International Journal of Health Sciences and Research

Vol.10; Issue: 1; January 2020

Website: www.ijhsr.org
Original Research Article ISSN: 2249-9571

Knowledge and Practice of Child Survival Strategies among Mothers

Attending Postnatal Clinic in Itu, a Sub-Urban Area of South Nigeria
Iyanam Victory Edet1, Jombo Henry Effiong2, Idung Alphonsus Udoh1, Udoh Sunday Bassey1,
Akpanudo Emem3
1
Department Family Medicine, 2Department of Psychiatry, 3Department of Paediatric Surgery; Faculty of
Clinical Sciences, University Of Uyo, Nigeria
Corresponding Author: Iyanam Victory Edet

ABSTRACT

Background: Adequate knowledge and effective practice of child survival strategies play significant
role in combating the twin malady of child morbidity and mortality, especially among the under five
years old children.
Objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of child survival strategies among
mothers seen at the postnatal clinic of primary health centre, Itu, South-South Nigeria.
Methodology: It was a cross-sectional descriptive study involving 296 mothers who attended the
postnatal Clinic of Primary Health Centre, West Itam, Itu, a suburban area of South-South Nigeria
between March and July, 2019. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from the
respondents on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of child survival strategies (CSS),
source of knowledge and practice of CSS. The data was analyzed with SPSS version 22.0.
Results: The age of the respondents ranged from 15-49 years with mean and standard deviation of
28.18±7.07 years. Results showed that most of the respondents (87.5%) were of lower reproductive
age (≤35years), 88.5% had low monthly income (≤50,000) while 88.51 were of lower parity (para ≤4).
Most of the mothers had adequate knowledge of CSS including 69.57% (growth monitoring), 67.90%
(oral rehydration therapy) and 79.39% (exclusive breastfeeding). Also most of the respondents
obtained information on CSS from health workers (85.13%). However, the actual practice of most of
the components of CSS was poor as only 26.69%, 37.5% and 42.24% practiced growth monitoring,
oral rehydration therapy and exclusive breastfeeding respectively. Although most of the mothers who
practiced CSS were of higher educational status (secondary and tertiary education), there was no
statistical significant association between educational status and the practice of any of the components
of CSS.
Conclusion: Most of the mothers in the study had knowledge of CSS while the percentage that
practiced CSS was few. We recommend a more intensive public awareness and enlightenment
campaign among mothers of under five children to stimulate them on the importance of practice of
CSS as a panacea to averting child morbidity and mortality.
Key Words: Knowledge and practice, child survival strategies, mothers, south Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION morbidity and mortality globally since the

Child survival strategies are a set of introduction of CSS as components of child
low cost activities and practices undertaken survival development revolution in the
by individuals, community, organization, 1980’s. [2,4,5] The interventions and activities
government at all levels, nations and the that constitute child survival strategies have
United Nations at large, with the aim of been represented with the acronyms
improving the health status of under five GOBIFFFETHE (growth monitoring, oral
children, thereby enhancing their survival. rehydration therapy, breast feeding,
[1-3]
These strategies have been found to immunization, food fortification, female
constitute high impact, easily adaptable education, family planning, environmental
interventions that significantly reduce child sanitation, treatment of common injuries,

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Vol.10; Issue: 1; January 2020
Iyanam Victory Edet et.al. Knowledge and Practice of Child Survival Strategies among Mothers Attending
Postnatal Clinic in Itu, a Sub-Urban Area of South Nigeria

health education and essential drug list. [2,5,6] erstwhile Millennium Development Goal 4
Other activities and practices that can also (MDG4) could partly be due to poor
impact positively on the health of under five implementation of the components of child
children thereby enhancing their survival survival strategies, especially in sub-
include integrated management of childhood Saharan Africa. [9,15] The high morbidity and
illness (IMCI), use of insecticide treated bed mortality associated with the critical age of
nets (ITN), other preventive measures and under five children can be averted with
prompt treatment of malaria (roll Back appropriate practice and implementation of
Malaria), de-worming of children, safe the various components of child survival
drinking water, micronutrient strategies. This study therefore aimed at
supplementation, complementary and assessing the knowledge and practice of the
improved infant and young child feeding various components of child survival
practices, ante-natal booking and supervised strategies among mothers of under five year
deliveries of mothers. [5-8] These strategies, old children seen at a postnatal clinic of
which are important public health concerns, primary healthcare centre of a sub-urban
aimed at improving child wellbeing; have area of south-south Nigeria. This seems to
the overall benefits of enhancing the be a pioneer study on knowledge and
growth, development and survival of under practice of CSS as literature search reveals
five children, when practiced efficiently, that there has been no previous study on
hence its adoption by the WHO, UNESCO, CSS in a primary health centre in Akwa
UNICEF and the USAID. [2,5,9,10] Ibom State. It is hoped that findings from
Even with the overall benefits this study will enrich the literature pool on
accruing from child survival strategies, it this subject and form the basis for further
has been shown that in some settings the studies on child survival strategies in other
practice of CSS is poor especially in the settings.
developing countries, due to poverty and
ignorance, leading to high rate of child METHODOLOGY
morbidity and mortality. According to Study Area: The study was conducted at
UNICEF data 2018, even though under five the postnatal clinic of primary health centre,
mortality had reduced from 213/1000 in West Itam, Itu local government area of
1990 to 104/1000 in 2016, it is documented Akwa Ibom State, South-South Nigeria. The
that about 5.8million under five children facility is located at latitude 7’90363,
died across the globe in 2016, with 15,000 5’0526, north 50,3110.2503 and
0 1
dying daily, most of which occurred in sub- 7 ,413.1890 east in West Itam. It covers 10
Saharan Africa and Asia. [11] Also six settlements, with a population of 32,899 and
countries account for almost half of the it is one of the maternal and child health
global under five mortality rate namely centres in the state. The postnatal clinic runs
India, Nigeria, Parkistan, DRC (Democratic from Mondays to Fridays from 8am to 4pm
Republic of Congo), Ethiopia and China. except on public holidays.
[11,12]
Moreover the WHO statistics in Africa Study Design: This was a cross-sectional
shows that West African countries descriptive study that involved 296 mothers
experience under five mortality up to twice who presented at the postnatal clinic of the
higher than neighbouring countries in facility for postnatal check up between
northern and southern Africa. [11-13] March and July 2019.
According to the state of the Nigeria Sample Selection: A total of 296 mothers
children report 2015, about 2,300 under five who presented at the facility during the
children die daily in Nigeria, thereby period of the study were selected for the
making Nigeria the second contributor to study, using the formula: [16]
global child mortality. [6,14] It has been M = Z2P(1-P)
avered that the non attainment of the d2

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org) 2

Vol.10; Issue: 1; January 2020
Iyanam Victory Edet et.al. Knowledge and Practice of Child Survival Strategies among Mothers Attending
Postnatal Clinic in Itu, a Sub-Urban Area of South Nigeria

where: z = confidence level at 95 Majority of the respondents, 87.5%, were of

(standard value of 1.96%), at younger reproductive age (≤34 years), most
d= 5% acceptable margin of error of them, 88.51%, were of secondary and
(standard value at 0.05) tertiary education (higher education), 89.5%
p= prevalence of mothers with were married, 59.12% were employed,
knowledge of child survival strategies in greater percentage, 56.76%, were of lower
southern Nigeria. [2] income level while most of them, 56.42%,
Substitution in the above formula were of lower parity (para 1-2).
gives 296 (in the nearest 10). A non- Table 2 shows knowledge of child
probability consecutive sampling technique survival strategies among the respondents.
was used to select the respondents. The Most of the respondents had good
inclusion criteria were all consenting knowledge of child survival strategies of
mothers who attended the postnatal clinic shown by 69.52% (growth monitoring),
during the period of the study. The 67.9% (oral rehydration therapy), 79.39%
exclusion criteria were non-concerting (exclusive breastfeeding), 77.03%
subjects as well as those postpartum women (childhood immunization) and 57.43%
who were too ill. (prevention and prompt treatment of
Data Collection: A pretested semi- malaria), in addition to knowledge of other
structured questionnaire was used to collect components of CSS. The sources of
data from the respondents by the author and information on CSS are shown on table 3.
trained research assistants, after appropriate Most of the mothers obtained information
explanation of the purpose of the study was on CSS from health workers while 14.86%
made, and verbal consent obtained from the got the information from the media. The
respondents. The few respondents who had practice of CSS among the mothers is
no formal education were assisted by the shown on table 4. Most of the components
trained assistants in the use of local dialect. of CSS were practiced poorly by the
The data contained in the questionnaires respondents as seen in 26.69% (growth
include socio-demographic characteristics, monitoring) 37.50% (ORT), 42.24%
knowledge of CSS, sources of information (exclusive breastfeeding) and 33.45%
on CSS and practice of child survival (family planning). However, most of the
strategies. respondents practiced use of micronutrient
Data Analysis: Data from the study were supplementation (54. 05%), use of ITN
analyzed with SPSS version 22.0. The (55.07%) and prompt treatment of common
percentage of independent and dependent injuries (62.16%).
variables were determined. Level of Table 5 shows association between
statistical significance was set at P<0.05. educational status of the mothers and the
Tables were used to display data distribution practice of CSS. It shows that most of the
as appropriate. mothers who practiced CSS were of higher
Ethical Consideration: Data for the study educational status (secondary and tertiary
were collected based on the Declaration of education) such that 70.0%, 98%, 88.28%,
Helsinki. Verbal consent was obtained from 88.32%, 88.8% of those who practiced
the respondents. Permission was also growth monitoring, ORT, exclusive
obtained from administrative head of the breastfeeding, complete childhood
facility before commencement of the study. immunization and family planning
respectively were of higher educational
RESULTS status. There was however no significant
The sociodemographic characteris- statistical association between educational
tics of the respondents are show in table 1. status and practice of CSS.

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Vol.10; Issue: 1; January 2020
Iyanam Victory Edet et.al. Knowledge and Practice of Child Survival Strategies among Mothers Attending
Postnatal Clinic in Itu, a Sub-Urban Area of South Nigeria

Table 1: Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Respondents

Characteristics Frequency (n=296) Percentage (%)
Age (years):
15 – 24 86 29.05
25 – 34 173 58.45
35 – 44 27 9.12
45 10 3.38
Residence:
Urban 187 63.18
Rural 109 36.82
Educational Status:
No formal education 10 3.38
Primary education 24 8.11
Secondary education 116 39.19
Tertiary education 146 49.32
Currently Married:
Yes 265 89.53
No 31 10.47
Occupation:
Unemployed 121 40.88
Civil servant 48 16.22
Trading 82 27.70
Farming 38 12.84
Artisan 7 2.36
Family Income Level (₦):
10,000 – 49,000 168 56.76
50,000 – 99,000 86 29.05
100,000 42 14.19
Ethnic Group:
Ibibio/Annang/Oron 184 62.16
Efik 48 16.22
Igbo 15 5.07
Yoruba 11 3.72
Hausa/Fulani 30 10.13
Others (unspecified) 8 2.270
Religion:
Christianity
Islam 263 88.85
Parity: 33 11.15
1–2
3–4 167 56.42
5 95 32.09
34 11.49

Table 2: Knowledge of Child Survival Strategies among the mothers

Characteristics Frequency (n=296)•• Percentage (%)
Growth monitoring 206 69.59
Oral rehydration therapy 201 67.90
Exclusive breastfeeding 235 79.39
Childhood immunization 228 77.03
Family planning 173 58.45
Iodine fortification 160 54.05
Vitamins A, D and multivitamin supplementation 190 64.19
Health education 163 55.07
Use of essential drugs 163 55.07
Environmental sanitation 201 67.90
Deworming 204 68.92
Use of Insecticide Treatment (ITN) 207 69.93
Treatment of common injuries 194 65.54
Prevention and prompt treatment of malaria 170 57.43
••
Most of the women had knowledge of most of the child survival strategies (CSS)

Table 3: Sources of Knowledge of Child Survival Strategies (CSS)

Sources of Knowledge Frequency (n=296)** Percentage (%)
Health workers 252 85.13
Relations 68 22.97
Friends 88 29.73
Social media 66 22.30
Radio/Television 78 26.35
Newspaper 44 14.86
Church 99 33.45
School 82 27.70
**Some respondents obtained information from more than one source.

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Vol.10; Issue: 1; January 2020
Iyanam Victory Edet et.al. Knowledge and Practice of Child Survival Strategies among Mothers Attending
Postnatal Clinic in Itu, a Sub-Urban Area of South Nigeria

Table 4: Practice of Child Survival Strategies

Characteristics Frequency (n=296) Percentage (%)
Child survival strategies practiced:
Growth monitoring 79 26.69
Oral rehydration therapy 11 37.50
Exclusive breastfeeding 128 42.24
Complete immunization 137 46.28
Family planning 99 33.45
Food fortification with iodine 160 54.05
Multivitamins
Supplementation 102 34.46
Use of essential drugs 126 42.57
Environmental sanitation 145 48.99
Deworming 105 35.47
Use of Insecticide Treated Net (ITN) 163 55.07
Prompt treatment of common injuries 184 62.16
Other prevention and prompt treatment of malaria 111 37.50

TABLE 5: Association between mother’s educational status and practice of child survival strategies (CSS)
CHARACTERISTICS PRACTICE OF CSSS STATISTICAL TEST
Yes N(%) No N(%)
Educational Level: Growth monitoring X2 = 0.001
Lower level 9(11.39) 25(11.5) DF = 1
Higher level 70(88.61) 192(88.48) P = 0.976
Educational Level: Oral Rehydration Therapy X2 = 0.009
Lower level: 13(11.71) 21(11.35) DF = 1
Higher level 98(88.22) 164(88.65) P = 0.925
Educational Level: Exclusive Breastfeeding X2 =0.012
Lower level 15(11.72) 19(11.31) DF = 1
Higher level 113(88.28) 149(88.69) P = 0.913
Educational Level: Complete Immunization X2 = 0.0009
Lower level 16(11.68) 18(6.87) DF = 1
Higher level 121(88.32) 141(93.13) P = 0.923
Educational Level: Food Fortification X2 = 0.019
Lower level 18 (12.68) 16(11.76) DF = 1
Higher level 142(87.32) 120(88.23) P = 0.890
Educational Level: Multivitamin Supplementation X2 = 0.012
Lower level 12(11.76) 22(11.34) DF = 1
Higher level 90(88.24) 172(88.66) P = 0.913
Educational Level: Family Planning X2 = 0.021
Lower level 11(11.11) 23(11.67) DF = 1
Higher level 88(88.89) 174(88.33) P = 0.886
Educational Level: Environmental Sanitation X2 = 0.016
Lower level 17(11.72) 17(11.04) DF = 1
Higher level 128(88.28) 134(88.96) P = 0.900
Educational Level: De-worming X2 = 0.082
Lower level 12(11.43) 24(12.56) DF = 1
Higher level 93(88.57) 167(87.44) P = 0.775
Educational Level: Prevention and Prompt Treatment Of Common Injury X2 = 0.304
Lower level 12(10.81) 24(12.97) DF = 1
Higher level 99(88.19) 161(87.03) P = 0.582
Educational Level: Prevention and Prompt Treatment of Malaria X2 =0.009
Lower level 13(11.71) 21(11.35) DF = 1
Higher level 98(88.29) 164(88.65) P = 0.925

DISCUSSION The adequate knowledge of CSS among

This study has shown adequate majority of mothers in the study could be
knowledge of CSS among majority of attributed to higher educational status
mothers who presented at the postnatal among the respondents. From the socio-
clinic of PHC, Itu, a sub-urban area of demographic variables shown in the study,
south-south Nigeria. This finding is similar most of the respondents had higher
to findings by Enoidem, [17] et al, in another education status (secondary and tertiary
setting in south-south Nigeria, in which education) and there is a positive correlation
most of the women had knowledge of the between educational status and information
CSS. This is however higher than findings availability including health education. [18-21]
from Abimbola, et al, [2] in western Nigeria. This re-emphasizes the importance of girl-

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Vol.10; Issue: 1; January 2020
Iyanam Victory Edet et.al. Knowledge and Practice of Child Survival Strategies among Mothers Attending
Postnatal Clinic in Itu, a Sub-Urban Area of South Nigeria

child education in the society as a CONCLUSION

prerequisite for healthy motherhood and The study has shown that while most
family. of the mothers who attended the postnatal
Most of the respondents in the study clinic of Health Centre, Itu, a sub-urban area
obtained information on CSS from health of south-south Nigeria had adequate
workers. This agrees with findings from knowledge of CSS, the actual practice of
several other studies, [1,2,17,22] and places CSS was poor in most of the components of
much more responsibility on health workers CSS. This therefore calls for a more
to continue to embark on health education concerted effort by policy makers and
of the populace and dissemination of stakeholders in maternal and child health to
information on CSS among women of child ensure that women are empowered with
bearing age. adequate information, education and
On the practice of components of communication on the importance of
CSS, the study shows that apart from food practice of CSS as a means of curbing the
fortification, use of ITN and prompt twin malady of child morbidity and
treatment of common injuries in which mortality. Moreover the education of the
greater percentage of the respondents girl child as a means of empowering their
practiced, other components of CSS were knowledge base and equipping them to
practiced by lesser percentage of the practice CSS with the attendant benefits to
mothers. This is similar to findings by the child, mother, family and the society at
Ambimbola, [2] et al in a study done in a large, is hereby re-emphasized.
local community in western Nigeria, in
which only 17.6% of the mothers practiced ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
child survival strategies. However, the The authors wish to acknowledge and
practice of ORT, exclusive breastfeeding, commend the administrative and nursing staff of
environmental sanitation, family planning Primary Health Centre, Itu, for their immense
support that resulted in the success of this work.
and complete childhood immunization in
Conflict of interest
this study was higher than the national The authors of this publication wish to declare
prevalence rate of these components of that no conflict of interest exist among the
CSS. [23-26] Also, the use of ITN in the study authors.
was similar to national prevalence rate and Funding
finding, by Orji, et al at Abakiliki, south The funding of this work is borne completely by
east Nigeria. [27] the authors
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