ME6505 Dynamics of Machines Department of Mechanical Engineering 2017-2018

ME6505 DYNAMICS OF MACHINES LT PC

3003
OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the force-motion relationship in components subjected to external forces and
analysis of standard mechanisms.
 To understand the undesirable effects of unbalances resulting from prescribed motions in
mechanism
 To understand the effect of Dynamics of undesirable vibrations.
 To understand the principles in mechanisms used for speed control and stability control.

UNIT I FORCE ANALYSIS 9

Dynamic force analysis – Inertia force and Inertia torque– D Alembert’s principle –Dynamic Analysis in
reciprocating engines – Gas forces – Inertia effect of connecting rod– Bearing loads – Crank shaft torque
– Turning moment diagrams –Fly Wheels – Flywheels of punching presses- Dynamics of Cam follower
mechanism.
UNIT II BALANCING 9
Static and dynamic balancing – Balancing of rotating masses – Balancing a single cylinder engine –
Balancing of Multi-cylinder inline, V-engines – Partial balancing in engines – Balancing of linkages –
Balancing machines-Field balancing of discs and rotors.

UNIT III SINGLE DEGREE FREE VIBRATION 9

Basic features of vibratory systems – Degrees of freedom – single degree of freedom – Free vibration –
Equations of motion – Natural frequency – Types of Damping – Damped vibration– Torsional vibration of
shaft – Critical speeds of shafts – Torsional vibration – Two and three rotor torsional systems.

UNIT IV FORCED VIBRATION 9

Response of one degree freedom systems to periodic forcing – Harmonic disturbances –Disturbance
caused by unbalance – Support motion –transmissibility – Vibration isolation vibration measurement.

UNIT V MECHANISM FOR CONTROL 9

Governors – Types – Centrifugal governors – Gravity controlled and spring controlled centrifugal
governors – Characteristics – Effect of friction – Controlling force curves. Gyroscopes –Gyroscopic
forces and torques – Gyroscopic stabilization – Gyroscopic effects in Automobiles, ships and airplanes.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this course, the Students can able to predict the force analysis in
Mechanical system and related vibration issues and can able to solve the problem

TEXT BOOK:
1. Uicker, J.J., Pennock G.R and Shigley, J.E., “Theory of Machines and Mechanisms” ,3rd Edition,
Oxford University Press, 2009.
2. Rattan, S.S, “Theory of Machines”, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2009

REFERENCES:
1. Thomas Bevan, "Theory of Machines", 3rd Edition, CBS Publishers and Distributors, 2005.
2. V.Ramamurthi, "Mechanics of Machines", Narosa Publishing House, 2002.
3. Khurmi, R.S.,”Theory of Machines”, 14th Edition, S Chand Publications, 2005.

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ME6505 Dynamics of Machines Department of Mechanical Engineering 2017-2018

ME 6505 – DYNAMICS OF MACHINES

COURSE OUTCOMES
On completion of this course, the student will be able:
To understand the dynamic forceanalysis on reciprocating engine and turning
C305.1
moment diagrams of engines.
To understand the static and dynamic balancing of rotating and reciprocating
C305.2
engines
C305.3 To understand the concept of free vibrations of mechanical systems
C305.4 To understand the concept of forced vibrations of mechanical systems
C305.5 To Understand the concept of control mechanisms
MAPPING BETWEEN CO, PO AND PSO WITH CORRELATION LEVEL 1/2/3

ME 6505 PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2

C305.1 3 3 3 2 - 2 - - - 2 - 2 3 3
C305.2 3 3 3 2 - 2 - - - 2 - 2 3 3
C305.3 3 3 3 2 - 2 - - - - - 2 3 3
C305.4 3 3 3 2 - 2 - - - - - 2 3 3
C305.5 3 3 3 2 - 2 - - - 1 - 2 3 3

RELATION BETWEEN COURSE CONTENT WITH COs

UNIT I: FORCE ANALYSIS
S.No Knowledge Topics Course
level Outcomes
1 U,Ap Dynamic force analysis C305.1
2 U,Ap Inertia force and Inertia torque C305.1
D Alembert’s principle –Dynamic Analysis in
3 U,Ap,An, U C305.1
reciprocating engines
Gas forces – Inertia effect of connecting rod–
4 U,Ap C305.1
Bearing loads
5 U,Ap Crank shaft torque C305.1
6 U,Ap Turning moment diagrams C305.1
7 U,AP Fly Wheels – Flywheels of punching presses C305.1
8 U,Ap Dynamics of Cam follower mechanism. C305.1
UNIT II: BALANCING
S.No Knowledge Topics Course
level Outcomes
1 U, Ap Static and dynamic balancing C305.2
Balancing of rotating masses – Balancing a single
2 U, Ap, C305.2
cylinder engine
3 U,C Balancing of Multi-cylinder inline, V-engines C305.2
4 U, Ap, An Partial balancing in engines C305.2
5 U Balancing of linkages C305.2
6 U, An, Ap Balancing machines C305.2
7 U Field balancing of discs and rotors C305.2

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ME6505 Dynamics of Machines Department of Mechanical Engineering 2017-2018
UNIT III: SINGLE DEGREE FREE VIBRATION
S.No Knowledge Topics Course
level Outcomes
1 U Basic features of vibratory systems C305.3
2 Ap, U Degrees of freedom – single degree of freedom C305.3
3 Ap, U Free vibration – Equations of motion C305.3
Natural frequency – Types of Damping- Damped
4 Ap, U C305.3
vibration
5 Ap, U Torsional vibration of shaft C305.3
6 U Critical speeds of shafts C305.3
Torsional vibration – Two and three rotor torsional
7 Ap, U systems. C305.3

UNIT IV: FORCED VIBRATION

S.No Knowledge Topics Course
level Outcomes
Response of one degree freedom systems to periodic
1 U C305.4
forcing
Harmonic disturbances –Disturbance caused by
2 Ap, U C305.4
unbalance
3 Ap Support motion C305.4
4 U Transmissibility C305.4
5 U Vibration isolation C305.4
6 Ap Vibration measurement. C305.4

UNIT V: MECHANISM FOR CONTROL

S.No Knowledge Topics Course
level Outcomes
1 U Governors – Types C305.5
Centrifugal governors – Gravity controlled and spring
2 U C305.5
controlled centrifugal governors
3 U Characteristics – Effect of friction C305.5
4 U, Ap, C Controlling force curves C305.5
Ap, An,U,
5 Gyroscopes –Gyroscopic forces and torques C305.5
C
6 Ap, U Gyroscopic stabilization C305.5
Gyroscopic effects in Automobiles, ships and
7 Ap, U C305.5
airplanes.

Ap – Apply; An – Analyze; U – Understand, E- Evaluate, C-Create

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ME6505 Dynamics of Machines Department of Mechanical Engineering 2017-2018
Unit – I Force Analysis
PART-A –C305.1
1. State D’Alembert’s principle for dynamic equilibrium and identify its significance
D’Alembert’s principle states that the inertia forces and torques, and the external forces and
torques acting on a body together result in statical equilibrium.
2. State the significance of turning moment diagram(Nov/Dec 2014)
It is the graphical representation of the turning moment or crank effort for various position of the
crank.In turning moment diagram, the turning moment is taken as the ordinate (Y-axis) and crank
angle as abscissa (X-axis)
3. What is the need for providing a flywheel in a punching machine?(Nov/Dec 2014,2016)
In both forging and pressing operation, flywheels are required to control the variations in speed
during each cycle of operation.
4. What is crank effort?
Crank effort is the net effort applied at the crank pin perpendicular to the crank, which gives the
required turning moment on the crank shaft.
5. Differentiate between static and dynamic equilibrium
Necessary and sufficient conditions for static and dynamic equilibrium are:
a. Vector sum of all forces acting on a body is zero
b. The vector sum of the moments of all forces acting about any arbitrary point or axis is zero.
First condition is the sufficient condition for the static equilibrium together with second condition
is necessary for dynamic equilibrium.
6. Define inertia force and Inertia torque.(May/June 2016)(Nov/Dec 2016)
The inertia force is an imaginary force, which when acts upon a rigid body, brings it in an
equilibrium position.Inertia force = -Acceleration force = -m.a
inertia torque is an imaginary torque, which when applied upon the rigid body, brings it in
equilibrium position. It is equal to the accelerating couple in magnitude but opposite in direction.
7. How you will reduce a dynamic analysis problem into an equivalent problem of static
equilibrium?(May/June 2014)
By applying D’Alembert’s principle to a dynamic analysis problem, we can reduce into an
equivalent problem of static equilibrium.
8. Define the significance of inertia force analysis.
Inertia force analysis reduces the dynamic analysis problem into an equivalent static analysis
problem by determining the required torque and the direction
9. Define windup. What is the remedy for camshaft windup?
Twisting effect produced in the camshaft during the raise of heavy load follower is called as
windup.Camshaft windup can be prevented to a large extend by mounting the flywheel as close as
possible to the cam
10. What is the difference between piston effort, crank effort and crank-pin effort?
Piston effort is defined as the net of effective force applied on the piston, along the line of stroke.
It is also known as effective driving force or net load on the gudgeon pin. Crank effort is the net
effort applied at the crank pin perpendicular to the crank, which gives the required turning
moment on the crank shaft. The component of force acting along the connecting rod
perpendicular to the crank is known as crank pin effort.
11. Define the terms coefficient of fluctuation of energy(May/June 2016)
It is the ratio of maximum fluctuation of energy to the work done per cycle.
Maximum fluctuation of energy (E )
CE =
Work done per cycle
12. Define the terms co efficient of fluctuation of speed
The ratio of the maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is called the coefficient of
fluctuation of speed (Cs)
N1  N 2
Cs =
N

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ME6505 Dynamics of Machines Department of Mechanical Engineering 2017-2018
13. Explain the term maximum fluctuation of energy in flywheels
The difference between the maximum and minimum energies is known as maximum fluctuation
of energy.
ΔE = Maximum Energy – Minimum Energy.
14. List out the few machines in which flywheel are used. (Nov/Dec 2015)
1. Punching machines 2. Shearing machines
3. Riveting machines 4. Crushing machines
15. Why smaller flywheels are used in multi cylinder engines? (May/June 2014)
In multi cylinder engine more than one power stroke is produced per second. So the need to store
energy in flywheel is lesser than single cylinder engines.
16. What is the free body diagram?
A free body diagram is a sketch of the isolated or free body which shows all the pertinent weight
forces, the externally applied loads, and the reaction from its supports and connections acting
upon it by the removed elements.
17. State the principle of super position
The principle of superposition states that for linear systems the individual responses to several
disturbances or driving functions can be superposed on each other to obtain the total response of
the system.
18. What is meant by maximum fluctuation of speed?
The difference between the maximum and minimum speeds during a cycle is called
maximum fluctuation of speed.
19. What is meant by dynamics
The branch of mechanics that is concerned with the effects of forces on the motion of a body or
system of bodies, especially of forces that do not originate within the system itself.
20. Write the conditions for equivalent system? (Dec 2013)
1.The sum of their masses is equal to the total mass of the body
m1 + m2 = m
2. The centre of gravity of the two masses coincide with that of the body
m1 l1 = m2 l2
3. The sum of mass moment of inertia of the masses about their centre of gravity is equal to
the mass moment inertia of the body.
m1l12 + m2 l22 = mkG2
21. Define crank pin effort (Nov / Dec 2012)
The component of force acting along the connecting rod perpendicular to the crank is known as
crank pin effort
22. What is meant by ‘correction couple’?
In a dynamically equivalent system, if the two masses are placed arbitrarily, an error in
torque is produced. To make the system dynamically equivalent, a couple should be applied. This
couple is called correction couple.
23. Why negative loops are formed in turning moment diagrams?
During strokes other than power stroke, flywheels losses energy, negative loops are formed in
turning moment diagram
24. The length of the crank and connecting rod of vertical reciprocating engine are
300mm and 1.5mm respectively. If the crank rotates at 200rpm, find the velocity if
the piston at =40°.[Nov/Dec 2015]
Solution : Velocity if the piston Vp=r
25. Differentiate between static force analysis and dynamic force analysis
If component of a machine accelerate, inertia forces are produced due to their masses. If the
magnitudes of these forces are small compared to the externally applied loads, they can be
neglected while analyzing the mechanism. Such an analysis is known as static force analysis

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ME6505 Dynamics of Machines Department of Mechanical Engineering 2017-2018
If the inertia effect due to the mass of the component is also considered, it is called dynamic force
analysis.
PART-B- C305.1
1. A single cylinder, single acting, four stroke gas engine develops 20 kW at 300 r.p.m. The work
done by the gases during the expansion stroke is three times the work done on the gases during
the compression stroke, the work done during the suction and exhaust strokes being negligible. If
the total fluctuation of speed is not to exceed ± 2 per cent of the mean speed and the turning
moment diagram during compression and expansion is assumed to be triangular in shape. Find
the moment of inertia of the flywheel.

2. a) Derive the equation of forces on the reciprocating parts of an engine, neglecting weight of the
connecting rod.

(b) What is turning moment diagram and draw it’s for four stroke IC engine?
A turning moment diagram for a 4 stroke cycle IC engine is shown in figure. We know that in a 4
stroke cycle IC engine, there is one working stroke after the crank has turned through two
revolutions i.e.7200 (or 4 radians)

3. The torque delivered by a two-stroke engine is represented by T = (1000+300 sin 2θ – 500 cos 2
θ) N-m.where θ is the angle turned by the crank from the inner dead centre. the engine speed is
250 rpm.the mass of the flywheel is 400 kg and radius of gyration 400 mm. determine (i) the
power developed,(ii) the total percentage fluctuation of speed,(iii) the angular acceleration of
flywheel when the crank has rotated through an angle of 60° from the inner dead centre. (iv) The
maximum angular acceleration and retardation of the flywheel.(Nov/Dec 2014,2015)
4. In a slider crank mechanism, the length of the crank and connecting rod are150 mm and 600 mm
respectively. The crank position is 60° from inner dead centre. The crank shaft speed is 450 r.p.m.
clockwise. Determine 1. Velocity and acceleration of the slider, 2. Velocity and acceleration of
point D on the connecting rod which is 150 mm from crank pin C, and 3. angular velocity and
angular acceleration of the connecting rod.(May/June 2014)

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5. A vertical double acting steam engine develops 75 kW at 250 rpm.the maximum fluctuation of
energy is 30 percent of the work done per stroke. The maximum and minimum speeds are not to
vary more than 1% on either side of the mean speed. Find the mass of the flywheel required if the
radius of gyration is 0.6 meters.
6. The lengths of crank and connecting rod of a horizontal reciprocating engine are 200 mm and 1
meter respectively. The crank is rotating at 400 rpm.when the crank has turned through 30° from
the inner dead centre. The difference of pressure between cover and piston rod is 0.4 N/mm 2.if the
mass of the reciprocating parts is 100 kg and cylinder bore is 0.4 meters, then calculate: (i) inertia
force, (ii) force on piston, (iii) piston effort, (iv) thrust on the sides of the cylinder walls, (v) thrust
in the connecting rod, and (vi) crank effort. (May/June 2016)
7. The radius of gyration of a fly wheel is 1 meter and the fluctuation of speed is not to exceed 1%
of the mean speed of the flywheel. If the mass of the flywheel is 3340 kg and the steam engine
develops 150 kW at 135 rpm, then find (i) maximum fluctuation of energy and (ii) coefficient of
fluctuation of energy.
8. (i) Deduce the expression for the inertia force in the reciprocating force neglecting the weight of
the connecting rod.
(ii) A vertical petrol engine with cylinder of 150 mm diameter and 200 mm stroke has a
connecting rod of 350 mm long. The mass of the piston is 1.6 kg and the engine speed is 1800
rpm.on the expansion stroke with crank angle 30° from TDC, the gas pressure is 750
kPa.Determine the net thrust on the piston.
9. A single cylinder vertical engine has a bore of 100 mm and a stroke of 120 mm has a connecting
rod of 250mm long. The mass of the piston is 1.1kg. The speed is 2000rpm. On the expansion
stroke, with a crank at 20° from top dead center, the gas pressure is 700kN/mm 2. Determine (i)
Net force acting on the piston (ii) Resultant load on the gudgeon pin (iii) Thrust on the cylinder
walls, and (iv) Speed above which, other things remaining the same, the gudgeon pin load would
be reversed in direction. (Nov/Dec 2015)
10. In a reciprocating engine mechanism, if the crank and the connecting rod are 300 mm and 1 m
long respectively and the crank rotates at a constant speed of 200 rpm.determine analytically: (i)
the crank angle at which the maximum velocity occurs, and (ii) the maximum velocity of the
piston (iii) derive the relevant equations.
11. The crank and connecting rod of a petrol engine running at 1800 r.p.m.are 50 mm and 200
mm respectively. The diameter of the piston is 80 mm and the mass of the reciprocating parts is 1
kg. At a point during the power stroke, the pressure on the piston is 0.7 N/mm2, when it has
moved 10 mm from the inner dead centre. Determine : 1. Net load on the gudgeon pin, 2. Thrust
in the connecting rod, 3. Reaction between the piston and cylinder, and 4. The engine speed at
which the above values become zero. (Nov/dec 2016).
12. The turning moment diagram for a multicylinder engine has been drawn to a scale 1 mm = 600
N-m vertically and 1 mm = 3° horizontally. The intercepted areas between the output torque
curve and the mean resistance line, taken in order from one end, are as follows : + 52, – 124, +
92, – 140, + 85, – 72 and + 107 mm2 , when the engine is running at a speed of 600 r. p . m . If
the total fluctuation of speed is not to exceed ± 1.5% of the mean, find the necessary mass of the
flywheel of radius 0.5 m.(May/June 2016) (Nov/dec 2016).
Unit – II Balancing of Masses
PART-A –C305.2
1. What is meant by balancing of rotating masses?(May/June 2014)
The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of the centrifugal force
of the first mass, is called balancing of rotating masses.
2. Write the importance of balancing? (May/June 2016)
If the moving part of a machine are not balanced completely then the inertia forces are set up
which may cause excessive noise, vibration, wear and tear of the system. So balancing of
machine is necessary.
3. Write different types of balancing. (Nov/Dec 2014)
1. Balancing of rotating masses

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(a) Static balancing (b) dynamic balancing
2. Balancing of reciprocating masses.
4. Define static balancing. (Nov / Dec 2012)
The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This requires that the line of action of
three centrifugal forces must be the same. In other words, the centre of the masses of the system
must lie on the axis of rotation. This is the condition for static balancing.
5. Define dynamic balancing. (Nov / Dec 2012)
The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This requires that the line of action of
three centrifugal forces must be the same. In other words, the centre of the masses of the system
must lie on the axis of rotation. This is the condition for static balancing.
The net couple due to the dynamic forces acting on the shaft is equal to zero. In other words, the
algebraic sum of the moments about any point in the plane must be zero.
The above conditions together give dynamic balancing
6. State the conditions for complete balance of several masses revolving in different planes.
(Nov/Dec 2014)
1. The forces in the reference plane must balance, i.e. the resultant force must be zero.
2. The couples about the reference plane must balance, i.e. the resultant couple must be zero.
7. Why complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating engine? (Nov/Dec 2016)
Balancing of reciprocating masses is done by introducing the balancing mass opposide to the
crank.the vertical component of the dynamic force of this balancing mass gives rise to hammer
blow.in order to reduce hammer blow, a part of the reciprocating mass is balanced.hence the
complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating engines.
8. Why are the cranks of a locomotive engine with 2 cylinders placed at 90° to each other?
In order to facilitate the starting of locomotive in any position the cranks of a locomotive are
generally at 90° to one another.
9. What do you understand by the term partial balancing? (Nov/Dec 2015)
In a reciprocating engine, the provision of a rotating counter mass results in partial balance, as
one vertical component of rotating mass remains unchecked.
10. Differentiate between the unbalanced force due to a reciprocating mass and that to
revolving masses. (Nov/Dec 2015)
I) Complete balancing of revolving mass can be possible. But fraction of reciprocating mass only
balanced.
II) The unbalanced force due to reciprocating mass varies in magnitude but constant direction.
But in the case of revolving masses, the unbalanced force is constant magnitude but varies in
direction.
11. Define Tractive force.
The resultant unbalanced force due to the two cylinders, along the line of stroke, is known as
tractive force.
12. Define Swaying couple(Nov/Dec 2014)
The couple has swaying effect about a vertical axis, and tends to sway the engine alternately in
clockwise and anticlockwise directions. Hence the couple is known as swaying couple.
13. Define Hammer blow (Nov / Dec 2012) (Dec 2013) (Nov/Dec 2016)
The maximum magnitude of the unbalanced force along the perpendicular to the line of stroke is
known as hammer blow.
14. What is the effect of hammer blow and what is the cause of it?
The effect of hammer blow is to cause the variation in pressure between the wheel and the rail,
such that vechile vibrates vigorously. Hammer blow is caused due to the effect of unbalanced
primary force acting perpendicular to the line of stroke.
15. Differentiate coupled and uncoupled locomotives.
If two or more pairs of wheels are coupled together, the locomotives are of coupled type.
Whereas, if there is only one pair of driving wheel, the locomotives is not possible in
reciprocating engines.
16. What are the conditions to be satisfied for complete balancing of in line engine?

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ME6505 Dynamics of Machines Department of Mechanical Engineering 2017-2018
1. The algebraic sum of the primary forces must be equal to zero. In other words, the primary
force polygon must close ; and
2. The algebraic sum of the couples about any point in the plane of the primary forces must be
equal to zero. In other words, the primary couple polygon must close.
17. Why radial engines are preferred?
In radial engines the connecting rods are connected to a common crank and hence the plane of
rotation of the various cranks is same,therefore there are no unbalanced primary or secondary
couples.hence radial engines are preferred.
18. State the condition for static balancing. (Dec 2013)
The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero or the centre of the masses of the
system must lie on the axis of rotation.
19. What is meant by balancing machines?
The machines which is used to determine whether the rotating parts of a machine is completely
balanced or not, to check the static and dynamic balancing of rotating parts and to which
balancing is done.
20. Write any two advantages of coupling the wheels of a coupled locomotive.
1. The wheel resistance against slipping on the rails is increased.
2. The hammer blow effect is minimized.
21. Give the different types of balancing machines used in practice.
 Static balancing machines
 Dynamic balancing machines
 Universal balancing machines
22. Write short notes on balancing linkages.
Linkages are balanced by balancing the shaking force and shaking moment. In force balancing,
the total mass centre is to be made stationary.
23. What are in-line engines?
The multi-cylinder engines with the cylinder centre lines in the same plane and on the same side
of the centre line of the crankshaft, are known as In-line engines.
24. What is the difference between balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses.
S.No. Balancing of rotating masses Balancing of reciprocating masses
1 Unbalanced force remains constant in magnitude, Unbalanced force remains constant
but varies in direction. in direction, but varies in
magnitude.
2 Complete balancing is possible. Only partial balancing is possible
25. What you meant by primary and secondary balancing?(May/June 2016)

PART-B- C305.2
1. Four masses A, B, C and D revolve at equal radii and are equally spaced along a shaft. The mass
B is 7 kg and the radii of C and D make angles of 90° and 240° respectively with the radius of B.
Find the magnitude of the masses A, C and D and the angular position of A so that the system
may be completely balanced. (Nov / Dec 2012)
2. The following particulars relate to an outside cylinder of uncoupled locomotive: Revolving mass
per cylinder = 300kg; Reciprocating mass per cylinder = 450 kg; Length of each crank = 350 mm;
Distance between wheels = 1.6 m; Distance between cylinder centers = 1.9 m; Diameter of
driving wheels = 2m; Radius of balancing mass = 0.8m; angle between the cranks = 90°. If the
whole of the revolving mass and 2/3 of the reciprocating masses are to be balanced in planes of
driving wheels, determine;

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Magnitude and direction of the balance masses, speed at which the wheel will lift off the
rails when the load on each driving wheel is 35 KN, and Swaying couple at speed arrived
in (ii) above. (Nov/Dec 2013,2015)
3. Four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 attached to a rotating shaft on the same plane are 200 kg,
300 kg, 240 kg and 260 kg respectively. The corresponding radii of rotation are 0.2 m;
0.15 m, 0.25 m and 0.3 m respectively and the angle between successive masses are 45°,
75° and 135°. Find the position and magnitude of the balance mass required, if the radius
of rotation is 0.2 m. (Nov/dec 2016).
(ii) Explain with neat sketches, balancing of single revolving mass, by masses in
two different planes in a rotating system.(Nov/Dec 2014,2015 May /June 2016)
4. The cranks are 3 cylinder locomotive are set at 120°. The reciprocating masses are 450 kg for the
inside cylinder and 390 kg for each outside cylinder. The pitch of the cylinder is 1.2 m and the
stroke of each piston 500 mm. The planes of rotation of the balance masses are 960 mm from the
inside cylinder. If 40% of the reciprocating masses are to be balanced, determine:The magnitude
and the position of the balancing masses required at a radial distance of 500 mm; and The
hammer blow per wheel when the axle rotates at 350 rpm.
5. Differentiate between static balancing and Dyanamic balancing. .(Nov/Dec 2016)
6. An inside cylinder locomotive has its cylinder centre lines 0.7 m apart and has a stroke of 0.6
m. The rotating masses per cylinder are equivalent to 150 kg at the crank pin, and the
reciprocating masses per cylinder to 180 kg. The wheel centre lines are 1.5 m apart. The cranks
are at right angles. The whole of the rotating and 2/3 of the reciprocating masses are to be
balanced by masses placed at a radius of 0.6 m. Find the magnitude and direction of the balancing
masses. Find the fluctuation in rail pressure under one wheel, variation of tractive effort and the
magnitude of swaying couple at a crank speed of 300 r.p.m. .(Nov/Dec 2016)
7. A 4 cylinder engine has the two outer cranks as 120° to each other and their reciprocating masses
are each 400 kg. The distance between the planes of rotation of adjacent cranks are 400mm,
700mm, 700mm and 500mm. Find the reciprocating mass and the relative angular position for
each of the inner cranks, if the engine is to be in completely balance. Also find the maximum
unbalanced secondary force, if the length of each crank is 350 mm, the length of each connecting
rod 1.7m and the engine speed 500 rpm.
8. A 4 cylinder vertical engine has cranks 150 mm long. The planes of rotation of first, second and
fourth cranks are 400 mm, 200 mm and 200 mm respectively from the third crank and their
respective masses are 50kg, 60kg, and 50 kg respectively. Find the mass of the reciprocating mass
for the third cylinder and the relative angular positions of the cranks in order that the engine may
be in computer primary balance.
9. A 3 cylinder radial engine driven by a common crank has the cylinders spaced at 120°. The
stroke is 125 mm; the length of the connecting rod is 225 mm and the reciprocating mass per
cylinder 2 kg. Calculate the primary and secondary forces at crank shaft speed of 1200 rpm. (Dec
2013)
10. The reciprocating mass per cylinder in a 60° V-twin engine is 1.5 kg. The stroke is 100 mm for
each cylinder. If the engine runs at 1800 rpm, determine the maximum and minimum values of
the primary forces and find out the corresponding crank position. (May / June 2014)
11. The firing order of a six cylinder, vertical, four stroke, in-line engine is 1-4-2-6-3-5. The piston
stroke is 80 mm and length of each connecting rod is 180 mm. the pitch distances between the
cylinder centre lines are 80 mm, 80 mm, 120 mm, 80 mm and 80 mm respectively. The
reciprocating mass per cylinder is 1.2 kg and the engine speed is 2400 rpm. Determine the out-of-
balance primary and secondary forces and couples on the engine taking a plane mid-way between
the cylinders 3 and 4 as the reference plane.
12. The following data relate to a single cylinder vertical reciprocating engine; mass of the
reciprocating parts = 40 kg, mass of revolving parts = 30 kg at 180 mm radius, speed =
150r.p.m. stroke 350mm. If 60 % of the reciprocating parts and all the revolving parts are

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ME6505 Dynamics of Machines Department of Mechanical Engineering 2017-2018
to be balanced, determine (1) the balance mass required at a radius of 320 mm (2) the
unbalanced force when the cranks has turned 45° from the top dead centre.
13. The following data apply to an outside cylinder uncoupled locomotive :
Mass of rotating parts per cylinder = 360 kg ; Mass of reciprocating parts per cylinder
= 300 kg ; Angle between cranks = 90° ; Crank radius = 0.3 m ; Cylinder centres = 1.75 m ;
Radius of balance masses = 0.75 m ; Wheel centres = 1.45 m. If whole of the rotating and two-
thirds of reciprocating parts are to be balanced in planes of the driving wheels, find 1. Magnitude
and angular positions of balance masses, 2. Speed in kilometres per hour at which the wheel will
lift off the rails when the load on each driving wheel is 30 kN and the diameter of tread of driving
wheels is 1.8 m, and 3. Swaying couple at speed arrived at in (2) above. ( May/June 2016)
Unit – III Free Vibration
PART-A- C305.3
1. Define vibrations and classify it.
When elastic bodies such as a spring, a beam and a shaft are displaced from the equilibrium
position by the application of external forces, and then released, they execute a vibratory motion.
Types (1) Free vibration (2) Forced Vibration (3) Damped vibration
2. Define vibration
Any motion that exactly repeats itself after an interval, of time is a periodic motion and is called
vibration.
3. Vibration can have desirable effects – justify.(May/June 2014)
Though vibration is mainly known for its undesirable effects like, unwanted noise and wear,
sometimes it is used to design a machine with a specific application. Vibratory conveyor and cell
phones are example in support of the statement.
4. How do you classify vibration and define transient vibration? (Nov/Dec 2014,2015)
i) according to the actuating force:
a) Free vibration
b) Forced vibration
ii) according to energy dissipation:
a) Undamped vibration
b) Damped vibration
according to behavior of vibrating system:
a) Linear vibration
b) Non – linear vibration
according to motion of system with respect to axis:
a) Longitudinal vibration
b) Transverse vibration
c) Torsional vibration
5. What is longitudinal vibration? Mention the types of stresses developed due to this.
When the particles of the shaft or disc moves parallel to the axis of the shaft, then the vibrations
are known as longitudinal vibrations.
In this case, the shaft is elongated and shortened alternately and thus the tensile and compressive
stresses are induced alternately in the shaft
6. Define the following terms: (a) time period (b) cycle (c) frequency
1. Period of vibration or time period. It is the time interval after which the motion is repeated
itself. The period of vibration is usually expressed in seconds.
2. Cycle. It is the motion completed during one time period.
3. Frequency. It is the number of cycles described in one second. In S.I. units, the frequency is
expressed in hertz (briefly written as Hz) which is equal to one cycle per second.
7. Define transverse vibration and mention the type of stress developed due to this.
When the particles of the shaft or disc move approximately perpendicular to the axis of the shaft,
then the vibrations are known as transverse vibrations. In this case, the shaft is straight and bent
alternately and bending stresses are induced in the shaft.
8. What is the principle of Raleigh’s method?

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In this method, the maximum kinetic energy at the mean position is equal to the maximum
potential energy (or strain energy) at the extreme position

9. Give the equation for the natural frequency of longitudinal vibration when, (a) the mass of
the shaft is negligible (b) the mass of the shaft is considered.
If Mass negligible

If Mass Consider

10. Define critical speed/ whirling speed. (Nov / Dec 2012)(May/June 2016)
The speed, at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from the axis of
rotation becomes infinite, is known as critical or whirling speed.
11. A shaft of length 0.75 m, supported freely at the ends, is carrying a body of mass 90 kg at
0.25m from one end. Find the natural frequency of transverse vibration. Assume E = 200
GN/m2 and shaft diameter = 50 mm.

and static deflection at the load point

12. What are the factors that affect the critical speed of the shaft?
The eccentricity of the centre of gravity of the rotating masses from the axis of rotation of the
shaft, diameter of the disc, span (length) of the shaft, and Type of supports connections at its ends
13. Distinguish between critical damping and large damping.
If system is critically damped, the mass moves back very quickly to its equilibrium position
within no time. Whereas in large damping, the mass moves slowly to the equilibrium position.
14. Define the term damping and damped vibration. (Nov / Dec 2012)
In vibrating systems, the effect of friction is referred to as damping. The damping provided by
fluid resistance is known as viscous damping.
15. Mention any three types of damping. (Nov/Dec 2016)
Overdamping, underdamping, critical damping
16. What is meant by critical damping?
The system is said to be critically damped factor ζ= 1. If the system is critically damped, the mass
moves back very quickly to its equilibrium position within no tine.
17. When will the maximum amplitude of vibration occur?
Irrespective of the amount of damping, the maximum amplitude of vibration occurs before the
ratio ω/ωn reaches unity or when the frequency of the forced vibration is less than that of the
undamped vibration.
18. What are the various types of damping?
Viscous damping, Coulomb or dry friction damping, Solid or structural damping, and
Slip or interfacial damping

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19. Define - (1) Damping Co efficient (2) Damping factor (Dec 2013)
The ratio of the actual damping coefficient (c) to the critical damping coefficient (cc) is known as
damping factor or damping ratio. Mathematically,

20. What is the principle of Raleigh’s method?

In this method, the maximum kinetic energy at the mean position is equal to the maximum
potential energy (or strain energy) at the extreme position
21. What is the limit beyond which damping is deterimental and why? (Nov/Dec 2015)
When damping factor ζ > 1, the aperiodic motion is resulted. That is, aperiodic motion means the
system cannot vibrate due to over damping. Once the system is disturbed, it will take infinite time
to come back to equilibrium position.
22. Define - (1) Amplitude reduction factor(2) Logarithmic decrement (Nov/Dec2016)
(May/June 2016)
It is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude reduction factor. The amplitude reduction
factor is the ratio of any two successive amplitudes on the same side of the mean position.
23. Define node in torsional vibration.
Node is the point or the section of the shaft at which amplitude of the torsional vibration is zero.
At nodes, the shaft remains unaffected by the vibration.
24. Define – Torsionaly equivalent shaft. (May/June 2014)
The shaft have variable diameter for different length. such a shaft may, theoretically be replaced
by an equivalent shaft of uniform diameter.
25. Define degrees of freedom in vibrations (May/June 2016)
It is defind as the independent coordinate to move independently in the space.
PART B -C305.3
1. (a) A machine of weighs 18 kg and is supported on springs and dashpots. The total stiffness of
the springs is 12 N/mm and damping is 0.2 N/mm/s the system is initially at rest and a velocity of
120 mm/s is imparted to the mass. Determine (1) the displacement and velocity of mass as a
function of time (2) the displacement and velocity after 0.4s.
(b) Describe the types of vibrations with simple sketch. (Dec 2013)
2. Derive the expression for the natural frequency of free transverse or longitudinal vibrations by
using any two methods.
3. A shaft of 100 mm diameter and 1 m long is fixed at one end and other end carries a flywheel of
mass 1 tonne. Taking young’s modulus for the shaft material as 200 GN/m 2; find the natural
frequency of longitudinal and transverse vibrations.(May/June 2016)
4. A flywheel is mounted on a vertical shaft as shown in figure. The both ends of the shaft are fixed
and its diameter is 50 mm. The flywheel has a mass of 500 kg. Find the natural frequency of free
longitudinal and transverse vibrations. Take E = 200GN/m 2.
5. A shaft 1.5 m long is supported by two short bearings and carries two wheels each of 50 kg
mass.One wheel is situated at the centre of the shaft and other at a distance of 0.4 m from the
centre towards right. The shaft is hollow of external diameter 75 mm and inner diameter 37.5 mm.
The density of the shaft material is 8000 kg/m 3. The young’s modulus for the shaft material is 200
GN/m2. Find the frequency of free transverse vibration.(May/June 2014)
6. A Steel bar 25 mm wide and 50 mm deep is freely supported at two points 1m apart and carries a
mass of 200 kg in the middle of the bar. Neglecting the mass of the bar, find the frequency of free
transverse vibration. If an additional mass of 200 kg is distributed uniformly over the length of the
shaft, what will be the frequency of free transverse vibration? Take E = 200 GN/m 2.
7. A vertical steel shaft 15 mm diameter is held in long bearings 100 cm apart and carries at its middle
a disc weighing 147.15N. The eccentricity of the centre of gravity of the disc from the centre of the
rotor is 0.3mm. The modulus of elasticity for the shaft material is 19.6 X 10 6 N/cm2, and the
permissible stress is 6867 N/cm 2. Determine :(i) the critical speed of the shaft (ii) The range of

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speed over which it is unsafe to run the shaft. Neglect the weight of the shaft.(Nov/Dec 2014)
(Nov/Dec 2016).
8. A vertical shaft 25 mm diameter and 0.75 m long, is mounted in long bearings and carries a pulley
of mass 10 kg midway between the bearings. The centre of the pulley is 0.5 mm from the axis of the
shaft. Find (a) the Whirling Speed (b) the bending stress in the shaft, when it is rotating at 1700 rpm
9. A vibrating system consists of a mass 0f 8 kg, spring of stiffness 5.6 N/mm and a dashpot of
damping coefficient of 40 N/m/s. Find (a) damping factor (b) logarithmic decrement (c) ratio of two
consecutive amplitudes. (Nov/Dec 2015)
10. A centrifugal pump is driven through a pair of spur wheels from an oil engine. The pump runs at 4
times the speed of the engine. The shaft from the engine flywheel to the gear is 75 mm diameter
and 1.2 m long, while that from the pinion to pump is 50 mm diameter and 400 mm long. The
moments of inertia are as follows: flywheel = 1000kg-m 2; pinion = 10kg-m2; and pump impeller =
40kg-m2. Find the natural frequencies of torsional oscillations. Take C = 84 GN/m 2.
11. A steel shaft ABCD 1.5m long has flywheel at its end A and D. the mass of the flywheel A
is 600kg and has a radius of gyration of 0.6m. the mass of the flywheel D is 800 kg and has
a radius of gyration of 0.9m. The connecting shaft has a diameter of 50mm for the portion
AB which is of 0.4m long; and has a diameter of 60mm for the portion BC which is 0.5m
and has a diameter of d mm for the portion CD which is 0.6m long. Determine N 1. The
diameter ’d’ of the portion CD so that the node of the torsional vibration of the system will
be at the centre of the length BC and 2. The natural frequency of the torsional vibration
The modulus of rigidity for the shaft material is 80GN/m 2 (May/June 2016)
12. The following data are given for a vibratory system with viscous damping: Mass = 2.5 kg ; spring
constant = 3 N/mm and the amplitude decreases to 0.25 of the initial value after five consecutive
cycles.Determine the damping coefficient of the damper in the system.(Nov/dec 2016)

Unit – IV Forced Vibration

Part A- C305.4
1. Define - forced vibration.
When the body vibrates under the influence of external force, then the body is said to be under
forced vibrations.
2. What do you meant by degree of freedom or movability?
The number of independent coordinates required to completely define the motion of a system is
known as degree of freedom of the system.
3. What is meant by forced vibrations?
When the body vibrates under the influence of external force, then the body is said to be under
forced vibrations.
4. What do you meant by damping and undamped vibration?
DAMPING:
The resistance against the vibration is called damping.
DAMPED VIBRATION:
When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, then the motion said to be
damped vibration.
5. Write the governing/differential equation of forced vibration. (Nov / Dec 2012) (Nov/Dec
2016)

6. What do you understand by single – node frequency?

In the other set of values, one gives the position of a single node and the other is beyond the
physical limits of the equation. The frequency so obtained is known as single – node frequency.
7. What do you understand by two – node frequency?
One set of values given by the quarradic equation gives the position of two nodes and the
frequency thus obtained is known as two – node frequency.

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8. Define - phase angle.

9. Define – Magnification factor or Dynamic magnifier. (Nov/Dec 2014)

It is the ratio of maximum displacement of the forced vibration (xmax ) to the deflection due
to the static force F(xo). We have proved in the previous article that the maximum displacement
or the amplitude of forced vibration,
10. Define – vibration isolation.(Nov/Dec 2015) (May/june 2016) (Nov/Dec 2016)
A little consideration will show that when an unbalanced machine is installed on the foundation,
it produces vibration in the foundation. In order to prevent these vibrations or to minimise the
transmission of forces to the foundation, the machines are mounted on springs and dampers or on
some vibration isolating material
11. Specify the importance of vibration isolation? (May/june 2014)
When an unbalanced machine is installed on the foundation, it produces vibration in the
foundation. So, in order to prevent these vibrations or minimize the transmission of forces to the
foundation, vibration isolation is important.
12. Define the term isolating factor/transmissibility ratio. (Nov / Dec 2014) (May/june 2014)
The ratio of the force transmitted (FT) to the force applied (F) is known as the isolation factor or
transmissibility ratio of the spring support.
13. Define damping ratio.
It is defined as the ratio of actual damping coefficient to the critical damping coefficient
14. What is meant by harmonic forcing? (Dec 2013)
The term harmonic forcing refers to a spring-mass system with viscous damping, excited by a
sinusoidal harmonic force.
15. Define frequency response curve.
Frequency response curve is a curve drawn between magnification factor and frequency ratio for
various values of damping factor.
16. What are the methods of isolating the vibration?
1. High speed engines / machines mounted on foundation and supports cause vibrations of
excessive amplitude because of the unbalanced forces.
2. The materials used for vibration isolation are rubber, felt cork, etc, etc. these are placed
between the foundation and vibrating body.
17. What are the methods of isolating the vibration?(Nov/Dec2015)
1. High speed engines / machines mounted on foundation and supports cause vibrations of
excessive amplitude because of the unbalanced forces.
2. The materials used for vibration isolation are rubber, felt cork, etc, etc. these are placed
between the foundation and vibrating body.
18. To draw the Mass-spring-damper system

19. What is forced – Damped vibrations?

If in a spring mass system, damping is also provided with a dashpot means, the system is called
as forced – damped vibration system.
20. Define elastic suspension.

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When machine components are suspended from elastic members, the vibrational force produced
by the machine components will not be transmitted to the foundation. This is called as elastic
suspension.
21. When will the maximum amplitude of vibration occur? (Nov / Dec 2012)
Irrespective of the amount of damping, the maximum amplitude of vibration occurs before the
ratio ω/ωn reaches unity or when the frequency of the forced vibration is less than that of the
undamped vibration.
PART-B-C305.4
1. (a) Discuss the forcing due to support motion.
(b) What is meant by magnification factor in case of forced vibrations?
2. (a) Derive the relation for the displacement of mass from the equilibrium position of a damped
vibration system with harmonic forcing.
(a) Define the term vibration isolation.
3. A machine has a mass of 125 kg and unbalanced reciprocating mass 3 kg which moves through a
vertical stroke of 90 mm with SHM. The machine is mounted upon 5 springs. Neglecting
damping, calculate the combined stiffness of the spring in order that force transmitted is 1/20 th of
the applied force, when the speed of the machine crank shaft is 1200 rpm. When the machine is
actually supported on the springs, it is found that damping reduces the amplitude of successive
free vibration by 30%
Determine; (1) Force transmitted to the foundation at 1200 rpm
(2) Force transmitted to the foundation at resonance.
4. A vibrating system having a mass of 1.5 kg is suspended by a spring of stiffness 1200N/m and it
is put to harmonic excitation of 12 N. Assuming viscous damping, Determine, (1) Resonant
Frequency (2) Phase angle at resonance (3) Amplitude at resonance (4) Damped frequency; Take
c = 48 NS/m (Nov/Dec 2015)
5. A machine supported symmetrically on five springs, has a mass of 90 kg. The mass of the
reciprocating parts is 3 kg which moves through a vertical stroke of 90 mm with SHM.
Neglecting damping determine the combined stiffness of the springs so that force transmitted to
the foundation is 1/30th of impressed force. The machine crank shaft rotates at 750 rpm. If the
under actual working conditions the damping reduces the amplitude of successive vibration by
25%, find: (Nov/Dec 2015)
(i) Force transmitted to the foundation at 900 rpm
(ii)Force transmitted to the foundation at resonance.
(iii)The amplitude of vibration at resonance
6. A 75 kg machine is mounted on springs of stiffness K= 11.76 X 10 5 N/m with an assumed
damping factor of 0.2. A 2 kg piston within the machine has a reciprocating motion with a stroke
of 0.08 m and a speed of 3000 rpm. Assuming the motion of the piston to be harmonic, determine
the amplitude of vibration of the machine and the vibratory force transmitted to the foundation.
7. A body of mass 70 kg is suspended from a spring which deflects 2 cm under the load. It is
subjected to a damping effect adjusted to a value of 0.23 times that required for critical damping.
Find the natural frequency of the un-damped and damped vibrations and ratio of successive
amplitudes of damped vibrations. If the body is subjected to a periodic disturbing force of 700 N
8. and of frequency equal to 0.78 times the natural frequency, find the amplitude of forced
vibrations and the phase difference with respect to the disturbing force.
9. The support of a spring mass system is vibrating with amplitude of 6 mm and a frequency of
1200 cycles/min. If a mass is 95 kg and the spring has a stiffness of 1950 N/m, determine the
amplitude of vibration of the mass. If a damping factor of 0.2 is include, what would be the
amplitude?
10. A machine has a mass of 100 kg and unbalanced reciprocating parts of mass 2 kg which move
through a vertical stroke of 80 mm with SHM. The machine is mounted on 4 springs,
symmetrically arranged with respect to center of the mass, in such a way that the machine has one
degree of freedom and can undergo vertical displacements only. Neglecting damping, calculate
the combined stiffness of the spring in order that the force transmitted to the foundation is 1/25 th

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of the applied force, when the speed of the rotation of machine crank shaft is 1000 rpm. When the
machine is actually supported on the springs it is found that the damping reduces the amplitude of
successive five vibrations by 25%. Find:(i)The force transmitted to the foundation at 1000 rpm;
(ii)The force transmitted to the foundation at resonance; (iii) The amplitude of the forced
vibration of the machine at resonance.
A machine of mass 75 kg is mounted on springs of stiffness 1200 kN/m and with an assumed
damping factor of 0.2. A piston within the machine of mass 2 kg has a reciprocating motion with
a stroke of 80 mm and a speed of 3000 cycles/min. Assuming the motion to be simple harmonic,
find: 1. the amplitude of motion of the machine, 2. Its phase angle with respect to the exciting
force, 3. the force transmitted to the foundation, and 4. the phase angle of transmitted force with
respect to the exciting force. (May/June 2016).
11. The mass of an electric motor is 120 kg and it runs at 1500 r.p.m. The armature mass is 35 kg
and its C.G. lies 0.5 mm from the axis of rotation. The motor is mounted on five springs of
negligible damping so that the force transmitted is one-eleventh of the impressed force. Assume
that the mass of the motor is equally distributed among the five springs. Determine : 1. stiffness
of each spring; 2. dynamic force transmitted to the base at the operating speed; and 3. natural
frequency of the system. .(Nov/Dec 2016)
12. A single cylinder vertical petrol engine of total mass 300 kg is mounted upon a steel chassis
frame and causes a vertical static deflection of 2 mm. The reciprocating parts of the engine has a
mass of 20 kg and move through a vertical stroke of 150 mm with simple harmonic motion. A
dashpot is provided whose damping resistance is directly proportional to the velocity and
amounts to 1.5 kN per metre per second. Considering that the steady state of vibration is reached ;
determine : 1. the amplitude of forced vibrations, when the driving shaft of the engine rotates at
480 r.p.m., and 2. the speed of the driving shaft at which resonance will occur . .(Nov/Dec 2016)
(May/June 2016)

Unit – V Mechanisms for Control

Part –A - C305.5
1. Differentiate Hunting from Sensitiveness (Dec 2013)
 The phenomenon of continuous fluctuation of the engine speed above and below the
mean speed is termed as hunting. This occurs in over-sensitive governors.
 The sensitiveness is defined as the ratio of the mean speed to the difference between the
maximum and minimum speeds.
2. What will be the effect of the gyroscopic couple on a disc fixed at a certain angle to a
rotating shaft?
The effect of the resultant gyroscopic couple is that the shaft tends to turn in the plane of paper in
anticlockwise direction as seen from top,as a result the horizontal force is exerted on the shaft
bearing

Direction of viewing θ shaft axis

3. The engine of an aero plane rotates in clockwise direction when seen from the tail and the
aero plane takes a turn to the left. What will be the effect of gyroscopic couple on the aero
plane?
The effect of gyroscopic couple will be to raise the nose and dip the tail.
4. When is a governor said to be hunt? (Nov / Dec 2012)
The phenomenon of continuous fluctuation of the engine speed above and below the mean speed
is termed as hunting.this occurs in over-sensitive governors.
5. How governors are classified?
1. Centrifugal Governors.
(a) Pendulum type : Example: Watt Governors
(b) Gravity controlled type : Example: Porter and Proell Governors
(c) Spring Controlled type : Example : Hartnell and Hartung Governors.

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2. Inertia Governor
6. Define gyroscope. (Nov/Dec 2015)
A gyroscope is a spinning body which is free to move in other directions under the action of
external forces.
7. What is meant by isochronous governor? (May/June 2014)
A governor with zero range of speed is known as an isochronous governor.actually the
isochoronous is the stage of infinite sensitivity.i.e,when the equilibrium speed is constant for all
radii of rotation of the balls within the working range,the governor is said to be isochronism.
8. Differentiate a governor from a flywheel (Nov / Dec 2012)
Governer:
 The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine,when there are
variations in the load
 It is provided on prime movers such as engine and turbines
 It works intermittently
 It has no influence over cyclic speed fluctuation
Flywheel
 The function of a flywheel is to reduce the fluctuations of speed caused by the fluctuation
of the engine turning moment during each cycle of operation
 It is provided on engine and fabricating machines
 It woks continuously from cycle to cycle
 It has no influence on mean speed of the prime movers
9. What is the effect of gyroscopic couple on rolling of ship? Why?
During the rolling,the axis of rolling and that of turbine are generally same.so there is no
precession of axis of spin and therefore there is no gyroscopic effect when the ship rolls.
10. Write the expression for gyroscopic couple. (Dec 2013) (Nov/Dec 2016).
Gyroscopic couple, C = I.ω.ωp
I = moment of inertia of the disc
ω = Angular velocity of the engine
ωp = Angular velocity of precession.
11. When is a governor said to be sensitive? (Nov/Dec 2014)
A governor is said to be sensitive,when it really responds to a small change of speed.
12. What is the gyroscopic effect on stability of two wheeler when it takes a turn?(Nov / Dec
2012)
The gyroscopic couple will act over the vehicle outwards.the tendency of this couple is to over
turn the vehicle in outward direction.
13. What is the effect of friction on the governors?
The effect of friction on the governors is to increase the range of speed,governor effort,and power
of the governor.
14. What is the function of a governor?
The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine,when there are variations in
the load
15. Define stability of a governor
A governor is said to be stable if there is only one radius of gyration for all equilibrium speeds of
the balls with in the working range. If the equilibrium speed increases the radius of governor ball
must also increase
16. What is gyroscopic torque?
Whenever a rotating body changes its axis of rotation, a torque is applied on the rotating body.
This torque is known as gyroscopic torque.
17. What is meant by Hunting?
The phenomenon of continuous fluctuation of the engine speed above and below the mean speed
is termed as hunting. This occurs in over-sensitive governors
18. Define gyroscopic couple(May/June 2014)

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If a body having moment of inertia I and rotating about its own axis at ω rad/sec is also caused to
turn at ωp rad/sec about an axis perpendicular to axis of spin,then it experiences a gyroscopic
couple of magnitude in an axis which is perpendicular to both the axis of spin and axis of
precession
19. Define coefficient of sensitiveness (Nov/Dec 2015)
It is the ratio between range of speed and mean speed.
Range of speed N  N2
Coefficient of sensitiveness = = 1 .
Mean speed N
20. What are the applications of gyroscopic couple?
The gyroscopic couple is usually applied through the bearings which support the shaft.
The gyroscopic principle is used in an instrument or toy known as gyroscopic.
They are installed in ships in order to minimize the rolling and pitching effects of waves.
They are used in aero planes, monorails cars, gyrocompasses etc.
21. Define pitching.
Pitching is the movement of a complete ship up and down in a vertical plane about transverse
axis. The pitching of the ship is assumed to take place with SHM i.e. the motion of the axis of
spin about transverse axis is simple harmonic.
22. Differentiate between centrifugal and inertia governor
 The centrifugal governor are based on balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls
by an equal and opposite radial force
 In inertia governors,the balls are so arranged that the inertia forces caused by an angular
acceleration or retardation of the shaft tend to alter their position.
23. Define Sensitivity of Governor.(Nov/Dec 2016)
The sensitiveness is defined as the ratio of the difference between the maximum and
minimum equilibrium speeds to the mean equilibrium speed.
24. Explain the term spin and precession.
spin is the axis of rotation free to assume any orientation by itself. When rotating, the orientation
of this axis is unaffected by tilting or rotation of the mounting, according to the conservation of
angular momentum. Precession is a change in the orientation of the rotational axis of
a rotating body.
25. Diffrentiate spring controled and gravity controlled governors.(May/June 2016)
In gravity controled governors there is gravity force due to weight on the sleeve or weight
of sleeve itself which controls movement of the sleeve. These governors are
comparatively larger in size.
In spring controlled governors, a helical spring or several springs are utilised to control
the movement of sleeve or balls. These governors are comparatively smaller in size.
PART-B- C305.5
1. What is the effect of gyroscopic couple on the stability of a Four wheel vehicle taking a turn?
(Nov/Dec 2014)
2. (a) Explain the function of a proell governor with the help of a neat sketch. Derive the
relationship among the various forces acting on the link.(b) What are centrifugal governors? How
do they differ from inertia governors? (Dec 2013)
3. The mass of each ball of a proell governor is 7.5 kg and the load on the sleeve is 80 kg.each of the
arms is 300 mm long. The upper arms are pivoted on the axis of rotation whereas the lower arms
are pivoted to links of 40 mm from the axis of rotation. The extensions of the lower arms to
which the balls are attached are 100 mm long and are parallel to the governor axis at the
minimum radius. determine the equilibrium speeds corresponding to extreme radii of 180 mm
and 240 mm
4. Calculate the range of speed of a porter governor which has equal arms of each 200 mm long and
pivoted on the axis of rotation. the mass of each ball is 4 kg and the central mass of the sleeve is
20 kg.the radius of rotation of the ball is 100 mm when the governor begins to lift and 130 mm
when the governor is at maximum speed.

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5. Find the angle of inclination with respect to the vertical for a two wheeler having the following
details negotiating a turn of radius 50 m: combined mass of vehicle with rider = 250 kg; Centre of
gravity with rider in vertical position = 0.6 m; Moment of inertia of flywheel = 0.3 kgm 2; M.I of
each road wheel = 1 kg-m2; Speed of engine is five times that of road wheels and in same
direction; Vehicle speed = 90km/h; wheel diameter = 600 mm. (May/June 2014)
6. A hartnell governor having a central sleeve spring and two right angled bell crank levers operates
between 290 rpm and 310 rpm for a sleeve lift of 15 mm.the sleeve and ball arms are 80 mm and
120 mm respectively. The levers are pivoted a
7. t 120 mm from the governor axis and mass of each ball is 2.5 kg.the ball arms are parallel at
lowest equilibrium speed. Determine (i) loads on the spring at maximum and minimum speeds,
and (ii) stiffness of the spring.
8. In a Hartnell governor the lengths of ball and sleeve arms of a bell crank lever are 120 mm and
100 mm respectively. the fulcrum of the bell crank lever is located at 140 mm from the governor
axis each governor ball is 4 kg.the governor runs at 5 rps with ball arms vertical and sleeve arms
horizontal the sleeve movement is found to be 10 mm (upwards) for an increase of speed of
4%.find (i) maximum speed if the total sleeve movement is limited to 20 mm (ii) the spring
stiffness (iii) sensitiveness of governor (iv) required spring stiffness for isochronous at 300 rpm.
(Nov/Dec 2012,2015)
9. A porter governor has equal arms each 250 mm long and pivoted on the axis of rotation each ball
has a mass of 5 kg and the mass of central load on the sleeve is 25 kg.the radius of rotation of the
ball is 150 mm and the governor begins to lift and 200 mm.when the governor is maximum
speed. find the minimum and maximum speeds and range of speed of governor(Nov/Dec 2014)
10. A ship is propelled by a turbine rotor which has a mass of 5 tonnes and a speed of 2100 rpm.the
rotor has a radius of gyration of 0.5 m and rotates in a clockwise direction when viewed from the
stern. Find the gyroscopic effect in the following conditions: (i) the ship sails at a speed of 30
km/hr and steers to the left in curve having 60 m radius; (ii) the ship pitches 6° above and 6°
below the horizontal position. The bow is descending with its maximum velocity. the motion due
to pitching is simple harmonic and a periodic time is 20 seconds.(iii) the ship rolls and at a certain
instant it has an angular velocity of 0.03 rad/sec clockwise when viewed from stern.(May/June
2014,2015)
11. A loaded Porter governor has four links each 250 mm long, two revolving masses each of 3 kg
and a central dead weight of mass 20 kg. All the links are attached to respective sleeves at radial
distances of 40 mm from the axis of rotation. The masses revolve at a radius of 150 mm at
minimum speed and at a radius of 200 mm at maximum speed. Determine the range of speed.
(May/June 2016).
12. Four wheeled motor car of mass 2000 kg has a wheel base 2.5 m, track width 1.5 m and height of
centre of gravity 500 mm above the ground level and lies at 1 metre from the front axle. Each
wheel has an effective diameter of 0.8 m and a moment of inertia of 0.8 kg-m2. The drive shaft,
engine flywheel and transmission are rotating at 4 times the speed of road wheel, in a clockwise
direction when viewed from the front, and is equivalent to a mass of 75 kg having a radius of
gyration of 100 mm. If the car is taking a right turn of 60 m radius at 60 km/h, find the load on
each wheel. (Nov/dec 2016).
13. The arms of a Porter governor are 300 mm long. The upper arms are pivoted on the axis of
rotation. The lower arms are attached to a sleeve at a distance of 40 mm from the axis of rotation.
The mass of the load on the sleeve is 70 kg and the mass of each ball is 10 kg . Determine the
equilibrium speed when the radius of rotation of the balls is 200 mm. If the friction is equivalent
to a load of 20 N at the sleeve, what will be the range of speed for this position ? (Nov/dec 2016).
14. (a) A ship has a propeller of mass moment of inertia 2000 kgm2. The propeller rotates at a
speed of 360 rpm in clockwise sense looking from the stern. Determine gyroscopic
couple and its effect when ship moves at 30km/hr and steers to the left at a radius of
200m.(b) An aircraft consists of a propeller. It consists of engine and propeller of mass
moment of inertia 150kgm2. The engine rotates at 3600 rpm in a sense clockwise looking
from rear. The aircraft completes half circle of radius 100m towards left flying at 360

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ME6505 Dynamics of Machines Department of Mechanical Engineering 2017-2018
km/hr. determine the gyroscopic couple on the aircraft and state its effect. (May/June
2016).

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