A Project Report on

Design and Implementation of Closed Loop Boost Converter

for Solar Powdered LED Lighting System

By

ZAINUL HABIB (1301041178)

SOMNATH CHOURASIA (1301041158)
SHUBHAM CHAUHAN (1301041148)
SONALI RANA (13010414160)

Department of Electrical Engineering

DIT University
Village - Makkawala, P.O. – Bhagwantpur
Mussoorie Diversion Road,
Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand
April 2017
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project Report entitled “Design and Implementation of Closed Loop
Boost Converter for Solar Powered LED Lightening System” which is submitted by Zainul
Habib, Somnath Chourasia, Shubham Chauhan and Sonali Rana in partial fulfilment of
requirement for the award of degree B.Tech. In Department of Electrical Engineering of DIT
University, is a record of the candidate own work carried out by him under my/our
supervision. . The matter embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted for
the award of any other degree.

Project Guide Project Coordinator Head of Department

Mr. Mohamed Samir Mr. Mohamed Samir Dr. Gagan Singh

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for
the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of
higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

ZAINUL HABIB (1301041178) Date: -

SOMNATH CHOURASIA (1301041158)
SHUBHAM CHAUHAN (1301041148)
SONALI RANA (1301041160)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Project undertaken
during B. Tech. Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to Professor Mr. Mohamed
Samir, Department of Electrical Engineering, DIT University Dehradun for his constant
support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and
perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts
that our endeavors have seen light of the day.

We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Gagan Singh, Head,
Department of Electrical Engineering, DIT University Dehradun for his full support and
assistance during the development of the project.

We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty
members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development
of our project. Last but not the least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the
completion of the project.

ZAINUL HABIB (1301041178)

SOMNATH CHOURASIA (1301041158)
SHUBHAM CHAUHAN (1301041148)
SONALI RANA (1301041160)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 DECLARATION i
 CERTIFICATE ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
 ABSTRACT iv
 LIST OF TABLES v
 LIST OF FIGURES vi
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii
 CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction 01
1.2 Description 02
1.3 Review of Literature 03
 CHAPTER 2
2. Proposed System 05
2.1 Photovoltaic System 05
2.1.1 Introduction 05
2.1.2 Photovoltaic cell 06
2.1.3 Photovoltaic Module 06
2.1.4 Photovoltaic array 06
2.1.5 Material used in PV cell 07
2.1.6 Efficiency of PV cell 07
2.1.7 Series and Parallel combination of cells 07
2.2 DC-DC Boost Converter 08
2.2.1 Introduction 08
2.2.2 Applications of Boost Converter 10
2.2.3 Advantages of Boost Converter 10
 CHAPTER 3
3. Components 11
3.1 MOSFET 11
3.2 PI Controller
3.3 Pulse width Modulation Generator
3.4 Diode
 CHAPTER 4
4.1 Simulation of experimental setup
4.2 Simulation Results
4.2.1 Open Loop Boost Converter
4.2.2 Result Analysis of Open Loop Boost Converter
4.2.3. Observation Table
4.2.4 Input vs. Output Voltage graph
4.2.5 Closed Loop Boost Converter
4.2.6 Result Analysis of closed loop Boost Converter
 CHAPTER 5
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Reference
ABSTRACT

This project presents the design and implementation of closed loop boost converter for solar
powered LED lighting system. The proposed system consists of solar photovoltaic module, a
closed loop DC-DC boost converter and a load.

A closed loop DC-DC boost converter is used to convert a low level dc input voltage from the
solar PV module to high level dc voltage required for the load. To regulate the output of the
converter, a closed loop voltage feedback technique is used. Output voltage is sensed and it is
compared by the reference voltage. The error is processed by the PID controller adjust the
pulse width which control the switching of MOSFET. Thus by, switching of MOSFET it
would keep output voltage constant. The simulation studies are carried out in MATLAB.
The performance analysis, which covers the closed loop control of the average model on
related waveforms of output voltage, current and power are discussed and achieved.

Keywords: - DC-DC Boost Converter, solar cells, MATLAB and Simulation

 LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Observation Table of open loop boost converter

 List OF FIGURES

Figure 1: - Block diagram of Proposed System

Figure 2.1:- Various parts of Solar Panel 08
Figure 2.2: - Schematic of Boost Converter
Figure 2.3: - Equivalent model of mode 1
Figure 2.4:- Equivalent model of mode 2

Figure 3.1: - N-CHANNEL and P-CHANNEL MOSFET

Figure3.2: - Block Diagram of PI Controller
Figure3.3: - PWM Signal
Figure 3.4: - P-N junction diode
Figure 4.1: - Simulink circuit for solar installation system
Figure 4.2: - Simulink circuit of Open Loop Boost Converter
Figure 4.2a: - Input DC Voltage
Figure 4.2b: - PWM Signal
Figure 4.2c: - Voltage across MOSFET
Figure 4.2d: - Output Current
Figure 4.2e: - Output Voltage across the load
Figure 4.2f: - Input voltage vs. output voltage
Figure 4.3: - Simulink model of Closed loop System
Figure 4.3a: - Input Voltage
Figure 4.3b: - Voltage across MOSFET
Figure 4.3c: - Output current
Figure 4.4d: - Output Voltage
 ` LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

 MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor field Effect Transistor

 PI Proportional-Integral
 PWM Pulse Width Modulation
 PV Photovoltaic
 CHAPTER 1

1.1 Introduction
The massy usage of the fossil fuels, such as the oil, the coal and the gas, result in serious
greenhouse effect and pollute the atmosphere, which has great effect on the world.
Meanwhile, there is a big contradiction between the fossil fuels supply and the global energy
demand, which leads to a high oil price in the international market recently. The energy
shortage and the atmosphere pollution have been the major limitations for the human
development. How to find renewable energy is becoming more and more exigent.
Photovoltaic (PV) sources are one of the significant players in the world’s energy portfolio
and will become the biggest contributions to the electricity generation among all renewable
energy candidates by year 2040 because it is truly a clean, emission-free renewable electrical
generation technology with high reliability. The task of a maximum power point tracker
(MPPT) in a photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion system is to continuously tune the system
so that it draws maximum power from the solar array regardless of weather or load
conditions. Since the solar array has a non-ideal voltage – current characteristic and the
conditions such as insulation, ambient temperature, and wind that affect the output of the
solar array are unpredictable, the tracker must contend with a nonlinear and time-varying
system. Many tracking algorithms and techniques have been developed. The perturbed and
observed method and the Incremental Conductance method, as well as variants of those
techniques are the most widely used. The perturbed and Observe method is known for its
simple implementation, but it deviates from and observe method oscillates close to a
maximum power point (MPP) in the atmospheric conditions are constant or slowly changed.
However when weather rapidly changes the perturb and observe method fails to track the
maximum power point effectively.
Other methods for solar array MPP tracking include short circuit current and the open circuit
voltage of the PV module techniques. The MPP tracking method using the short circuit
current of the PV module exploits the fact that the operating current at the MPP of the solar
array is linearly proportional to its short circuit current. Thus, under rapidly changing
atmospheric conditions. This method has a relatively fast response time for tracking the MPP.
However, the control circuit is still somewhat complicated and both the conduction loss and
the cost of the MPPT converter are still relatively high. Furthermore, the assumption that the
operating current at the MPP of the PV module is linearly proportional to the short circuit
current of the PV module is only an approximation. In reality, the application of this
technique always results in PV module operation below the maximum power point.

1
Open circuit voltage of the PV module employs the fact that the open circuit voltage of the
solar array at the MPP is linearly proportional to its open circuit voltage. This technique has
some limitations and disadvantages as the short circuit current of PV module method
described above. Although the method is cost efficient, its application results in considerable
errors in MPP tracking and consequent energy losses. Additionally, both the open circuit
voltage and the short circuit current of PV module techniques fail to track the MPP
effectively if solar array cells are partially shaded or if some cells in the array are damaged.
The limitations of the conventional boost converters are analysed and the conceptual solution
for high step-up conversion is proposed in this paper. Then the state-of-the-art topologies are
covered and classified based on the circuit performance. The challenges in high step-up
renewable energy applications are summarized to generate the next generation non-isolated
high step-up DC/DC converters.

1.2 DESCRIPTION
Renewable energy sources play an important role in electricity generation. People are finding
the benefits of having their own renewable energy system more attractive than they ever had
before. Specially, energy from the sun is the best option for electricity generation as it is
available everywhere and is free to harness. The merits of solar PV system are cleanness,
relative lack of noise or movement, as well as their ease of installation and integration when
compared to others. On an average the sunshine hour in India is about 6hrs annually also the
sun shine shines in India for about 9 months in a year. Electricity from the sun can be
generated through the solar photovoltaic modules (SPV). The SPV comes in various power
output to meet the load. However, the output power of a PV panel is largely determined by
the solar irradiation and the temperature of the panel. At a certain weather condition, the
output power of a PV panel depends on the terminal voltage of the system. To maximize the
power output of the PV system, a high efficiency, low-cost DC/DC converter with a voltage
feedback signal is commonly employed to control the terminal voltage of the PV system at
optimal values in various solar radiation conditions.

Lighting is an essential requirement for any facility and to carry out our daily work round the
clock. LED light consumes very less power and its life time is also high. Hence, in this
project to conserve energy HBLED lights are used along with electric power generation using
solar PV.
2
1.3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Literature collected from different journals, conference papers and books has been reviewed
as follows.
A boost converter is designed to step up a fluctuating or variable input voltage to a desired
constant output voltage with input range of 6-20 volts. To produce a constant output voltage
feedback loop is used. The output voltage is compared with a reference voltage and a Pulse
width modulation wave is generated, here PID controller is used to generate Pulse width
modulation signal to control switching action.
A DC to DC converter is used to step up from low level input voltage to high level output
voltage. The 6-20 volts input voltage is from the battery storage equipment and the 24-40V
output voltage serves as the input of the inverter in solar electric system. In designing
process, the switching frequency, f is set at 25 kHz and the duty cycle, D is 70%. The tool
that has been used for circuit simulation and validation are MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory)
software.

Here author introduced an approach to design a DC to DC boost converter for photovoltaic

(PV) system using PID controller. The converter is designed to step up solar panel voltage to
a stable output without storage elements such as battery. It is controlled by a PID controller
unit using voltage-feedback technique.

The output of the boost converter is tracked, measured continuously and the values are sent to
the PID controller unit to produce pulse-width-modulation (PWM) signal. The pulse-width-
modulation(PWM) signal is used to control the duty cycle of the boost converter. Typical
application of this boost converter is to provide DC power supply for inverter either for grid-
connected or standalone system. Simulation and experimental results describe the
performance of the proposed design. PID controller is used to perform tasks in the proposed
design.
This project concerns with design and simulation of DC/DC boost converter to operate in PV
system. The system has a nonlinear dynamic behaviour, as it work in switch-mode.
Moreover, it is exposed to significant variations which may take this system away from
nominal conditions, due to changes on the load or on the line voltage at the input. The input is
obtained by PV array. In this project the equations of a boost converter are analysed and a
design components and simulation of DC/DC boost converter is proposed. Here simulation is
done in Simulink MATLAB software.

3
From the literature review it is found that mostly controllers are used for generating pulse-
width-modulation (PWM) signal to perform switching control action. In this project a simple
approach is used to generate the PWM signal with high accuracy and less cost.
To improve the output power of solar PV panel a low cost DC/DC closed loop boost
converter is designed. The load used is high brightness white LED which has many
advantages like long life span, speed of response, high efficacy, less power consumption and
high directionality. The performance the whole system is verified by simulation in MATLAB
software.

4
 CHAPTER 2

2. THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

Figure 1: - Block Diagram of Proposed System

The block diagram shown above consists of

 Solar Photovoltaic System
 DC-DC Boost Converter
 Load (LED)

The proposed standalone PV controller implementation takes into account

mathematical model of each component as well as actual component
specification. The dc–dc converter is the front-end component connected between
the PV array and the load.

2.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

2.1.1 Introduction
Photovoltaic offer consumers the ability to generate electricity in a clean, quiet
and reliable way. Photovoltaic systems are comprised of photovoltaic cells,
devices that convert light energy directly into electricity. Because the source of
light is usually the sun, they are often called solar cells. The word photovoltaic
comes from “photo” meaning light and “voltaic” which refers to producing
electricity. Therefore, the photovoltaic process is “producing electricity directly
from sunlight. Photovoltaic are often referred to as PV.
5
2.1.2 Photovoltaic cell
A photovoltaic cell is the basic device that converts solar radiation into electricity
which is made of semiconductor materials such as silicon. For solar cells, a thin
semiconductor wafer is specially treated to form an electric field, positive on one
side and negative on the other. When light energy strikes the solar cell, electrons
are knocked loose from the atoms in the semiconductor material. If electrical
conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides, forming an electrical
circuit, the electrons can be captured in the form of an electric current that is,
electricity. This electricity can then be used to power a load. A PV cell can either
be circular or square in construction.

2.1.3 Photovoltaic module

Cells are arranged in a frame to form a module. The several PV cells are
connected in series (for high voltage) and in parallel (for high current) to form a
PV module for desired output. Separate diodes may be needed to avoid reverse
currents in case of partial or total shading, and at night. The p-n junctions of
mono-crystalline silicon cells may have adequate reverse current characteristics
and these are not necessary. Reverse currents waste power and can also lead to
overheating of shaded cells. Solar cells become less efficient at higher
temperatures and installers try to provide good ventilation behind solar panels.
Each PV cell is rated for 0.5 –0.7 volt and a current of 30mA. Based on the
manufacturing process they are classified as: Poly crystalline: efficiency of 12%.
Amorphous: efficiency of 6-8% Life of crystalline cells is in the range of 25 years
where as for amorphous cells it is in the range of 5years.

2.1.4 Photovoltaic array

The power that one module can produce is not sufficient to meet the requirements
of home or business. Most PV arrays use an inverter to convert the DC power into
alternating current that can power the motors, loads, lights etc. The modules in a
PV array are usually first connected in series to obtain the desired voltages, the
individual modules are then connected in parallel to allow the system to produce
more current.

6
2.1.5 Materials used in PV cell
The materials used in PV cells are as follows:
1. Single-crystal silicon
2. Polycrystalline silicon
3. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
4. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)
5. Copper Indium Diselenide (CuInSe2)

2.1.6 Efficiency of PV cell

The efficiency of a PV cell is defined as the ratio of peak power to input solar
power. The efficiency will be maximum if we track the maximum power from the
PV system at different environmental condition such as solar irradiance and
temperature by using different methods for maximum power point tracking.

2.1.7 Series and parallel combination of cells

 Cells in series
When two identical cells are connected in series, the short circuit current of the
system would remain same but the open circuit voltage would be twice.

 Cells in parallel
When two cells are connected in parallel. The open circuit voltage of the system
would remain same as open circuit voltage of a single cell. But the short circuit
current of the system would be twice as much as of a single cell.

Figure 2.1:- Various parts of Solar Panel

7
2.2 DC-DC Boost Converter
The dc-dc boost converters are used to convert the unregulated dc input to a controlled dc
output at a desired voltage level. They generally perform the conversion by applying a dc
voltage across an inductor or transformer for a period of time (usually in the 25 kHz to 5
MHz range) which causes current to flow through it and store energy magnetically, then
switching this voltage off and causing the stored energy to be transferred to the voltage
output in a controlled manner.
The output voltage is regulated by adjusting the ratio of on/off time. This is achieved using
switched-mode, or chopper, circuits whose elements dissipate negligible power. Pulse-width
modulation (PWM) allows control and regulation of the total output voltage. It is considered
as the heart of the power supply, thus it will affect the overall performance of the power
supply system. The ideal converter exhibits 100% efficiency; in practice, efficiencies of 70%
to 95% are typically obtained.

Figure 2.2: - Schematic of Boost Converter

The dc-dc boost converter shown in fig.2.2 is operated in two modes.

Mode-1: Operation of a Boost Converter

When the MOSFET switch is in ON state (closed), the whole circuit will be divided into two
loops one at the output side and another at the input side. The closed loop at input consisting
of inductor gets charged by the current flowing through the loop during this period. This
current will increase linearly till the time the switch is in closed condition. In the same time
interval, inductor voltage is also high as it is not delivered to any load but to itself. Diode is
off during this mode. The equivalent circuit representation of mode 1 is shown in fig.2.3.

8
 Figure 2.3: - Equivalent model of mode 1

Mode-2: Operation of a Boost converter

When the switch is in OFF state (Open), there will be a closed loop consisting of power
source, inductor and RC load. The energy stored in the inductor during ON state is
discharged to the RC load circuit through the diode. Thus inductor current is reducing
linearly, charging the capacitor at the load side. The equivalent circuit for mode 2 is shown in
fig.2.4.

Figure 2.4:- Equivalent model of mode 2

Thus for closed switch time inductor gets charged and capacitor is delivering the required
power to the load, and for the opened switch time inductor will discharge supplying the
full power to load and charging capacitor simultaneously.

10
2.2.1 Applications of Boost converter
 Automotive applications
 Power amplifier applications
 Adaptive control applications
 Battery power systems
 Consumer Electronics
 Communication Applications

2.2.2 Advantages of Boost Converter

 Gives the high output voltage
 w operating duty cycles
 Lower voltage on MOSFET

10
 CHAPTER 3

3. The various components used in this system are: -

1. MOSFET
2. PI Controller
3. Pulse width modulation Generator
4. Diode

3.1 MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect

Transistor)

The metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is a

field-effect transistor (FET). It has an insulated gate, whose voltage determines
the conductivity of the device. This ability to change conductivity with the
amount of applied voltage can be used for amplifying or switching electronic
signals. Although FET is sometimes used when referring to MOSFET devices,
other types of field-effect transistor also exist.
Although the MOSFET is a four-terminal device with source (S), gate (G), drain
(D), and body (B) terminal, making it a three-terminal device like other field-
effect transistors. Because these two terminals are normally connected to each
other (short-circuited), only three terminals appear in electrical diagrams.

The main advantage of a MOSFET over a regular transistor is that it requires very
little current to turn on (less than 1mA), while delivering a much higher current to
a load.

In enhancement mode MOSFETs, a voltage drop across the oxide induces a

conducting channel between the source and drain contacts via the field effect. The
term “enhancement mode” refers to the increase of conductivity with increase in
oxide field that adds carriers to the channel, also referred to as the inversion layer.
The channel can contain electrons (called an nMOSFET or nMOS), or holes
(called a pMOSFET or pMOS), opposite in type to the substrate, so nMOS is
made with a p-type to the substrate, and a pMOS with an n-type substrate.

Figure 3.1: - N-CHANNEL and P-CHANNEL MOSFET

3.2 PI Controller
A proportional-integral controller (PI Controller) is a control loop feedback mechanism
(controller) commonly used in industrial control system. A PI controller continuously
calculates an error value as the difference between a desired setpoint and a measured process
variable and applies a correction based on proportional and integral terms (sometimes
denoted P and I respectively) which give their name to the controller type.
The controller attempts to minimize the error over time by adjustment of a control variable,
such as the position of a control valve, a damper, or the power supplied to a heating element,
to a new valve determined by a weighted sum.

In this model:
*P accounts for present values of the error. For example, if the error is large and positive, the
control output will also be large and positive.
*I accounts for past values of the error. For example, if the current output is not sufficiently
strong, the integral of the error will accumulate over time, and the controller will respond by
applying a stronger change.
As a PID controller relies only on the measured process variable, not on knowledge of the
underlying process, it is broadly applicable. By tuning the three parameters of the model, a
PID controller can deal with specific process requirements. The response of the controller can
be described in terms of its responsiveness to an error, the degree to which the system
overshoots a setpoint, and the degree of any system oscillation. The use of the PID algorithm
does not guarantee optimal control of the system or even its stability.
 Figure3.2: - Block Diagram of PI Controller

3.3 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Pulse-width-modulation is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulse
signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for
transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices,
especially to inertial loads such as motors.
 In addition, PWM is one of the two principle algorithms used in photovoltaic solar
battery chargers, the other being maximum power point tracking.

The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch
between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the
off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.

The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the
device that uses the power), which is to say that resultant waveform perceived by the load
must be as smooth as possible. The rate (or frequency) at which the power supply must
switch can vary greatly depending on load and application.

Figure3.3: - PWM Signal

3.3.1 ADVANTAGE: -
 The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low.
When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is
being transferred to the load, there is no voltage drop across the switch.
 Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to
zero.
 PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can
easily set the needed duty cycle.

3.3.2 Applications: -
 PWM is used to control servomechanism.
 PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has
been used to convey information over a communications channel.

3.4 DIODE

Figure 3.4 P-N junction diode

 CHAPTER 4

4.1 Simulation of Experimental Setup

Simulation is done using MATLAB and Boost converter for solar installation
system is shown in figure 6.

Figure 4.1: - Simulink circuit for solar installation system

 4.2 Simulation Results

4.2.1 Open Loop DC-DC Boost Converter

Simulation is done using MATLAB and the results are presented. Open Loop
Boost converter for solar installation system is shown in Fig. 4.2, DC input
voltage is shown in Fig. 4.2a. Driving pulses of the MOSFET are shown in Fig.
4.2b. Voltage across the MOSFET is shown in Fig.4.2c and output current is
shown in Fig.4.2d. DC output voltage is shown in Fig. 4.2e. Variation of output
voltage with the input voltage is shown in Fig. 4.2f. Data used for simulation
studies is as follows:

Input Voltage: 12 V
Output Voltage: 39.19 V
Inductor: 1mH
Capacitor: 33μF
RL: 100 Ω
Switching Frequency: 25 kHz
Duty Cycle: 70%

Figure 4.2: - Simulink circuit of Open Loop Boost

 converter

3.2.2 RESULT ANALYSIS

Figure 4.2a: - Input DC Voltage

Figure 4.2b: - PWM Signal

Figure 4.2c: - Voltage across MOSFET

Figure 4.2d: - Output Current

 Figure 4.2e: - Output Voltage across the load

3.2.3 Observation Table

Input Voltage (v) Output Voltage Output Current Power (W)

(v) (A)
5 15.86 0.1586 2.515
10 32.52 0.3252 10.575
12 39.19 0.3919 15.358
15 49.18 0.4918 24.186
20 65.85 0.6585 43.362
3.2.4 Input vs. Output Voltage Graph

Figure 4.2f: - Input voltage vs. output voltage

3.2.5 Closed Loop DC-DC Boost Converter

Closed loop system is shown in figure. In this closed loop DC-DC Boost
Converter the output of the boost converter is sensed continuously and it is
compared with a reference voltage. The error is processed by a PI controller,
output of the PI controller adjust the Pulse-width-modulation (PWM) width which
control the switching of MOSFET. Thus by, switching of MOSFET it would keep output
voltage constant.

Figure 4.3: - Simulink model of Closed loop System

3.2.6 RESULT ANALYSIS OF CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM

Figure 4.3a: - Input Voltage

Figure 4.3b: - Voltage across MOSFET

Figure 4.3c: - Output current

Figure 4.4d: - Output Voltage

 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION
This paper presents simulation of open loop and closed loop controlled boost
converter system for solar installation system. MATLAB models for open loop
and closed loop systems are developed using the blocks of Simulink and the same
are used for simulation studies. The closed loop system is able to maintain
constant voltage. This converter has advantages like reduced hardware and good
output voltage regulation. Thus the boost converter is capable of improving the
voltage level from 12 V to the required level.

REFERENCES
[1] Muhammad H. Rashid, Power Electronics Circuits Devices, And
Applications, 3rd edition.
[2] P.S. Bhimra, Power Electronics.
[3] P.Sathya (Assistant Professor), IJET, Closed loop boost converter
Research Paper.
[4] S. Masri and P.W. Chan, “Design and development of a DC-DC
Boost converter with constant output voltage”, IEEE.