1/11/2020 Brahmic scripts - Wikipedia

Brahmic scripts
The Brahmic scripts are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East
Asia, including Japan in the form of Siddhaṃ. They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India, and are used by languages of several
language families: Indo-European, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Tai. They were also the source of the
dictionary order (gojūon) of Japanese kana.[1]

Contents
History
Characteristics
Comparison
Consonants
Vowels
Numerals
List of Brahmic scripts
Historical
Northern Brahmic
Southern Brahmic
Unicode
See also
References
External links

History
Brahmic scripts descended from the Brahmi script. Brahmi is clearly attested from the 3rd century BC during the reign of Ashoka, who used the script
for imperial edicts, but there are some claims of earlier epigraphy found on pottery in South India and Sri Lanka. The most reliable of these were short
Brahmi inscriptions dated to the 4th century BC and published by Coningham et al. (1996).[2] Northern Brahmi gave rise to the Gupta script during
the Gupta period, which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the medieval period. Notable examples of such medieval scripts,
developed by the 7th or 8th century, include Nagari, Siddham and Sharada.

The Siddhaṃ script was especially important in Buddhism, as many sutras were written in it. The art of Siddham calligraphy survives today in Japan.
The syllabic nature and dictionary order of the modern kana system of Japanese writing is believed to be descended from the Indic scripts, most likely
through the spread of Buddhism.[3]

Southern Brahmi evolved into Old Kannada, Pallava and Vatteluttu scripts, which in turn diversified into other scripts of South India and Southeast
Asia.

Bhattiprolu was a great centre of Buddhism during 3rd century BCE and from where Buddhism spread to east Asia. The present Telugu script is
derived from Bhattiprolu Script or "Kannada-Telugu script" or Kadamba script, also known as "Old Telugu script", owing to its similarity to the
same.[4][5]

Initially, minor changes were made which is now called Tamil Brahmi, which has far fewer letters than some of the other Indic scripts as it has no
separate aspirated or voiced consonants.

A fragment of Ashoka's 6th Spread of Brahmic family of

pillar edict, in Brahmi, the scripts from India
ancestor of all Brahmic scripts

Characteristics
Some characteristics, which are present in most but not all the scripts, are:

Each consonant has an inherent vowel which is usually a short 'a' (in Bengali, Assamese and Oriya it is a short 'ô' due to sound shifts). Other
vowels are written by adding to the character. A mark, known in Sanskrit as a virama/halant, can be used to indicate the absence of an inherent
vowel.
Each vowel has two forms, an independent form when not attached to a consonant, and a dependent form, when attached to a consonant.
Depending on the script, the dependent forms can be either placed to the left of, to the right of, above, below, or on both the left and the right
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sides of the base consonant.
Consonants (up to 4 in Devanagari) can be combined in ligatures. Special marks are added to denote the combination of 'r' with another
consonant.
Nasalization and aspiration of a consonant's dependent vowel is also noted by separate signs.
The alphabetical order is: vowels, velar consonants, palatal consonants, retroflex consonants, dental consonants, bilabial consonants,
approximants, sibilants, and other consonants. Each consonant grouping had four stops (with all four possible values of voicing and aspiration),
and a nasal consonant.

Comparison
Below are comparison charts of several of the major Indic scripts, organised on the principle that glyphs in the same column all derive from the same
Brahmi glyph. Accordingly:

The charts are not comprehensive. Glyphs may be unrepresented if they don't derive from any Brahmi character, but are later inventions.
The pronunciations of glyphs in the same column may not be identical. The pronunciation row is only representative; the International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA) pronunciation is given for Sanskrit where possible, or another language if necessary.
The transliteration is indicated in ISO 15919.

Consonants

ISO[a] ka kha ga gha ṅ ca cha ja jha ñ ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa ta tha da dha na

Assamese ক খ গ ঘ ঙ চ ছ জ ঝ ঞ ট ঠ ড ঢ ণ ত থ দ ধ ন
Bengali ক খ গ ঘ ঙ চ ছ জ ঝ ঞ ট ঠ ড ঢ ণ ত থ দ ধ ন
Sylheti . / 0 1 &2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

Devanagari क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ ट ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध न
Gujarati ક ખ ગ ઘ ઙ ચ છ જ ઝ ઞ ટ ઠ ડ ઢ ણ ત થ દ ધ ન

Odia କ ଖ ଗ ଘ ଙ ଚ ଛ ଜ ଝ ଞ ଟ ଠ ଡ ଢ ଣ ତ ଥ ଦ ଧ ନ

Gurmukhi ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ

Tibetan ཀ ཁ ག ང ཅ ཆ ཇ ཉ (derived) ཏ ཐ ད ན

Tirhuta

Early
Brahmi

Middle
Brahmi
Late
Brahmi

Telugu క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ చ ఛ జ ఝ ఞ ట ఠ డ ఢ ణ త థ ద ధ న
Kannada ಕ ಖ ಗ ಘ ಙ ಚ ಛ ಜ ಝ ಞ ಟ ಠ ಡ ಢ ಣ ತ ಥ ದ ಧ ನ

Sinhala ක ඛ ග ඝ ඞ ච ඡ ජ ඣ ඤ ට ඨ ඩ ඪ ණ ත ථ ද ධ න

Malayalam ക ഖ ഗ ഘ ങ ച ഛ ജ ഝ ഞ ട ഠ ഡ ഢ ണ ത ഥ ദ ധ ന

Tamil க ங ச ஜ ஞ ட ண த ந
ဉ / 
Burmese က ခ ဂ ဃ င စ ဆ ဇ ဈ ဋ ဌ ဍ ဎ ဏ တ ထ ဒ ဓ န
ည

Khmer ក ខ គ ឃ ង ច ឆ ជ ឈ ញ ដ ឋ ឌ ឍ ណ ត ថ ទ ធ ន

Thai ก ข,ฃ[b] ค,ฅ[b] ฆ ง จ ฉ ช,ซ[b] ฌ ญ ฎ,[b]ฏ ฐ ฑ ฒ ณ ด,[b]ต ถ ท ธ น

Lao ກ ຂ ຄ ງ ຈ ຊ ຕ ຖ ທ ນ

Balinese

Javanese[c]
[c] [c] [c] [c] [c] [c] [c] [c] [c]

Sundanese

Lontara

Batak
(Toba)
# / > 1 A /< 7 2 *

Baybayin $   %   &                     '   (   )

ISO ka kha ga gha ṅ ca cha ja jha ñ ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa ta tha da dha na

Notes

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a. This list (tries to) includes characters of same origins, not same sounds. In Bengali র is pronounced as rô but it is originally va which is still used
for wa sound in Mithilakshar and modern Assamese ৱ (wabbô) was derived from middle Assamese র (wô). Compare with জ (ja) য (ya) and য় (ẏ)
which are pronounced as jô, jô and yô in Bengali and zô, zô and yô in Assamese respectively. য is related to Devanagari य (ya) and it is still
pronounced as "ya" in Mithilakshar. Since their sounds shifted, the dots were added to keep the original sounds.
b. Modified forms of these letters are used for, but are not restricted to, Sanskrit and Pali in the Thai script.
c. Letters used in Old Javanese. They are now obsolete, but are used for honorifics in contemporary Javanese.

Vowels
Vowels are presented in their independent form on the left of each column, and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel sign) combined with
the consonant k on the right. A glyph for ka is an independent consonant letter itself without any vowel sign, where the vowel a is inherent.

a ā æ ɒ i ī u ū e ē ai o
ISO
a ka ā kā æ kæ ɒ kɒ i ki ī kī u ku ū kū e ke ē kē ai kai o
Assamese অ ক আ কা অা কা     ই িক ঈ কী উ ক ঊ ক     এ ক ঐ ক অৗ
Bengali অ ক আ কা অা কা     ই িক ঈ কী উ ক ঊ ক     এ ক ঐ ক অ
Devanagari अ क आ का ॲ कॅ ऑ कॉ इ क ई क उ कु ऊ कू ऎ कॆ ए के ऐ कै ऒ
Gujarati અ ક આ કા         ઇ િક ઈ કી ઉ ક ઊ ક     એ ઐ ક  

Odia ଅ କ ଆ କା ଅଽ କଽ     ଇ କି ଈ କୀ ଉ କ ଊ କ     ଏ େକ ଐ େକୖ  

Gurmukhi ਅ ਕ ਆ ਕਾ         ਇ ਿਕ ਈ ਕੀ ਉ ਕ ਊ ਕ     ਏ ਕ ਐ ਕ  

Tibetan ཨ ཀ         ཨི ཀི ི ི     ཨེ ཀེ ཨཻ ཀཻ  
Tirhuta            
Sylheti ' . J             ( . K     * . L     + . M         ,
Brahmi              

Telugu అ క ఆ         ఇ ఈ ఉ ఊ ఎ ఏ ఐ ఒ
Kannada ಅ ಕ ಆ         ಇ ಈ ೕ ಉ ಊ ಎ ಏ ೕ ಐ ೖ ಒ

Sinhala අ ක ආ කා ඇ කැ ඈ කෑ ඉ ඊ උ ඌ එ ෙක ඒ ෙ ඓ ෛක ඔ ෙ

Malayalam അ ക ആ കാ         ഇ കി ഈ കീ ഉ കു ഊ കൂ എ െക ഏ േക ഐ ൈക ഒ െ

Tamil அ க ஆ கா         இ ஈ உ ஊ எ ெக ஏ ேக ஐ ைக ஒ ெ
Burmese အ က အ က         ဣ က ဤ က ဥ က ဦ က ဧ က အ က     ဩ

Khmer[b] អ ក         ឥ កិ ឦ កី ឧ កុ ឩ កូ     ឯ េក ឰ ៃក  

อ ก
Thai[c] อา กา แอ แก (ออ) (กอ) (เอะ) (เกะ) เอ เก ไอ ไก (โอะ) (
(อะ) (กะ)

Lao[c] ກະ,ກ ກາ           ກ   ກ   ກ   ກ       ເກ   ໄກ/ໃກ  

Balinese            

Javanese            

Sundanese                            
Lontara                                      

Batak
(Toba) ! #             E # K     F #O       #J          

Baybayin ! $             " $2     # $3     " $2         #

a ka ā kā æ kæ ɒ kɒ i ki ī kī u ku ū kū e ke ē kē ai kai o
ISO
a ā æ ɒ i ī u ū e ē ai o

Notes

a. Letters for r,̥̄ l,̥ l̄ ̥ and a few others are obsolete or very rarely used.
b. When used to write their own languages, Khmer can have either an a or an o as the inherent vowel, following the rules of its orthography.
c. Thai and Lao scripts do not have independent vowel forms, for syllables starting with a vowel sound, a "zero" consonant, อ and ອ, respectively, to
represent the glottal stop /ʔ/.

Numerals

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Hindu-Arabic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Assamese ০ ১ ২ ৩ ৪ ৫ ৬ ৭ ৮ ৯
Bengali ০ ১ ২ ৩ ৪ ৫ ৬ ৭ ৮ ৯
Devanagari ० १ २ ३ ४ ५ ६ ७ ८ ९
Gujarati ૦ ૧ ૨ ૩ ૪ ૫ ૬ ૭ ૮ ૯

Odia ୦ ୧ ୨ ୩ ୪ ୫ ୬ ୭ ୮ ୯

Gurmukhi ੦ ੧ ੨ ੩ ੪ ੫ ੬ ੭ ੮ ੯

Tibetan ༠ ༡ ༢ ༣ ༤ ༥ ༦ ༧ ༨ ༩

Tirhuta

Brahmi numbers

Brahmi digits

Telugu ౦ ౧ ౨ ౩ ౪ ౫ ౬ ౭ ౮ ౯
Kannada ೦ ೧ ೨ ೩ ೪ ೫ ೬ ೭ ೮ ೯

Sinhala 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sinhala astrological numbers

Malayalam ൦ ൧ ൨ ൩ ൪ ൫ ൬ ൭ ൮ ൯

Tamil ೦ ௧ ௨ ௩ ௪ ௫ ௬ ௭ ௮ ௯

Burmese ၀ ၁ ၂ ၃ ၄ ၅ ၆ ၇ ၈ ၉

Khmer ០ ១ ២ ៣ ៤ ៥ ៦ ៧ ៨ ៩

Thai ๐ ๑ ๒ ๓ ๔ ๕ ๖ ๗ ๘ ๙

Lao ໐ ໑ ໒ ໓ ໔ ໕ ໖ ໗ ໘ ໙

Balinese

Javanese

Sundanese

Ahom

Meitei (Manipuri)

Hindu-Arabic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

List of Brahmic scripts

Historical

The Brahmi script was already divided into regional variants at the time of the earliest surviving epigraphy around the 3rd century BC. Cursives of the
Brahmi script began to diversify further from around the 5th century AD and continued to give rise to new scripts throughout the Middle Ages. The
main division in antiquity was between northern and southern Brahmi. In the northern group, the Gupta script was very influential, and in the
southern group the Vatteluttu and Old-Kannada/Pallava scripts with the spread of Buddhism sent Brahmic scripts throughout Southeast Asia.

Northern Brahmic
Gupta script, 5th century
Sharada, 8th century
Gurmukhi, 14th century
Landa, 10th century
Khojki, 16th century
Khudabadi, 1550s
Mahajani
Multani
Takri
Siddham, 7th century

Anga Lipi, 720

Assamese script, 13th century

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Bengali script
Early Brahmic scripts
Tirhuta/Mithilakshar, 15th century
Tibetan script, 7th century Chandra
IAST Ashoka Girnar Gujarat Allahabad Narbada Kistna
-gupta
Lepcha alphabet
a
Limbu alphabet
'Phags-pa, 13th century ā

Nagari, 8th century

i
Devanagari, 13th century
ī
Gujarati, 16th century
Modi, 17th century u
Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, 19th century
ū
Kaithi, 16th century
Nandinagari, 8th century ṛ
Sylheti Nagari, 16th century
Bhaiksuki e

Nepal script ai

Bhujimol, 6th century

Ranjana, 12th century o

Soyombo, 17th century au

Prachalit
k
Tocharian script ("Slanting Brahmi"), 7th century
Meeitei Mayek kh
Odia, 10th century
g

Southern Brahmic gh

Tamil-Brahmi ṅ

Tamil script
c
Vatteluttu
ch
Saurashtra alphabet
Kolezhuthu j
Malayanma
Pallava script jh

Grantha alphabet ñ

Goykanadi
ṭ
Cham alphabet
Tigalari alphabet ṭh
Malayalam script
ḍ
Sinhala script
Dhives akuru ḍh
Thaana
ṇ
Kawi script
t
Balinese script
Batak script th
Baybayin
Kulitan alphabet d

Buhid alphabet dh
Hanunó'o alphabet
Javanese script n
Lontara script
p
Sundanese script
Rencong script ph
Rejang script
b
Tagbanwa script
Khmer alphabet bh
Thai alphabet
m
Lao alphabet
Old Mon script y

Ahom alphabet r
Burmese alphabet
Tai Tham alphabet l

New Tai Lue alphabet v

Tai Le alphabet
ś
Kadamba, 5th century

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Halegannada ṣ

Kannada alphabet, 5th century s

Pyu script
h
Burmese script
S'gaw Karen alphabet
Shan alphabet

Bhattiprolu
Telugu script, 9th century

Unicode
As of Unicode version 12.0, the following Brahmic scripts have been encoded:

Indo-Aryan languages using their

respective Brahmic family scripts
(except dark blue- colored Khowar,
Pashai, Kohistani, and Urdu- not
marked here, which use Arabic
derived scripts).

Dravidian languages using their

respective Brahmic family scripts
(except Brahui which uses Arabic
derived script).

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period of ISO Unicode
script derivation usage notes sample
derivation 15924 range(s)
Pallava U+11700–
Ahom 13th century Extinct Ahom language Ahom
grantha U1173F

U+1B00–
Balinese Old Kawi 11th century Balinese language Bali
U1B7F

Pallava U+1BC0–
Batak 14th century Batak languages Batk 9O
3 7 S& 7 # S
grantha U1BFF
U+1700–
Baybayin Old Kawi 14th century Tagalog, other Philippine languages Tglg + - 4+ - 2) 4
U171F
Bengali- Assamese language (Assamese script variant), Bengali language U+0980–
Assamese
Siddham 11th century
(Bengali script variant), Bishnupriya Manipuri, Maithili, Angika
Beng
U09FF
অসমীয়া িলিপ · বাংলা িলিপ

U+11C00–
Bhaiksuki Gupta Was used around the turn of the first millennium for writing Sanskrit Bhks
U11C6F
U+1740–
Buhid Old Kawi 14th century Buhid language Buhd +4
23(
U175F
U+1000–
U109F,
Burmese language, numerous modifications for other languages
Pallava U+A9E0– မနမ အကရ
Burmese 11th century including Chakma, Eastern and Western Pwo Karen, Geba Karen, Mymr
grantha UA9FF,
Kayah, Mon, Rumai Palaung, S’gaw Karen, Shan
U+AA60–
UAA7F
Pallava U+11100–
Chakma 8th century Chakma language Cakm
grantha U1114F

Pallava U+AA00–
Cham 8th century Cham language Cham
grantha UAA5F

Numerous Indo-Aryan languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, U+0900–

Devanagari Nagari 13th century
Nepali, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri, Nepal Bhasa and sometimes Sindhi
and Kashmiri. Formerly used to write Gujarati. Sometimes used to
Deva
U097F,
U+A8E0–
दवनागरी
write or transliterate Sherpa UA8FF
U+11800–
Dogra Was used to write Dogri. Dogra script is closely related to Takri.[6] Dogr
U1184F
Restricted use in traditional Vedic schools to write Sanskrit. Was
U+11300–
Grantha Brahmi 6th century widely used by Tamil speakers for Sanskrit and the classical language Gran
U1137F
Manipravalam.
U+0A80–
Gujarati Nagari 17th century Gujarati language, Kutchi language Gujr ગજરાતી િલિપ
U0AFF
Gunjala U+11D60–
Used for writing the Adilabad dialect of the Gondi language.[7] Gong
Gondi U11DAF
U+0A00–
Gurmukhi Sharada 16th century Punjabi language Guru ਗਰਮਖੀ
U0A7F
U+1720–
Hanunó'o Old Kawi 14th century Hanuno'o language Hano 2 ) 4) 4#
U173F

U+A980–
Javanese Old Kawi 16th century Javanese language, Sundanese language, Madurese language Java
UA9DF

U+11080–
Kaithi Nagari 16th century Historically used for writing legal, administrative, and private records. Kthi
U110CF
Kadamba/Old Kannada language, Konkani language Tulu, Badaga, Kodava, Beary U+0C80– ಕನಡ ಅ ರ
Kannada 9th century Knda
Kannada others U0CFF
U+1780–
Pallava U17FF, អក រ ខរ
Khmer 11th century Khmer language Khmr
grantha U+19E0–
U19FF
Some use by Ismaili communities. Was used by the Khoja community U+11200–
Khojki Landa 16th century Khoj
for Muslim religious literature. U1124F
Was used by Sindhi communities for correspondence and business U+112B0–
Khudawadi Landa 1550s Sind
records. U112FF
U+0E80–
Lao Khmer 14th century Lao language, others Laoo ອກສອນລາວ
U0EFF
U+1C00–
Lepcha Tibetan 8th century Lepcha language Lepc
U1C4F
U+1900–
Limbu Lepcha 9th century Limbu language Limb <?
7?)F
&
U194F
U+1A00–
Lontara Old Kawi 17th century Buginese language, others Bugi
U1A1F
Historically used in northern India for writing accounts and financial U+11150–
Mahajani Landa Mahj
records. U1117F
Was used in South Sulawesi, Indonesia for writing the Makassarese
U+11EE0–
Makasar language.[8] Makasar script is also known as "Old Makassarese" or Maka
U11EFF
"Makassarese bird script" in English-language scholarly works.[9]
U+0D00– മലയാളലിപി
Malayalam Grantha 12th century Malayalam language Mlym
U0D7F
Was used in the Tibetan Bön tradition to write the extinct Zhang- U+11C70–
Marchen Marc
Zhung language U11CBF
U+AAE0–
Meetei UAAFF,
Historically used for the Meitei language. Some modern usage. Mtei
Mayek U+ABC0–
UABFF

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period of ISO Unicode
script derivation usage notes sample
derivation 15924 range(s)
U+11600–
Modi Devanagari 17th century Was used to write the Marathi language Modi
U1165F
U+11280–
Multani Landa Was used to write the Multani language Mult
U112AF
U+119A0–
Nandinagari Nagari 7th century Historically used to write Sanskrit in southern India Nand
U119FF
New Tai U+1980–
Tai Tham 1950s Tai Lü language Talu @Ob T/ W2
Lue U19DF
U+0B00–
Odia Kalinga 10th century Odia language Orya ଉ ଳା ର
U0B7F
U+A840–
'Phags-Pa Tibetan 13th century Historically used during the Mongol Yuan dynasty. Phag › –˜ c 6
UA87F
Prachalit Has been used for writing the Sanskrit, Nepali, Hindi, Bengali, and U+11400–
Nepal Newa
(Newa) Maithili languages U1147F

U+A930–
Rejang Old Kawi 18th century Rejang language, mostly obsolete Rjng
UA95F
7!D- . .>@
+

U+A880–
Saurashtra Grantha 20th century Saurashtra language, mostly obsolete Saur Rd MVQ=eMV
e
UA8DF
U+11180–
Sharada Gupta 8th century Was used for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri Shrd
U111DF
U+11580–
Siddham Gupta 7th century Was used for writing Sanskrit Sidd
U115FF
U+0D80–
U0DFF,
Sinhala Grantha 12th century Sinhala language Sinh ධ ංහල
U+111E0–
U111FF
U+1B80–
U1BBF,
Sundanese Old Kawi 14th century Sundanese language Sund
U+1CC0–
U1CCF

Sylheti U+A800–
Nagari
Nagari 16th century Historically used for writing the Sylheti language Sylo
UA82F
4 KF7K?J0 EK

U+1760–
Tagbanwa Old Kawi 14th century various languages of Palawan, nearly extinct Tagb ' +) /
U177F
Pallava U+1950–
Tai Le Tai Nüa language Tale ' >?' =B" 9#?
grantha? U197F
U+1A20–
Tai Tham Mon Script 13th Century Northern Thai language, Tai Lü language, Khün language Lana
U1AAF
U+AA80–
Tai Viet Thai? 16th century Tai Dam language Tavt ] 6 3_
UAADF
U+11680–
Takri Sharada Was used for writing Chambeali, and other languages Takr
U116CF
U+0B80–
Chola-
3rd Century U0BFF,
Tamil Pallava Tamil language Taml த அ வ
BCE U+11FC0–
alphabet
U11FFF
Bhattiprolu
U+0C00–
Telugu script/Old 5th century Telugu language Telu
U0C7F
Kannada
U+0E00–
Thai Khmer 13th century Thai language Thai กษรไทย
U0E7F
U+0F00– བོད་ཡིག་
Tibetan Siddham 8th century Tibetan language, Dzongkha language, Ladakhi language Tibt
U0FFF
U+11480–
Tirhuta Gupta Historically used for the Maithili language Tirh
U114DF

See also
Devanagari transliteration
International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration
National Library at Kolkata romanization
Bharati Braille, the unified braille assignments of Indian languages
Indus script – the earliest writing system on the Indian subcontinent
ISCII – the coding scheme specifically designed to represent Indic scripts

References
1. Trautmann, Thomas R. (2006). Languages and Nations: The Dravidian Proof in Colonial Madras. University of California Press. pp. 65–66.
2. Coningham, R. A. E.; Allchin, F. R.; Batt, C. M.; Lucy, D. (April 1996). "Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script" (h
ttps://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/passage-to-india-anuradhapura-and-the-early-use-of-the-brahmi-
script/DAAA2514FB08E1DDE3FAFF2171AB097B). Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 6 (1): 73–97. Bibcode:2008CArcJ..18..327P (https://ui.ads
abs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CArcJ..18..327P). doi:10.1017/S0959774300001608 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774300001608).
3. "Font: Japanese" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070324000422/http://www.monotypefonts.com/Library/Non-Latin-Library.asp?show=info&lan=jap
anese). Monotype Corporation. Archived from the original (http://www.monotypefonts.com/Library/Non-Latin-Library.asp?show=info&lan=japanes
e) on 24 March 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2017.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_scripts 8/9
1/11/2020 Brahmic scripts - Wikipedia
4. "Telugu is 2,400 years old, says ASI" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Telugu-is-2400-yrs-old-ASI/article1489
8135.ece). The Hindu. 29 April 2011 [December 20, 2007]. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
5. Adluri, Seshu Madhava Rao; Paruchuri, Sreenivas (February 1999). "Evolution of Telugu Character Graphs" (http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telug
u/language/script/script1d.html). Notes on Telugu Script. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
6. Pandey, Anshuman (4 November 2015). "L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script" (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15234r-dogra.pdf)
(PDF).
7. "Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II" (https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/ch13.pdf) (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0.
Mountain View, CA: Unicode, Inc. June 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1.
8. "Chapter 17: Indonesia and Oceania" (https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/ch17.pdf) (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0.
Mountain View, CA: Unicode, Inc. June 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1.
9. Pandey, Anshuman (2 November 2015). "L2/15-233: Proposal to encode the Makasar script in Unicode" (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/1523
3-makasar.pdf) (PDF).

External links
Online Tool which supports Conversion between various Brahmic Scripts (http://www.virtualvinodh.com/aksharamukha)
Windows Indic Script Support (https://web.archive.org/web/20051224070409/http://www.bhashaindia.com/developers/MSTech/indicsupport/index.
aspx)
An Introduction to Indic Scripts (https://r12a.github.io/scripts/indic-overview/)
South Asian Writing Systems (http://www.ancientscripts.com/sa_ws.html)
Enhanced Indic Transliterator (http://www.languagetype.com) Transliterate from romanised script to Indian Languages.
Indian Transliterator (http://vikku.info/indian-language-unicode-converter/index.html) A means to transliterate from romanised to Unicode Indian
scripts.
Imperial Brahmi Font and Text-Editor (http://brahmiscript.googlepages.com/)
Brahmi Script (http://www.omniglot.com/writing/brahmi.htm/)
Xlit: Tool for Transliteration between English and Indian Languages (http://kbcs.in/projects.html)
Padma: Transformer for Indic Scripts (http://padma.mozdev.org/) – a Firefox add-on

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