NCERT Solution For CBSE Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 Introduction To Trigonometry PDF

NCERT Solution for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 – Introduction to Trigonometry
Exercise 8.1 Page: 181

1. In ∆ ABC, right-angled at B, AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 cm. Determine:
(i) sin A, cos A
(ii) sin C, cos C
Solution:
In a given triangle ABC, right angled at B = ∠B = 90°
Given: AB = 24 cm and BC = 7 cm
According to the Pythagoras Theorem,
In a right- angled triangle, the squares of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides.
By applying Pythagoras theorem, we get
AC2=AB2+BC2
AC2 (24)2+72
AC2 =(576+49)
AC2 = 625cm2
Therefore, AC = 25 cm
(i) To find Sin (A), Cos (A)

We know that sine (or) Sin function is the equal to the ratio of length of the opposite side to the
hypotenuse side. So it becomes
Opposite Side BC 7
Sin (A) = = =
Hypotenuse Side AC 25
Cosine or Cos function is equal to the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse side and
it becomes,
Adjacent Side 𝐀𝐁 𝟐𝟒
Cos (A) = = =
Hypotenuse Side 𝐀𝐂 𝟐𝟓
(ii)To find Sin (C), Cos (C)

𝐀𝐁 𝟐𝟒
Sin (C) = =
𝐀𝐂 𝟐𝟓
𝑩𝑪 𝟕
Cos (C) = =
𝑨𝑪 𝟐𝟓
2. In Fig. 8.13, find tan P – cot R
Solution:
In the given triangle PQR, the given triangle is right angled at Q and the given measures are:
PR = 13cm,

PQ = 12cm
Since the given triangle is right angled triangle, to find the side QR, apply the Pythagorean theorem
According to Pythagorean theorem,
In a right- angled triangle, the squares of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides.
PR2 = QR2 + PQ2
Substitute the values of PR and PQ
132=QR2+122
169=QR2+144
Therefore, QR2=169−144
QR2=25
QR= √25 = 5
Therefore, the side QR = 5 cm
To find tan P – cot R:
According to the trigonometric ratio, the tangent function is equal to the ratio of the length of the
opposite side to the adjacent sides, the value of tan (P) becomes
Opposite Side QR 5
tan (P) = = =
Adjacent Side PQ 12
Since cot function is the reciprocal of the tan function, the ratio of cot function becomes,
Adjacent Side QR 5
Cot ( R ) == = =
Opposite Side PQ 12
Therefore,
5 5
tan (P) – cot (R) = - = 0
12 12
Therefore, tan(P) – cot(R) = 0
𝟑
3. If sin A = , Calculate cos A and tan A.
𝟒
Solution:
Let us assume a right angled triangle ABC, right angled at B
3
Given: Sin A =
4
We know that, Sin function is the equal to the ratio of length of the opposite side to the hypotenuse side.
Opposite Side 3
Therefore, Sin A = =
Hypotenuse Side 4
Let BC be 3k and AC will be 4k

where k is a positive real number.
According to the Pythagoras theorem, the squares of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides of a right angle triangle and we get,
AC2=AB2 + BC2
Substitute the value of AC and BC
(4k)2=AB2 + (3k)2
16k2−9k2 =AB2
AB2=7k2
Therefore, AB = √7 k
Now, we have to find the value of cos A and tan A
We know that,
Adjacent Side
Cos (A) =
Hypotenuse Side
Substitute the value of AB and AC and cancel the constant k in both numerator and denominator, we get
AB √7𝑘 √7
= =
AC 4k 4
√7
Therefore, cos (A) =
4
Opposite Side
tan(A) =
Adjacent Side
Substitute the Value of BC and AB and cancel the constant k in both numerator and denominator, we
get,
BC 3k 3
= =
AB √7𝑘 √7
3
Therefore, tan A =
√7
4. Given 15 cot A = 8, find sin A and sec A.

Solution:
Given: 15 cot A = 8
8
So, Cot A =
15
We know that, cot function is the equal to the ratio of length of the adjacent side to the opposire side.
Adjacent Side AB 8
Therefore, cot A = == =
Opposite Side BC 15
Let AB be 8k and BC will be 15k

Where, k is a positive real number.
AC2=AB2 + BC2
Substitute the value of AB and BC
AC2= (8k)2 + (15)2
AC2= 64k2 + 2252
AC2= 2892
Therefore, AC = 17 k
Now, we have to find the value of sin A and sec A
We know that,
Opposite Side
Sin (A) =
Hypotenuse Side
Substitute the value of BC and AC and cancel the constant k in both numerator and denominator, we get
BC 15k 15
Sin A = = =
AC 17k 17
15
Therefore, sin A =
17
Since secant or sec function is the reciprocal of the cos function which is equal to the ratio of the length
of the hypotenuse side to the adjacent side.
Hypotenuse Side
Sec (A) =
Adjacent Side
Substitute the Value of BC and AB and cancel the constant k in both numerator and denominator, we
get,
AC 17k 17
= =
AB 8k 8
17
Therefore sec (A) =
8
𝟏𝟑
5. Given sec θ = . Calculate all other trigonometric ratios
𝟏𝟐
Solution:
We know that sec function is the reciprocal of the cos function which is equal to the ratio of the length
of the hypotenuse side to the adjacent side
13 Hypotenuse Side 𝐴𝐶
sec θ = = =
12 Adjacent Side AB
Let AC be 13k and AB will be 12k
Where, k is a positive real number.
AC2=AB2 + BC2
Substitute the value of AB and AC
(13k)2= (12k)2 + BC2
169k2= 144k2 + BC2
169k2= 144k2 + BC2
BC2 = 169k2 - 144k2
BC2= 252
Therefore, BC = 5k
Now, substitute the corresponding values in all other trigonometric ratios

So,
Opposite Side 𝐵𝐶 5
Sin θ = = =
Adjacent Side 𝐴𝐵 12
Cos θ = = =
Opposite Side 𝐵𝐶 5
tan θ = = =
Adjacent side Side AB 12

Hypotenuse Side 𝐴𝐶 13
Cosec θ = = =
Opposite Side BC 5
Adjacent Side 𝐴𝐵 12
cot θ = = =
Opposite Side BC 5
6. If ∠A and ∠B are acute angles such that cos A = cos B, then show that ∠ A = ∠ B.
Solution:
Let us assume the triangle ABC in which CD⊥AB

Give that the angles A and B are acute angles, such that
Cos (A) = cos (B)
As per the angles taken, the cos ratio is written as
𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐷
=
AC BC
Now, interchange the terms, we get
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐶
=
BD BC
Let take a constant value
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐶
= =k
BD BC
Now consider the equation as
AD = k BD …(1)
AC = K BC …(2)
By applying Pythagoras theorem in △CAD and △CBD we get,
CD2 = BC2 – BD2 … (3)
CD2=AC2−AD2 ….(4)
From the equations (3) and (4) we get,
AC2−AD2=BC2−BD2
Now substitute the equations (1) and (2) in (3) and (4)
K2(BC2−BD2)=(BC2−BD2) k2=1
Putting this value in equation, we obtain
AC = BC
∠A=∠B (Angles opposite to equal side are equal-isosceles triangle)
𝟕
7. If cot θ = , evaluate :
𝟖
(𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 )(𝟏− 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 )
(i)
(𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 )(𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉)
(ii) cot2 θ
Solution:
Let us assume a △ABC in which ∠B=90° and ∠C= θ
Given:
𝐵𝐶 7
cot θ = =
AB 8
Let BC = 7k and AB = 8k, where k is a positive real number
According to Pythagoras theorem in △ABC we get.
AC2=AB2+BC2
AC2=(8k)2+(7k)2
AC2=64k2+49k2
AC2=113k2
AC= √113 k
According to the sine and cos function ratios, it is written as
𝐴𝐵 Opposite Side 8𝑘 8
sin θ = = = = and
AC Hypotenuse Side √113𝑘 √113
Adjacent Side 𝐵𝐶 7𝑘 7
cos θ = = = =
Hypotenuse Side AC √113𝑘 √113
Now apply the values of sin function and cos function:
(1+sin θ )(1− sinθ ) 1−sin2 θ
(i) =
(1+cos θ )(1−cosθ) 1−cos2 θ
8 2
1−( ) 49
√113
= 7 2 =
1−( ) 64
√113
7 2 49
(ii) cot2 θ = ( ) =
8 64
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐀
8. If 3 cot A = 4, check whether = cos2 A – sin 2 A or not.
𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐀
Solution:
Let △ABC in which ∠B=90°
We know that, cot function is the reciprocal of tan function and it is written as
𝐴𝐵 4
cot(A) = =
BC 3
Let AB = 4k an BC =3k, where k is a positive real number.
According to the Pythagorean theorem,
AC2=AB2+BC2
AC2=(4k)2+(3k)2
AC2=16k2+9k2
AC2=25k2
AC=5k
Now, apply the values corresponding to the ratios
𝐵𝐶 3
tan(A) = =
AB 4
𝐵𝐶 3
sin (A) = =
AC 5
𝐴𝐵 4
cos (A) = =
AC 5
Now compare the left hand side(LHS) with right hand side(RHS)
3 2 9
1−tan2 A 1−( ) 1− 7
4 16
L.H.S. =
1+tan2 A
= 3 2
= 9 =
1+( ) 1+ 25
4 16

4 2 3 2 16 9 7
R.H.S. = cos2 A – sin 2 A = ( ) − ( ) = − =
5 5 25 25 25
7
Since, both the LHS and RHS =
25
R.H.S. =L.H.S.
1−tan2 A
Hence, = cos2 A – sin 2 A is proved
1+tan2 A
𝟏
9. In triangle ABC, right-angled at B, if tan A = find the value of: (i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C
√𝟑
(ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C
Solution:
Let ΔABC in which ∠B=90°
𝐵𝐶 𝟏
tanA= =
𝐴𝐵 √𝟑
Let BC = 1k and AB =√3 k,
Where k is the positive real number of the problem
By Pythagoras theorem in ΔABC we get:
AC2=AB2+BC2
AC2=(√3 k)2+(k)2
AC2=3k2+k2
AC2=4k2
AC = 2k
Now find the values of cos A, Sin A
𝐵𝐶 𝟏
Sin A = =𝟐
𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐵
Cos A = = √𝟑
𝐴𝐶 𝟐
Then find the values of cos C and sin C
𝐴𝐵
Sin C = = √𝟑
𝐴𝐶 𝟐
𝐵𝐶 𝟏
Cos C = =𝟐
𝐴𝐶
Now, substitute the values in the given problem
1 1 √3 √3 1 3 4
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C = . + . = + = =1
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
√3 1 1 √3 √3 √3
(ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C = . − . = − =0
2 2 2 2 4 4
10. In ∆ PQR, right-angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm. Determine the values of sin P, cos P
and tan P
Solution:
In a given triangle PQR, right angled at Q, the following measures are
PQ = 5 cm
PR + QR = 25 cm
Now let us assume, QR = x
PR = 25-QR
PR = 25- x
According to the Pythagorean Theorem,
PR2 = PQ2 + QR2
Substitute the value of PR as x
(25- x) 2 = 52 + x2
252 + x2 – 50x = 25 + x2
625 + x2-50x -25 – x2 = 0
-50x = -600
−600
x=
−50
x = 12 = QR
Now, find the value of PR
PR = 25- QR
Substitute the value of QR
PR = 25-12
PR = 13
Now, substitute the value to the given problem
Opposite Side 𝑄𝑅 12
(1) sin p =
Hypotenuse Side
= =
𝑃𝑅 13
Adjacent Side 𝑃𝑄 5
(2) Cos p = = =
Hypotenuse Side 𝑃𝑅 13
Opposite Side 𝑄𝑅 12
(3) tan p = = =
Adjacent side Side 𝑃𝑄 5
11. State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer.
(i) The value of tan A is always less than 1.
𝟏𝟐
(ii) sec A = for some value of angle A.
𝟓
(iii)cos A is the abbreviation used for the cosecant of angle A.
(iv) cot A is the product of cot and A.
𝟒
(v) sin θ = for some angle θ.
𝟑
Solution:
(i)The value of tan A is always less than 1.

Answer: False
Proof: In ΔMNC in which ∠N = 90∘,
MN = 3, NC = 4 and MC = 5
Value of tan M = 4/3 which is greater than.
The triangle can be formed with sides equal to 3, 4 and hypotenuse = 5 as it will follow the Pythagoras theorem.
MC2=MN2+NC2
52=32+42
25=9+16
25 = 25

12
(ii) sec A = for some value of angle A
5
Answer: True
Justification: Let a ΔMNC in which ∠N = 90º,
MC=12k and MB=5k, where k is a positive real number.
By Pythagoras theorem we get,
MC2=MN2+NC2
(12k)2=(5k)2+NC2
NC2+25k2=144k2
NC2=119k2
Such a triangle is possible as it will follow the Pythagoras theorem.
(iii) cos A is the abbreviation used for the cosecant of angle A.

Answer: False
Justification: Abbreviation used for cosecant of angle M is cosec M. cos M is the abbreviation used for cosine of
angle M.
(iv) cot A is the product of cot and A.

Answer: False
Justification: cot M is not the product of cot and M. It is the cotangent of ∠M.
4
(v) sin θ = for some angle θ.
3
Answer: False
Justification: sin θ = Height/Hypotenuse
We know that in a right angled triangle, Hypotenuse is the longest side.
∴ sin θ will always less than 1 and it can never be 4/3 for any value of θ.
1. Evaluate the following :

(i) sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°
(ii) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝟓°
(𝐢𝐢𝐢)
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑𝟎° + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑𝟎°
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎° + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝟓° − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟔𝟎°

(𝐢𝐯)
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑𝟎° + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝟎° + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟒𝟓°
𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟔𝟎° + 𝟒𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝟑𝟎° − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝟒𝟓°

(𝐯)
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝟑𝟎° + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟑𝟎°
Solution:
(i) sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°
First, find the values of the given trigonometric ratios
1
sin 30° =
2
√3
cos 30°=
2
√3
sin 60° =
2
1
cos 60°=
2
Now, substitute the values in the given problem
√3 √3 1 1 3 1 4
sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60° = . + . = + = =1
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
(ii) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60
We know that, the values of the trigonometric ratios are:

√3
sin 60° =
2
√3
cos 30° =
2
tan 45° = 1
Substitute the values in the given problem
2 2
√3 √3
2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60 = 2(1)2 + ( ) − ( )
2 2
2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60 = 2 + 0
2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60 = 2
cos 45°
(iii)
sec 30° + cosec 30°
We know that,

1
cos 45° =
√2
2
sec 30 ° =
√3
cosec 30° = 2
Substitute the values, we get

1 1
cos 45° √2 √2
= 2 = 2+2√3
sec 30°+cosec 30° +2
√3 √3
1 √3
= ×
√2 2+2√3
1 √3 √3 √3
= × = =
√2 2(1+√3) 2√2(1+√3) 2√2(√3+1)
Now, rationalize the terms we get,
√3 √3−1 3−√3 3−√3

= × = =
2√2(√3+1) √3−1 2√2 (3−1) 2√2 (2)
Now, multiply both the numerator and denominator by √2, we get
3−√3 √2 3√2−√3√2 3√2−√6

= × = =
2√2 (2) √2 8 8
Therefore,
cos 45° 3√2 − √6
=
sec 30° + cosec 30° 8
sin 30° + tan 45° − cosec 60°

(iv)
sec 30° + cos 60° + cot 45°
We know that,
1
sin 30° =
2
tan 45° = 1
2
cosec 60° =
√3
2
sec 30 ° =
√3
1
cos 60° =
2
cot 45° = 1
Substitute the values in the given problem, we get

1 2 √3+2√3−4
sin 30°+tan 45°−cosec 60° +1−
2 √3 2√3
= 2 1 = 4+√3+2√3
sec 30°+cos 60°+cot 45° + +1
√3 2 2√3
Now, cancel the term 2√3, in numerator and denominator, we get
√3+2√3−4 3√3−4
= =
4+√3+2√3 3√3+4
Now, rationalize the terms
3√3−4 3√3−4
= ×
3√3+4 3√3−4
27−12√3−12√3+16 27−24√3+16 43−24√3

= = =
27−12√3+12√3+16 11 11
Therefore,
sin 30° + tan 45° − cosec 60° 43 − 24√3
=
sec 30° + cos 60° + cot 45° 11
5 cos 2 60° + 4sec 2 30° − tan2 45°

(v)
sin2 30° + cos2 30°
We know that,
1
cos 60° =
2
2
sec 30 ° =
√3
tan 45° = 1
1
sin 30° =
2
√3
cos 30° =
2
Now, substitute the values in the given problem, we get
= (5cos260° + 4sec230° - tan245°)/(sin230° + cos230°)
= 5(1/2)2+4(2/√3)2-12/(1/2)2+(√3/2)2
= (5/4+16/3-1)/(1/4+3/4)
= (15+64-12)/12/(4/4)
= 67/12
2. Choose the correct option and justify your choice :

(i) 2tan 30°/1+tan230° =
(A) sin 60° (B) cos 60° (C) tan 60° (D) sin 30°
(ii) 1-tan245°/1+tan245° =
(A) tan 90° (B) 1 (C) sin 45° (D) 0
(iii) sin 2A = 2 sin A is true when A =
(A) 0° (B) 30° (C) 45° (D) 60°

(iv) 2tan30°/1-tan230° =
(A) cos 60° (B) sin 60° (C) tan 60° (D) sin 30°
Solution:
(i) (A) is correct.

Substitute the of tan 30° in the given equation
tan 30° = 1/√3
2tan 30°/1+tan230° = 2(1/√3)/1+(1/√3)2
= (2/√3)/(1+1/3) = (2/√3)/(4/3)
= 6/4√3 = √3/2 = sin 60°
The obtained solution is equivalent to the trigonometric ratio sin 60°
(ii) (D) is correct.

tan 45° =
1-tan245°/1+tan245° = (1-12)/(1+12)
= 0/2 = 0
The solution of the above equation is 0.
(iii) (A) is correct.

To find the value of A, substitute the degree given in the options one by one
sin 2A = 2 sin A is true when A =
= As sin 2A = sin 0° = 0
2 sin A = 2sin 0° = 2×0 = 0
or,
Apply the sin 2A formula, to find the degree value
sin 2A = 2sin A cos A
⇒2sin A cos A = 2 sin A
⇒ 2cos A = 2 ⇒ cos A = 1
Now, we have to check, to get the solution as 1, which degree value has to be applied.
When 0 degree is applied to cos value, i.e., cos 0 =1
Therefore, ⇒ A = 0°
(iv) (C) is correct.

tan 30° = 1/√3

2tan30°/1-tan230° = 2(1/√3)/1-(1/√3)2
= (2/√3)/(1-1/3) = (2/√3)/(2/3) = √3 = tan 60°
The value of the given equation is equivalent to tan 60°

𝟏
3. If tan (A + B) = √𝟑 and tan (A – B) = ,0° < A + B ≤ 90°; A > B, find A and B.
√𝟑
Solution:
tan (A + B) = √3
Since √3 = tan 60°
Now substitute the degree value
⇒ tan (A + B) = tan 60°
(A + B) = 60° ... (i)
The above equation is assumed as equation (i)
tan (A – B) = 1/√3
Since 1/√3 = tan 30°
Now substitute the degree value
⇒ tan (A - B) = tan 30°
(A - B) = 30° ... equation (ii)
Now add the equation (i) and (ii), we get
A + B + A - B = 60° + 30°
Cancel the terms B
2A = 90°
A= 45°
Now, substitute the value of A in equation (i) to find the value of B
45° + B = 60°
B = 60° - 45°
B = 15°
Therefore A = 45° and B = 15°
4. State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer.
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B.
(ii) The value of sin θ increases as θ increases.
(iii) The value of cos θ increases as θ increases.
(iv) sin θ = cos θ for all values of θ.
(v) cot A is not defined for A = 0°.
Solution:
(i) False.
Justification:
Let us take A = 30° and B = 60°, then
Substitute the values in the sin (A + B) formula, we get

sin (A + B) = sin (30° + 60°) = sin 90° = 1 and,
sin A + sin B = sin 30° + sin 60°
= 1/2 + √3/2 = 1+√3/2
Since the values obtained are not equal, the solution is false.

(ii) True.
Justification:
According to the values obtained as per the unit circle, the values of sin are:
sin 0° = 0
sin 30° = 1/2
sin 45° = 1/√2
sin 60° = √3/2
sin 90° = 1
Thus the value of sin θ increases as θ increases. Hence, the statement is true
(iii) False.
According to the values obtained as per the unit circle, the values of cos are:
cos 0° = 1
cos 30° = √3/2
cos 45° = 1/√2
cos 60° = 1/2
cos 90° = 0
Thus the value of cos θ decreases as θ increases. So, the statement given above is false
(iv) False
sin θ = cos θ, when a right triangle has 2 angles of (π/4). Therefore, the above statement is false.
(v) True.
Since cot function is the reciprocal of the tan function, it is also written as:
cot A = cos A/sin A
Now substitute A = 0°
cot 0° = cos 0°/sin 0° = 1/0 = undefined.
Hence, it is true
1. Evaluate :
(i) sin 18°/cos 72°
(ii) tan 26°/cot 64°
(iii) cos 48° – sin 42°
(iv) cosec 31° – sec 59°
Solution:
(i) sin 18°/cos 72°

To simplify this, convert the sin function into cos function
We know that, 18° is written as 90° - 18°, which is equal to the cos 72°.
= sin (90° - 18°) /cos 72°
Substitute the value, to simplify this equation
= cos 72° /cos 72° = 1
(ii) tan 26°/cot 64°

To simplify this, convert the tan function into cot function
We know that, 26° is written as 90° - 36°, which is equal to the cot 64°.
= tan (90° - 36°)/cot 64°
= cot 64°/cot 64° = 1
(iii) cos 48° - sin 42°

To simplify this, convert the cos function into sin function
We know that, 48° is written as 90° - 42°, which is equal to the sin 42°.
= cos (90° - 42°) - sin 42°
= sin 42° - sin 42° = 0
(iv) cosec 31° - sec 59°

To simplify this, convert the cosec function into sec function
We know that, 31° is written as 90° - 59°, which is equal to the sec 59°.
= cosec (90° - 59°) - sec 59°
= sec 59° - sec 59° = 0
2. Show that :
(i) tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67° = 1
(ii) cos 38° cos 52° – sin 38° sin 52° = 0
Solution:

(i) tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67°
Simplify the given problem by converting some of the tan functions to the cot functions
We know that tan 48° = tan (90° - 42°) = cot 42°
tan 23° = tan (90° - 67°) = cot 67°
= tan (90° - 42°) tan (90° - 67°) tan 42° tan 67°
Substitute the values
= cot 42° cot 67° tan 42° tan 67°
= (cot 42° tan 42°) (cot 67° tan 67°) = 1×1 = 1
(ii) cos 38° cos 52° - sin 38° sin 52°

Simplify the given problem by converting some of the cos functions to the sin functions
We know that cos 38° = cos (90° - 52°) = sin 52°
cos 52°= °) cos (90°-38°) = sin 38°
= cos (90° - 52°) cos (90°-38°) - sin 38° sin 52°
Substitute the values
= sin 52° sin 38° - sin 38° sin 52° = 0
3. If tan 2A = cot (A – 18°), where 2A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
Solution:
tan 2A = cot (A- 18°)
We know that tan 2A = cot (90° - 2A)
Substitute the above equation in the given problem
⇒ cot (90° - 2A) = cot (A -18°)
Now, equate the angles,
⇒ 90° - 2A = A- 18° ⇒ 108° = 3A
A = 108° / 3
Therefore, the value of A = 36°
4. If tan A = cot B, prove that A + B = 90°.

Solution:
tan A = cot B
We know that cot B = tan (90° - B)
To prove A + B = 90°, substitute the above equation in the given problem
tan A = tan (90° - B)
A = 90° - B
A + B = 90°
Hence Proved.
5. If sec 4A = cosec (A – 20°), where 4A is an acute angle, find the value of A.

Solution:
sec 4A = cosec (A - 20°)
We know that sec 4A = cosec (90° - 4A)
To find the value of A , substitute the above equation in the given problem
cosec (90° - 4A) = cosec (A - 20°)
Now, equate the angles
90° - 4A= A- 20°
110° = 5A
A = 110°/ 5 = 22°
Therefore, the value of A = 22°
6. If A, B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC, then show that

sin (B+C/2) = cos A/2
Solution:
We know that, for a given triangle, sum of all the interior angles of a triangle is equal to 180°
A + B + C = 180° ….(1)
To find the value of (B+ C)/2, simplify the equation (1)
⇒ B + C = 180° - A
⇒ (B+C)/2 = (180°-A)/2
⇒ (B+C)/2 = (90°-A/2)
Now, multiply both sides by sin functions, we get
⇒ sin (B+C)/2 = sin (90°-A/2)
Since sin (90°-A/2) = = cos A/2, the above equation is equal to
sin (B+C)/2 = cos A/2
Hence proved.
7. Express sin 67° + cos 75° in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0° and 45°.
Solution:
Given:
sin 67° + cos 75°
In term of sin as cos function and cos as sin function, it can be written as follows
sin 67° = sin (90° - 23°)
cos 75° = cos (90° - 15°)
= sin (90° - 23°) + cos (90° - 15°)
Now, simplify the above equation
= cos 23° + sin 15°
Therefore, sin 67° + cos 75° is also expressed as cos 23° + sin 15°

1. Express the trigonometric ratios sin A, sec A and tan A in terms of cot A.
Solution:
To convert the given trigonometric ratios in terms of cot functions, use trigonometric formulas
We know that,
cosec2A - cot2A = 1
cosec2A = 1 + cot2A
Since cosec function is the inverse of sin function, it is written as
1/sin2A = 1 + cot2A
Now, rearrange the terms, it becomes
sin2A = 1/(1+cot2A)
Now, take square roots on both sides, we get
±1
sin 𝐴 =
√1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴
The above equation defines the sin function in terms of cot function
Now, to express sec function in terms of cot function, use this formula
sin2A = 1/ (1+cot2A)
Now, represent the sin function as cos function
1 - cos2A = 1/ (1+cot2A)
Rearrange the terms,
cos2A = 1 - 1/(1+cot2A)
⇒cos2A = (1-1+cot2A)/(1+cot2A)
Since sec function is the inverse of cos function,
⇒ 1/sec2A = cot2A/(1+cot2A)
Take the reciprocal and square roots on both sides, we get
⇒ sec A = (1+cot2A)/cot2A
±√1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴
sec 𝐴 =
cot 𝐴
Now, to express tan function in terms of cot function
tan A = sin A/cos A and cot A = cos A/sin A
Since cot function is the inverse of tan function, it is rewritten as
Tan A = 1/cot A
2. Write all the other trigonometric ratios of ∠A in terms of sec A.

Solution:

Cos A function in terms of sec A:
sec A = 1/cos A
⇒ cos A = 1/sec A
sec A function in terms of sec A:

cos2A + sin2A = 1
Rearrange the terms
sin2A = 1 - cos2A
sin2A = 1 - (1/sec2A)
sin2A = (sec2A-1)/sec2A
±√sec 2 A − 1
sin A =
sec A
cosec A function in terms of sec A:

sin A = 1/cosec A
⇒cosec A = 1/sin A
± sec A
cosec A =
√sec 2 A − 1
Now, tan A function in terms of sec A:

sec2A - tan2A = 1
Rearrange the terms
⇒ tan2A = sec2A + 1
tan 𝐴 = √𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 + 1
cot A function in terms of sec A:

tan A = 1/cot A
⇒ cot A = 1/tan A
±1
cot 𝐴 =
√𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 + 1
3. Evaluate :
(i) (sin263° + sin227°)/(cos217° + cos273°)
(ii) sin 25° cos 65° + cos 25° sin 65°
Solution:
(i) (sin263° + sin227°)/(cos217° + cos273°)
To simplify this, convert some of the sin functions into cos functions and cos function into sin function and it
becomes,
= [sin2(90°-27°) + sin227°] / [cos2(90°-73°) + cos273°)]

= (cos227° + sin227°)/(sin227° + cos273°)
= 1/1 =1 (since sin2A + cos2A = 1)
Therefore, (sin263° + sin227°)/(cos217° + cos273°) = 1
(ii) sin 25° cos 65° + cos 25° sin 65°

To simplify this, convert some of the sin functions into cos functions and cos function into sin function and it
becomes,
= sin(90°-25°) cos 65° + cos (90°-65°) sin 65°
= cos 65° cos 65° + sin 65° sin 65°
= cos265° + sin265° = 1 (since sin2A + cos2A = 1)
Therefore, sin 25° cos 65° + cos 25° sin 65° = 1
4. Choose the correct option. Justify your choice.

(i) 9 sec2A - 9 tan2A =
(A) 1 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 0
(ii) (1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ - cosec θ)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) - 1
(iii) (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A) =
(A) sec A (B) sin A (C) cosec A (D) cos A
(iv) 1+tan2A/1+cot2A =
(A) sec2 A (B) -1 (C) cot2A (D) tan2A
Solution:
(i) (B) is correct.

Justification:
Take 9 outside, and it becomes
9 sec2A - 9 tan2A
= 9 (sec2A - tan2A)
= 9×1 = 9 (∵ sec2 A - tan2 A = 1)
Therefore, 9 sec2A - 9 tan2A = 9
(ii) (C) is correct

Justification:
(1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ - cosec θ)
We know that, tan θ = sin θ/cos θ
sec θ = 1/ cos θ
cot θ = + cos θ/sin θ
cosec θ = 1/sin θ
Now, substitute the above values in the given problem, we get
= (1 + sin θ/cos θ + 1/ cos θ) (1 + cos θ/sin θ - 1/sin θ)
Simplify the above equation,
= (cos θ +sin θ+1)/cos θ × (sin θ+cos θ-1)/sin θ
= (cos θ+sin θ)2-12/(cos θ sin θ)
= (cos2θ + sin2θ + 2cos θ sin θ -1)/(cos θ sin θ)
= (1+ 2cos θ sin θ -1)/(cos θ sin θ) (Since cos2θ + sin2θ = 1)
= (2cos θ sin θ)/(cos θ sin θ) = 2
Therefore, (1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ - cosec θ) =2
(iii) (D) is correct.

Justification:
We know that,
Sec A= 1/cos A
Tan A = sin A / cos A
Now, substitute the above values in the given problem, we get
(secA + tanA) (1 - sinA)
= (1/cos A + sin A/cos A) (1 - sinA)
= (1+sin A/cos A) (1 - sinA)
= (1 - sin2A)/cos A
= cos2A/cos A = cos A
Therefore, (secA + tanA) (1 - sinA) = cos A
(iv) (D) is correct.

Justification:
We know that,
tan2A =1/cot2A
Now, substitute this in the given problem, we get
1+tan2A/1+cot2A
= (1+1/cot2A)/1+cot2A
= (cot2A+1/cot2A)×(1/1+cot2A)
= 1/cot2A = tan2A
So, 1+tan2A/1+cot2A = tan2A
5. Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles for which the
expressions are defined.
(i) (cosec θ - cot θ)2 = (1-cos θ)/(1+cos θ)
(ii) cos A/(1+sin A) + (1+sin A)/cos A = 2 sec A

(iii) tan θ/(1-cot θ) + cot θ/(1-tan θ) = 1 + sec θ cosec θ
[Hint : Write the expression in terms of sin θ and cos θ]
(iv) (1 + sec A)/sec A = sin2A/(1-cos A)
[Hint : Simplify LHS and RHS separately]
(v) ( cos A–sin A+1)/( cos A +sin A–1) = cosec A + cot A, using the identity cosec2A = 1+cot2A.
𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀
(vi) √ = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐀 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐀
𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀
(vii) (sin θ - 2sin3θ)/(2cos3θ-cos θ) = tan θ

(viii) (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7+tan2A+cot2A
(ix) (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A) = 1/(tan A+cotA)
[Hint : Simplify LHS and RHS separately]
(x) (1+tan2A/1+cot2A) = (1-tan A/1-cot A)2 = tan2A
Solution:
(i) (cosec θ - cot θ)2 = (1-cos θ)/(1+cos θ)
To prove this, first take the Left Hand side(L.H.S) of the given equation, to prove the Right Hand Side
(R.H.S)
L.H.S. = (cosec θ - cot θ)2
The above equation is in the form of (a-b)2, and expand it
Since (a-b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab
Here a = cosec θ and b = cot θ
= (cosec2θ + cot2θ - 2cosec θ cot θ)
Now, apply the corresponding inverse functions and equivalent ratios to simplify
= (1/sin2θ + cos2θ/sin2θ - 2cos θ/sin2θ)
= (1 + cos2θ - 2cos θ)/(1 - cos2θ)
= (1-cos θ)2/(1 - cosθ)(1+cos θ)
= (1-cos θ)/(1+cos θ) = R.H.S.
Therefore, (cosec θ - cot θ)2 = (1-cos θ)/(1+cos θ)

Hence proved.
(ii) (cos A/(1+sin A)) + ((1+sin A)/cos A) = 2 sec A

Now, take the L.H.S of the given equation.
L.H.S. = (cos A/(1+sin A)) + ((1+sin A)/cos A)
= [cos2A + (1+sin A)2]/(1+sin A)cos A
= (cos2A + sin2A + 1 + 2sin A)/(1+sin A) cos A
Since cos2A + sin2A = 1, we can write it as
= (1 + 1 + 2sin A)/(1+sin A) cos A
= (2+ 2sin A)/(1+sin A)cos A
= 2(1+sin A)/(1+sin A)cos A
= 2/cos A = 2 sec A = R.H.S.
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
(cos A/(1+sin A)) + ((1+sin A)/cos A) = 2 sec A
Hence proved.
(iii) tan θ/(1-cot θ) + cot θ/(1-tan θ) = 1 + sec θ cosec θ

L.H.S. = tan θ/(1-cot θ) + cot θ/(1-tan θ)
We know that tan θ =sin θ/cos θ
cot θ = cos θ/sin θ
Now, substitute it in the given equation, to convert it in a simplified form
= [(sin θ/cos θ)/1-(cos θ/sin θ)] + [(cos θ/sin θ)/1-(sin θ/cos θ)]
= [(sin θ/cos θ)/(sin θ-cos θ)/sin θ] + [(cos θ/sin θ)/(cos θ-sin θ)/cos θ]
= sin2θ/[cos θ(sin θ-cos θ)] + cos2θ/[sin θ(cos θ-sin θ)]
= sin2θ/[cos θ(sin θ-cos θ)] - cos2θ/[sin θ(sin θ-cos θ)]
= 1/(sin θ-cos θ) [(sin2θ/cos θ) - (cos2θ/sin θ)]
= 1/(sin θ-cos θ) × [(sin3θ - cos3θ)/sin θ cos θ]
= [(sin θ-cos θ)(sin2θ+cos2θ+sin θ cos θ)]/[(sin θ-cos θ)sin θ cos θ]
= (1 + sin θ cos θ)/sin θ cos θ
= 1/sin θ cos θ + 1
= 1 + sec θ cosec θ = R.H.S.
Therefore, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Hence proved
(iv) (1 + sec A)/sec A = sin2A/(1-cos A)

First find the simplified form of L.H.S
L.H.S. = (1 + sec A)/sec A
Since secant function is the inverse function of cos function and it is written as
= (1 + 1/cos A)/1/cos A
= (cos A + 1)/cos A/1/cos A
Therefore, (1 + sec A)/sec A = cos A + 1

R.H.S. = sin2A/(1-cos A)
We know that sin2A = (1 - cos2A), we get
= (1 - cos2A)/(1-cos A)
= (1-cos A)(1+cos A)/(1-cos A)
Therfore, sin2A/(1-cos A)= cos A + 1
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Hence proved
(v) (cos A–sin A+1)/(cos A+sin A–1) = cosec A + cot A, using the identity cosec2A = 1+cot2A.
With the help of identity function, cosec2A = 1+cot2A, let us prove the above equation.
L.H.S. = (cos A–sin A+1)/(cos A+sin A–1)
Divide the numerator and denominator by sin A, we get
= (cos A–sin A+1)/sin A/(cos A+sin A–1)/sin A
We know that cos A/sin A = cot A and 1/sin A = cosec A
= (cot A - 1 + cosec A)/(cot A+ 1 – cosec A)
= (cot A - cosec2A + cot2A + cosec A)/(cot A+ 1 – cosec A) (using cosec2A - cot2A = 1
= [(cot A + cosec A) - (cosec2A - cot2A)]/(cot A+ 1 – cosec A)
= [(cot A + cosec A) - (cosec A + cot A)(cosec A - cot A)]/(1 – cosec A + cot A)
= (cot A + cosec A)(1 – cosec A + cot A)/(1 – cosec A + cot A)
= cot A + cosec A = R.H.S.
Therefore, (cos A–sin A+1)/(cos A+sin A–1) = cosec A + cot A
Hence Proved
1+sin A
(vi) √ = sec A + tan A
1−sin A
1+sin A
L.H.S = √
1−sin A
First divide the numerator and denominator of L.H.S. by cos A,

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
+
= √ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
−
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
We know that 1/cos A = sec A and sin A/ cos A = tan A and it becomes,
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
= √
𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
Now using rationalization, we get
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴

= √ ×√
𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴)2

= √
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
= (sec A + tan A)/1

= sec A + tan A = R.H.S
Hence proved
(vii) (sin θ - 2sin3θ)/(2cos3θ-cos θ) = tan θ

L.H.S. = (sin θ - 2sin3θ)/(2cos3θ - cos θ)
Take sin θ as in numerator and cos θ in denominator as outside, it becomes
= [sin θ(1 - 2sin2θ)]/[cos θ(2cos2θ- 1)]
We know that sin2θ = 1-cos2θ
= sin θ[1 - 2(1-cos2θ)]/[cos θ(2cos2θ -1)]
= [sin θ(2cos2θ -1)]/[cos θ(2cos2θ -1)]
= tan θ = R.H.S.
Hence proved
(viii) (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7+tan2A+cot2A

L.H.S. = (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2
It is of the form (a+b)2, expand it
(a+b)2 =a2 + b2 +2ab
= (sin2A + cosec2A + 2 sin A cosec A) + (cos2A + sec2A + 2 cos A sec A)
= (sin2A + cos2A) + 2 sin A(1/sin A) + 2 cos A(1/cos A) + 1 + tan2A + 1 + cot2A

= 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + tan2A + cot2A
= 7+tan2A+cot2A = R.H.S.
Therefore, (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7+tan2A+cot2A
Hence proved.
(ix) (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A) = 1/(tan A+cotA)

First, find the simplified form of L.H.S
L.H.S. = (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A)

Now, substitute the inverse and equivalent trigonometric ratio forms
= (1/sin A - sin A)(1/cos A - cos A)
= [(1-sin2A)/sin A][(1-cos2A)/cos A]
= (cos2A/sin A)×(sin2A/cos A)
= cos A sin A
Now, simplify the R.H.S
R.H.S. = 1/(tan A+cotA)
= 1/(sin A/cos A +cos A/sin A)
= 1/[(sin2A+cos2A)/sin A cos A]
= cos A sin A
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
(cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A) = 1/(tan A+cotA)
Hence proved
(x) (1+tan2A/1+cot2A) = (1-tan A/1-cot A)2 = tan2A

L.H.S. = (1+tan2A/1+cot2A)
Since cot function is the inverse of tan function,
= (1+tan2A/1+1/tan2A)
= 1+tan2A/[(1+tan2A)/tan2A]
Now cancel the 1+tan2A terms, we get
= tan2A
(1+tan2A/1+cot2A) = tan2A
Similarly,
(1-tan A/1-cot A)2 = tan2A
Hence proved

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NCERT Solution For CBSE Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 Introduction To Trigonometry PDF

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NCERT Solution for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 – Introduction to Trigonometry

Exercise 8.1 Page: 181

(i) To find Sin (A), Cos (A)

(ii)To find Sin (C), Cos (C)

2. In Fig. 8.13, find tan P – cot R

Exercise 8.1 Page: 181

Let BC be 3k and AC will be 4k

4. Given 15 cot A = 8, find sin A and sec A.

Let AB be 8k and BC will be 15k

Now, substitute the corresponding values in all other trigonometric ratios

Exercise 8.1 Page: 181

Let us assume the triangle ABC in which CD⊥AB

Exercise 8.1 Page: 181

Let ΔABC in which ∠B=90°

(i)The value of tan A is always less than 1.

Exercise 8.1 Page: 181

(iii) cos A is the abbreviation used for the cosecant of angle A.

(iv) cot A is the product of cot and A.

Exercise 8.2 Page: 187

1. Evaluate the following :

(ii) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎° + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝟓° − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟔𝟎°

𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟔𝟎° + 𝟒𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝟑𝟎° − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝟒𝟓°

(ii) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60

We know that, the values of the trigonometric ratios are:

Exercise 8.2 Page: 187

Substitute the values, we get

√3 √3−1 3−√3 3−√3

3−√3 √2 3√2−√3√2 3√2−√6

sin 30° + tan 45° − cosec 60°

Substitute the values in the given problem, we get

27−12√3−12√3+16 27−24√3+16 43−24√3

5 cos 2 60° + 4sec 2 30° − tan2 45°

2. Choose the correct option and justify your choice :

Exercise 8.2 Page: 187

(i) (A) is correct.

(ii) (D) is correct.

(iii) (A) is correct.

(iv) (C) is correct.

tan 30° = 1/√3

Exercise 8.2 Page: 187

Substitute the values in the sin (A + B) formula, we get

Exercise 8.2 Page: 187

Exercise 8.3 Page: 189

(i) sin 18°/cos 72°

(ii) tan 26°/cot 64°

(iii) cos 48° - sin 42°

(iv) cosec 31° - sec 59°

= sec 59° - sec 59° = 0

Exercise 8.3 Page: 189

(ii) cos 38° cos 52° - sin 38° sin 52°

3. If tan 2A = cot (A – 18°), where 2A is an acute angle, find the value of A.

4. If tan A = cot B, prove that A + B = 90°.

5. If sec 4A = cosec (A – 20°), where 4A is an acute angle, find the value of A.

6. If A, B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC, then show that

Exercise 8.4 Page: 193

2. Write all the other trigonometric ratios of ∠A in terms of sec A.

Exercise 8.4 Page: 193

sec A function in terms of sec A: