SLRP Valuation Report 2010 - FINAL Watermarked
SLRP Valuation Report 2010 - FINAL Watermarked
SLRP Valuation Report 2010 - FINAL Watermarked
Supplemental Legislative
Retirement Plan of Mississippi
Board of Trustees
Public Employees’ Retirement System of Mississippi
429 Mississippi Street
Jackson, MS 39201-1005
Presented in this report are the results of the annual actuarial valuation of the Supplemental Legislative
Retirement Plan of Mississippi. The purpose of the valuation was to measure the Plan’s funding progress
and to determine the unfunded accrued liability amortization period beginning July 1, 2010.
The valuation was based upon data, furnished by the Executive Director and the PERS staff, concerning
active, inactive and retired members along with pertinent financial information. The complete cooperation
of the PERS staff in furnishing materials requested is hereby acknowledged with appreciation.
Your attention is directed particularly to the presentation of contribution rates on page 1 and the
comments on page 6.
To the best of our knowledge, this report is complete and accurate. The valuation was performed by, and
under the supervision of, independent actuaries who are members of the American Academy of Actuaries
with experience in performing valuations for public retirement systems. The undersigned meet the
Qualification Standards of the American Academy of Actuaries to render the actuarial opinion contained
herein.
The valuation was prepared in accordance with the principles of practice prescribed by the Actuarial
Standards Board.
Future actuarial results may differ significantly from the current results presented in this report due to such
factors as the following: plan experience differing from that anticipated by the economic or demographic
assumptions; changes in economic or demographic assumptions; increases or decreases expected as
part of the natural operation of the methodology used for these measurements (such as the end of an
amortization period or additional cost or contribution requirements based on the plan’s funded status);
and changes in plan provisions or applicable law. Since the potential impact of such factors is outside the
scope of a normal annual actuarial valuation, an analysis of the range of results is not presented herein.
The actuarial calculations were performed by qualified actuaries according to generally accepted actuarial
procedures and methods. The calculations are based on the current provisions of the plan, and on
actuarial assumptions that are, in the aggregate, internally consistent and reasonably based on the actual
experience of the plan.
Respectfully submitted,
Thomas J. Cavanaugh, FSA, FCA, EA, MAAA Edward J. Koebel, FCA, EA, MAAA
Chief Executive Officer Principal and Senior Actuary
TJC/EJK:kc
S:\Mississippi SLRP\Valuation\2010\SLRP Valuation Report 2010 FINAL.doc
TABLE OF CONTENTS
II Membership Data 4
IV Comments on Valuation 6
Schedule
F Glossary 36
REPORT ON THE ANNUAL VALUATION OF THE
SUPPLEMENTAL LEGISLATIVE RETIREMENT PLAN OF MISSISSIPPI
PREPARED AS OF JUNE 30, 2010
1. This report, prepared as of June 30, 2010, presents the results of the annual actuarial valuation of
the Plan. For convenience of reference, the principal results of the valuation and a comparison
with the preceding year’s results are summarized below. The current valuation and reported
benefits amount reflect any benefit increases granted to retirees as of July 1, 2010. We
recommend an increase in the contribution rate from 6.65% to 7.40% of active members’
compensation for the 2011/2012 fiscal year in order to keep the anticipated accrued liability
payment period within 30 years in accordance with GASB Statements 25 and 27.
Retirees
Number 142 141
Annual allowances $ 792,670 $ 781,231
Assets
Market related actuarial value $ 13,241,000 $ 13,386,000
Market value $ 11,079,000 $ 9,832,000
Page 1
2. The valuation balance sheet showing the results of the valuation is given in Section III.
3. Comments on the valuation results are given in Section IV, comments on the experience and
actuarial gains and losses during the valuation year are given in Section V and the rates of
4. There were no changes to the actuarial assumptions since the last valuation.
5. There were no changes to the benefit provisions or actuarial methods since the last valuation.
6. Schedule A of this report presents the development of the actuarial value of assets. Schedule B
details the actuarial assumptions and methods employed. Schedule C gives a summary of the
7. The table on the following page provides a ten-year history of some pertinent figures.
8. The valuation results are developed based upon the current employer contribution rate of 7.40%
expense pension costs at the actuarially required contribution level, which is based on a
9. All amounts shown prior to the 2004/2005 fiscal year were developed and/or reported by the prior
actuarial firm.
Page 2
Supplemental Legislative Retirement Plan of Mississippi
Comparative Schedule*
Valuation Results
Active Members Retired Lives
($ thousands)
% increase Benefits
Valuation from Active/ Annual as
Date Payroll Average previous Retired Benefits** % of Accrued Valuation
June 30 Number ($ thousands) Salary year Number Ratio ($ thousands) Payroll Liability Assets UAAL
2001 175 $5,941 $33,950 1.5% 84 2.1 $313.1 5.3% $10,302 $9,124 $1,178
2002 175 5,988 34,218 0.8 86 2.0 332.6 5.6 11,328 9,730 1,598
2003 175 6,289 35,934 5.0 85 2.1 330.5 5.3 12,220 10,196 2,024
2004 175 5,794 33,109 (7.9) 106 1.7 480.3 8.3 12,934 10,323 2,611
2005 175 6,530 37,315 12.7 114 1.5 582.6 8.9 13,402 10,634 2,768
2006 173 6,354 36,726 (1.6) 122 1.4 629.2 9.9 14,064 11,620 2,444
2007 175 6,554 37,453 2.0 126 1.4 657.8 10.0 15,054 12,722 2,332
2008 175 6,753 38,588 3.0 138 1.3 754.8 11.2 15,615 13,412 2,203
2009 174 6,803 39,100 1.3 141 1.2 781.2 11.5 16,535 13,386 3,149
2010 175 6,605 37,743 (3.6) 142 1.2 792.7 12.0 17,081 13,241 3,840
Page 3
SECTION II – MEMBERSHIP DATA
Data regarding the membership of the Plan for use as a basis for the valuation were furnished by the
Plan’s office. The following tables summarize the membership of the Plan as of June 30, 2010 upon
which the valuation was based. Detailed tabulations of the data are given in Schedule D.
Active Members
Group Averages
Number of
Employers Employers Number Payroll Salary Age* Service*
*Years
Of the 175 active members, 134 are vested and 41 are non-vested.
Retired Lives
Group Averages
Type of Benefit Payment No. Annual Benefits Benefit Age*
Retirement 117 $662,740 $5,664 70.1
Disability 2 12,831 6,416 57.8
Survivor 23 117,099 5,091 64.8
Total in PERS 142 $792,670 $5,582 69.1
*Years
This valuation also includes 10 non-vested inactive members and 51 deferred vested members with
estimated annual benefits of $139,882.
The following valuation balance sheet shows the assets and liabilities of the retirement plan as of the
current valuation date of June 30, 2010 and, for comparison purposes, as of the immediately preceding
valuation date of June 30, 2009. The items shown in the balance sheet are present values actuarially
determined as of the relevant valuation date. The development of the actuarial value of assets is
presented in Schedule A.
Page 4
VALUATION BALANCE SHEET
SHOWING THE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF THE
SUPPLEMENTAL LEGISLATIVE RETIREMENT PLAN OF MISSISSIPPI
ASSETS
LIABILITIES
Page 5
SECTION IV – COMMENTS ON VALUATION
The valuation balance sheet gives the following information with respect to the funds of the Plan as of
Total Assets
The Annuity Savings Account is the fund to which are credited contributions made by members
together with interest thereon. When a member retires, the amount of his or her accumulated
contributions is transferred from the Annuity Savings Account to the Annuity Reserve. The
Employer’s Accumulation Account is the fund to which are credited employer contributions and
investment income, and from which are paid all employer-provided benefits under the plan. The
assets credited to the Annuity Savings Account as of the valuation date, which represent the
accumulated contributions of members to that date, amounted to $2,509,183. The assets
credited to the Annuity Reserve were $1,233,305 and the assets credited to the Employer’s
Accumulation Account totaled $9,498,512. Current actuarial assets as of the valuation date
equaled the sum of these three funds, $13,241,000. Future member contributions to the Annuity
Savings Account were valued to be $1,528,527. Prospective contributions to the Employer’s
Accumulation Account were calculated to be $5,970,025 of which $2,129,747 is attributable to
service rendered after the valuation date (normal contributions) and $3,840,278 is attributable to
service rendered before the valuation date (unfunded accrued liability contributions).
Therefore, the balance sheet shows the present value of current and future assets of the Plan to
be $20,739,552 as of June 30, 2010.
Total Liabilities
The present value of benefits payable on account of presently retired members and beneficiaries
totaled $8,777,175 as of the valuation date. The present value of future benefit payments on
behalf of active members amounted to $10,975,916. In addition, the present value of benefits for
inactive members, due to service rendered before the valuation date, was calculated to be
$986,461.
Therefore, the balance sheet shows the present value for all prospective benefit payments under
the Plan to be $20,739,552 as of June 30, 2010.
Section 25-11-307(1) of State law requires that active members contribute 3.00% of annual compensation
to the Plan.
Section 25-11-307(2) requires that the State contribute a certain percentage of the annual compensation
of members to cover the normal contributions and a certain percentage to cover the accrued liability
contributions of the Plan. These individual contribution percentages are established in accordance with
an actuarial valuation. We recommend the sum of these normal and accrued liability contributions
increase from 6.65% to 7.40% of the annual compensation of all members. The amortization period of
the unfunded accrued liability of the Plan is therefore calculated on an open-ended basis.
Page 6
SECTION V – DERIVATION OF EXPERIENCE GAINS AND LOSSES
Actual experience will never (except by coincidence) coincide exactly with assumed experience. It is
assumed that gains and losses will be in balance over a period of years, but sizable year to year
fluctuations are common. Detail on the derivation of the experience gain/(loss) for the year ended
$ Thousands
(5) Expected UAAL before changes: (1) + (2) – (3) + (4) 3,212.3
Actuarial Gain/(Loss) as a % of
Valuation Date June 30 Beginning Accrued Liabilities
2005 (7.1)%
2006 0.3
2007 1.0
2008 0.9
2009 (3.0)
2010 (3.8)
Page 7
SECTION VI – REQUIRED CONTRIBUTION RATES
The valuation balance sheet gives the basis for determining the percentage rates for contributions to be
made by employers to the Retirement Plan. The following table shows the rates of contribution payable
by employers as determined from the present valuation for the 2011/2012 fiscal year.
Normal Cost:
Service retirement benefits 6.27%
Disability benefits 0.31
Survivor benefits 0.53
Total 7.11%
The components of the change in the computed unfunded accrued liability amortization period from 26.2
Page 8
SECTION VII – CASH FLOW PROJECTION
Regular actuarial valuations measure the Retirement Plan’s present financial position and contributions
adequacy by calculating and financing the liabilities created by the present benefit program. This process
involves discounting to present values the future benefit payments on behalf of present active and retired
members and their survivors. However, valuations do not produce information regarding future changes
in the makeup of the covered group or the amounts of benefits to be paid or investment income to be
Whereas valuations provide a snapshot of the retirement plan as of a given date, projections provide a
moving picture. Projected active and retired groups are developed from year to year by the application of
assumptions regarding pre-retirement withdrawal from service, retirements, deaths, disabilities, and the
addition of new members. Projected information regarding the retired life group leads to assumed future
benefit payout. Combining future benefit payments with assumed contributions and expected investment
earnings produces the net cash flow of the Plan each year, and thus end of year asset levels.
Projections are used for many purposes. Among them are (i) developing cash flow patterns for
investment policy and asset mix consideration, (ii) exploring the effect of alternative assumptions about
future experience, (iii) analyzing the impact on plan funding progress of changes in the workforce, and (iv)
Projection results are useful in demonstrating changing relationships among key elements affecting plan
financial activity. For example: how benefits payable and plan assets will grow in future decades.
Projections are not predictions of specific future events and do not provide numeric precision in absolute
terms. For instance, cash flow projected to occur 10 years in the future will not be exact (except by
coincidence), but understanding the changed relationship between future benefit payout and future
Page 9
Mississippi Supplemental Legislative Retirement Plan
Twenty-five Year Cash Flow Projection
Page 10
Mississippi Supplemental Legislative Retirement Plan
Twenty-five Year Cash Flow Projection Based on Valuation Assumptions
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034
Year Beginning July 1
Contributions Benefits
$4,000
Dollars in Thousands
$3,000
$2,000
$1,000
$0
-$1,000
-$2,000
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034
Year Beginning July 1
Page 11
SECTION VIII – SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE INFORMATION
1. Statement Nos. 25 and 27 of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) set forth
certain items of information to be disclosed in the financial statements of the Plan and the
employer. One such item is a distribution of the number of employees by type of membership, as
follows:
GROUP NUMBER
Page 12
2. Another such item is the schedule of funding progress as shown below.
(6)
(2) Unfunded
Actuarial AAL as a
(1) Accrued (3) (4) (5) Percentage
Actuarial Liability Percent Unfunded Annual of Covered
Plan Year Value of (AAL) Funded AAL Covered Payroll
Ended Assets Entry Age (1)/(2) (2) – (1) Payroll (4)/(5)
06/30/2001*# $9,124,000 $10,302,034 88.6% $1,178,034 $5,941,332 19.8%
06/30/2002* 9,730,000 11,328,039 85.9 1,598,039 5,988,135 26.7
06/30/2003 10,196,000 12,219,519 83.4 2,023,519 6,288,514 32.2
06/30/2004* 10,323,000 12,934,100 79.8 2,611,100 5,794,099 45.1
06/30/2005# 10,634,000 13,401,595 79.3 2,767,595 6,530,045 42.4
06/30/2006 11,620,000 14,063,614 82.6 2,443,614 6,353,542 38.5
06/30/2007 12,722,000 15,053,526 84.5 2,331,526 6,554,229 35.6
06/30/2008* 13,412,000 15,614,687 85.9 2,202,687 6,752,960 32.6
06/30/2009# 13,386,000 16,534,870 81.0 3,148,870 6,803,339 46.3
06/30/2010 13,241,000 17,081,278 77.5 3,840,278 6,605,037 58.1
Page 13
3. The annual required contribution (ARC) of the employer as a percentage of payroll, determined in
accordance with the parameters of GASB 25/27, is shown below. The accrued liability rate is
based on amortization of the unfunded actuarial accrued liability of $3,840,278 over a period of
Actuarial assumptions:
Page 14
Schedule of Employer Contributions
Page 15
Solvency Tests
($ in Thousands)
Portions of Accrued
Actuarial Accrued Liabilities for Liabilities Covered
by Assets
(1)
Accumulated (3)
Employee (2) Active and
Contributions Retirees and Inactive
Including Beneficiaries Members
Allocated Currently Employer Net Assets
Valuation Investment Receiving Financed Available for
Date Earnings Benefits Portion Benefits (1) (2) (3)
Page 16
Schedule of Active Member Valuation Data
Active Members
Number of Annual % Increase in
Valuation Date Employers Number Annual Payroll Average Pay Average Pay
Item 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Beginning
of Year 76 84 86 85 106 114 122 126 138 141
Added 10 6 1 26 8 12 6 20 7 6
Removed (2) (4) (2) (5) 0 (4) (2) (8) (4) (5)
End of
Year 84 86 85 106 114 122 126 138 141 142
Page 17
Schedule of Benefit Payments Added To and Removed From Rolls
Last Seven Fiscal Years
Page 18
Schedule of Average Benefit Payments
Page 19
Schedule of Average Benefit Payments
Page 20
SCHEDULE A
Development of Actuarial Value of Assets
($ thousands)
Valuation Date June 30: 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Page 21
Asset Summary
June 30, 2010
($ in Thousands)
7. Investment Increment/Mean
Assets* 14.7% 7.0% 0.3%
I = Investment increment
A = Beginning of year asset value
B = End of year asset value
Page 22
SCHEDULE B
INTEREST RATE: 8.00% per annum, compounded annually (net after investment expenses).
SEPARATIONS FROM ACTIVE SERVICE: Representative values of the assumed rates of separation
Annual Rate of
Death
Age Male Female Disability*
* 94% are presumed to be non-duty related, and 6% are assumed to be duty related.
SERVICE RETIREMENT: 25% in an election year, none in a non-election year. All members are
assumed to retire no later than age 75.
It is assumed that a member will be granted 2.5 years of service credit for unused leave at termination of
employment.
SALARY INCREASES: 4.50% per annum, for all ages. The merit and seniority component is 0.25% and
the wage inflation component is 4.25%.
DEATH AFTER RETIREMENT: The mortality table, for post-retirement mortality, used in evaluating
allowances to be paid was the 1994 Group Annuity Mortality Table. Special tables were used for the
period after disability retirement. This assumption is used to measure the probabilities of each benefit
payment being made after retirement.
Page 23
MARRIAGE ASSUMPTION: 85% married with the husband three years older than his wife.
VALUATION METHOD: Entry age normal cost method. Entry age is established on an individual basis.
ASSET VALUATION METHOD: Actuarial value, as developed in Schedule A. The actuarial value of
assets recognizes a portion of the difference between the market value of assets and the expected
market value of assets, based on the assumed valuation rate of return. The amount recognized each
year is 20% of the difference between market value and expected market value.
Page 24
SCHEDULE C
The following summary presents the main benefit and contribution provisions of the Plan in effect
June 30, 2010 as interpreted in preparing the actuarial valuation. As used in the summary, “average
compensation” means the average annual covered earnings of an employee during the four highest years
of service. “Covered earnings” means gross salary not in excess of the maximum amount on which
contributions were required. “Fiscal year” means a year commencing on July 1 and ending June 30.
“Eligibility service” is all service in PERS, including that credited for SLRP service. “Creditable service”
Maximum Maximum
Fiscal Fiscal Covered Covered
Date From Date To Employer Rate Earnings Employee Rate Earnings
Page 25
BENEFITS
Superannuation Retirement
Page 26
In addition, a benefit is payable to dependent children
until age 19 (23 if a full time student). The benefit is
equal to the greater of 5% of average compensation or
$25 per month for each dependent child up to 3.
Disability Retirement
Amount of Allowance For those who were active members prior to July 1,
1992, and did not elect the benefit structure outlined
below, the annual disability retirement allowance
payable is equal to a superannuation retirement
allowance if the member has attained age 60, otherwise
it is equal to a superannuation retirement allowance
calculated as follows:
Page 28
Normal Form of Benefit The normal form of benefit is an allowance payable
during the life of the member with the provision that upon
his or her death the excess of his or her total
contributions at the time of retirement over the total
retirement annuity paid to him or her will be paid to his or
her designated beneficiary.
Page 29
A member who has at least 28 years of creditable
service* under PERS can select a partial lump-sum
option at retirement. Under this option, the retiree has
the option of taking a partial lump-sum distribution equal
to either 12, 24, or 36 times the base maximum monthly
benefit. With each lump-sum amount, the base
maximum monthly benefit will be actuarially reduced. A
member selecting the partial lump-sum option may also
select any of the regular options except Option 1, the
prorated single-life annuity, and Option 4-C, the Social
Security leveling provision. The benefit is then
calculated using the new reduced maximum benefit as a
starting point in applying the appropriate option factors
for the reduction.
Post-Retirement Adjustments
In Allowances The allowances of retired members are adjusted
annually by an amount equal to (a) 3% of the annual
retirement allowance for each full fiscal year of
retirement prior to the year in which the member reaches
age 55, plus (b) 3% compounded for each year
thereafter beginning with the fiscal year in which the
member turns age 55; provided, however, that the
annual adjustment will not be less than 4% of the annual
retirement allowance for each full fiscal year in
retirement through June 30, 1998.
CONTRIBUTIONS
Members currently contribute 3.00% of covered earnings. The employer contributes that additional
amount necessary to fund the benefits outlined above on a full actuarial reserve funding basis.
Page 30
SCHEDULE D
Page 31
Schedule of Retired Members by Type of Benefit
Amount of
Monthly Number Ret Ret Ret Option Option Option Option Option Option Option PLSO** PLSO** PLSO**
Benefit of Rets. Type 1* Type 2* Type 3* Life 1 2 3 4A 4B 4C** 5 1 Year 2 Years 3 Years
$1 – $100 10 9 1 5 2 3 1 1
101 – 200 20 16 4 10 1 8 1 1
201 – 300 34 26 8 17 1 9 2 1 3 1 1
301 – 400 35 30 1 4 16 1 10 2 5 1 1 6
401 – 500 12 8 1 3 7 3 1 1 2 2
501 – 600 6 4 2 1 2 2 1 1
601 – 700 10 10 3 4 3 1
701 – 800 5 5 2 1 1 1 1
801 – 900 6 6 2 1 1 2 1
901 – 1,000 1 1 1 1
Over 1,000 3 2 1 1 1 1 1
Totals 142 117 2 23 65 3 41 2 5 21 1 5 2 2 16
Page 32
Supplemental Legislative Retirement Plan of Mississippi
Survivors and
Service Retirement Disability Retirement Total
Beneficiaries
Attained
Age Annual Annual Annual Annual
No. Benefits No. Benefits No. Benefits No. Benefits
Under 20
20 – 24 1 $1,957 1 $1,957
25 – 29
30 – 34
35 – 39
40 – 44 2 9,782 2 9,782
45 – 49
50 – 54 3 $12,702 1 4,235 4 16,937
55 – 59 9 81,924 1 $6,481 2 9,216 12 97,621
95
96
97
98
99
Page 33
Supplemental Legislative Retirement Plan Of Mississippi
Under 20
20 – 24
25 – 29 1 1 $34,463
30 – 34 3 4 7 248,985
35 – 39 6 3 2 1 12 446,137
40 – 44 8 2 2 1 13 477,603
45 – 49 5 5 4 14 523,071
50 – 54 3 5 3 8 1 20 755,566
55 – 59 3 5 2 8 1 3 3 25 996,640
60 4 2 3 1 2 12 452,208
61 1 1 2 67,508
62 2 1 1 1 1 6 223,301
63 1 1 2 2 6 212,531
64 1 1 3 3 1 9 342,406
65 1 3 1 5 203,532
66 1 1 1 2 2 7 265,922
67 1 1 2 68,170
68 1 1 100,570
69 3 1 3 7 248,091
While not used in the financial computations, the following group averages are computed and shown because of
their general interest.
Page 34
SCHEDULE E
MISSISSIPPI SLRP
ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL EXPERIENCE
Page 35
SCHEDULE F
GLOSSARY
Actuarial Accrued Liability. The difference between (i) the actuarial present value of future plan benefits,
and (ii) the actuarial present value of future normal cost. Sometimes referred to as “accrued liability” or
“past service liability”.
Accrued Service. The service credited under the plan which was rendered before the date of the
actuarial valuation.
Actuarial Assumptions. Estimates of future plan experience with respect to rates of mortality, disability,
turnover, retirement, rate or rates of investment income and salary increases. Decrement assumptions
(rates of mortality, disability, turnover and retirement) are generally based on past experience, often
modified for projected changes in conditions. Economic assumptions (salary increases and investment
income) consist of an underlying rate in an inflation-free environment plus a provision for a long-term
average rate of inflation.
Actuarial Cost Method. A mathematical budgeting procedure for allocating the dollar amount of the
“actuarial present value of future plan benefits” between the actuarial present value of future normal cost
and the actuarial accrued liability. Sometimes referred to as the “actuarial funding method”.
Actuarial Equivalent. A series of payments is called on actuarial equivalent of another series of payments
if the two series have the same actuarial present value.
Actuarial Present Value. The amount of funds presently required to provide a payment or series of
payments in the future. It is determined by discounting the future payments at a predetermined rate of
interest, taking into account the probability of payment.
Amortization. Paying off an interest-bearing liability by means of periodic payments of interest and
principal, as opposed to paying it off with a lump sum payment.
Experience Gain (Loss). A measure of the difference between actual experience and that expected
based upon a set of actuarial assumptions during the period between two actuarial valuation dates, in
accordance with the actuarial cost method being used.
Normal Cost. The annual cost assigned, under the actuarial funding method, to current and subsequent
plan years. Sometimes referred to as “current service cost”. Any payment toward the unfunded actuarial
accrued liability is not part of the normal cost.
Reserve Account. An account used to indicate that funds have been set aside for a specific purpose and
are not generally available for other uses.
Unfunded Actuarial Accrued Liability. The difference between the actuarial accrued liability and valuation
assets. Sometimes referred to as “unfunded accrued liability”.
Valuation Assets. The value of current plan assets recognized for valuation purposes. Generally based
on book value plus a portion of unrealized appreciation or depreciation.
Page 36