Ezhilan MBA
Ezhilan MBA
Ezhilan MBA
INTRODUCTION
MARKET
Definition of market
Markets are people with money to spend and the desire to spend
it.
Market includes both place and region in which buyers and
sellers are in free competition with one another.
The term market refers not to place but to a commodity or
commodities and buyers and sellers who are in direct
competition with one another.
A market is a center about which or an area in which the forces
leading to exchange or title to a particular product operate and
towards which the actual goods tend to travel.
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MARKETING
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1. Product - The Product management aspect of marketing deals with
the specifications of the actual good or service, and how it relates to
the end-user's needs and wants.
2. Pricing - This refers to the process of setting a price for a product,
including discounts.
3. Promotion - This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and
personal selling, and refers to the various methods of promoting the
product, brand, or company.
4. Place or distribution refers to how the product gets to the customer;
for example, point of sale placement or retailing.
CONSUMERS
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businesspeople and economists talk of "consumers" they are talking about
person-as-consumer, an aggregated commodity item with little individuality
other than that expressed in the buy/not buy decision. However there is a
trend in marketing to individualize the concept. Instead of generating broad
demographic and psychographic profiles of market segments, marketers are
engaging in personalized marketing, permission marketing, and mass
customization.
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COSTUMERS
Types of Customers
Internal Customers
← People working in different departments
← People working in different branches
External Customers
← Individuals
← Individuals of different needs
← Individuals of different cultures
← Business people
← Groups
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won't necessarily get but they expect to get, like a car getting from a
person's place of departure to their destination.
SALES
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5. Which brand of paracetamol fastly move in counter without
prescription?
FORCES OF CHANGE
REGULATORY PERSPECTIVE
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Section 65 (10) of drugs and cosmetics rules 1945 – The
prescription (a) shall be in writing and be signed by physician.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
HISTORY OF PARACETAMOL
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work on this compound indicated that paracetamol might be present in the
urine of patients who had taken phenacetin and in 1889, paracetamol was
also shown to be a urinary metabolite of acetanilide.
However, it was not until 1948 that Brodie and Axelrod
established that paracetamol was a major metabolite of both phenacetin and
acetanilide. This, and other work, led to the belief that the clinical effect of
these two drugs was entirely due to rapid conversion in the body to
paracetamol. This belief was supported by the observation that the analgesic
and antipyretic effects of paracetamol were of the same order as those of its
parent compound. Some years later, it was shown that phenacetin had both
effects in its own right and that paracetamol formation was not essential for
its pharmacological action. However, because a very high proportion is
converted to paracetamol during first passage through the liver, phenacetin
itself exerts a direct analgesic effect only at very high doses.
PARACETAMOL
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Paracetamol is a painkiller, more technically described as a
non-opioid analgesic. As a painkiller, it's similar in strength to aspirin, but
does not have the anti-inflammatory action of aspirin.
How does paracetamol work?
Side Effects
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and NSAIDs is that it doesn't irritate the stomach or causing it to bleed,
potential Side effects of aspirin and NSAIDs.
WARNING
The doses for children depend on their age and weight and are
clearly given on the medicine's container. On a doctor's advice, it can be
given to young babies after vaccinations, but is otherwise not recommended
for babies under three months old. Syrups containing paracetamol, such as
Calpol can be easier to take for younger children. The paediatric version of
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paracetamol syrup contains 120 mg of paracetamol per 5ml (teaspoon).
Sugar-free versions are available.
Paracetamol Products
Paracetamol alone:
Calpol
Disprol
Panadol
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Migraleve
Night Nurse
Paracodol
Paramol
Propair
Resolve
Sinutab
Solpadeine
Veganin
Vicks Medinite
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Fenamates
Oxicams
Pharmacological Action
Mechanism of Action
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central effect on the hypothalamus. Its antipyretic action is thought to be due
to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
Therapeutic Uses
Adverse Effects
Warning
Dose
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Standards
Paracetamol tablets contain not less than 95% and not more
than 105% of the state of paracetamols.
Dosage Form
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CHAPTER 3
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7. The order of preference of various brand names of
paracetamol by physician, pharmacists, and consumer.
The other important study that will be carried out along with
this study is about the various aspects of sales of medicines; awareness of
the pharmacists in the recent developments of field of pharmacy and the
awareness of the patients in purchasing the medicine. The study will help us
to understand the role of pharmacists in the field of community medicine and
also the need to investigate the development in the field of pharmacy.
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CHAPTER 4
FIELD SURVEY
PROCEDURE
1 Registered Medical 12
Practitioners
2 Consumers 18
3 Pharmacy 15
1. Crocin – Smith
2. Metacin – Themis
3. Calpal – Burrough’s welcome
4. Fepanil – Citadel
5. Malidens – Nicolas
6. Pyrigesic – East India
7. P-500 – Apex
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As shown in the label, the entire tablet contains 500mg of
Paracetamol. The cost of paracetamol for different brand names as obtained
from 18 medical stores in Cuddalore district.
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SPECIMEN QUESTIONS FOR REGISTERED MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS
4. If so why?
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5. Which brand name will you prefer for paracetamols?
7. In your view, will you find any difference in the efficacy of the drug
between various brand names available in the market?
Signature
Dr. M. Narayanan,
M.B.B.S., D.C.H.,
Because
163-B, Nethaji Road, Fever & Single Brand quality varies
Manjakuppam, aches drug name with company
Cuddalore.
Brand name
Dr. K.N.Gnanasundari Tablets with less
potency might
M.B.B.S., D.G.O., be dispensed If I
Fever & Brand
48/207, Nethaji Road, yes mention generic
aches name name
Cuddalore.
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Dr. K. Rajendran M.S.
Fever & Single Brand Convenient to
48/207, Nethaji Road,
headaches drug name chemist
Cuddalore.
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Name &
Address of RMP 1 2 3 4
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Name & Address
of RMP 5 6 7 8
Dr.Krishnamoorthy
M.B.B.S., D.C.H., Calpol Acceptable For
Fepanil to patient emergency it
S.P Koil Street, Yes
Pyregesic cost factor is OK
Chidambaram
Dr.K.Shanthi, M.B.B.S,
D.G.O., Crocin Superior to No much Should be
East car street, Fepanil others difference discouraged
Chidambaram
Self
Dr. Balachandran M.D., medication
North car street Pyregesic should be
Standard
Calpol No avoided
Chidambaram. companies
Crocin
Dr. Ravichandran
M.B.B.S., D.C.H., Calpol
Reputed
Metacin
West Car Street Companies Yes Accepted
Crocin
Chidambaram
Dr. Ilankovan
M.B.B.S., D.C.H., Calpol For
Pyregesic Nothing emergency it
East Car Street Crocin Yes is OK
special
Chidambaram
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Name &
Address of RMP 5 6 7 8
Dr. Tamilselvi
M.B.B.S. D.G.O P-500
Reputed
Metacin
New Street Companies Yes Accepted
Crocin
Sethiyathope
Dr. Pazhaniyammal
Self
M.B.B.S., D.G.O., Calpol
medication
Fepanil Standard No much
South Car Street, should be
Metacin companies difference avoided
Chidambaram.
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SPECIMEN OUESTIONS FOR CONSUMERS
Name :
Age : Sex :
Occupation :
Address :
3. If you have to purchase a tablet for your headache, what brand you
ask for?
4. Do you have any reason for purchasing that particular brand name?
5. For common cold, headache, and fever do you want to see a doctor
or just purchase a drug of your choice of medical shop?
Signature
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Name & Address
of consumer 1 2 3 4 5 6
G. Ramesh,
Previously
Age: 40/M, introduced by
Crocin
Barathi Street, Coldarin my family Purchase from
Yes Metacin Crocin doctor -
Cuddalore-1. medical shop
Perumal,
Age : We should see
38/M,Clerk, Ibuprufen Easily the doctor in the Less
Crocin available in extreme case
Nethaji Street, Yes Metacin cost
Metacin the market
Cuddalore.
Mala,
Age: 35/F,
Houswife, Crocin We should see
Easily Less
Manjakuppam, Coldarin the doctor in the
Yes Metacin available cost
Metacin extreme case
Cuddalore
Krinamoorthy
Age; 35/M,
Teacher, Ibuprufen Easily
I use to take on
Crocin available in
S.P. Koil street, Yes Crocin my own -
Metacin the market
Chidambaram.
Sivaprakash,
Age: 30/M,
Engineer, Crocin
Easily Purchase from Good
S.P. Koil Street, Coldarin
Yes Calpol available medical shop Action
Metacin
Chidambaram.
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Name &
Address
of consumer 1 2 3 4 5 6
K. Murugan,
Age; 35/M,
Farmer, Crocin
I often use Yes, I want to
Coldact
V.G.P. Street, Yes Metacin that drug see a doctor No
Metacin
Chidambaram.
G. Vasanthi,
Age: 47/F Ibuprufen Because Purchase
Housewife, Crocin of familiar from medical
Yes Coldarin Crocin name shop -
V.G.P. Street,
Chidambaram.
Balamurali,
Age: 35/M, Novalgin
Helper, Crocin Easily I use to take Good
Yes Calpol
Muthiah Nagar, B-Complex available one by one effect
Chidambaram.
G.Gopal
Age: 42/M. We should
Worker, Calpol Because see the
doctor in the Less
S.P. Koil Coldarin of familiar
Yes Metacin extreme case cost
Street, Metacin name
Chidambaram.
A. Lenin,
Age: 27/M,
Student, Ibuprufen
Quick Purchase
Crocin No
S.P.Koil Street, Yes Crocin action myself
Coldact
Chidambaram.
Babu,
Age: 35/M, Crocin Purchase Cheap,
Kanagasabai Coldarin Easily from medical good
Nagar, Yes Metacin Calpol shop effect
available
Chidambaram.
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R. Thillai,
Age: 38/M, Yes Ibuprufen Because of Yes, I want
Photo Studio, Coldact Metacin familiar to see a Good
Metacin name doctor action
Sethiyathope.
Ramasamy, We should
Age: 40/M, Metacin see the Cheap
Crocin doctor in the and
Farmer, Yes Calpol Easily extreme Good
Main Road, B- available case
Complex effect
Palayamkottai
Perumal,
Age: 40/M, Calpol Metacin Because of I use to take Less
Farmer, Yes Coldarin familiar one by one cost
Metacin name
Pillaiyar Koil
Street,
Chidambaram.
Kannan, Previously
Age: 42/M, Calpol introduced Purchase
Crocin by my family myself
Farmer, Yes Calpol No
Coldact doctor
Pillaiyar Koil
Street,
Palayamkottai.
Suresh, Purchase
Age; 38/M, Crocin Easily from Good
Coldarin available medical effect
Farmer, Yes Crocin
Ibuprufen shop
East Street,
Palayamkottai.
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SPECIMEN QUESTIONS FOR PHARMACY
1. Which are the drugs that are sold fastly without a prescription from
your shop?
2. Which brand names for paracetamol, the patients ask for? (give order
of preference)
3. Which brand names for paracetamol you receive prescription from the
doctor? (give order of preference)
4. Which brand name for paracetamol you are having the highest turn
over per month? (give details)
5. Which brand name for paracetamol you are getting highest profit?
6. If a patient asks for just paracetamol tablets, which brand name you
supply and please give the reason for the same?
Signature
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Name &
Address 1 2 3 4 5 6
Calpol
Alagappa 150strips Crocin.
Medicals, Crocin Because it
Paracetamol Crocin Calpol Profit
is familiar to
26 B, Nathaji Calpol Crocin 150strips same
Cold tab customers
Road, Metacin Fepanil for all
Fepanil
B-Complex brands
Cuddalore-1 P-500 80strips
Others
50strips
Mass Crocin
Medicals, 150 strips
2F, Barathi Calpol Metacin Crocin Calpol Generic People
Road brand knows
Cuddalore –1 Brufen Calpol Metacin 100 strips
more Crocin very
Crocin P-500 Fepanil profit well
30 strips
Others
40 strips
Krishna Crocin
Pharmacy 150 strips
17A, Hospital
Road, Crocin Calpol Calpol Generic According to
Cuddalore-1 availability
Drugs for Calpol Malidens 100 strips brand
headache Metacin Fepanil Fepanil more
30 strips profit
Others
40 strips
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Name &
Address 1 2 3 4 5 6
Vani Calpol
Pharmacy 110strips
Crocin for
West Car Crocin
Paracetamol Crocin Calpol Profit speedy
Street, 75strips
recovery
Cold tab Calpol Crocin Fepanil
same for
Chidamba Metacin Fepanil all
ram B-Complex 30strips
brands
P-500 Malidens Others
50strips
Kumar Crocin
Medicals, 100 strips
S.P. Koil Calpol
Street Drugs for Metacin Crocin
fever Calpol Metacin 75 strips Profit is Calpol
Chidamba
Fepanil same
ram. Crocin Calpol
20 strips
Others
50 strips
Kamala Crocin
medicals, 110 strips
S.P. Koil
Street Paracetamol Metacin Generic Calpol Same for According to
Chidambar Calpol 65 strips all brand availability
am Cold tab Crocin
Crocin Metacin
Calpol
P-500 30 strips
Others
40 strips
Lakshmi Crocin
Medicals, 75strips Calpol.
South Car Calpol
Street Crocin Crocin Generic More
Chidambra Calpol Calpol Calpol 65 strips brand effective
m Fepanil than
Metacin Metacin more
30 strips others
profit
Others
40 strips
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Name & Address 1 2 3 4 5 6
SR Medical, Crocin
Main Road, 100 strips
Palayamkottai
Drugs for Metacin Crocin Calpol Profit is
fever 80 strips same,
Calpol Metacin Calpol
Fepanil Generic
Crocin Calpol
20 strips is more
Generic profit
Others
50 strips
Saravana Crocin
Medicals, Main 110 strips Same for
Road,
Calpol all brand
Palayamkottai Drugs for Crocin Crocin Crocin.
Generic
headache 65 strips Because
Calpol Calpol brand
& fever Metacin more more
Metacin Metacin
30 strips profit customers
Generic
Others
40 strips
Srinivasa Crocin
Medicals, Main 110 strips
Road,
Paracetam Metacin Generic Calpol Same for Crocin for
Palayamkottai
ol Calpol 75 strips all brand speedy
Crocin
recovery
Cold tab Crocin Metacin
Calpol
Maligens 30 strips
P-500
Others
50 strips
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PRICE LIST OF PARACETAMOL TABLETS (BRAND NAMES)
VARIOUS MEDICAL STORES
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2 Calpol Burrough 10.25 1.05 30
welcome
3 Metacin Themis 9.72 1.00 50
4 Pyrigesic East India 8.80 0.90 10
5 Fepanil Citadel 8.64 0.90 15
6 P-500 Apex 6.97 0.70 10
7 Malidens Nicolas 10.37 1.05 10
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KRISHNA PHARMACY, CUDDALORE-1
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KUMAR MEDICALS, CHIDAMBARAM
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KAMALA MEDICALS, CHIDAMBARAM
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S.L.S MEDICALS, SETHIYATHOPPE
Name of Name of the Price of 10 Price of Maximum
S.No the drug Company Tablets (Inclu. one Sales
Local Taxes) tablet (Strips)
1 Crocin Smith 9.32 0.95 70
2 Calpol Burrough 10.25 1.05 50
welcome
3 Metacin Themis 9.72 1.00 -
4 Pyrigesic East India 8.80 0.90 10
5 Fepanil Citadel 8.64 0.90 10
6 P-500 Apex 6.97 0.70 -
7 Malidens Nicolas 10.37 1.05 10
SR MEDICAL, PALAYAMKOTTAI
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SARAVANA MEDICALS, PALAYAMKOTTAI
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2 Calpol Burrough 10.25 1.05 75
welcome
3 Metacin Themis 9.72 1.00 30
4 Pyrigesic East India 8.80 0.90 12
5 Fepanil Citadel 8.64 0.90 18
6 P-500 Apex 6.97 0.70 5
7 Malidens Nicolas 10.37 1.05 10
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CHAPTER 5
ESTIMATION OF PARACETAMOL
Principles :
It is estimated by UV spectrophotometry by measuring the
absorbance at 257 nm in alkali medium. It was calculated taking the
absorbivity 715.
Procedure :
20 tablets of paracetamol are powdered. The powder
equivalent to about 0.15 gm of paracetamol was weighed accurately. To that
powder 50 ml of 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide was added and diluted with 100 ml
of water. The solution was shaken for 15 minutes, sufficient water was added
to produce 200ml, mixed and filtered. 10 ml of a filterate was diluted to
100ml with water. 10ml of the resulting solution was added to 10 ml of 0.1N
Sodium Hydroxide solution and diluted to 100ml with water and mixed. The
extinction of a 1 cm layer of the resulting solution was measured at the
maximum at about 257nm. The content of paracetamol was calculated
taking 715 as the value of E(1 percent, 1 cm), at the maximum at about 257
nm.
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CHAPTER 6
2. All the physician prefers only brand name and not the
generic name.
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II. The following points were observed from the Statements
given by the Consumers :
1. 70% of the medical stores reported that Crocin sold very fast
without the prescription. However Calpol is the drug choice of
physician, which is understood by the receipt of more than 40% of
the prescription of the physician.
2. It is inferred that the margin of profit is same for all the brand
names of paracetamol. But they will get more profit from the
generic brand of paracetamol tablets.
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CONCLUSION
1. The physician / surgeon prefers only brand name and not the generic
name for the paracetamol tablets.
2. The brand name Crocin is moving fast than any other brand name of
paracetamol.
3. Paracetamols
5. Much difference in the cost of the tablet has not been observed
among various paracetamol formulations.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics, Tenth Edition, 2000, Macmillan publishing company,
New York. (Pg 692, 693, 696).
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