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Bee Practical 1 PDF

The document provides instructions on basic safety precautions when performing electrical experiments and describes several common electrical components: 1. It lists 10 basic safety precautions including avoiding loose wires, turning off equipment when not in use, wearing protective equipment like goggles, and only making changes to circuits when power is off. 2. It then describes common electrical components like voltmeters, ammeters, wattmeters, resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Voltmeters and ammeters must be connected in parallel or series, respectively, to measure voltage and current. 3. Resistors come in different types and their values can be determined using color codes on the components. Capacitors store energy as a

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233 views5 pages

Bee Practical 1 PDF

The document provides instructions on basic safety precautions when performing electrical experiments and describes several common electrical components: 1. It lists 10 basic safety precautions including avoiding loose wires, turning off equipment when not in use, wearing protective equipment like goggles, and only making changes to circuits when power is off. 2. It then describes common electrical components like voltmeters, ammeters, wattmeters, resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Voltmeters and ammeters must be connected in parallel or series, respectively, to measure voltage and current. 3. Resistors come in different types and their values can be determined using color codes on the components. Capacitors store energy as a

Uploaded by

A NI L
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRACTICAL NO.

– 1

Objects- Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter, Resistor (R), Capacitor (C), Inductor (L)

Basic Safety Precautions-


1.Avoid loose wires, cables, and connections.
2.Turn off all equipment before leaving the lab once an experiment concludes.
3. Familiarize oneself with the exits in the laboratory
4. Remove jewelry, metal watches, or other metal accessories while performing any experiment, as these can
be dangerous in the vicinity of rotation machinery and electrical connections.
5. Tie long hair to the back of the head.
6. Only make changes to the experimental setup when the circuit power is turned off and all power sources
read zero voltage and zero current, as applicable.
7. Familiarize oneself with all ON/OFF buttons on equipment, circuit breakers, and disconnect switches of a
bench.
8. Make sure that all DC power supplies, AC sources, and other power sources start from a zero voltage and
zero current output or as directed in an experiment. Starting from a non-zero voltage is possible in certain
applications where a voltage source should have a specific initial condition.
9. Wear safety goggles at all times during the experiment. Wear other personal protective equipment (PPE)
as required by local safety rules and regulations.
10. Use wires of suitable length for their appropriate applications. Long wires or connections can cause
clutter on a bench, and very short wires or connections can be too tight and may be easily disconnected.

1.Voltmeter
A voltmeter is an instrument that measures the difference in electrical potential between two points in an
electric circuit. An analog voltmeter moves a pointer across a scale in proportion to the circuit’s voltage; a
digital voltmeter provides a numerical display. Any measurement that can be converted to voltage can be
displayed on a meter that is properly calibrated; such measurements include pressure, temperature, and flow.
In order for a voltmeter to measure a device’s voltage, it must be connected in parallel to that device. This is
necessary because objects in parallel experience the same potential difference.
2. Ammeter

An ammeter measures the electric current in a circuit. The name is derived from the name for the SI unit for
electric current, amperes (A).

In order for an ammeter to measure a device’s current, it must be connected in series to that device. This is
necessary because objects in series experience the same current. They must not be connected to a voltage
source — ammeters are designed to work under a minimal burden, (which refers to the voltage drop across
the ammeter, typically a small fraction of a volt).

3.Wattmeter
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate of electrical energy) in
watts of any given circuit. Electromagnetic wattmeters are used for measurement of utility frequency and
audio frequency power; other types are required for radio frequency measurements.
4. Resistor (R)
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that
can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly
with temperature, time or operating voltage.

Types of resistors-

• Carbon Composition Resistor


• Thermistor
• Wire Wound Resistor
• Metal Film Resistor or Carbon Film Resistor
• Variable Resistor
• Varistor
• Light Dependent Resistor

Carbon Composition Resistor Thermistor Wire Wood Resistor Metal Film Resistor

Light Depending
Varistor Variable Resistor Resistor

Resistor Color Code-

Resistor Values are always coded in Ohms (Ω) and they usually have 4 or 5 color bands printed on it. The first
two bands represent the value of the resistor with each band giving the base number. The third and forth band
represents the multiplier and tolerance respectively. If the resistor has a 5th band, then it provides more precise
value as the first three bands represent the base value, 4th the multiplier and the last one signifying the
tolerance. If you rarely come across a resistor with 6 bands, then it is similar to resistor with 5 bands and the
6th band representing the thermal co-efficient.
Now let us see how we calculate resistor value using this table. First count the number of bands on the resistor.
Then find the tolerance band which will be either Silver or Gold. Now starting from the other end, note down
the numbers specific to the color codes as per the table given above.

Assume that we have a resistor with 4 bands as per the picture. As per the table above:

Circuit Diagram-
5. Capacitor (C)
The capacitor is a component which has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the form of an electrical
charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates, much like a small rechargeable
battery.
a capacitor consists of two or more parallel conductive (metal) plates which are not connected or touching
each other, but are electrically separated either by air or by some form of a good insulating material such as
waxed paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of a liquid gel as used in electrolytic capacitors. The
insulating layer between a capacitors plates is commonly called the Dielectric.

6. Inductor (L)
An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores
energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it.[1] An inductor typically consists of an
insulated wire wound into a coil around a core.
When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces an
electromotive force (e.m.f.) (voltage) in the conductor, described by Faraday's law of induction. According
to Lenz's law, the induced voltage has a polarity (direction) which opposes the change in current that created
it. As a result, inductors oppose any changes in current through them.

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