1.What is the magnification of a plane mirror?

The magnification produced by a plane mirror is +1 implies that the image formed by a plane

mirror is virtual , erect and of the same size, as that of object.

2.What is the radius of curvature of plane mirror?

The plane mirror is a part of sphere with infiniteradius .It's every part is a part of sphere. Hence, its

radius of curvature is infinite. Radius of curvatureof a plain mirror is INFINITE.

3. Why paper catches fire when a convex lens is used to ficus sunlight?
Convex lens concentrates the light energy to one spot on the paper so that the heat energy
accumulates on that one small spot of paper. as the heat increases, combustion will occur when the
spot becomes too hot & the paper burns
4. What is silvering of mirror?
Silvering process converts a plane glass sheet into a mirror. Ammonical silver nitrate is a mild
oxidizing agent. Its ion, [Ag(NH3)2]+ can oxidize many compounds such as aldehydes and a layer of
pure 'Ag' is deposited on the glass surface. In the process Ag+ ions are reduced to Ag metal.
5. What is refractive mirror?
The process of bending of light while travelling from one medium to another is called refraction. And
glass
slabs and other transparent object having higher density than air or comparing object are called
refracting mirror.
6. State the formula, lens formula and power of lens
The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length in meters, or D = 1/f, where D is
the power in diopters and f is the focal length in meters. Lens surface power can be found with the
index of refraction and radius of curvature.
7. The refractive index of water is 1.33 and kerosene is 1.44. Calculate refractive index of the kerosene
with
respect to water.
8. What kind of mirrors are used in big shopping stores to watch activities of customers?
Convex Mirror are used in big shopping stores to watch activities of customers because of their
large field of view.
9. Give mirror image of word �AMBULANCE�

10. The magnification produced by a plane mirror is +1. What does it mean?
Light Reflection and Refraction Chapter Wise Important Questions Class 10 Science

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [II] [3 Marks] – Year 2007

1. A concave lens has focal length of 20 cm. At what distance from the lens a 5 cm tall object be
placed so that it forms an image at 15 cm from the lens? Also calculate the size of the image
formed. [Delhi]
Answer.

2. An object 50 cm tall is placed on the principal axis of a convex lens. Its 20 cm tall image is
formed on the screen placed at a distance of 10 cm from the lens. Calculate the focal length of the
lens. [All India]
Answer.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION [5 Marks] – Year 2007

3. Draw the ray diagram in each case to show the position and nature of the image formed when
the object is placed:
(i) at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror
(ii) between the pole P and focus F of a concave mirror
(iii) in front of a convex mirror
(iv) at 2F of a convex lens
(v) in front of a concave lens
Answer.

Nature of image: Real, inverted and same size image is formed at the centre of curvature.

Nature of image: Virtual, enlarged and erect image is formed behind the mirror.

Nature of image: Virtual, erect and diminished, image is formed behind the mirror.

Nature of image: Real, inverted and size to size, image is formed at 2F on the other side of lens.

Nature of image: Virtual, erect and diminished image is formed between O and F on the same side of
object.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [1 Mark] – Year 2008

4. If a light ray IM is incident on the surface AB as shown, identify the correct emergent ray. [Delhi
(C)]

Answer. Ray NQ, as it has to be parallel to ray OS.

5. The refractive indices of four media A, B, C and D are given in the following table:

If light, travels from one medium to another, in which case the change in speed will be (i)
minimum, (ii) maximum? [Delhi(C)]
Answer. (i) Minimum change is seen as light moves between 1.50 and 1.52, i.e. B and C.
(ii) Maximum change when light moves between 1.33 and 2.40, i.e. A and D.

6. “The refractive index of diamond is 2.42”. What is the meaning of this statement in relation to
speed of light? [Delhi]
Answer.

7. Redraw the given diagram and show the path of the refracted ray: [All India(C)]

Answer.
8. Redraw the given diagram and show the path of the refracted ray: [All India(C)]

Answer.

9. Draw the following diagram in your answer book and show the formation of image of the object
AB with the help of suitable rays. [All India]

Answer.

10. Which kind of mirrors are used in the headlights of a motor-car and why? [Foreign]
Answer. Concave mirror, to get the parallel beam of light.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [I] [2 Marks] – Year 2008

11. Explain with the help of a diagram, why a pencil partly immersed in water appears to be bent
at the water surface. [Delhi]
Answer. Light from different points on the pencil, immersed in water refracts and appears to come from
a point above the original position.

12. Draw ray diagrams to represent the nature, position and relative size of the image formed by a
convex lens for the object placed:
(a) at 2F1
(b) between F1 and the optical centre O of lens: [All India]
Answer.

13. A ray of light, incident obliquely on a face of a rectangular glass slab placed in air, emerges
from the opposite face parallel to the incident ray. State two factors on which the lateral
displacement of the emergent ray depends. [Foreign]
Answer. Lateral displacement depends on the:

1. angle of incidence,
2. thickness of slab, and
3. refractive index of the material. (any two)

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [II] [3 Marks] – Year 2008

14. An object 2 cm in size is placed 30 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. At
what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to obtain a sharp image? What
will be the nature and the size of the image formed? Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of
the image in this case. [Delhi(C)]
Answer.

15. An object 2 cm high is placed at a distance of 64 cm from a white screen. On placing a convex
lens at a distance of 32 cm from the object it is found that a distinct image of the object is formed
on the screen. What is the focal length of the convex lens and size of the image formed on the
screen? Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image in this position of the object with
respect to the lens. [Delhi(C)]
Answer. Since, object-screen distance is double of object-lens separation, the object is at a distance of 2f
from the lens and the image should be of the same size of the object.

16. A convex lens has a focal length of 10 cm. At what distance from the lens should the object be
placed so that it forms a real and inverted image 20 cm away from the lens? What would be the
size of the image formed if the object is 2 cm high? With the help of a ray diagram show the
formation of the image by the lens in this case. [All India (C)]
Answer.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION [5 Marks] – Year 2008

17. (a) It is desired to obtain an erect image of an object, using a concave mirror of focal length 20
cm.
(i) What should be the range of distance of the object from the mirror?
(ii) Will the image be bigger or smaller than the object?
(iii) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
(b) One half a convex lens of focal length 20 cm is covered with a black paper.
(i)Will the lens produce a complete image of the object?
(ii)Show the formation of image of an object placed at 2F1 of such covered lens with the help of a
ray diagram.
(iii)How will the intensity of the image formed by half-covered lens compare with non-covered
lens? ‘ [Foreign]
Answer.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [1 Mark] – Year 2009

18. Redraw the diagram given below in your answer book and show the direction of the light ray
after reflection from the mirror. [Delhi (C)]

Answer.

19. Redraw the diagram given below in your answer book and show the direction of the light ray
after reflection from the mirror. [Delhi (C)]

Answer.

20. Redraw the diagram given below in your answer book and show the direction of the light ray
after reflection from the mirror. [Delhi (C)]

Answer.

21. Redraw the diagram given below in your answer book and show the direction of the light ray
after refraction from the lens. [Delhi, All India(C)]
Answer.

22. Why does a ray of light bend when it travels from one medium into another? [Delhi]
Answer. Due to change in velocity in the medium and to reduce the time taken to travel the same.

23. Redraw the diagram given below in your answer book and show the direction of the light ray
after refraction from the lens. [All India (C)]

Answer.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [I] [2 Marks] – Year 2009

24. What is the minimum number of rays required for locating the image formed by a concave
mirror for an object. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a virtual image by a concave
mirror. [Delhi]
Answer.

25. The refractive index of water is 1.33 and the speed of light in air is 3 x 108 ms-1. Calculate the
speed of light in water. [Foreign]
Answer.

26. The refractive index of glass is 1.50 and the speed of light in air is 3 x 108 ms-1. Calculate the
speed of light in glass. [Foreign]
Answer.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [II] [3 Marks] – Year 2009

27. For which position of the object does a convex lens form a virtual and erect image? Explain
with the help of a ray diagram. [All India]
Answer. When the object is placed between the focus and the optical centre, a virtual and erect image is
formed.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [1 Mark] – Year 2010

28. Explain why a ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror, gets
reflected along the same path. [Delhi]
Answer. The ray passing through the centre of curvature incident to the mirror along its normal so ∠i=
∠r = 0. Therefore, the ray retraces its path.

29. What is the nature of the image formed by a concave mirror if the magnification produced by
the mirror is +3? [Delhi]
Answer. Positive sign of magnification indicates that image is virtual, erect and enlarged.
30. Between which two points of a concave mirror should an object be placed to obtain a
magnification of -3? [Delhi]
Answer. Negative sign of magnification indicates that image is real and inverted. Also size of image is
enlarged. So, object must be positioned between F and 2F, i.e. C.

31. “The refractive index of carbon disulphide is 1.63.” What is the meaning of this statement in
relation to speed of light? [Delhi]
Answer. Speed of light in carbon disulphide is 1/1.63 times the speed of light in free space.

32. The outer surface of a hollow sphere of aluminium of radius 50 cm is to be used as a mirror.
What will be the focal length of this mirror? Which type of spherical mirror will it provide? [Delhi]
Answer. f = R/2 = 25 cm. It will form a convex mirror.

33. Between which two points related to a concave mirror should an object be placed to obtain on a
screen an image twice the size of the object? [All India]
Answer. Real Image: Between F and C.

34. How should a ray of light be incident on a rectangular glass slab so that it comes out from the
opposite side of the slab without being displaced? [Foreign]
Answer. Along the normal to the surface or at an incident angle of i = 0°.

35. A girl was playing with a thin beam of light from her laser torch by directing it from different
directions on a convex lens held vertically. She was surprised to see that in a particular direction
the beam of light continues to move along the same direction after passing through the lens. State
the reason for this observation. [Foreign]
Answer. A ray of light passing through the optical centre of the convex lens will continue to move along
the same direction after refracting through the lens.

36. A ray of light enters a rectangular glass slab of refractive index 1.5. It is found that the ray
emerges from the opposite face of the slab without being displaced. If its speed in air is 3 x 108 ms-1
then what is its speed in glass? [Foreign]
Answer.

37. The speed of light in a transparent medium is 0.6 times that of its speed in vacuum. What is the
refractive index of the medium? [Foreign]
Answer.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION [I] [2 Marks] – Year 2010

38. In an experiment with a rectangular glass slab, a student observed that a ray of light incident at
an angle of 55° with the normal on one face of the slab, after refraction strikes the opposite face of
the slab before emerging out into air making an angle of 40° with the normal. Draw a labelled
diagram to show the path of this ray. What value would you assign to the angle of refraction and
angle of emergence? [All India]
Answer.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION [II] [3 Marks] – Year 2010

39. At what distance should an object be placed from a convex lens of focal length 18 cm to obtain
an image at 24 cm from it on the other side. What will be the magnification produced in this case?
[Delhi]
Answer.

40. How far should an object be placed from a .convex lens of focal length 20 cm to obtain its image
at a distance of 30 cm from the lens? What will be the height of the image if the object is 6 cm tall?
[All India]
Answer.

41. The image of an object placed at 60 cm in front of a lens is obtained on a screen at a distance of
120 cm from it. Find the focal length of the lens. What would be the height of the image if the
object is 5 cm high? [Foreign]
Answer.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION [I] [2 Marks] – Year 2011

42. State the two laws of reflection of light. [Delhi]

Answer. Laws of reflection of light are:

1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

2. The incident ray, the normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence and reflected ray
from that point, all lies in the same plane.

43. Define and show on a diagram, the following terms relating to a concave mirror:
(i) Aperture
(ii) Radius of curvature [Foreign]
Answer. (i) The diameter of the reflecting surface of the mirror is called aperture.

(ii) The radius of the sphere of which the reflecting surface of the spherical mirror forms a part is called
the radius of curvature of the mirror.

44. Define the focus of a concave mirror. If the radius of curvature of a convex mirror is 30 cm,
what would be its focal length? [Foreign]
Answer. The point on the principal axis where all the rays parallel to it meet after reflection is called
focus. Since, R = 30 cm and f=R/2 we have, f=+15 cm for a convex mirror.
45. Distinguish between a real and a virtual image of an object. What type of image is formed (i) by
a plane mirror, (ii) on a cinema screen? [Foreign]
Answer. If light rays after reflection converge to a point to form an image on its own, it is called a real
image. If they are diverging, then they form a virtual image. Real image can be obtained on a screen,
while a virtual image cannot be.
(i) Plane mirror forms virtual image.
(ii) On cinema screen, real image is formed.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUEST10NS [II] [3 Marks] – Year 2011

46. Draw a ray diagram and also state the position, the relative size and the nature of image formed
by a concave mirror when the object is placed at the centre of curvature of the mirror. [Delhi]
Answer.

47. Define ‘refractive index of a transparent medium.’ What is its unit? Which has a higher
refractive index, glass or water? [Delhi]
Answer. The ratio of the speed of light in the free space (c) to the speed of light in given medium (ѵ) is
called its refractive index.
n=c/ѵ
It has no unit. Glass has more refractive index than water.

48. A ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water. Does the light ray bend towards or
away from the normal ? Why? Draw a ray diagram to show the refraction of light in this situation.
[Delhi]
Answer. Light bends towards the normal because water is denser than air.

The ray bends towards the normal because it has to travel with a lesser speed in water but with shorter
time.

49. (a) “The refractive index of diamond is 2.42”. What is the meaning of this statement?
(b) Name a liquid whose mass density is less than that of water but it is optically denser than water.
[Delhi]
Answer. (a) This means that the ratio of speed of light in air and the speed of light in diamond is equal to
2.42. (b) Kerosene

50. An object is placed between infinity and the pole of a convex mirror. Draw a ray diagram and
also state the position, the relative size and the nature of the image formed. [All India]
Answer.

51. What is the principle of reversibility of light? Show that the incident ray of light is parallel to
the emergent ray of light when light falls obliquely on a side of a rectangular glass slab. [All India]
Answer. The final path of the ray of light after reflections or refractions is reversed; the ray retraces its
entire path. This principle is called reversibility of light.
Hence incident ray PQ is parallel to the emergent ray RS when light falls obliquely on a side of
rectangular glass slab.

52. With the help of a ray diagram explain why a convex mirror is preferred for rear view mirrors
in motor cars. [Foreign]
Answer. (i) It always forms a virtual, erect and diminished image.
(ii) The field of view increases while using a convex mirror as shown.

53. What is understood by lateral displacement of light? Illustrate it with the help of a diagram.
List any two factors on which the lateral displacement of a particular substance depends. [Foreign]
Answer. Lateral displacement is the perpendicular distance between the incident ray produced and the
emergent ray. Lateral displacement in the diagram is BL. The lateral displacement depends on the
thickness of the slab, the incident and refraction angles.

54. Draw the ray diagram and also state the position, relative size and nature of the image formed
by a concave mirror when the object is placed between its centre of curvature, C and focus, F.
[Foreign]
Answer.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [5 Marks] – Year 2011

55. (a) If the image formed by a lens is diminished in size and erect, for all positions of the object,
what type of lens is it?
(b) Name the point on the lens through which a ray of light passes undeviated.
(c) An object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 20 cm.
The distance of the object from the lens is 30 cm. Find (i) the position (ii) the magnification and (iii)
the nature of the image formed. [Delhi]
Answer. (a) Concave lens.
(b) Optical centre.
(c) u = – 30 cm, f = 20 cm

(iii) Image is real as v > 0, inverted and enlarged.

56. (a) What is meant by ‘power of a lens’?

(b) State and define the S.I. unit of power of a lens.
(c) A convex lens of focal length 25 cm and a concave lens of focal length 10 cm are placed in close
contact with each other. Calculate the lens power of this combination. [All India]
Answer.

57. (а) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image of an object placed between infinity and
the optical centre of a concave lens.
(b) A concave lens of focal length 15 cm forms an image 10 cm from the lens. Calculate
(i) the distance of the object from the lens.
(ii) the magnification for the image formed.
(iii) the nature of the image formed. [All India]
Answer. (a) Image formation when the object is at any position between infinity and optical centre:
58. (a) Under what condition will a glass lens placed in a transparent liquid become invisible?
(b) Describe and illustrate with a diagram, how we should arrange two converging lenses so that a
parallel beam of light entering one lens emerges as a parallel beam after passing through the
second lens.
(c) An object is placed at a distance of 3 cm from a concave lens of focal length 12 cm. Find the (i)
position and (ii) nature of the image formed. [Foreign]
Answer. (a) When the refractive index of glass lens becomes equal to the refractive index of transparent
liquid, the glass lens will become invisible.
(b) Parallel beam converges at focus of the first lens and emerges parallel as it is at the focus of second
lens.

59. (a) With the help of a ray diagram explain why a concave lens diverges the rays of a parallel
beam of light.
(b) A 2.0 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens of focal
length 15 cm. At what distance from the lens, should the object be placed so that it forms an image
10 cm from the lens? Also find the nature and the size of image formed. [Foreign]
Answer. (a) When a parallel beam of light incident on a front face of concave lens, each ray of light will
refract towards the normal to the surface as it moves from rarer to denser medium and travels in a straight
line inside the lens until it reaches the ‘ back face of the lens. At the back face boundary, each ray of light
will again refract and bend away from the normal to the surface as it moves from denser to rarer medium.
The course of ray of light is shown in the following figure.

Thus, because of the concave shape of both the faces, the double concave lens diverge the rays of parallel
beam of incident light.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION [I] [2 Marks] – Year 2012

60. List four properties of the image formed by a plane mirror. [Delhi]
Answer. Properties of image formed by a plane mirror:

1. It is always virtual and erect.

2. Its size is equal to that of the object.
3. It is formed at the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror.
4. It is laterally inverted.

61. List four properties of the image formed by a convex mirror. [Delhi]
Answer. Properties of image formed by a convex mirror:

1. It is always formed behind the mirror, between the pole and its focus.
2. It is always virtual and erect.
3. Its size is always smaller than the object.
4. Magnification is always positive.

62. List four properties of the image formed by a concave mirror, when object is placed between
focus and pole of the mirror. [Delhi]
Answer.
 1. The image is formed behind the mirror.
2. It is enlarged, he. magnified.
3. It is virtual.
4. It is erect.

63. To instruct a ray diagram, we use two light rays which are so chosen that it is easy to know
their directions after refraction from the lens. List these two rays and state the path of these rays
after refraction. Use these two rays to locate the image of an object placed between ‘F and ‘2F of a
convex lens. [Foreign]
Answer. Two rays choose for refraction:
(i) A ray of light parallel to the principal axis.
(ii) A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens.
Path of these rays after refraction:
In case of convex lens, the first ray will pass through the principal focus on the other side of the lens.
In case of concave lens, the first ray will
(a) appear to diverge or
(b) appear to come from the principal focus positioned on the same side of the object.
The second ray emerge from the lens without any deviation in the path.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION [II] [3 Marks] – Year 2012

64. State the type of mirror preferred as (i) rear view mirror in vehicles, (i0 shaving mirror. Justify
your answer giving two reasons in each case.[Delhi] ?
Answer. (i) Convex mirror (ii) Concave mirror
Justification:
(i) Convex mirror is used as a rear view mirror because:
(a) it gives a wider field of view as it is curved outwards and
(b) it produces erect and diminished image of the traffic behind the driver of the vehicle.
(ii) Concave mirror is used as a shaving mirror to see a large size image of the face. When the object lies
in between pole and principal focus of a concave mirror, it forms a virtual, erect and enlarged image
behind it.

65. The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 45 cm from a spherical lens is formed on a
screen placed at a distance of 90 cm from the lens.
Identify the type of lens and calculate its focal length. If the height of the flame is 2 cm, find the
height of its image. [Delhi]
Answer.

So, height of image is 4 cm. Negative sign indicates that it is formed below the principal axis.

66. A 4 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length
24 cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 16 cm. Find the position, size and nature of the
image formed, using the lens formula. [All India]
Answer.

Position of image: Image is formed at a distance of 48 cm from the optical centre of the lens on the same
side of the object. It is indicated by the negative sign.
Size of image: It is three times the size of object, i.e. 12 cm.
Nature of image: Positive sign in the image height indicates that image is virtual and erect.

67. Name the type of mirror used in the following situations:

(i) Headlights of a car (ii) Rear-view mirror of vehicles (iii) Solar furnace Support your answer
with reason. [All India][Foreign]
Answer. Type of mirror used in
(i) Headlights of a car: Concave mirror Concave mirror is used because light from the bulb placed at the
focus of it gets reflected and produces a powerful parallel beam of light to illuminate the road.
(ii) Rear view mirror of vehicles: Convex mirror
Convex mirror is used because it always produces a virtual, and erect image whose size is smaller than
the object. Therefore it enables the driver to see wide field view of the traffic behind the vehicle in a
small mirror.
(iii) Solar furnace: Concave mirror
Concave mirror has the property to concentrate the sunlight coming from sun along with heat radiation at
its focus. As a result, temperature at its focus increases and the substance placed at the focal point gets
heated to a high temperature.

68. A 6 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length
15 cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 10 cm. Find the position, size and nature of the
image formed, using the lens formula. [Foreign]
Answer. For convex lens
f = +15 cm, u = – 10 cm

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [5 Marks] – Year 2012

69. List the sign conventions for reflection of light by spherical mirrors. Draw a diagram and apply
these conventions in the determination of focal length of a spherical mirror which forms a three
times magnified real image of an object placed 16 cm in front of it. [Delhi ]
Answer. Sign conventions for reflection of light by spherical mirror are:

1. The object is always placed to the left of the mirror.

2. All the distances parallel to the principal axis are always measured from the pole of the spherical
mirror.
3. All the distances measured along the direction of incident light (along +ve x-axis), are considered
to be positive.
4. Those distances measured opposite to the direction of incidence light (i.e. along -ve x-axis), are
taken as negative.
5. The distances measured in upward direction, i.e. perpendicular to and above the principal axis
(along +ve y-axis), are taken as positive.
6. The distances measured in the downward direction, (along -ve y-axis), i.e. perpendicular to and
below the principal axis are taken as negative.

So, focal length of spherical mirror is 12 cm. Negative sign of focal length indicates that mirror is
concave in nature.
70. State the law of refraction of light that defines the refractive index of a medium with respect to
the other. Express it mathematically. How is refractive index of any medium ‘A’ with respect to a
medium ‘B’ related to the speed of propagation of light in two media A and B? State the name of
this constant when one medium is vacuum or air.
The refractive indices of glass and water with respect to vacuum are 3/2 and 4/3 respectively. If the
speed of light in glass is 2 x 108 m/s, find the speed of light in (i) vacuum, (ii) water. [Delhi]
Answer. Snell’s law: The ratio of sine of angle of incidence (i.e. sin i) to the sine of angle of refraction
(i.e. sin r) is always constant for the light of given colour and for the given pair of media.

71. To construct a ray diagram, we use two light rays which are so chosen that it is easy to know
their directions after reflection from the mirror. List these two rays and state the path of these rays
after reflection. Use these rays to locate the image of an object placed between centre of curvature
and focus of a concave mirror. [All India]
Answer. Rays which are chosen to construct ray diagram for reflection are:
(i) A ray parallel to the principal axis and
(ii) A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror or appear to pass through the centre
of curvature of convex mirror.
Path of these rays after reflections is:
(i) After reflection, the first ray will pass through the principal focus of a concave mirror or appear to
diverge in case of a convex mirror.
(ii) After reflection, the second ray is reflected back along the same path.

72. List the sign conventions that are followed in case of refraction of light through spherical lenses.
Draw a diagram and apply these conventions in determining the nature and focal length of a
spherical lens which forms three times magnified real image of an object placed 16 cm from the
lens. [Foreign]
Answer. Sign conventions for refraction of light through spherical lens are:

1. The object is always placed to the left of the lens so that incident light moves from left to right.
2. All distances are to be measured from the optical centre of the lens.
3. The distances measured in the direction of incident light (along +ve x-axis) will be taken as
positive. while those measured to the left of the origin (along -ve x-axis) will be taken as negative.
4. All measurements of heights above the principal axis (along +ve y-axis) will be considered as
positive while below it (along -ve y-axis) will be taken as negative.

So, focal length of the given spherical lens is 12 cm. The positive sign of focal length shows that the
nature of spherical lens is convex.