

(ii) P = 380 kN, M = 39 kNm under live loads;

(iii) H = ± 30 kN, P = ±12 kN, M = ± 41 kNm under wind loads.

3.Determine the combined loads to be considered in deciding the area of thefooting

MID SEMESTER TEST -I

a. Differentiate one way and two way shear.

Section – B (2*15 =30)

Q. No. 2 Design an isolated footing for a square column, 500 mm x 500 mm

Design a circular footing for a circular column of diameter 500 mm carrying a

MID SEMESTER TEST -II

Section – B (2*15 =30)

a) .Write down step by step procedure of design of a circular dome.