05 MultizoneBuilding
05 MultizoneBuilding
Volume 5
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Revision history
2004-09 For Trnsys 16.00.0000
2005-04 For Trnsys 16.00.0038
2005-11 For Trnsys 16.01.0000
2007-02 For Trnsys 16.01.0003
2009-11 For Trnsys 17.00.0006
2010-02 For Trnsys 17.00.0009
2012-02 For Trnsys 17.01.0006
2017-02 For Trnsys 18.00.0008
Notice
This report was prepared as an account of work partially sponsored by the United States
Government. Neither the United States or the United States Department of Energy, nor any of
their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or employees, including but not
limited to the University of Wisconsin Solar Energy Laboratory, makes any warranty, expressed
or implied, or assumes any liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its
use would not infringe privately owned rights.
© 2005 by the Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison
The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement. This manual
and the software may be used or copied only under the terms of the license agreement. Except
as permitted by any such license, no part of this manual may be copied or reproduced in any
form or by any means without prior written consent from the Solar Energy Laboratory, University
of Wisconsin-Madison.
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Type 56 Contributors
The TRNBuild program and the Type 56 described in this manual was developed by
TRANSSOLAR Energietechnik GmbH, the German distributor of Trnsys. Further information
about the programs and their availability can be obtained from the Trnsys distributor from which
you purchased the programs or:
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Table of contents
5. MULTIZONE BUILDING MODELING WITH TYPE56 AND TRNBUILD 5–8
5.1. Introduction 5–8
5.2. TRNBuild 5–9
5.2.1. Overview Improvements 5–9
5.2.2. Getting Started 5–11
5.2.2.1. Settings 5–12
5.2.2.2. Opening and Creating a New File 5–13
5.2.2.3. Importing a Trnsys3d file 5–14
5.2.2.4. Entering the Required Input 5–16
5.2.3. The Project Dialog Box 5–18
5.2.3.1. Orientation 5–18
5.2.3.2. Properties 5–20
5.2.3.3. Inputs 5–21
5.2.3.4. Outputs 5–23
5.2.3.5. Balance Outputs 5–47
5.2.4. Construction Types 5–53
5.2.4.1. Definition of a New (Opaque) Construction Type 5–53
5.2.4.2. The (Opaque) Construction Type Library 5–56
5.2.4.3. Definintion of a New (Opaque) Layer 5–57
5.2.4.4. The (Opaque) Layer Library 5–58
5.2.4.5. Advanced (Opaque) Construction Types 5–59
5.2.4.6. Definition of a New Window Type 5–68
5.2.4.7. The Window Library 5–73
5.2.5. Schedules 5–74
5.2.6. Regime Types 5–76
5.2.6.1. Definition of Infiltration Types 5–76
5.2.6.2. Definition of Ventilation Types 5–76
5.2.6.3. Definition of Heating Types 5–77
5.2.6.4. Definiton of Cooling Types 5–79
5.2.6.5. Definition of Comfort Types 5–80
5.2.6.6. Definition of Gain Types 5–82
5.2.6.7. Definition of Daylight depending Control Types 5–84
5.2.7. Zone - Airnode 5–88
5.2.7.1. Required Regime Data 5–89
5.2.7.2. Opaque Surfaces 5–91
5.2.7.3. Windows 5–92
5.2.7.4. Infiltration 5–94
5.2.7.5. Ventilation 5–95
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5.2.7.6. Heating 5–95
5.2.7.7. Cooling 5–96
5.2.7.8. Comfort 5–97
5.2.7.9. Gains 5–97
5.2.7.10. Coupling between airnodes 5–98
5.2.7.11. Zone Geometry Modes 5–99
5.2.7.12. Zone Radiation Modes 5–100
5.2.7.13. Zone Daylight Modes 5–102
5.2.9. Geometry Information 5–103
5.2.10. Generating Files for Type 56 5–103
5.2.10.1. Saving the TRNBuild File 5–103
5.2.10.2. Maximum heat load calculation 5–104
5.2.10.3. Generate Shading / Insolation matrix 5–105
5.2.10.4. Generate view factor matrix 5–106
5.2.10.5. Generate Radiance Files 5–107
5.2.11. Exporting Trnsys3d file 5–110
5.2.12. Input Data Limits of TRNBuild 5–110
5.2.13. Building Input Description File(BUI) - Created By TRNBuild 5–111
5.2.13.1. Rules Governing the “BID Language” 5–111
5.2.13.2. Properties 5–113
5.2.13.3. Types 5–116
5.2.13.4. Orientations 5–130
5.2.13.5. Building 5–131
5.2.13.6. Radiation Mode 5–131
5.2.13.7. Geometry Mode 5–132
5.2.13.8. Daylight mode 5–132
5.2.13.9. Walls 5–133
5.2.13.10. Windows 5–144
5.2.13.11. Regime 5–147
5.2.13.12. Output 5–150
5.2.13.13. EXTENSION_WINPOOL 5–151
5.2.13.14. EXTENSION_BuildingGeometry 5–152
5.2.13.15. EXTENSION_VirtualSurfaceGeometry 5–153
5.2.13.16. EXTENSION_ShadingGeometry 5–154
5.2.13.17. EXTENSION_GEOPositionGeomtry 5–154
5.2.13.18. EXTENSION_ DaylightSensorPoints 5–155
5.2.13.19. EXTENSION_AdditionalDaylightGeometry 5–155
5.2.13.20. EXTENSION_VAMPARAMS 5–156
5.3. Trnsys Component Configuration 5–157
5.3.1. Parameters 5–157
5.3.2. Inputs 5–158
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5.4.4.3. Mean water temperature in a pipe coil 5–203
5.4.4.4. Total resistance 5–204
5.4.4.5. Comparing the calculation methods 5–206
5.4.4.6. Variables and Indices 5–208
5.4.5. Integrated Model for Chilled Ceiling Panels 5–210
5.4.6. Comfort model 5–216
5.4.7. Supply air conditioning model 5–219
5.4.8. References 5–220
5.5. Mathematical Description of Auxiliary Tools 5–221
5.5.1. TRNSHD 5–221
5.5.2. View factor calculation 5–224
5.5.3. DaySIM Integration 5–225
5.6. Building Examples for Type 56 5–227
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
5. MULTIZONE BUILDING
MODELING WITH TYPE56 AND
TRNBUILD
5.1. Introduction
This component models the thermal behavior of a building divided into different thermal zones.
In order to use this component, a separate pre-processing program must first be executed. The
TRNBuild program reads in and processes a file containing the building description and
generates two files that will be used by the Type 56 component during a Trnsys simulation. The
file containing the building description processed by TRNBuild can be generated by the user
with any text editor or with the interactive program TRNBuild itself. The required notation is
described fully in the TRNBuild documentation in the following section. TRNBuild generates an
information file describing the outputs and required inputs of Type 56.
There are two ways to model the equipment for heating, cooling, humidification, and
dehumidification. The two methods are similar to the "energy rate" and "temperature level"
control modes available in the Type 12 and 19 load models. With the "energy rate" method, a
simplified model of the air conditioning equipment is implemented within the Type 56
component. The user specifies the set temperatures for heating and cooling, set points for
humidity control, and maximum cooling and heating rates. These specifications can be different
for each zone of the building. If the user desires a more detailed model of the heating and
cooling equipment, a "temperature level" approach is required. In this case, separate
components are required to model the heating and/or cooling equipment. The outputs from the
Type 56 zones can be used as inputs to the equipment models, which in turn produce heating
and cooling inputs to the Type 56 zones.
Note: Only one unit of Type 56 is allowed per simulation.
There are 4 main sections in this guide:
Section 0 explains how to use the TRNBuild program to define the multizone building data
for Type 56 of Trnsys.
Section 5.2.12.17 shows the configuration of Type 56 (Parameters, Inputs, Outputs)
Section 5.4 and 5.5 describes the mathematical models and assumptions behind the
Type56 multizone building model.
Section 5.6 presents building examples
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5.2. TRNBuild
TRNBuild has been developed to provide an easy-to-use tool for creating the BUI-file. First,
some basic project data is entered. Then, the user can describe each thermal zone/airnodes
and select the desired outputs. All data entered are saved in the building file (*.BUI,*.B18), a
readable ASCII text file. The BUI-file is very handy for checking data entered in TRNBuild.
Note: The BUI-file has a rigorous syntax. Editing this file may cause a lot of trouble!
Basic steps including an example on how to model the thermal behavior of buildings with Type
are described in section 9.3.1 of the Trnsys Tutorial documentation
\Trnsys18\documentation\09-Tutorials.pdf file.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Trnsys 18 offers the option to perform an integrated daylight simulation based on DaySIM. A
thermal model with 3D geometric data is required as starting point. The following shows the
basic steps for a daylight simulation:
Define radiance materials for window types (see section 5.2.4.6)
Define daylight mode of thermal zone (see section 5.2.7.13)
Define daylight sensor point positions (see section 5.2.8)
Select daylight related outputs (see section 5.2.3.4)
Generate radiance files (see section 0)
Run Simulation
Note: Despite these improvements, the BUI-file created by TRNBuild for Trnsys 17 can
be imported into TRNBuild for Trnsys 18. However, files can be saved into a TRNBuild
18 format only. Errors and unexpected behavior may occur by loading files which have
been created or changed outside of TRNBuild!
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5.2.2. Getting Started
Assuming that you have installed the Trnsys package correctly, TRNBuild can be started by
double-clicking on the TRNBuild icon ( ) under the “Building” folder in the Trnsys group.
TRNBuild is also housed within the TrnsysStudio environment program. Here you can right click
on Type 56 and choose “Edit Building” to open TRNBuild.
The initial TRNBuild window is shown in Figure 5.2.2-1. The main menu of the initial TRNBuild
window houses the following items:
FILE (new, open, close, or save a *.BUI file; import, export or update Trnsys3d file)
VIEW (toolbar, status bar)
TOOLS (open *.INF file, max. heat load file calculation, run Trnsys input file, create,
generate matrices and other files)
OPTIONS (settings such as library versions, external editor, etc.)
WINDOW (cascade, tile, arrange icons, etc.)
HELP
After you open a new or existing project three additional items will be available in the main
menu:
ZONES (add zone, close all zone views and about, delete or copy active zone)
AIRNODES (add airnode and delete or move active airnode)
Some of the features in the main menu are also present in the tool bar. For users with small
screens, it might be more convenient to hide the toolbar and status bar.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
5.2.2.1. Settings
Under the OPTIONS menu, some settings used in TRNBuild can be specified as shown in
Figure 5.2.2-2.
5–12
The CHECK BOX "Files and Folders must exist" toggles a test on or off for the existence of file
paths given in the input windows.
In the previous version the resolution of the sky division for shading/insolation matrices was
defined here. This feature is moved to the TRNBuild NAVIGATOR under PROPERTIES (see
section 5.2.3.2 ).
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
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Figure 5.2.2-5: TRNBuild navigator
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
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Pull-down menu
A pull-down menu provides a list of items from which only one can be selected. To select an
item, click with the mouse on the arrow on the right side and keep the mouse button pressed
while looking for the desired item. Release the mouse button when the desired item is
highlighted. The pull-down menu reduces to a single bar again and the selected item appears
in a display box.
Figure 5.2.2-10: The def button and definition window for a constant, an input or a schedule
After clicking on the DEF button, a definition window opens as shown in Figure 5.2.2-10 . A brief
online help is provided in an information box. Using a radio button, the user selects whether a
constant, an input or a schedule is to be defined:
For a constant, the user enters a single value.
For an input, the user selects an input from the pull-down menu as well as a multiplication
and addition factor. If the option NEW from the pull-down menu is selected, the user is
asked to enter a new unique input name,short deswcription and unit.
For defining a schedule, the user selects a schedule from the pull-down menu as well as
multiplication and addition factors. If the option NEW from the pull-down menu is selected,
a dialog for specifying the schedule appears. This dialog offers the option to define a daily,
weekly or annual schedule (for more information on schedules see Chapter 0).
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
5.2.3.1. Orientation
All possible orientations of external building walls/windows must be defined here by unique
names. The table contains all orientations defined for this project. To add an orientation click
on the “+” button and a dialog box for defining a new orientation opens. To delete an orientation
click on the “-“ button. (Note: only “not used” orientations can be deleted).
The standard format for the orientation name includes the azimuth and slope of surface. The
scheme according to Trnsys convention is as follows:
Y_xxx_zzz
with
Y… single letter N, S, E, W or H
xxx… azimuth angle of the orientation acc. To TRNSYs convention (0…359 degree;
northern hemisphere: 0 … south; 90 … west, 180 … north, 270 … east
southern hemisphere: 180 south; 90 … west, 0 … north, 270 … east )
zzz… slope of the orientation (0…180; 0 … horizontal, 90 … vertical, 180 … facing down)
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Figure 5.2.3-2: New orientation dialog box
The option “Internal calculation of radiation data” reduces the required input data from the
weather data component significantly. To use this feature only the solar zenith (Input 5) has to
be connected to the weather data component Type 15, Type16, Type99. To rotate the building
(including defined shading geometry) using this option it is recommended to define an equation
TURN in the Trnsys Input file (e.g. “ TURN = 45 “ for rotation of 45 degrees towards west) and
connect the rotated solar azimuth angle (AAZM_Type56 = SolarAzimuthAngle – TURN”) to
INPUT 6 of Type 56. If you use the studio wizards for creating a new building project the
equations and connections are generated automatically.
If the option “external calculation of radiation data” is selected, three inputs of incident radiation
to the Type 56 Trnsys component will be required. This is generally provided by the weather
component.
The orientation named H_0_0 is automatically recognized as the horizontal radiation. If this
orientation doesn’t exist, no diffuse geometric shading and daylight calculation is performed.
Note: It is highly recommended to use the standard format. The former so-called “free
format” is available for backwards compatibility only.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
5.2.3.2. Properties
In the Project Initialization window the PROPERTIES button opens a dialog box shown in
Figure 5.2.3-3. General values and parameters for internal calculation of heat transfer
coefficients can be specified. In TRNBuild 18 paramters for comfort calculation can also be
defined here. If the user does not define them, the following default values are used.
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Note: The automatic calculation of heat transfer coefficients has to be activated during the
description of a new surface (see Section 5.2.7.2) or in the Construction Type MANAGER and
it is applied only to these explicitly defined construction types. In case of heated or chilled
building surface, the heat transfer will depend on surface temperature, so automatic heat
transfer coefficient calculation is strongly recommended.
For all other construction types the standard approach will still be a constant heat transfer
coefficient resulting.
The automatic calculation of heat transfer coefficients requires an internal iteration which
increases simulation time compared to the use of constant heat transfer coefficients.
In Trnsys 18 the procedure for evaluating the cooling effect of elevated air speed using the
Standard Effective Temperature (SET) described by ASHRAE Standard 55-2013, Appendix G
is implemented to meet these requirements. To be useful for the evaluation and design of
climate concepts the method is implemented to simulate an occupant-controlled fan. The user
can specify up to 4 elevated air speed levels and the code automatically selects the lowest
airspeed level required to achieve a PMVeas of ±0.5 which is equivalent to a satisfaction of
90 % of the occupants with the environmental conditions. The base air speed level is defined in
COMFORT type manager dialog (see Section 0). The other three air speeds levels are defined
for all comfort types here. The air speed levels have to be in ascending order. Note: The option
elevated air speed as to be activated in the COMFORT type manager (see Section 0).
5.2.3.3. Inputs
By clicking on the INPUTS button, an overview of INPUTs defined within the project is shown
(see Figure 5.2.3-4).
New INPUTs can be added here to create a list of inputs for the definition of gains, controller
strategies etc. In Trnsys 18 for new inputs a unit and a short decription can defined in addition
to the name.
Unused INPUTs can be deleted, but it is not possible to delete INPUTS used in definitions
somewhere in the building description. In certain cases it might be convenient to change the
sequence of INPUTs. This is done via drag and drop.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
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5.2.3.4. Outputs
By clicking on the OUTPUTS button, the OUTPUTS dialog box opens as shown in Figure
5.2.3-5. In general, defining the OUTPUTS is the last step of the building description. The user
may adjust the time base of the transfer function if necessary.
The time base defines the time interval when the wall history of the transfer functions is shifted
(see section 5.4.1.5 ). The default value of 1 is adequate for most cases. The most accuarate
setting would be a time base equal to the time step. However, this might not be possible
depending on the used contrsuction types and time step size. If an error message related to the
transfer function generation appears the time base can be set to 0.5 for light walls. For heavy
constructions a time base of 2 might be used.
Caution: The following conditions have to be fulfilled for the time base:
SimulationStartTime = l * Timebase l = 0,1,2,... (integer value)
SimulationTimeStep = Timebase / n n = 1,2,...(integer value)
The SimulationStartTime and the SimulationTimeStep are defined in the TRNSYS Studio and
the TRNSYS Input file (*.DCK).
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
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Figure 5.2.3-7: Specifing an output with a green background
In Table 5.2.3-1 below, a list of optional outputs is shown. Table 5.2.3-1 is divided into so called
“airnode outputs” where a single output is produced for each airnode specified and so called
“surface outputs” where a single output is produced for specified surfaces of an airnode. In
addition, outputs for groups of airnodes can be defined. Airnodes are combined in groups by
stating the airnodes in a row and then specifying the desired NType numbers of possible group
outputs. For each of these NType numbers, a group output for the stated zones is produced.
A themal zone is not equal to an airnode. A thermal zone may consist of more than one airnode.
Only balance outputs are based on thermal zones.
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Surface Outputs:
Airnode Outputs:
Note: NType 27 (static UA-transmission losses of walls + windows of airnode) and NType 46
do not use the transfer functions calculated by TRNbuild but instead uses the stationary U-
values to calculate steady state transmission losses of walls and windows without considering
any capacitance effects. The following values of the surface resistance (combined for
convection and radiation) are used for the U-value calculation:
HBACK > 30 kJ / (h m² K) => 1/α = 0.04 m² K / W
30 ≥ HBACK >0.005 => 1/α = 0.13 m² K / W
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
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Outputs for Groups of Airnodes:
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Surface Outputs:
NType 50 UWIN U-value of glazing and frame for external windows [kJ/ hr m² K]
Note: NType 50 (U-value of glazing and frame for external windows) does not use the surface
heat transfer coefficients deinfed in the project but instead uses the following standard surface
heat transfer coefficients (combined for convection and radiation):
HBACK > 30 kJ / (h m² K) => 1/α = 0.04 m² K / W
30 ≥ HBACK >0.005 => 1/α = 0.13 m² K / W
0.005 ≥ HBACK => 1/α = 0 m² K / W
HFRONT => 1/α = 0.13 m² K / W
Airnode Outputs:
Surface Outputs:
NType 60 QALE energy input by gains of active layer to active layer [kJ/hr]
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Airnode Outputs:
Surface Outputs:
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Airnode Outputs:
5–32
Surface Outputs:
NType 81 QIDAB solar diffuse rad. being absorbed at inside surface [kJ/hr]
Airnode Outputs:
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Surface Outputs:
NType 107 HCONVO eff. outside conv. heat transfer coeff (BACK) [kJ/hr m² K]
NType 108 HCONVI eff. inside conv. heat transfer coeff (FRONT) [kJ/hr m² K]
NType 112 MFLAL Inlet mass flow rate of active layer [kg/hr]
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Airnode Outputs:
Surface Outputs:
Comfort Outputs:
NType 124 PMV Predicted mean vote (incl. elevated air speed) [-]
NType 132 EAS Optimized elevated air speed level (0,1,2 or 3) [m/s]
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Surface Outputs:
Airnode Outputs:
NType 158 QELGAINS Electric energy demand of "all" gains of airnode [kJ/hr]
Airnode Outputs:
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Sensible energy gain from "thermal bridge"
164 QGTHB [kJ/hr]
gains/losses of airnode
171 QAHU_C total cooling energy to condition supply air to set [kJ/hr]
point conditions (sum of defined ventilations with
supply air conditioning)
172 QAHU_SENS_H heating energy to condition supply air to reach set [kJ/hr]
point temperature after HX, Dehum (sum of defined
ventilations with supply air conditioning)
173 QAHU_SENS_C cooling energy to condition supply air to reach set [kJ/hr]
point temperature after HX (sum of defined
ventilations with supply air conditioning)
174 QAHU_HRSENS_ heating energy provided by heat recovery unit (sum [kJ/hr]
H of defined ventilations with supply air conditioning)
175 QAHU_HRSENS_ cooling energy provided by heat recovery unit (sum [kJ/hr]
C of defined ventilations with supply air conditioning)
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
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MFGAP4 mass flow of gap 4 (available for complex [kg/hr]
320
fenestration model only) [kg/h]
405 AREADCL1 Floor area related to 1st daylight controlled gain [m²]
407 ILLSETDLC1 Illuminance set point of 1st daylight controlled gain [lux]
415 AREADCL2 Floor area related to 2nd daylight controlled gain [m²]
417 ILLSETDLC2 Illuminance set point of 2nd daylight controlled gain [lux]
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
425 AREADCL3 Floor area related to 3rd daylight controlled gain [m²]
427 ILLSETDLC3 Illuminance set point of 3rd daylight controlled gain [lux]
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Balance Outputs (printing standard files):
902 BAL_2 Solar Balance for Sum of all Zones is printed [kJ/hr]
905 BAL_5 Energy Balance for Sum of all Zonesis printed [kJ/hr]
908 BAL_8 Moisture Balance for Sum of all Airnodes is printed [kJ/hr]
The balance NTypes 901 – 908 are defined like the other outputs but in contrast to the other
ones they don’t return a value. If they are defined a balance output files are printed in the
directory of the Trnsys input file DCK. These files contain hourly integrated values. The balances
are described in detail in Section 5.2.3.5 .
In addition to the balance output files each item of the balance is available as NType
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window going out without convective loss from
gap ventilation (see B3_QSHVOUT)
NType [kJ/hr]
B4_DQAIRdt BAL 4: change of internal energy of zone
951
NType [kJ/hr]
B4_QCOOL BAL 4: power of ideal cooling
953
NType [kJ/hr]
B4_QINF BAL 4: infiltration gains
954
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
NType [kJ/hr]
B4_QVENT BAL 4: ventilation gains
955
NType [kJ/hr]
B4_QCOUP BAL 4: coupling gains
956
NType [kJ/hr]
B4_QGINT BAL 4: internal gains (convective+radiative)
958
NType [kJ/hr]
B4_QWGAIN BAL 4: wall gains
959
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Surface Outputs for walls corresponding to Balance 906 (see 5.2.3.5.6)
NType [kJ/hr]
B6_DQWALL BAL 6 : change of internal energy of wall
973
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
NType [kg/hr]
B7_MWINF BAL 7: water gain of zone due to infiltration
983
NType [kg/hr]
B7_MWVENT BAL 7: water gain of zone due to ventilation
984
NType [kg/hr]
B7_MWCOUP BAL 7: water gain of zone due to coupling
985
NType [kg/hr]
B7_MWIGAIN BAL 7: water gain from internal loads
986
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5.2.3.5. Balance Outputs
Balance:
B1_QBAL solar balance for one zone should be close 0.
Maximum possible Gains:
B1_QSEXT total external solar radiation on all windows of one zone including frame
B1_QSADJ solar gains due to exchange with adjacent zones (gains +; Losses -). Including
multiple refection.
Blocked Gains:
B1_QBGSHD solar blocked due to geometric shading devices of all windows of a zone
B1_QBREFG solar blocked due to reflection of glazing and shading layers of all windows of
a zone
B1_QBFRM solar blocked due to frames of all windows of a zone. Secondary heat flux into
zone from absorbed solar on external surface of frame is not included.
B1_QBABSG solar blocked due to absorption on glazing and shading layers of all external
windows (only absorbed gains not entering the zone)
Losses:
B1_QSLOSS solar radiation leaving zone through external windows of zone (excluding solar
reflected by internal shading device)
B1_QSHVOUT solar radiation leaving zone as convective energy gain (absorbed solar going
out by gap ventilation)
Gains of zone:
B1_QSGWIN Absorbed solar gains on all windows of zones going inside (secondary heatflux
for total window including frame and internal shading device without
CCISHADE Part)
B1_QISHCCI Absorbed on all internal shading devices of zone and directly transferred to the
airnode by ventilation (CCISHADE).
B1_QSGWALL absorbed solar radiation on all walls of zone.
B1_QSOLAIR convective energy gain of zone due transmitted solar radiation through external
windows which is transformed immediately into a con. heat flow to internal air.
(same as B4_QSOLAIR)
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
5.2.3.5.2. BALANCE 2 - SOLAR BALANCE FOR SUM OF ALL ZONES (NTYPE 902)
This balance is the same as Balance 1 but all values for all zones are summed up together. If
NType 902 was selected in the output manager for one zone, this balance is printed in one file
called SOLAR_TOT.BAL.
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Balance:
B3_QBAL solar balance for one external window should be close 0.
Blocked Gains:
B3_QBREFG solar blocked due to reflection of glazing and shading layers of external
window
B3_QBGSHD solar blocked due to geometric shading devices of external window
B3_QBFRM solar blocked due to frame of external window of a zone.
B3_QBABSG solar blocked due to absorption on glazing and shading layers of
external window (only absorbed from primary solar radiation on this
window)
B3_QSHVOUT solar radiation leaving zone as convective energy gain (absorbed solar
going out by gap ventilation)
Gains of zone:
B3_QSHFPR secondary heatflux of external window only primary solar no reflected
radiation or radiation through other windows included.
B3_QSTRNS short wave transmission through external window to zone
Out of these parts the performance of the window and its shading devices can be calculated:
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Balance:
B4_QBAL energy balance for one zone should be always close to 0. In order to save time
the matrix of Type 56 is not inverted all the time, but only if the error is less than
a certain tolerance. Due to this fact the energy balance of the zone isn’t always
0.
5.2.3.5.5. BALANCE 5 - ENERGY BALANCE FOR SUM OF ALL ZONES (NTYPE 905)
This balance is the same as Balance 4 but all values for all zones are summed up together. If
NType 905 was selected in the output manager for one zone, this balance is printed in one file
called ENERGY_TOT.BAL.
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5.2.3.5.6. BALANCE 6 - ENERGY BALANCE FOR SURFACES (NTYPE 906)
This Balance shows the detailed energy balance of a surface. If NType 906 was selected in the
output manager, this balance will be printed for all selected walls in one file each (called
ENERGY_SURF_XXX.BAL).
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
5.2.3.5.8. BALANCE 8 - MIOSTURE BALANCE FOR SUM OF ALL ZONES (NTYPE 908)
This balance is the same as Balance 7 but all values for all zones are summed up together.
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5.2.4. Construction Types
The second branch in the TRNBuild navigator is called construction types. Here all the layers
used by opaque surface contructions, the opques surface constructions (walls, floors, ceilings,
roofs) and windows are listed and the total number of each construction type is shown in
brackets.
To add a new wall, floor, ceiling or roof type, right click on the respective icon. Now, you can
either define a new construction type under “Add Surface” or add an existing one from a library.
You can also right-click on an existing construction type in the list to delete, rename, copy or
save it to the library. If you left-click on an existing construction type in the list, detailed
information will appear. This can be done respectively to add layers or windows.
Figure 5.2.4-2: Adding new construction type directly in the zone dialog box
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
type, the user must first specify the construction of the wall type. The construction is specified
by a series of layers starting from the “inside” surface (front) of the wall to the “outside”
(back). The user can create a new layer (see Chapter 5.2.4.3 ) select a layer from a library (see
Chapter 0), or select a previously defined layer by using the right box and the arrow buttons.
After entering the thickness the selected layer appears in the left box. The thickness of a layer
in the left box can be edited by double-clicking. TRNBuild calculates the total wall thickness as
well as a standard U-value. This standard U-value is determined with combined heat transfer
coefficients of 7.7 W/ (m² K) inside and 25 W/ (m² K) outside.
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In addition to the wall construction, the solar absorptance is required. The solar absorptance
coefficients depend on the properties of the wall finish. For daylight simulation it is assumed
that the visible light absorption is equal to the solar absorption.
Roof coating
• green 0.60 ... 0.65
• aluminum color 0.60 ... 0.65
• light grey, bright 0.30 ... 0.40
• white, smooth 0.20 ... 0.25
Exterior wall
• smooth surface, dark color 0.70 ... 0.75
• rough surface, medium bright color 0.65 ... 0.70
yellow and yellow red clinker, brick)
• smooth surface, medium bright color 0.60 ... 0.65
(chalky sandstone, asbestos concrete)
• rough surface and white color 0.30 ... 0.35
• smooth surface and white color 0.25 ... 0.30
Metallic surface
• zinc sheet, aged and dirty 0.75 ... 0.80
• aluminum, matted surface 0.50 ... 0.55
• aluminum color 0.35 ... 0.40
• bright and polished surface 0.20 ... 0.25
Note: The solar absorptance coefficient should not be used for solar radiation
distribution. Please use either the distribution factor GEOSURF or the Insolation matrix
for that behalf.
The longwave emission coefficient can also be defined. The default value is 0.9. Note. The
coefficients of inside surfaces are used by the detailed longwave radiation mode only! If
the standard or simple model in is selected the entered values are ignored and set to 0.9. To
change the radiation mode double click on the respective thermal zone/airnode in the TRNBuild
navigator. In the arinode dialog, select “radiation modes” on the top right. Now select the
required model in the radiation mode dialog. See Chapter 5.2.7.12 for more information.
Finally, the convective heat transfer coefficient (without a radiative part!) must be defined.
Common values are:
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
• inside: 11 kJ / h m² K
• outside: 64 kJ / h m² K
While a constant heat transfer coefficient will be sufficient in most cases, it is possible to choose
internal calculation for any surface within a zone if desired. You will have to select whether the
surface is a floor, a ceiling or vertical to fit the appropriate heat transfer mechanism. See Chapter
5.2.3.2 Properties for further information.
Note: The automatic calculation of heat transfer coefficients is only appropriate for
inside surfaces. Therefore it can not be used for outside surfaces of external or
boundary walls. For this kind of surfaces a user defined correlation may be defined
taking into account also wind influence.
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5.2.4.3. Definintion of a New (Opaque) Layer
If the user selects “add layer”, the definition window for a new layer opens (see Figure 5.2.4-5).
The user can now enter the corresponding material properties for the layer.
You can right-click on an existing layer type in the navigator list to delete, rename, copy or save
it to the library. If the layer is saved to the library and will be available for other projects and will
appear in the previously described layer library window.
For the definition of a new layer there are 4 options:
• Massive: this is the most common one usually used in all constructions
• Massless: only used when TRNBuild is not able to create the transfer functions of
a wall with only massive layers. In that case this layer type is
used for very thin layers where the thermal mass can be neglected
• Active: used for concrete core cooling and heating, capillary tube system and
for floor heating and cooling systems (see Section 5.2.4.5.1 )
• Chilled ceiling: chilled ceiling panel decoupled from the rest of the wall due to
insulation or airspace (see Section 5.2.4.5.2)
In Trnsys 18, two optional parameters for calculating the embodied energy of the complete
construction type are added.
or
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
or
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5.2.4.5. Advanced (Opaque) Construction Types
5.2.4.5.1. DEFINITION OF A CONSTRUCTION WITH AN ACTIVE LAYER
To model a radiant heating and cooling system, an “active layer” is added to the wall, floor or
ceiling. The layer is called “active” because it contains fluid filled pipes that either add or remove
heat from the surface. The active layer is described by 5 parameters (see Figure 5.2.4-7).
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
d 1 0.3 * d x
dx
active layer
d 2 /2
Figure 5.2.4-9: Wall with an active layer for floor heating or cooling
5. After confirmation of the inputs you get back to the regime data window. When the
active layer wall is selected, you see a specification button, leading you to the next
menu, the active layer definition window (see Figure 5.2.4-11).
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Figure 5.2.4-10: Active layer specification bar
6. Depending on the definition of pipe diameter, spacing, mass flow per unit area etc. it
might be necessary to define several segments. The first segment of a heating system
will have the highest surface temperature, resulting in a higher heat flow to the room,
the next segment somewhat smaller and so on. For airnodes with 3D geometric
information the splitting of surfaces have to be done in Trnsys3D and then manually
connected. For airnodes without 3D geometric information an automatic process, called
"Autosegmentation" is provided to ease the use of the active layer and to support a
physically correct use.
7. Pushing the button “Divide Surfaces” (see Figure 5.2.4-11) will start the auto
segmentation of the surface which generates the appropriate number of surfaces
related to the segments. If you want to see the details of that calculation, toggle the
“show calculation” check box on before autosegmentation.
Note: the check disappears anyway after segmentation. The surface numbers associated
with the segments appear in the “surface number of segments” window, except when no
segments are needed; in this case the statement “no segmentation” appears.
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5–62
WALL =BDU_AL1133 : SURF= 91 : AREA= 7 : BOUNDARY=INPUT 1*TRAUM : INTEMP = INPUT 1*TINAL1 : MFLOW = INPUT 1*MFTAB : NLOOP = 1 ;
: MFLOWMIN = 2 : ASEGSURF = 91 ,5 ,6 ,
WALL =BDU_AL1133 : SURF= 5 : AREA= 7 : BOUNDARY=INPUT 1*TRAUM : MFLOW = INPUT 1*MFTAB : NLOOP = 1 ;
: MFLOWMIN = 2 : ASEGSURF = 91 ,5 ,6 ,
WALL =BDU_AL1133 : SURF= 6 : AREA= 7 : BOUNDARY=INPUT 1*TRAUM : MFLOW = INPUT 1*MFTAB : NLOOP = 1 ;
: MFLOWMIN = 2 : ASEGSURF = 91 ,5 ,6 ,
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
The first is an air gap between chilled ceiling and ceiling. In that case the air gap and the heat
transfer within the gap is model internally and the air gap has not to be defined as a Layer. So
the next layer after a chilled ceiling in a wall definition could be e.g. a concrete layer.
The second option is direct contact: in that case the model requires for the next layer in the wall
definition an insulation with a Resistance > 10
To divide the specific normpower into radiative and convective part the mean surface
temperature o,kd has to be known at test conditions unfortunately only the mean fluid
temperature W is a standard output of a chilled ceiling panel test after DIN4715-1 (see Figure
5.2.4-15).
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Figure 5.2.4-16: Resistance model for chilled ceiling test conditions after 4715-1.
In an expert mode additional heat transfer coefficients for the upper and the lower side of a
chilled ceiling panel may be added. Also the coefficients for the calculation of the heat transfer
in an air gap may be modified in the expert mode.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
5–66
Figure 5.2.4-19: Chilled ceiling specification
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
5–68
or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its
use would not infringe privately owned rights.
Note:Typing in an ID Number manually which isn’t contained in the “Pool” list will cause an
error!!
In Figure 5.2.4-21 The property data block for a glazing system is shown. The yellow highlighted
data is used by the window model. The displayed g-value, u-value and dvisible light
transmittance are marked red.
BERKELEY LAB WINDOW v7.4.6.0 DOE-2 Data File : Multi Band Calculation : generated with Trnsys18.std
Unit System : SI
Name : DOE-2 WINDOW LIB
Desc : GU_ClimaGuard_N_#3_Ar90
Window ID : 3201
Tilt : 90.0
Glazings : 2
Frame : 3 Wood 2.270
Spacer : 2 Class2 0.068 1.550 -0.143
Total Height: 1500.0 mm
Total Width : 1200.0 mm
Glass Height: 1360.3 mm
Glass Width : 1060.3 mm
Mullion : None
Gap Thick Cond dCond Vis dVis Dens dDens Pr dPr
1 Ar90/Air1 16.0 0.01712 5.410 2.062 6.300 1.711 -0.0060 0.687 -0.0001
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Angle 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Hemis
Tsol 0.562 0.562 0.558 0.552 0.544 0.522 0.467 0.353 0.175 0.000 0.483
Abs1 0.104 0.105 0.107 0.110 0.114 0.119 0.125 0.130 0.127 0.000 0.116
Abs2 0.095 0.095 0.097 0.098 0.097 0.095 0.092 0.082 0.051 0.000 0.091
Abs3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Abs4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Abs5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Abs6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rfsol 0.239 0.238 0.238 0.240 0.246 0.265 0.317 0.435 0.647 1.000 0.300
Rbsol 0.249 0.249 0.250 0.252 0.260 0.280 0.332 0.449 0.666 1.000 0.314
Tvis 0.741 0.740 0.735 0.729 0.718 0.689 0.616 0.465 0.230 0.000 0.638
Rfvis 0.129 0.128 0.129 0.133 0.143 0.170 0.240 0.394 0.653 1.000 0.215
Rbvis 0.126 0.125 0.126 0.129 0.139 0.165 0.230 0.373 0.627 1.000 0.207
SHGC 0.660 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Tvis_daylight: 0.800
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For the new glazing data base the syntax of the glazing property data is extended to include the
used standard file and the visible transmittance owing to spectral sensitivity of the human eye
which can be helpful for selecting the radiance material for daylight simulation.
• ID Spacer
For calculating the edge correction of the U-value of the glazing 5 spacer types are available.
For Spacer ID = 0 all parameter including the glass height and width are read from the w74-
lib.dat For Spacer ID 1 to 4 the height and width of one glazing module has to be defined.
5 No spacer - - -
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ISHADE defines the opaque fraction of a shading device 1-. The internal shading device may
have different reflection properties of the opaque part on the front and back sides. Therefore,
the reflection towards the window (REFLISHADE) and the reflection towards the zone
(REFLOSHADE) can be specified.
The following example of measured data for a closed internal shading device illustrate the
correlation of these variables:
transmission 30.0 %
absorption 43.4 %
reflection 26.6 %
=> ISHADE = 1- = 0.7
=> REFLISHADE = /(1- ) = 0.38
ISHADE = 0.7
20 %
100 % absorbed REFLISHADE= 0.38
at window CCISHADE = 0.33
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
radiance materials to the library. (There are data bases for radiance materials available e.g.
www.lighting-materials.com/learn.)
Note: The syntax of the radiance material file which is described in the file header has to be
met!
To help selecting the radiance material of the unshaded state, the visible transmission for
daylight related to the glazing ID is displayed.
If a window type has no operable shading device at all, the radiance material file for unshaded
should be used for shaded as well.
If no detailed information is available for the shaded state, the visible light transmittance
multiplied by a shading factor might be used as a first guess.
Note: The visible transmission for daylight do not represent the entire visible range, owing to
the spectral sensitivity of the human eye, which means that it differs from the characteristic used
by the 2-band thermal model. In most cases, the visible light transmittance for daylight is given
in publications and is stored in the glazing data base.
##########################################################
### radiance material file
##########################################################
#
# syntax description:
# '#' - to start a comment lines
#
# each material description starts with a line: void material name
# with
# void - key word for defining a radiance material
# material
# - glass (transparent material)
# - plastic (opaque material with uncolored highlights)
# - metal (similar to plastic, but specular highlights are modified by …
# - mirror (used for reflecting planar surfaces)
# name - referenced for TRNSYS Type56 daylight material definition
#
# see material syntax in each section
# see also http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/refer/ray.html
##########################################################
…….
# glass_80
# visual transmittance: 80%
# visual transmissivity: 87.15%
void glass glass_80
0
0
3 .8715 .8715 .8715
• FRAME properties
The properties of the frame are not read from the W74-LIB.Dat file. They must be entered in
TRNBuild. The cframe-value has to be entered without the heat transfer coefficients h o and hi .
The solar absorptance is used for both sides of the frame.
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forced convection due to wind, but for the inside surface the internal calculation makes sense,
since the glass surface temperature varies largely with room conditions.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
5.2.5. Schedules
The third branch in the TRNBuild navigator manages the schedules of the opened project.
Here all the schedules are listed and the total number of schedules is shown in brackets.
Analogous to the construction types, schedules can be edited by right clicking on them. To
see more information about a schedule, left-click on it.
5–74
Figure 5.2.5-3: Daily schedule Figure 5.2.5-4: Weekly schedule
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
An air flow into the zone from outside the zone can be specified by adding infiltration. To add
an infiltration type, right-click on the icon and select “add infiltration”. A dialog box for the new
infiltration type opens.
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Figure 5.2.6-3: Adding a new ventilation type.
Besides entering a new unique name, the user must define the supply air flow rate as well as
the temperature and humidity of the air flow.
In Trnsys 18 the user has 5 options for defining the supply air flow. Especially the option of
defining the supply area flow related to the reference floor area allows to use one ventilation
type for several airnodes. In addition, a specific fan power can be entered which is used to
calculate the electrical energy demand related to ventilation.
Next, the user selects wether the supply air conditioning is done outside of Type 56 by another
component or if the air handling unit for supply air conditions is calculated internally by Type56.
For the second option Type 56 calculates the energy demand required to bring the supply air
flow from outside (ambient) conditions to the userdefined inlet conditions (see section 5.4.7 ).
By selecting the option OUTSIDE for the temperature and the humidity, the temperature and
the humidity of the outside air are used. The DEF button indicates that they can be defined as
a constant, an input, or a schedule.
The humidity can be defined as relative or humidity ratio (absolute humidity). If the option
“”supply air conditioning = internal calculation” is selected the user can define humidification to
a min. supply humidity and/or dehumidification to max. supply humidity.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
5–78
5.2.6.4. Definiton of Cooling Types
The cooling requirement of any airnode subject to idealized cooling control can be determined
by specifying a cooling type. If the cooling equipment is modeled externally by a type other than
the Type 56 component, the cooling type should not be used. Instead, outputs of the external
conditioning equipment component(s) should lead to inputs of Type 56 defined as ventilation
airchange, temperature and humidity or outputs of a supplied heating power should connect to
inputs of Type 56 defined as convective and radiative gains.
To add a cooling type, right-click on the icon and select “add cooling”. A dialog box for the new
cooling type opens.
Besides entering a new unique name, the user must define the room setpoint temperature, the
cooling power, and the dehumidification of the air within the zone. As indicated by the DEF
button, all variables can be defined as a constant, an input, or a schedule. By selecting the
option UNLIMITED for the cooling power, the cooling power is set to a very high number. The
userdefined cooling power can be defined as absolute value or related to reference floor area
of wirnode. In addition an electric power fraction power can be entered which is used to calculate
the electrical energy demand related to the cooling device.
The dehumidification can be turned on or off. If it is turned on, the user must specify the desired
humidity of the air above which there is dehumidification by clicking on the DEF button. The
humidity can be defined as relative or absolute humidity (humidity ratio).
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Now enter a new unique name for the comfort type and define four entities:
• CLOTHING factor
In EN ISO 7730 a lot of clothing factors are given for a large variety of clothing. The following
table gives a brief data for common clothing ensembles:
Nude 0
Shorts 0.1
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Typical business suit + Cotton coat 1.5
• METABOLIC rate
The metabolic rate represents a heat production depending on the activity level:
• EXTERNAL WORK
In general the external work is around 0.
• REALTIVE AIR VELOCITY
The air velocity relative to the person must be entered.
As indicated by the DEF button, the user can enter a constant, an input or a schedule for all
values. For more information check the EN ISO 7730. Apart from the normative part of the
paper, the appendices also provide detailed information on clothing factors etc.
For the evaluation of comfort concepts with tempered air and elevated air speed in warmer
zones such as tropical climates adaptive comfort models are required.
In Trnsys 18 the procedure for evaluating the cooling effect of elevated air speed using the
Standard Effective Temperature (SET) described by ASHRAE Standard 55-2013, Appendix G
is implemented. This feature is especially useful to evaluate comfort concepts with tempered air
and elevated air speed in warmer zones such as tropical climates.
The SET can be calculated for a wide range of six environmental and personal parameters: air
temperature (Tair), mean radiant temperature (MRT), relative humidity (RH) average elevated
air speed (v), clothing factor (clo) and metabolic rate (met). To evaluate the cooling effect of
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
elevated air speed first the SET is calculated for the parameters and the given air speed. In a
second step the air speed is replaced by still air (0.15 m/s) and an adjusted averaged air and
mean radiant temperature is calculated to achieve the same SET as in the previous step
(ANSI/ASHRAE. 2015). With the adjusted averaged temperatures the air speed of still air and
the remaining parameters the Predicted Mean Vote for elevated air speeds (PMVeas) is
calculated.
To be useful for the evaluation and design of climate concepts the method is implemented to
simulate an occupant-controlled fan. The user can specify up to 4 air speed levels and the code
automatically selects the lowest airspeed level required to achieve a PMVeas of ±0.5 which is
equivalent to a satisfaction of 90 % of the occupants with the environmental conditions. Note:
The 1st air speed level is defined within the comfort type whereas the additional 3 are defined
under properties (see Chapter 5.2.3.2 )
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Figure 5.2.6-8: Adding a new gain
Besides entering a new unique name, select the gain category. The category “thermal bridge”
is treated different from the others and is described later. Next, the gain type can be defined as
an absolute gain or a specific gain related to the referece floor area of an airnode. (Note: Within
the airnode gain definitions a fraction of the reference floor area of that airnode can be assigned
(see section 5.2.7.9 ). Then the radiative and convective power can be entered by clicking the
DEF button. In general, a gain is defined as positive value and a loss is defined as negative.
Optional an electric power fraction related to the radiative and convective power can be
specified.
For Trnsys 18 it is recommended to define in the gain type dialog the maximum reference area
related power. The control of the gain (on/off and reducing the maximum value) for a specific
arinode is done in the airnode regime definition where two scaling factors are available.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
First, enter a unique name for the new daylight control type in the input box on the top.
The dialog box is sectioned in three parts: lighting control type, illuminance set points and
daylight illuminance on the sensor.
First, the artificial light control type must be selected. There are four options for this.
The first option “always on” does not turn off or dim the artificial lighting. Here the daylight is not
considered and the control type for artificial lights is always on. The second option is “on/off",
which uses a hysteresis loop shown in Figure 5.2.6-10Figure 5.2.6-12 to turn the control on or
off. Two illuminance setpoints must be defined for this option. One setpoint describing when the
control turns off/ articial lights should turn off (top) and one when the control turns on again /
artificial lights should turn on again (bottom). In the example below the setpoint values 500lux
and 300lux were used.
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Figure 5.2.6-10: Artificial lighting control type – on/off
The third option “continuous” is a control type that dims the artificial lights to a minimum but
does not completely switch them off. The artificial lights start dimming when the daylight
illuminance of the zone reaches the illuminance setpoint. The control then dims the artificial
lights depending on the daylight. To define the minimum to which the artificial lights are dimmed,
two values (the minimum input power fraction and the minimum light output fraction) must be
specified. Figure 5.2.6-11 shows how this artificial lighting control type works.
The last option is “continuous on/off”. This control type is a combination of the second and third
option. Here two setpoints must be defined under illuminance setpoint. The first setpoint
describes when the control starts dimming the lights. The control then dims the artificial lights
depending on the daylight. The minimum input power and minimum output fraction must be
defined, once they are reached, the artificial lights turn off. They are turned on again when the
daylight illuminance in the zone equals or surpasses the second setpoint.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
The second section of the daylight deoending control type dialog is called illuminance setpoint.
In this area, the user can define the illuminance at which the artificial lighting is turned off or
when the artificial lights start dimming. The illuminance setpoint section changes depending on
the type of lighting control selected.
In the daylight illuminance area, the input of the daylight illuminance is specified. There are
three options for this. If option 1 “daylight factor” is chosen, Trnsys multiplies the entered daylight
factor with the total horizontal illuminance to calculate the daylight illuminance in the zone
(𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐷𝐹 𝑥 𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑡𝑜𝑡,ℎ𝑜𝑟 . )
The second option is “userdefined value”. Here, the entered value is assumed to be the daylight
illuminance in the zone. This option is useful when using pre-calculated data from a file
generated in a co-simulation by Type 332 (Daysim). For options 1 and 2, the daylight illuminance
can be specified by entering a constant value, an input or a schedule.
Option 3 “daylight sensor position” uses the Daysim model integrated in Type 56. For this option,
a maximum of four daylight sensor positions can be selected. During the simulation, the mean
daylight illuminance of the sensor positions is calculated and used for the control type. To be
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able to select the sensor positions, they must first be defined in geometry information dialog. To
open this dialog box, go to the TrnBuild navigator and double-click “Geo- Info” (for more
information see section 5.2.8).
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
5–88
Figure 5.2.7-2: Moving an active airnode to another zone
To edit an airnode select it in the pull-down menu. The data describing an airnode can be
divided into four main parts:
a) the required REGIME DATA,
b) the opaque surfaces of the airnode,
c) the WINDOWs of the airnode and
d) optional REGIME data equipment data and operating specifications including
INFILTRATION, VENTILATION, COOLING, HEATING, GAINS, COMFORT and
COUPLING.
In addition, geometry, radiation and daylight modes are defined for zones (not airnodes!)
When entering data for a new airnode, it is recommended to proceed in the order shown
above.
• Initial values values that are assumed at the beginning of the simulation
If needed, you can change the initial temperature and relative humidity of the airnode
air
by clicking on the “initial values” icon.
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5.2.7.2. Opaque Surfaces
The information about surfaces within a zone is displayed in the left lower part of the airnode
window. Here, the user can add, delete or edit the surfaces of an airnode. A box in the upper
part provides an overview of all defined surfaces. By clicking on a wall within this overview box,
the definition of the selected wall is displayed below and can be edited. To delete a defined wall,
select the desired wall in the overview box and click on the delete button.
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• AREA
The entered area of the surface should include the area of all windows within the wall. For
internal walls, the area should be doubled, because the front as well as the back face of the
surface is exposed to the zone.
• CATEGORY
The surface category is set to EXTERNAL by default. To change the surface category, use the
pull-down menu on the right side. The following surface categories are available:
EXTERNAL an exterior surface
INTERNAL a surface within an airnode
ADJACENT a surface that borders another airnode
BOUNDARY a surface with boundary conditions
The display of the other required input data adjusts automatically based on the surface category.
• GEOSURF
Explicit distribution factors can be defined by the user for the distribution of direct solar radiation
entering a zone (not airnode!). The value of GEOSURF represents the fraction of the total
entering direct solar radiation that strikes the surface. The sum of all values of GEOSURF is not
allowed to exceed 1 within a zone. The movement of the sun patches within a zone can be
modeled by defining a SCHEDULE or an INPUT. The default value of GEOSURF is 0. If the
sum of values within a zone is zero, the direct radiation is distributed the same way as the
diffuse radiation (by absorptance weighted area ratios). Note: A detailed radiation mode for
distributing beam radiation through external windows depending on the geometry and current
sun position is available (for further information see 5.2.7.12 radiation modes.)
• SURFACE GAIN
With surface gain an energy flux to the inside and/or outside of the surface can be defined
• ORIENTATION (for external surface only)
The orientation of the surface needs to be selected from a list. For adding a new orientation see
section 5.2.3.1. For models with 3D data the orientation is already defined by the import and
should not be changed.
• VIEW FACTOR TO SKY (for external surface only)
For the “view factor to the sky” (fraction of the sky to the celestrial hemisphere seen by the wall)
a value ≤ 1 must be entered (i.e. 1 for a horizontal surface, 0.5 for a vertical surface with
unobstructed view). The value is used as a weighting factor between “ground” and sky
temperature for the longwave radiation exchange.
• BOUNDARY TEMPERATURE (for boundary surface only)
• EXTERNAL SHADING FACTOR (for external surface only)
5.2.7.3. Windows
Windows can be defined for external and adjacent opaque surfaces or as additional window
without a related base surface. If an external or adjacent surface is highlighted in the overview
box of “walls,floors,ceilings,roofs” the right part of the AIRNODE window allows the user to edit,
delete or add windows for that particular surface.
By clicking on a window within the overview box, the definition of the selected window is
displayed below and can be edited. To delete a defined window, select the desired window in
the overview box and click on the DELETE button.
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Figure 5.2.7-6: Adding a new window
To add a new window, click on the ADD button below the overview box and a new undefined
window is added as shown in Figure 5.2.7-6.
• SURFACE ID NUMBER
The surface number is a unique number used for surface identification. The number is
generated by TRNBuild automatically and can’t be changed.
• SURFACE Type
The surface type is set automatically to window.
• CONSTRUCTION Type
The window type can be specified by using the pull-down menu on the right side. This menu
offers the options of defining a new window type, selecting a window type out of a library or
selecting a previously defined window type. The first two options are explained later in detail.
The name of the selected window type appears in the display box. Also, TRNBuild displays the
U-value (describing window losses) and the g-value (solar heat gain coefficient or SHGC) of the
selected window for user information (if available).
• AREA
When the *.BUI file is written, the entered area of the window will be subtracted automatically
from the wall area.
• CATEGORY
The category is created automatically by TRNBuild depending on the base surface category
(external or adjacent). The display of further required input data adjusts automatically based on
the window category.
• GEOSURF
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Explicit distribution factors can be defined by the user for the distribution of direct solar radiation
entering a zone. The value of GEOSURF represents the fraction of the total entering direct solar
radiation that strikes the surface. The sum of all values of GEOSURF is not allowed to exceed
1 within a zone. The movement of the sun patches within a zone can be modeled by defining a
SCHEDULE or an INPUT. The default value of GEOSURF is 0. If the sum of values within
greater zero but not equal 1 used GEOSURF values will be normalized so that the sum in the
zone is equal 1. If the sum of values within a zone is zero, the direct radiation is distributed the
same way as the diffuse radiation. Note: A detailed radiation mode for distributing beam
radiation through external windows depending on the geometry and current sun position is
available (for further information see 5.2.7.12 radiation modes.)
• GAIN
With gain an energy flux to the inside window surface can be defined
• ORIENTATION
The orientation needs to be defined for adjacent windows and so called “additional windows”
(windows that do not relate to a base surface). For the adjacent windows either the orientation
of the front side or the back side can be used.
• VIEW FACTOR TO SKY (for external window only)
For the “view factor to the sky” (fraction of the sky to the celestrial hemisphere seen by the wall)
a value ≤ 1 must be entered (i.e. 1 for a horizontal surface, 0.5 for a vertical surface with
unobstructed view). The value is used as a weighting factor between “ground” and sky
temperature for the longwave radiation exchange.
• SHADING DEVICE
The user has to define a shading factor which represents the opaque area of the shading device
to the whole window area. As the DEF button indicates, the shading factor can be a constant,
an input or a schedule.
For an EXTERNAL window the user can select an internal and/or external shading device.
The shading control can be defined in two ways:
a) integrated radiation depending control according to window type
For this option the shading factor has to be specified for a completely closed shading
device.
The actual control (open or closed) is calculated by the given level of total incident radiation
on
the window plane acc. to the window type. (see section 5.2.4.6 )
b) external control
The defined shading factor has to include the control.
For an adjacent window an internal shading device can be defined at the FRONT side only.The
defined shading factor has to include the control.
5.2.7.4. Infiltration
The specification of infiltration is optional and the default setting of the infiltration is off. After
clicking on the INFILTRATION button in the AIRNODE window, a dialog box opens as shown
in Figure 5.2.7-7. The user can switch the infiltration on and define an infiltration type for the
zone by selecting a type previously defined in the TRNBuild navigator. (For creating a new
infiltration type see section 5.2.6.1)
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Figure 5.2.7-7: Adding infiltration in an airnode
5.2.7.5. Ventilation
The specification of ventilation is optional and the default setting of the ventilation is off. After
clicking on the VENTILATION button in the AIRNODE window, a dialog box opens as shown in
Figure 5.2.7-8. The user can add/delete ventilation types by selecting a type previously defined
in the TRNBuild navigator. (For creating a new ventilation type see section 5.2.6.2)
5.2.7.6. Heating
The specification of a heating control is optional and the default setting of the heating control is
off. After clicking on the HEATING button in the AIRNODE window, a dialog box opens as shown
in Figure 5.2.7-9. The user can switch the heating control on and define a heating type for the
airnode by selecting a type previously defined in the TRNBuild navigator. (For creating a new
heating type see section 5.2.6.3)
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5.2.7.7. Cooling
The specification of a cooling control is optional and the default setting of the cooling control is
off. To define a cooling control, click on the COOLING button. The user can switch the cooling
control on and define a cooling type for the airnode by selecting a type previously defined in the
TRNBuild navigator. (For creating a new cooling type see section 0 )
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5.2.7.8. Comfort
The specification of comfort is optional and the default setting is “off”. More than one comfort
module can be defined for an airnode.
5.2.7.9. Gains
The specification of gains is optional. By default there are no gains defined. To change the
default setting, click on the GAINS button in the AIRNODE window and an input window opens.
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Gain type
The gain types set for the airnode are shown in the top field. You can delete a gain from the
node by selecting it and then clicking the “-“ button. To add a new gain select the gain type by
chosing it from the pull-down menu under “gain type”. You can also choose “new” to open the
new gain type dialog box and define a new gain type or “library” to open the gain library dialog
box and select a previously defined gain type from a library (See Chapter 5.2.6.6).
Scale
After selecting a gain type, you can choose up to two different scales for each gain..For example
a weekly schedule for occupation can be defined as scale1 and annual schedule containing a
reduction to 50% in vacation time can defined as scale2. The resulting schedule is the product
of both scales. If you have one scaling factor only the second scaling factor should be 1.
If the chosen gain type refers to the reference floor area, select “yes” under multiplication by
reference floor area. If e.g. the gain should refer to 30 % of the floor reference area only the
“fraction of airnode reference floor area” has to be set to 0.3.
Daylight depending control
For gains due to atrifical lighting (gain catergory = lights), it may make sense to add a daylight
depending control. This prevents unnecessary internal gains due to artificial lighting when
natural daylight light is sufficient. If the daylight depening control is switched on a previously
defined daylight control type can be selected for control (see section 0).
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(Note: In Trnsys 17 this option was limited to airnodes within one zone and two coupling
airnodes.)
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Diffuse radiation distribution – standard mode
The standard mode is based on aborption-transmission weighted area ratios for all
surfaces of a zone. For most cases this model provides adequate accuracy.
Diffuse radiation distribution – detailed mode
For a detailed treatment of shortwave diffuse radiation including multi-reflection, the
new radiation model applies so-called Gebhart factors. The key factor of this method
is the view factor matrix. For generating the matrix TRNBuild calls an auxiliary
program called TRNVFM.
This mode is recommended for simulating highly glazed zones without a shading
device where diffuse radiation plays an important role (north facing double façade or
atrium). For ordinary zones with punched windows and shading devices the increase
of accuracy by using this mode has a low impact on the results.
Longwave radiation exchange:
Longwave radiation exchange of surfaces within a zone – standard mode
The standard mode is based the starnode approach. No user defined emissivities of
inside surfaces nor radiation exchange over more than one airnode can be taken into
account. For most cases this model provides adequate accuracy.
Longwave radiation exchange of surfaces within a zone – detailed mode
For a detailed treatment of Longwave radiation exchange including multi-reflection,
the new radiation model applies so-called Gebhart factors. The key factor of this
method is the view factor matrix. For generating the matrix TRNBuild calls an auxiliary
program called TRNVFM.
This mode is recommend for modeling the effect of low –e materials or detailed
comfort analysis where the comfort depends on the location within the zone. For
ordinary zones the increase of accuracy by using this mode has a low impact on the
results. This mode increases the calculation time by a factor of 2 – 3!!
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5.2.8. Geometry Information
Three dimensional geometry data can be imported into TRNBuild. To open the Geo info dialog
box, double-click the geo-info icon in the TRNBuild navigator. The geometry data is divided into
three groups:
Building geometry (display only.)
External shading geometry (display)
GeoPosition Geometry
This data is used to define the position for comfort calculation or radiative gains as
well as daylight sensor points. To add a geoposition click the “+” button. Then select
the zone name and enter the coordinates. Unfortunately, this data can’t be imported
and has to be entered by hand.
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Next, the list of inputs required for the Type 56 is printed. These will most commonly be
outputs of other components in the Trnsys simulation. Also, the information file (*.INF)
provides a list of outputs of Type 56 as selected by the user. These outputs may be inputs
to other components. Finally, a brief table of used contruction types, the totel surface area
and their U-values as well as the embodied energery metric PERT and PENRT are printed
to the information file.
The *.BLD and *.TRN files are used by Type 56 during the simulation process. The generated
files get the name as the opened *.BUI file and are located in the same directory. If an error
occurs, no files are generated. A dialog box displays detailed information on the error.
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After clicking on the START button, a special BUI file called *maxheatload.BUI is generated by
TRNBuild. This file is similar to the current opened BUI-file, but all internal gains are ignored.
Additionally, VENTILATION and COOLING is turned off for all zones. All SCHEDULES and
INPUTS for HEATING and INFILTRATION are transformed into the fixed values entered in the
settings dialog box. However, the user should to be aware when no INFILTRATION or
HEATING is defined within the zone, TRNBuild does not add this automatically! The boundary
temperature of all BOUNDARY WALLs is set to the entered value, except for walls with a
boundary temperature equals IDENTICAL.
For ambient conditions, TRNBuild assumes no solar radiation and a constant value for the
ambient temperature as specified in the settings dialog box. After the creation of the
*maxheatload.BUI file and a corresponding Trnsys input file, TRNBuild generates the Type 56
files (if the option is selected). If the Trnsys 56 files are generated successfully the user has the
option to run the Trnsys simulation by clicking on the button “RUN Trnsys” as shown in Figure
5.2.9-2. However, make sure that the correct path is defined for Trnsys.EXE under the menu
OPTIONS \ SETTINGS. In the Trnsys simulation, the resulting maximum heating power for each
zone as well as the total heating power of all zones are determined. The simulation results are
not only printed into a printer file (*maxheatload.PRN), but also shown on the ONLINE display.
For the ONLINE display, the maximum number of zone is restricted to 19.
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5.2.9.5. Generate Radiance Files
When using the integrated daylight simulation feature, daylight coefficients for every sensor
point have to be generated according to the DAYSIM approach [daysim.ning.com]. These
coefficients are obtained by raytracing methods (see 5.5.3) with RADIANCE [www.radiance-
online.org ].
There are 3 options available in the generator. In all options two sets of daylight models are
generated. One representing the unshaded state (shd0) where all moveable shading devices
are up and the shaded state (shd1) where all shading devices are down.
1. Generate radiance input files (*rad) only:
This option is used to produce only radiance files for using them in other applications
or for manue. The radiance files consists of the zone geometry and all relevant
shading geometry including self shading by surfaces of other zones,
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Scene rotation angle, if the building should be modeled in orientation other than the
original orientation as drawn with Trnsys3d, enter the angle of rotation. Please make sure
you use the same rotation as used in the manipulation of the azimuth angle (see 5.3.2
Input AAZM)
The ground may have a significant influence to the daylight results. The user may draw
the ground in Trnsys3d and assign the IDs here. The ground reflectance is applied to
these shading surfaces. Note if no shading ID is defined the ground is modeled as a
ground glow generated with the ground reflectance.
Reflectivity of shading surfaces. Shading surfaces drawn in Trnsys3d doesn’t contain the
property reflectance. The user may assign a reflectance value for all shading surfaces
here.
Raytracing simulation and their results are highly depending on the simulation
parameters. The most important parameters appear in the TRNBuild interface:
ambient bounces (ab): This is the maximum number of diffuse bounces computed
by the indirect calculation. A value of zero implies no indirect calculation. An ab-
value of 5 is already sufficient for a standard room without any complicated
facade elements. This parameter significantly increases the required calculation
time and should be set with care. It has to be even higher if interior rooms of
facades including venetian blinds are considered, as rays may be reflected
several times they find their way out of the building.
ambient divisions (ad): Ambient divisions sets the number of initial sampling rays
sent from each ambient point into the hemisphere to determine the indirect
incident light. This parameter needs to be high if the luminance distribution in a
scene with a high brightness variation. The error in the Monte Carlo calculation of
indirect illuminance will be inversely proportional to the square root of this
number.
ambient super-samples (as): The number of extra rays that will be used to sample
areas in the divided hemisphere that appear to have high variance. Ambient super
sampling should usually be set to about one half or one quarter of the Ambient
divisions parameter. Super-samples are applied only to the ambient divisions
which show a significant change.
ambient resolution (ar): This number will determine the maximum density of
ambient values used in interpolation. Error will start to increase on surfaces
spaced closer than the scene size divided by the ambient resolution. The ambient
resolution and ambient accuracy (see below) combined with scene size, gives the
minimum geometry features that are resolved accurately:
ambient accuracy (aa: This value will approximately equal the error from indirect
illuminance interpolation. A value of zero implies no interpolation.
The default settings are related to the recommendation for DaySIM. Depending on the
complexity and size of the model the file generation may take some minutes up to hours. For
checking of the work flow it might be useful to reduce the generation time by using less accurate
settings.
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ambient ambient ambient ambient ambient
bounces divisions samples resolution accuracy
Fast
(for checking
3 32 32 300 0.2
only)
Default 5 1000 20 300 0.1
In general, two sets of daylight models are generated automatically for each zone. One
representing the unshaded state (shd0) where all operable shading devices are up and the
shaded state (shd1) where all operable shading devices are down. The following file naming
convention is used:
yyy_shdx_name.*
yyy - zone number
shdx - shd0…unshaded, shd1 shading state1
name - zone name
Daylight related outputs are the calculated outside illuminance (NType 400 – 402) and a
standard output file (NType 435). A standard daylight output file is written for selected zones
in the subdirectory \Daylight\*.ill. It contains the hourly integrated illuminance values for each
sensor point. In addition, the following common daylight metrics are calculated for the whole
simulation period:
Daylight Autonomy (DA), default: < 300 lux
Continuous Daylight Autonomy (cDA), default: < 300 lux
Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI), default: 100 – 2000 lux
Daylight factor (DF) for CIE overcast sky
The thresholds of the daylight metrics are stored in the building description file and can be
edited if needed. In general, these metrics are relevant during occupation only. Therefore, a
schedule is assigned to the NTpye as additional data. The value of the schedule has to be 0
(off) or 1 (on).
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5.2.12. Building Input Description File(BUI) - Created
By TRNBuild
TRNBuild provides data files necessary for using the Trnsys Type 56 Multi-Zone
Building component. TRNBuild stores all entered data in a socalled BUI - file (*.BUI). The BUI
– file is an ASCII file written in the socalled “BID language”. Besides using TRNBuild, the user
may also use any text editor for creating the BUI file. However, due to the rigorous syntax the
usage of a text editor is very susceptible to errors. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to
use TRNBuild.
The user defines simple building blocks, called TypeS, which are used to describe the building.
TypeS represent unique descriptions that can be used many times to either define other TypeS
or to construct the building. For instance, a LAYER Type represents a material description of
an individual wall layer. Several LAYER TypeS may be used to define a unique WALL Type,
which in turn may be used in the description of the building. Other necessary TypeS include
WINDOWS, ORIENTATIONS, GAINS, COMFORT, INFILTRATION, VENTILATION,
HEATING, COOLING, and ZONES. Each of these TypeS is characterized by a name that is
assigned to it and its associated data. Many of the variables that define these TypeS may vary
with time. There are two ways to accomplish this. One is to reference pre-defined periodic
functions defined with SCHEDULE TypeS. Secondly, INPUTS (to the Type 56 component) may
be defined which will ultimately be outputs of other Trnsys components in the simulation. An
example application of SCHEDULES would be to define GAINS for people which depend upon
time of the day and week. INPUTS might be used to consider GAINS from heating or cooling
equipment whose performance depends upon the conditions of the zones.
The completed building description file is converted by TRNBuild into files required by Type 56.
The next section gives general information concerning BUI file and its syntax. The user is
advised to read the next section carefully such that he is able to read and understand the BUI
file. Information on the interface TRNBuild is provided by in the previous sections and the online
help.
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2 text string
time Hour hr
length Meter m
mass Kilogram kg
energy kilojoule kJ
In the following sections, the program input is described for each data group. This
information is presented in tables for easy reference. For each keyword, the data type along
with a description is given. Data types refer to Table 5.2.12-1.
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5.2.12.2. Properties
Following the PROPERTIES keyword, several data items must appear as follows.
Table 5.2.12-3: PROPERTIES Data
RTEMP is used to linearize the long-wave radiation exchange between surfaces within
a zone. This value can be approximated by the year-long average zone temperature. In most
HVAC applications, 20°C is reasonable. The effects of RTEMP will normally be small and
therefore only a rough approximation is needed.
Each of the above properties requires a value that is independent of time. The units of
this data must be consistent with that of the rest of the data to be entered. Values of these
properties at 20°C are given below (Error! Reference source not found.) in the units of Table
5.2.12-2, except for RTEMP and SIGMA which must be based on an absolute temperature
scale.
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Keyword Data Data Description Default Unit
Type Value
GROUND_REFL -
1 Ground reflectance 0.2
ECTANCE
SHADER_REFLE -
1 Shader reflectance 0
CTANCE
SITE_ELEVATIO m
1 Site elevation 200
N
SJ 1 Specular Jitter 1 -
DJ 1 Direct Jitter 0 -
DR 1 Direct Relays 2 -
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ELV_AIRSPEED m/s
1 Elevaited air speed 1 0.3
1
ELV_AIRSPEED m/s
1 Elevaited air speed 2 0.7
2
ELV_AIRSPEED m/s
1 Elevaited air speed 3 1.2
3
5.2.12.3. Types
There are 13 different TypeS that can be defined. Some TypeS are only useful in the BUILDING
description, others may be used in other Type definitions. TypeS must be defined in a fixed
order as shown in Table 5.2.12-8. The Type keyword must precede the definition of TypeS.
Type definitions are terminated when the keywords BUILDING or OUTPUT are encountered.
Table 5.2.12-8: Required Type order
PROPERTIES
LAYER
INPUTS
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SCHEDULE
WALL
WINDOW
GAIN
COMFORT
INFILTRATION
VENTILATION
COOLING
HEATING
ZONES
ORIENTATIONS
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For an active layer, the required data is:
Table 5.2.12-12: Active LAYER Type Data
Note: The pipe diameter has to be smaller than 0.2* pipe spacing!
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The following data is only used in the expert mode of a chilled ceiling layer:
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Table 5.2.12-14: Chilled Ceiling LAYER Type expert mode Data
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5.2.12.3.2.3. WINDOW-Types
In the program WINDOW 7.4 (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, USA), a detailed calculation of
reflections between the individual panes and the absorption and transmission of each pane is
performed. Thermal properties and optical data for the window are written to an ASCII file by
the WINDOW 7.4 program. These output files, combined in a window library, are accessible
through a FORTRAN logical unit given as the third parameter of Type 56. An example of the
window data is shown in Table 5.2.12-54.
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Table 5.2.12-16: WINDOW Type Data for standard window model
FFRAME 3 ratio of the frame area to the total window area %/100
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Table 5.2.12-18: Hourly SCHEDULE Type Data
The hourly SCHEDULE VALUES change with a step at each of the HOURS given, producing a
square-wave. The second form for SCHEDULE TypeS is for specifying the use of different
hourly SCHEDULEs as a function of the day of the week.
The DAYS of the week are relative to the first day of the simulation. For Trnsys, the year starts
with Monday.
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ABSOLUTE /
2 Key word for absolute or area related gains
AREA_RELATED
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Table 5.2.12-22: VENTILATION Type Data
Data Unit
Keyword Data Description
Type
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Data Unit
Keyword Data Description
Type
AREA_RELATED_POW
1 Switch for absolute (0) area related (1) power
ER
To consider the effect of energy required for dehumidification of air, it is necessary to specify
the humidity of the airnode air above which there is dehumidification. Setting the relative
humidity to 100% results in a free floating humidity. The humidity can be entered as absolute or
relative humidity. It is assumed that there is no limit to the amount of energy available for
dehumidification.
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Table 5.2.12-24: HEATING Type Data
Data Unit
Keyword Data Description
Type
AREA_RELATED_POW
1 Switch for absolute (0) area related (1) power
ER
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Data Unit
Keyword Data Description
Type
Data
Keyword Data Description
Type
5.2.12.4. Orientations
This data is necessary for the definition of all possible orientations for external walls and
windows. For each orientation name specified, an input of incident radiation to the Type 56
Trnsys component will be required. This is generally provided by the Type 16 Radiation
Processor.
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Note: The incident angle for a orientation must range from 0 to 180 degrees. Due to
the fact that the zenith angle of Type 16 (Radiation processor) ranges only between 0
to 90 degrees, the orientation “horizontal” must be defined as a separate surface in
Type 16 (Radiation processor.)
Table 5.2.12-27: ORIENTATIONS Type Data
A new standard format for orientation naming is introduced. This naming scheme includes the
azimuth and slope of surface acc. to Trnsys convention:
Y_xxx_zzz
with
Y… single letter N, S, E, W or H
xxx… azimuth angle of the orientation acc. To TRNSYs convention (0…359 degree;
northern hemisphere: 0 … south; 90 … west, 180 … north, 270 … east
southern hemisphere: 180 south; 90 … west, 0 … north, 270 … east )
zzz… slope of the orientation (0…180; 0 … horizontal, 90 … vertical, 180 … facing down)
The orientation named H_0_0 is automatically recordnize as the horizontal radiation.
5.2.12.5. Building
The building description begins following the BUILDING keyword. Each zone description is
initiated with the keyword ZONE followed by the name associated with the zone to be described.
The names of all zones to be described must have been defined with a ZONES Type. After
zone name RADIATIONMODE and DAYLIGHTMODE have to be specified. Afterwards,
AIRNODES of the ZONE have to specified. Until Trnsys16 a zone was represented by a single
AIRNODE. Thus, the AIRNODE name was identical to the zone name. Since, Trnsys 17 a
ZONE may have multiple airnodes if the following conditions are fulfilled:
Within each AIRNODE description, there are three primary descriptions: WALLS, WINDOWS,
and REGIME.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
5–132
is used. DLSHADE = 0 or 1 are user defined values for unshades or shaded. If DLSHADE 0 2
or higher is assigned, user defined files for shading states shd2 or higher are used.
Data
Keyword Data Description
Type
DLSHADE 3 yyy_shdx_name.*
yyy - zone number
shdx - shd0…unshaded, shd1 shading state1, …
name - zone name …
5.2.12.9. Walls
WALL descriptions refer to previously defined WALL Types. There are four applications of walls
that may be specified: external walls (EXTERNAL), walls separating zones (ADJACENT),
internal walls (INTERNAL), and walls having a known external boundary condition
(BOUNDARY). Type 56 also offers the possibility to define a certain energy flux to a certain wall
surface. Also, thermally activated walls for cooling/heating are integrated in Type 56. If the wall
type includes an active layer, optional Keywords are used for specification. A special external
wall type to model thermal bridges is added to the wall description. In the following descriptions,
the FRONT of a WALL is associated with the first layer given in the WALL Type definition.
External walls are subjected to ambient conditions. The wall front is assumed to be at the inside
of the zone.
For the distribution of direct solar radiation entering a zone explicit distribution factors can be
defined by the user. The keyword GEOSURF represents the fraction of the total entering direct
solar radiation that strikes the surface. The sum of all values of GEOSURF should not exceed
1 within a zone. If it does, the values will be automatically normalized to ensure a sum of 1 is
used for the simulation. The movement of the sun patches within a zone can be modeled by
defining a SCHEDULE or an INPUT. The default value of GEOSURF is 0. If the sum of values
within a zone is zero, the direct radiation is distributed the same way as the diffuse radiation (by
absorptance weighted area ratios). Note: In the previous version (14.2) both diffuse and direct
radiation were always distributed according to absorptance weighted area ratios.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Data Units
Keyword Data Description
Type
The keyword FSKY gives the fraction of the sky in the total hemisphere in view of the specified
wall. This is parameter is used as a weighting factor between the ambient temperature
(assuming the ground and other obstructions are at the ambient temperature) and the sky
temperature, which is the third input to Type 56.
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5.2.12.9.2. EXTERNAL WALLS WITH ACTIVE LAYERS
Table 5.2.12-32: External Wall with active layer Data
The user definition of ALFAEQV is for experts only. The value of ALFAEQV may be time
dependent.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Chilled ceiling only allowed on position 1 of wall definition. External wall has to be a ceiling.
5–136
Table 5.2.12-34: Coldbridge Data
Data Units
Keyword Data Description
Type
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Data Units
Keyword Data Description
Type
The COUPLING is only a mass flowrate into the zone being specified. The magnitude of this
coupling will directly affect the zone temperature and zone humidity, but will have no affect on
the adjacent zone from which the air flowrate originates. It is up to the user to insure proper
mass balances for each zone.
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5.2.12.9.6. WALLS BETWEEN ZONES WITH ACTIVE LAYER
Table 5.2.12-36: Wall Between Zones with Active Layer
Data
Keyword Data Description Unit
Type
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
The user definition of ALFAEQV is for experts only. The value of ALFAEQV may be time
dependent.
5–140
Table 5.2.12-38: Internal Wall Data
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
5–142
5.2.12.9.10. WALLS WITH KNOWN BOUNDARY CONDITION AND ACTIVE LAYER
Table 5.2.12-40: Data for Wall with Known Boundary Condition and an active layer
The user definition of ALFAEQV is for experts only. The value of ALFAEQV may be time
dependent.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Data
Keyword Data Description Unit
Type
WAGAIN 3 energy flow to the wall surface in the current zone kJ/hr
The chilled ceiling layer is only allowed on position 1 of wall definition. Boundary wall has to be
a ceiling.
5.2.12.10. Windows
Windows are assumed to be EXTERNAL or ADJACENT. By defining an INPUT for the
keywords ESHADE or ISHADE, connected to an external controller, individually controlled
shading devices may be modeled. As in the case of external walls, the FSKY parameter must
be specified for use as a weighting factor between Tamb and Tsky for the calculation of long-
wave radiative exchange.
For the distribution of direct solar radiation entering a zone explicit distribution factors can be
defined by the user. The keyword GEOSURF represents the fraction of the total entering direct
solar radiation that strikes the surface. The sum of all values of GEOSURF should not exceed
1 within a zone. If it does, the values will be automatically normalized to ensure a sum of 1 is
used for the simulation. The movement of the sun patches within a zone can be modeled by
defining a SCHEDULE or an INPUT. The default value of GEOSURF is 0. If the sum of values
within a zone is zero, the direct radiation is distributed the same way as the diffuse radiation (by
5–144
absorptance weighted area ratios). Note: In the previous version (14.2) both diffuse and direct
radiation were always distributed according to absorptance weighted area ratios.
Table 5.2.12-42: External Window Data
Data
Keyword Data Description Unit
Type
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Data
Keyword Data Description
Type
5–146
5.2.12.11. Regime
The REGIME represents the air within the airnode. The input data establish initial conditions,
gains, and conditioning. There are optional and required data types. The regime description
begins following the keyword REGIME. The optional data must appear prior to the required
data. Four of the optional inputs refer to previously defined TypeS only.
Table 5.2.12-44: Optional REGIME Data Referring Only to TypeS
This data may appear in any order. Only one statement of COMFORT, INFILTRATION,
HEATING and COOLING is allowed per zone.
It is possible to define more than 1 comfort data for a REGIME with the following data.
Table 5.2.12-45: Optional COMFORT Data
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
It is possible to define thermal gains for a REGIME with the following data.
Table 5.2.12-46: Optional GAINS Data
A thermal zone may consist of more than one airnode. In general, these airnodes do not have
a common wall. For defining a coupling between these airnode within the same zone, this
regime option can be used. Each airnode may get up to two coupling airflows from “adjacent”
airnodes. (Note: “Upper” and “lower” are just names which don’t correspond to the acutual
location).
Table 5.2.12-47: Optional AIRNODE coupling
Following the optional data statements, five or ten data statements are required depending on
the humidity model used.
If the capacitance humidity model is used, a fifth parameter WCAPR must be specified.
WCAPR is used as a multiplier to increase the humidity capacitance due to the air in the zone
and normally ranges from 1 to 10. WCAPR accounts for the humidity capacitance of the air plus
any other mass within the zone. If WCAPR = 1, only the humidity capacitance of the air is used.
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Table 5.2.12-48: Required REGIME Data using the Capacitance Humidity Model
Data
Keyword Data Description
Type
If the more advanced buffer storage humidity model is used, six parameters following
PHIINITIAL must be specified. KSURF and KDEEP describe the gradients of the linearized
sorptive isothermal lines of the materials used in the surface and deep buffer storage,
respectively. MSURF and MDEEP give the total mass of the surface and deep buffer storage
materials, respectively. BSURF represents the moisture exchange coefficient between the zone
air and the surface storage. BDEEP represents the moisture exchange coefficient between the
surface and the deep buffer storage. This data is shown in
Table 5.4.3-1.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Table 5.2.12-49: Required REGIME Data using the Buffer Storage Humidity Model
Data
Keyword Data Description Unit
Type
5.2.12.12. Output
The user identifies the outputs desired from the Trnsys Type 56 component. TRNBuild creates
three data files from the user input. The first file is an information file for the user describing the
inputs and outputs necessary for the Type 56 (*.INF). The other two files will be used by Type
56: one contains the building description (*.BLD) and the other contains the transfer function
coefficients for each wall (*.TRN).
Following the OUTPUT keyword is the data necessary for specifying the calculation of
the wall transfer function coefficients. If these calculations are required (and the corresponding
file), the following data applies:
Table 5.2.12-50: Data for Wall Transfer Function Calculations
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The output data of the Type 56 component is defined by the declaration of the zone airnodes to
which the output refers and by the definition of so-called NTypeS, specification numbers which
refer to the desired quantity (see Table 5.2.3-1).
The default outputs of Type 56 are zone air temperatures and sensible energy demands
(NTypeS 1 and 2) for all zones. To specify the defaults, enter the keywords rather than the
explicit specification.
There are many optional outputs from Type 56 that may be specified by the user. The input data
for this specification are:
Table 5.2.12-51: Data for Optional Arinode Outputs
Multiple output specifications are possible. Thus it is possible to specify different outputs for
different airnodes. There are optional outputs for airnode quantities, for the surfaces within
airnodes or for quantities summed up for a group of arinodes.
5.2.12.13. EXTENSION_WINPOOL
In chapter 5.2.12.3.2.3 – WINDOW-Types, the key word WINID is described. It refers to a
Window ID, that contains information for optical and thermal properties of a glazing, defined
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
with the program WINDOW 7.4. All window information of this kind can be found in the following
section:
_EXTENSION_WINPOOL_START_
….
…
…
…
_EXTENSION_WINPOOL_END_
BERKELEY LAB WINDOW v7.4.6.0 DOE-2 Data File : Multi Band Calculation : generated with Trnsys18.std
Unit System : SI
Name : DOE-2 WINDOW LIB
Desc : GU_ClimaGuard_N_#3_Ar90
Window ID : 3201
Tilt : 90.0
Glazings : 2
Frame : 3 Wood 2.270
Spacer : 2 Class2 0.068 1.550 -0.143
Total Height: 1500.0 mm
Total Width : 1200.0 mm
Glass Height: 1360.3 mm
Glass Width : 1060.3 mm
Mullion : None
Gap Thick Cond dCond Vis dVis Dens dDens Pr dPr
1 Ar90/Air1 16.0 0.01712 5.410 2.062 6.300 1.711 -0.0060 0.687 -0.0001
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Angle 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Hemis
Tsol 0.562 0.562 0.558 0.552 0.544 0.522 0.467 0.353 0.175 0.000 0.483
Abs1 0.104 0.105 0.107 0.110 0.114 0.119 0.125 0.130 0.127 0.000 0.116
Abs2 0.095 0.095 0.097 0.098 0.097 0.095 0.092 0.082 0.051 0.000 0.091
Abs3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Abs4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Abs5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Abs6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rfsol 0.239 0.238 0.238 0.240 0.246 0.265 0.317 0.435 0.647 1.000 0.300
Rbsol 0.249 0.249 0.250 0.252 0.260 0.280 0.332 0.449 0.666 1.000 0.314
Tvis 0.741 0.740 0.735 0.729 0.718 0.689 0.616 0.465 0.230 0.000 0.638
Rfvis 0.129 0.128 0.129 0.133 0.143 0.170 0.240 0.394 0.653 1.000 0.215
Rbvis 0.126 0.125 0.126 0.129 0.139 0.165 0.230 0.373 0.627 1.000 0.207
SHGC 0.660 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Tvis_daylight: 0.800
5.2.12.14. EXTENSION_BuildingGeometry
In Version 17, 3D data for building surfaces can be imported by TRNBuild. This data is stored
in the BUI file in a section between the following keywords:
_EXTENSION_BuildingGeometry_START_
….
…
…
5–152
…
_EXTENSION_BuildingGeometry_END_.
First, a list of the vertices used by the building surfaces is written with the following syntax:
A surface definition has to start with the keyword wall or window followed by a unique surfaceID
corresponding to the one in the zone description. Then, a sorted list of previously defined
vertices describing a planar polygon with an outfacing normal is required.
5.2.12.15. EXTENSION_VirtualSurfaceGeometry
In Version 17.1, not only heat transfer and shading surfaces are imported in the BUI file, but
also so-called virtual surfaces. Virtual surfaces are surfaces which don’t exist in the “real”
building (no heat transfer!) and are drawn for generating closed volumes only. This data is
stored in the BUI file in a section between the following keywords:
_EXTENSION_ VirtualSurfaceGeometry_START_
….
…
…
…
_EXTENSION_ VirtualSurfaceGeometry_END_.
Before each airnode data a separating blanc line is required. The order of the airnodes has to
match the order of the airnodes although only the airnodes with 3D data and virtual surfaces
are included. The data is written with the following syntax:
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
A virtual surface definition has to start with the keyword wall or floor or ceiling followed by a
unique surfaceID within the range of 20001 to 29999. Then, a sorted list of previously in the
building geometry defined vertices describing a planar polygon with an outfacing normal is
required.
5.2.12.16. EXTENSION_ShadingGeometry
In Version 17, 3D data of shader surfaces can be imported by TRNBuild. This data is stored in
the BUI file in a section between the following keywords:
_EXTENSION_ ExternalShadingGeometry_START_
….
…
…
…
_EXTENSION_ ExternalShadingGeometry_END_.
First, a list of the vertices used by the shader surfaces is written with the following syntax:
5.2.12.17. EXTENSION_GEOPositionGeomtry
In Version 17, 3D data for the position of comfort or gain types can be entered in TRNBuild.
This data is stored in the BUI file in a section between the following keywords
_EXTENSION_ GeoPositionGeometry_START_
….
…
…
…
_EXTENSION_ GeoPositionGeometry_END_.
Before each zone geometry data a separating blanc line is required. The order of the zones has
to match the order of the ZONEs statement although only the zones with 3D data are included.
For each zone with 3D data the data is written with the following syntax:
5–154
Keyword Zone name
For each zone, the geometrical position (GEOPos) for gains (keyword: ggeopos) and comfort
(keyword: cgeopos) is defined by the GEOposID used in the airnode gain / comfort description.
The GEOPosID has to be unique!
For each zone, the geometrical position (GEOPos) for daylight sensor points (keyword:
dgeopos) is defined by the GEOposID used in the airnode gain. The GEOPosID have to be
unique!
5.2.12.19. EXTENSION_AdditionalDaylightGeometry
In Version 18, additional 3D data for daylight calculation can be entered. This data is stored in
the BUI file in a section between the following keywords
_EXTENSION_AdditionalDaylightGeometry_START_
….
…
…
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
…
_EXTENSION_AdditionalDaylightGeometry_END_
First, a list of the vertices used by the shader surfaces is written with the following syntax:
In addition to fixed surfaces, movable surfaces like shading devices for windows can be defined.
Their definition must start with the keyword shdX, where X represents an integer, starting with
shd2. This keyword represents the shading state, assigned by the variable DLSHADE.
shdX is followed by a radiance material from the radiance material library and a unique
surfaceID within the range of 10001 to 19999. Then, a sorted list of previously defined vertices
describing a planar polygon is required.
Note: The keyword shdX is used for movable surfaces like shaders.
5.2.12.20. EXTENSION_VAMPARAMS
In Version 18, additional data for communication with other programs, etc. can be placed in this
section. This data is stored in the BUI file in a section between the following keywords
_EXTENSION_VAMPARAMS_START_
….
…
…
…
_EXTENSION_VAMPARAMS_END_
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5.3. Trnsys Component Configuration
5.3.1. Parameters
PARAMETER NO. DESCRIPTION
1 LUb FORTRAN logical unit for reading the *.bui file written by
TRNBuild
12 (optional) Tol_T Tolerance of the airnode temperature used for the internal
iteration [K] (default = 0.01K)
14 (optional) Zeta Minimum relaxation factor for the internal iteration [-]
(default = 0.1)
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
5.3.2. Inputs
TRNBuild is called before each building simulation automatically and creates a file for the
building description (*.BLD) and another for the transfer function coefficients (*.TRN) that
characterize the wall constructions. These two files are assigned internally to Type 56 and
include all information Type56 needs about the building itself.
For the new detailed radiation model Type 56 needs the new matrix files as inputs. These files
are connected automatically by their names, no logical unit has to be defined.
TYPE 56
Multizone Building
In addition, TRNBuild generates an information file (*.INF) with a list of required inputs and
available outputs. The first seven inputs are fixed where as the following depend on the project
definition.
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7 GRDREF Ground reflection [-]
In Trnsys 18, this input overwrites the ground reflection
given by the connected weather component.
For internal calculation it used to calculate the ground
refeflection; for external radiation calculation it is used for
calculating the sky diffuse radiation from the given total
diffuse radiation only.
The user must specify the proper input connections in the Trnsys studio and Trnsys input file,
respectively.
5.3.3. Outputs
For Type 56 a large number of outputs are available (see section 5.2.3.4 ). The user defines
the outputs within TRNBuild. TRNBuild is called before each building simulation automatically
and generates an information file (*.INF) with a list of required inputs and available outputs.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Where
Q inf,i is the infiltration gains (air flow from outside only), given by
5–160
Q inf,i V c p Toutside,i Tair Eq. 5.4.1-2
Q vent ,i is the ventilation gains (air flow from a user-defined source, like an HVAC system, given
by
Q g ,c ,i is the internal convective gains (by people, equipment, illumination, radiators, etc.), and
Q cp lg,i is the gains due to (connective) air flow from airnode I or boundary condition, given by
Q solair,i the fraction of solar radiation entering an airnode through external windows which is
immediately transferred as a convective gain to the internal air (see 5.4.1.9)
Q ISHCCI ,i is the absorbed solar radiation on all internal shading devices of zone and directly
transferred as a convective gain to the internal air
5.4.1.2. Coupling
The coupling statement allows the definition an air mass flow a airnode receives from another
airnode, considered as a heat flow from or to the air node. The statement does not automatically
define the air flow back to the adjacent airnode as would occur in an interzonal air exchange.
To consider this return flow, the corresponding coupling must be defined in the adjacent airnode
to receive the same air flow in return. The reason for this convention is to allow the user to
describe cross ventilation or a ventilation circle within 3 or more airnodes (e.g., thermosyphon
through a 2 story winter-garden,).
Coupl. ventilation
Coupl.
Z1 Z2 Coupl. Z1 Z2
coupl.
Z1
coupl.
coupl.
Z3 Z2
Ventilation circle
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Note: There is no air balance check in Type 56. The user can empty or overload a
airnode by couplings. Be sure that the specified air flows into a airnode by coupling,
ventilation, and infiltration are physically meaningful.
. . . . .
Q Q Q Q Q Eq. 5.4.1-5
r ,wi g ,r ,i ,wi sol,wi long,wi wall gain
. .
where Q r , wi
is the radiative gains for the wall surface temperature node, Q g , r ,i , wi
is the
.
radiative airnode internal gains received by wall, Q sol, wi
is the solar gains through zone
.
windows received by walls, Q long, wi
is the longwave radiation exchange between this wall and
.
all other walls and windows (i =1), and Q wall gain
is the user-specified heat flow to the wall or
window surface. All of these quantities are given in kJ/h.
S s ,i Radiation heat flux absorbed at the inside surface (solar and radiative gains)
q r ,s ,i Net radiative heat transfer with all other surfaces within the zone
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q r , s ,o Net radiative heat transfer with all surfaces in view of the outside surface
The walls are modeled according to the transfer function relationships of Mitalas and Arseneault
[1,2,6] defined from surface to surface. For any wall, the heat conduction at the surfaces are:
. nbs nc s nd s .k
q s ,i bsk Tsk,o csk Tsk,i d sk q s ,i Eq. 5.4.1-6
k 0 k 0 k 1
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
These time series equations in terms of surface temperatures and heat fluxes are evaluated at
equal time intervals. The superscript k refers to the term in the time series. The current time is
k=0, the previous time is for k=1, etc. The time-base on which these calculations are based is
specified by the user within the TRNBuild description. The coefficients of the time series (a's,
b's, c's, and d's) are determined within the TRNBuild program using the z-transfer function
routines of reference [2].
A window is thermally considered as an external wall with no thermal mass, partially transparent
to solar, but opaque to long-wave internal gains. Long-wave absorption is considered to occur
only at the surfaces. In the energy balance calculation of the Type 56, the window is described
as a 2-node model shown in Figure 5.4.1-4. The detailed optical and thermal window model is
described in Section 5.4.2. Eq. 5.4.1-6 to Eq. 5.4.1-33 are valid for a window with:
a so bso c so d so U g , s
Figure 5.4.1-4: Two-node window model used in th Type56 energy balance equation.
5–164
Figure 5.4.1-5: Real wall and black box model of the wall
Using the transfer function method, the TRNBuild-program calculates the transfer function
coefficients, listed below for the example wall.
TRANSFERFUNCTION COEFFICIENTS
K A B C D
For the test wall, the coefficient table looks like that above. In addition to the transfer function
coefficients, the listing contains a calculation of the heat conduction value U of the wall
construction and the total heat transfer coefficient k considering a constant combined
(convective+radiative) heat transfer (i, o) for the inside and outside surface.
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Note: these combined heat transfer coefficients are not used during the simulation. For
the calculation of the U-values stated in the information file (*.INF), the following
combined heat transfer coefficients are used:
1
i
0.13 W m 2 K
1
o
1
0.04 W m 2 K 1
A dynamic simulation considering the thermal mass of a wall element does not use these values
explicitly, but is describing the thermal resistance implicit in transient heat flows into and out of
the wall surfaces. A validation report for the transfer function method and the whole Type 56
building model was prepared by Peter Voit [7] using detailed measurements from the CEC
research program PASSYS.
1
RSTAR,i f ( i , ASurf ,i ) (TStar Ti ) Eq. 5.4.1-8
Qsurf , i
Methods to calculate the resistances Requiv,i and Rstar,i can be found in reference [3]. Area ratios
are used in these calculations to find the absorption factors between all surfaces. The star
temperature can be used to calculate a net radiative and convective heat flux from the inside
wall surface:
. . .
q comb,s ,i q c ,s ,i q r ,s ,i Eq. 5.4.1-9
then,
T Tstar
. 1
q comb,s ,i s ,i Eq. 5.4.1-10
Requiv,i As ,i
where q comb, s ,i is the combined convective and radiative heat flux, and As,i is the inside surface
area.
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.. . . .
q +q +q +q .
+ qsolair+ qISHCCI,i
.
q
. .
q +q R . .
q +q
T T
. .
R R
q q
T
S S
R
WG
. .
WG
q +q
S
WG
T
.
q
For external surfaces the long-wave radiation exchange at the outside surface is considered
explicitly using a sky temperature, Tsky, which is an input to the Type 56 model and a view factor
to the sky, fs,sky, and a fictive ground temperature T sgrd and the view factor (1 - fs,sky) for each
external surface. The total heat transfer is given as the sum of convective and radiative heat
transfer:
with
.
q c ,s ,o hconv,s ,o Ta ,s Ts ,o Eq. 5.4.1-12
.
q r ,s ,o s.o Ts4,o T fsky
4 Eq. 5.4.1-13
where
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Tsgrd Fictive ground temperature used for long wave radiation exchange
s,o Long-wave emissivity of outside surface (for walls: userdefined; for windows:
read from window library)
Stephan-Boltzmann constant
. .
q s ,i q comb,s ,i S s ,i Wallgain Eq. 5.4.1-15
. .
q s ,o q comb,s ,o S s ,o Eq. 5.4.1-16
For internal surfaces Ss,i can include both solar radiative and long-wave radiation generated
form internal objects such as people or furniture.
Wallgain is a user-defined energy flow to the inside wall or window surfaces. It can describe
solar gains changing during the day due to different sun positions or might be used as a simple
way to model a floor heating or a chilled ceiling system. For external surfaces, Ss,o consists of
solar radiation only.
1
For a vertical wall with no buildings nearby, a reasonable value for fsky is 0.5. If there are buildings in front of the
wall obstructing the view of the sky, the value for fsky would be lower than 0.5. For a horizontal roof with only the sky
in view, fsky would be 1.0.
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standard model detailed model
TAIR TAIR
TSTAR
T1 T3 T1 T3
T2 T2
Figure 5.4.1-8: Standard and detailed radiation model in comparison for a zone with three surfaces.
The derivation of the describing equations for the detailed longwave radiation heat transfer is
based on the following assumptions:
1. Absorption of radiation on a surface is indicated by a negative sign of the corresponding
heat flux, whereas net emission means a positive heat flux.
2. All surfaces are isothermal.
3. All surfaces are perfect opaque for longwave radiation.
4. All surfaces are (diffuse) gray. This signifies that emissivity and absorptivity do depend
neither on wavelength nor on direction.
The so-called Gebhart-Factor Gir , j k [1,2] is defined as the fraction of the emission from
surface A j that reaches surface Ak and is absorbed. Gir , j k includes all the paths for
reaching Ak , that is, the direct paths and paths by means of one or multiple reflections. The
abbreviation IR stands for “infrared”, meaning the longwave range of the radiation spectrum.
Using the assumptions from above the (dimensionless) Gebhart matrix for longwave radiation
can be written as
where ir and ir are diagonal matrices describing reflectivity and emissivity, respectively. The
variable I describes the identity matrix. The view factor (written by F ) is defined as the fraction
of diffusely radiated energy leaving surface A that is incident on surface B. For details regarding
view factors see 5.5.2.
* W
Introducing the auxiliary matrix Gir with dimension
K
4
it can be shown that the net heat flux
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TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
with
T
T is the temperature vector in the enclosure, Gir is the transpose of Gir , the Stefan–
Boltzmann constant and A the diagonal matrix describing the surface areas.
*
The auxiliary matrix Gir only depends on optical (emissivity, reflectivity) and geometrical (view
factor, area) properties as well as on the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. If this matrix is calculated
first, the net heat flux of all surfaces in the enclosure can simultaneously be calculated by one
simple matrix multiplication with the fourth power of the temperature vector.
Gebhart, B.: Heat Transfer, 2. ed, pp. 150-163, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971
Gebhart, B.: Surface Temperature Calculations in Radiant Surroundings of Arbitrary Complexity
– for Gray, Diffuse Radiation, Int. J. Heat mass Transfer, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 341 – 346, 1961.
where
Q dirsol
prim heat flux caused by direct solar radiation originating from external windows
(primary distribution of non-reflected direct solar radiation)
Q dirsol
sec heat flux caused by direct solar radiation originating from internal windows
(secondary distribution of single-reflected direct solar radiation)
Q difsol
prim heat flux caused by diffuse solar radiation originating from external windows
(primary distribution of non-reflected diffuse solar radiation)
Q difsol
sec heat flux caused by diffuse solar radiation originating from internal windows
(secondary distribution of single-reflected diffuse solar radiation)
Q difsol
mult( j ) heat flux caused by diffuse solar radiation originating from internal windows after
passing the second internal window. That is, all solar radiation is treated as
diffuse radiation (distribution of multiple-reflected diffuse solar radiation, multiple
means two or more reflections)
5–170
Q wg wallgain - user-defined energy flow to the inside wall or window surfaces
[1] Gebhart, B.: Heat Transfer, 2. ed, pp. 150-163, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971
[2] Gebhart, B.: Surface Temperatur Calculations in Radiant Surroundings of Arbitrary
Complexity – for Gray, Diffuse Radiation, Int. J. Heat mass Transfer, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 341 –
346, 1961.
A
f1,s s
surfaces
A
Eq. 5.4.1-21
s
Then the net heat flux vector Q ps can be given in terms of the point source radiation power
vector Q (with one component for each point source in the enclosure) by
With this relation the net heat flux on each surface caused by point heat sources can again
easily be determined by a simple matrix multiplication. In comparison to Eq. 5.4.1-18, the driving
*
force now is the power from the point sources which is distributed by G ps instead of the driving
*
force of thermal radiation of all surfaces distributed by Gir .
5–171
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Q solair ,i
fsolair ,i ( Itrans ,dif ,i Itrans ,dir ,i ) Eq. 5.4.1-24
Where
Qsolair,i solar radiation entering the airnode through external windows which is immediately
transferred as a radiative gain to the airnode i
fsolair,i is the solar to air fraction to the airnode i
Itrans,dif,i is the diffuse solar radiation transmitted through all external windows of the airnode i
Itrans,dir,i is the direct solar radiation transmitted through all external windows of the airnode i
The remaining incoming solar radiation is distributed by distribution factors. The applied
distribution factor depend on the type of solar radiation: diffuse and direct, respectively.
5–172
In general, the diffuse solar radiation within a zone is distributed to the surfaces of a zone acc.
to transmission-absorption weighted area factors.
( 1 dif ,s ) As
f
( 1 dif ,s ) As Eq. 5.4.1-25
dif ,s ,s
where
dif ,s
the reflectance for diffuse solar radiation of the surface
s 0 Eq. 5.4.1-26
where dif ,s
is the reflectance for diffuse solar radiation from inside.
In Version 17.1, the primary distribution is improved such that diffuse radiation entering a zone
through an external window is distributed to all other surfaces except the window itself.
Therefore, a modified so-called primary diffuse distribution factor fdif,pr,s is applied:
I
dif , pr , s dif , s , s
trans, dif , w
w 1
5–173
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
2. Radiation leaving a surface is is indicated by a positive sign of the corresponding heat flux.
includes all the paths for reaching Ak , that is, the direct paths and paths by means of one or
multiple reflections. The abbreviation “difsol” stands for diffuse solar radiation.
Using the assumptions from above the (dimensionless) Gebhart matrix for diffuse solar radiation
can be written as
where difsol is a diagonal matrix. The variable I describes the identity matrix, F again stands
for the view factor matrix.
*
Using the auxiliary matrix G difsol with dimension m it can be shown that the net heat flux
2
Q difsol Gdifsol
*
I difsol Eq. 5.4.1-31
with
*
Gdifsol Gdifsol
T
A. Eq. 5.4.1-32
T
Gdifsol is the transpose of Gdifsol and A is the diagonal matrix describing the surface areas.
The driving force for diffuse solar radiation is the vector I difsol with one component I difsol,k for
each surface A k of the enclosure. I difsol,k is equal to the transmitted part of the incident diffuse
solar on the outside of surface A k leaving the inner side. Walls are perfect opaque to solar
radiation and therefore I difsol,k 0 . Q difsol is determined by a matrix multiplication with the
wall
5–174
5.4.1.10. External Walls
It is possible to combine Eq. 5.4.1-7 to Eq. 5.4.1-16 to express the inside surface heat flux for
an external wall as a function of the boundary air temperatures:
where
es hs ,o
Bs Eq. 5.4.1-34
1 f s
f s 1
Cs
f s 1 Requiv,i As ,i
Eq. 5.4.1-35
f s S s ,i es S s ,o k s ,o K s ,i
Ds
1 f s
Eq. 5.4.1-36
bso
es Eq. 5.4.1-37
a so hs ,o
f s bso es c so Requiv,i As ,i Eq. 5.4.1-38
The values for Ks,i and Ks,o are defined by the transfer function equations:
nbs nc s nd s .k
K s ,i bsk Tsk,o csk Tsk,i d sk q s ,i Eq. 5.4.1-39
k 0 k 0 k 1
5–175
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
and
es 1
Bs
1 f s Requiv, j As, j
Eq. 5.4.1-41
bso
es
1 Eq. 5.4.1-42
a so
Requiv, j As , j
Note: For an internal wall, both sides must be considered for the area As.
It is also possible to specify a boundary condition for the outside surface temperature rather
than an air temperature by setting HBACK < 0.001. In this case, Ta,s = Ts,o = Tb,s. Eq. 5.4.1-33
applies, but with:
bso
Bs Eq. 5.4.1-43
1 cso Requiv,i As ,i
cso
Cs Eq. 5.4.1-44
1 cso Requiv,i As ,i
K s ,i c so Requiv,i As ,i S s ,i
Ds Eq. 5.4.1-45
1 c so Requiv,i As ,i
5–176
. . Adj.Zones surfacei to j ext .surfaces int. walls
Q surf ,i As q comb,i s s star, j s s a As BsTstar
A B T A B T
j 1 i 1
surface Eq. 5.4.1-46
known bound in zonei
A B T
s s b,s A (C T s s star,i Ds S s ,i )
Q surf ,i
1
T
star,i Ti Eq. 5.4.1-47
Rstar,i
.
Q inf,i m inf,i C p Ta Ti Eq. 5.4.1-48
.
Q v ,i m v ,k ,i C p Tv ,k Ti
nvent
Eq. 5.4.1-49
k
where
For each wall or window separating airnodes of floating temperature or each wall having a
known boundary condition, it is possible to specify a convective coupling. This coupling is the
mass flow rate that enters the airnode across the surface. An equal quantity of air is assumed
to leave the airnode at the airnode temperature. The energy gain due to the convective coupling
is the sum of all such gains for all walls or windows in the airnode.
5–177
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
cp lg,s is the mass flow rate of air entering airnode i across walls or windows.
where m
d .
Ci Ti Q i Eq. 5.4.1-51
dt
The net heat gain, Q i , is a function of Ti and the temperatures of all other airnodes adjacent to
airnode i.
Note: To simplify the solution of the set of equations, Q i is considered constant during
any timestep, evaluated at average values of the airnode temperatures. In this case,
the solution to the differential equation for final temperature for a given time interval is
Q it
Ti , Ti , t Eq. 5.4.1-52
Ci
where
Ti , Ti , t
Ti Eq. 5.4.1-53
2
If Eq. 5.4.1-53 is solved for Ti, and the result substituted into Eq. 5.4.1-52, along with the
individual expressions representing the net heat gain, the following is obtained:
5–178
_ adjac. surfaces known
2 Ci (T i Ti, t ) zones i to j _ boundaries
t
m cplg,s C p T j m inf,i C p T a m cplg,i C p T b,s
j 1
boundaries
known adjac. surfaces
1 zones i to j nvent _
m cplg,i m cplg,s m inf,i m v,k,i C p T i
Rstar ,i j 1 k
1 _ nvent
T star ,i m v,k ,i C p Tv,k Q g ,c,i
R
star ,i k
Eq. 5.4.1-54
Eq. 5.4.1-46 and Eq. 5.4.1-47 can be equated and regrouped to find:
The set of energy balances given by Eq. 6.3.2-38 and Eq. 5.4.1-55, written for all airnodes,
results in a linear set of equations in average airnode temperatures and average star
temperatures. In matrix form,
X
X 11 X 12
X 22
Eq. 5.4.1-57
X 21
T
T T1 Eq. 5.4.1-58
T2 T star
Z
Z1
Eq. 5.4.1-59
Z 2
where
isurfaces known
to j nvent 2Ci 1 boundaries
X 11,ii m cplg,s m inf, i m v,k ,i C p m cplg,i C p Eq. 5.4.1-60
k t Rstar ,i
5–179
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
adjac. surfaces
zones i to j
X 11,ij m cp lg,s C p for i j Eq. 5.4.1-61
j 1
1
X 12,ii Eq. 5.4.1-62
Rstar ,i
1
X 21,ii Eq. 5.4.1-64
Rstar,i
surf in
int .walls zone i
1
X 22,ii AS BS AS C S
Rstar ,i
Eq. 5.4.1-66
adj. walls
zonesi to j
X 22,ij As Bs Eq. 5.4.1-67
known
boundaries nvent 2Ci Ti , t
Z1,i m inf, i C p Ta m cp lg,s C p Tb,s m v,k ,i C p Tv,k t
Qg ,c,i
k
Eq. 5.4.1-68
known surf .
ext.surf .
As Bs Ta As BsTb ,s As Ds S s ,i
boundaries in zonei
Z 2 ,i Eq. 5.4.1-69
T X 1
Z Eq. 5.4.1-70
Note: The mean temperatures during the time-step for each airnode are output by Type
56. This follows the Trnsys standard for providing results as mean values during the
last time-step.
5–180
5.4.1.16. Simplified Heating and Cooling
It is possible to determine the energy requirement for airnodes controlled in an idealized way.
Therefore the heating and cooling energy flow is directly connected to the airnode air
temperature node. The output of the heating and/or cooling equipment is a function of the
airnode temperature as shown in Figure 5.4.1-9, where
Pi Power output for airnode i (negative for heating, positive for cooling)
For the simulation of heating equipment that produces a partially radiative gain to the airnode,
the radiative fraction of the supplied heating power may be defined. This fraction of the power
is supplied as internal radiative gains and distributed to the walls of the airnode. As the set
temperature for the heating equipment is related to the air temperature of the airnode, the
radiative fraction of the heating power cannot be higher than 0.99 in order to have a convective
part left to ensure stable control of the heating equipment.
The airnode temperature is free floating in the comfort region where the power is zero. If the
temperature of a free floating airnode is within the heating or cooling regions at the end of a
timestep, power is applied throughout the timestep so that the final airnode temperature just
reaches Tset. If the power required is greater than the maximum specified, then the maximum
power is applied throughout the timestep and the airnode temperature is again free floating.
The temperature change of the airnode air, when power is supplied, is assumed to be linear. If
power is required and enough is available to maintain the final airnode temperature at Tset,i, then
the final and average airnode temperatures are known.
where, Treq,i is the average airnode temperature over the time-step if less than maximum power
is required.
It is necessary to consider the general case of airnodes that are in different control regions. With
the inclusion of the control laws, the equations remain linear. For the airnodes that have floating
5–181
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
temperatures, the solution for average airnode temperatures and star temperatures is again of
the form
T X ' 1
Z ' Eq. 5.4.1-74
The coefficients of the X’ matrix and Z’ vector depend upon the control region. In the comfort
airnode, with no energy requirement:
For airnodes whose temperature falls below the point for maximum heating or above that for
maximum cooling
For airnodes that fall within the heating or cooling regions and require less than maximum
power, the final temperature is assumed to be equal to the heating or cooling set temperature
and the average room temperature is then Treq,i. Eq. 5.4.1-51 can be rewritten to include the
power requirements.
d .
Ci Ti Q i Pi Eq. 5.4.1-79
dt
Pi and Q i are considered constant over the time-step and Q i is evaluated at the average
airnode temperature. Substituting into Eq. 5.4.1-79 yields:
adjac. surfaces
zones i to j
1
Pi
Rstar ,i
Tstar ,i mcp lg C p T j
j 1
Eq. 5.4.1-80 is substituted into the set of energy balances on all airnodes for any airnode that
is in the less than maximum heating or cooling region. The solution given by Eq. 5.4.1-74 is
valid with the following substitutions for airnodes evaluated with Eq. 5.4.1-80.
5–182
X’12,ij = X12,ij Eq. 5.4.1-83
1
Eq. 5.4.1-55 is corrected by adding T to both sides of the equation, then
R req , i
star,i
For any airnode i connected to any airnode m at a fixed set-point, the X' matrix and the Z' vector
are modified as
The solution given by Eq. 5.4.1-74 using the adjusted matrix entries is valid with one further
note. The temperature vector actually contains the required power instead of the average
airnode temperature, for those airnodes in the less than heating or cooling regions.
In order to determine the proper control regions for all airnodes, temperatures are calculated for
the case of no heating or cooling. This allows a first estimate of the control. For airnodes where
heating or cooling is required, the energy required to maintain the final airnode temperature at
the set temperature is determined. If the required energy is less than the maximum power
available, then the airnode is considered to be within the less than maximum heating or cooling
region. Otherwise, the heating or cooling output is equal to the maximum. Elements of the X'
matrix and Z' vector are set according to the control situation. The system of equations
represented by the matrix Eq. 5.4.1-74 is solved. This process is repeated until the control is
not changing. The energy requirements are then evaluated for the airnodes maintained at fixed
setpoints.
. Eq. 5.4.1-89
q s ,i ,tb Bs T i ,tb Cs T a,s ,tb Ds
5–183
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
T i , t t
T i ,tb
t b
T a , s , t t
Ta ,s ,tb
t b
If Eq. 5.4.1-90 and Eq. 5.4.1-91are substituted into Eq. 5.4.1-89, then
.
over
timebase
t
q s ,i ,t t
q s ,i ,tb Bs T i ,t C s T a ,s ,t Ds
t b t b
The average heat flux over the wall time-base is equal to the average of the heat fluxes
evaluated at the average temperatures over the simulation time-step. For the solution of the set
of equations each time-step, the heat flux for any wall, as given by Eq. 5.4.1-33, is determined
using the current conditions. However, the temperatures and heat fluxes characterizing the
previous time history of the wall represent averages over the wall time-base. This leads to
temperature steps in the period of the time-base value.
For heavy and thick walls the time-base can be set to two or more hours. If there are very thin
walls in the same building, the TRNBuild program stops with an error message. This is caused
by the time constant of the light construction. If the time-constant is lower than the transfer
function time-base, the response description will produce an error. In this case, thin walls should
be replaced by a description using resistance layers. This procedure yields a heat flux over the
wall time-base as given by Eq. 5.4.1-92.
5–184
convective, conductive and long-wave radiative heat transfer between the individual panes and
with the inner and outer environment (see Figure 5.4.2-1).
5.4.2.2. 2-Band-Solar-Radiation-Window-Model
With Version 16 a 2-Band-Solar-Radiation-Window-Model was introduced. The model is only
different in regard to the shortwave solar radiation. The model splits the external solar radiation
into a visual part and a non visual part. The fraction of the visual part can be calculated with the
radiation of a black body at a temperature of 5800 K for a wave length band between 380nm-
780nm related to the total radiation of a black body at the same temperature. This leads to the
following equations for the visual radiation:
The non visual part of the solar radiation can then be calculated with
The model reads now the visual transmission and in visual reflectance for front and backside
from the W4-Library. Relative absorption values for total solar band will be taken for the
distribution of the absorbed energy of the visual and non visual band on each individual pane
as there is no better data available from W4-lib. All data taken from W4-lib in the type56 window
model are shown in Chapter 5.2.4.6.
The model calculates then for the visual and for the non visual part separately the reflection,
the absorption on single panes and the distribution within the airnodes including multiple
reflection.
The absorbed and transmitted radiation is summed up to get the total solar absorbed or
transmitted radiation. For all later energy and temperature calculations only the total solar
radiation values are used.
5–185
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
of reflection between the individual panes and the absorption and transmission of each pane is
performed hemispherically for diffuse radiation and in steps of 10° incidence angle for direct
solar radiation. Together with the thermal properties of the gas fillings and the conductivity and
emissivity of the glazings, the optical data for the window is written to an ASCII file by the
WINDOW 4.1 program. This output file has a standard format, which makes the results available
for thermal analysis programs such as DOE 2.1 and Trnsys. For Trnsys, a window library file
was created using the WINDOW 4.1 program to have commonly-used glazing systems
available for the user.
This data is read by the Type 56 component and interpolated using the interpolation of Akima
/14/
Using this interpolated data, the transmission of solar radiation and the total absorption of short-
wave radiation for each window pane is calculated.
The heat flux from the inner pane of the window the to ambient is calculated as:
.
Q n a U n a A (Tn Ta ) Eq. 5.4.2-5
with
1
U na
Rij Ra Eq. 5.4.2-6
ij
1
R jj Eq. 5.4.2-7
jj
1
Ra Eq. 5.4.2-8
c ,a r ,a
5–186
1
Ri Eq. 5.4.2-9
c ,i r ,i
4Tmean
3
rad
1 1 Eq. 5.4.2-11
1
1 2
The convective heat exchange coefficient between the individual glazings is calculated
considering the slope of the window using:
Nu T
conv Eq. 5.4.2-12
s
1708 sin 1.8 1.6
1708 Ra cos
13
g T L3
Ra Eq. 5.4.2-14
T
R Ra
Q abs,i I dir absdir,i I dif absdif ,i I ref , z I ref ,sh absdif ,i ,b i l
.
Eq. 5.4.2-15
i n Rtot
It can be shown that the total heat flux of such a glazing system can be split into a heat loss flux
which is only dependent on the temperature differences and the pane absorption heat flux which
is only dependent on the intensity of the short-wave radiation [5].
As the solar radiation reflected by the airnode surfaces can only be calculated by Type 56 if the
amount of transmitted solar radiation from all external and internal windows of the airnode is
known, an iterative loop for all windows of a airnode is performed until all entered direct or
diffuse solar radiation is either absorbed at an internal wall or frame surface or any window pane
of an internal or external window or transmitted back to outside through an external window.
After having distributed all entering solar radiation for all airnodes of the building including
multiple reflections in a airnode or between airnodes via internal windows, the calculations of
surface temperatures and the window pane temperature calculations are performed.
5–187
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
.
Q abs,i 0.5 Q abs hi Ti Tzone hc ,o T0 Tamb Q sky Eq. 5.4.2-16
. . .
Q abs,a Q abs Q abs,i Eq. 5.4.2-17
These heat fluxes of the two-node model are used in the Type 56 heat balance algorithm to
calculate the dynamic behavior of the multi-airnode building.
This corrected U-value, uglass, is used in Type 56 for the thermal calculation of the window as
it is defined in the building description.
In the building description, the ratio of the frame area to the total window area is defined.
Additionally a U-value for the frame is given there. The total U-value of the window is calculated
as the arithmetic mean value of glazing and frame U-value:
The transmission of solar radiation is reduced by this fraction (to account for the opaque frame
part of the window). In the heat balance algorithm of Type 56, all the heat flows and the resulting
temperatures are related to the total window area.
5–188
5.4.2.9. External and Internal Shading Devices
External or internal shading devices may be defined for each external window of the building.
In Version 17.1 an integrated radiation depending control of the shading devices for external
windows is available.
External shading
External shading devices reduce the incoming solar radiation on the glazing area of the external
window by a factor given in the building description. A thermal resistance that reduces the heat
losses of the glazing to the ambient, if the external shading device is active, may be specified.
In addition to the userdefined external shading factor of external windows, a detailed treatment
of shortwave beam radiation shading by external shaders and self-shading of the building can
be applied. Type 56 reads in a shading matrix file generated by TRNBuild at the beginning of
the simulation (if the file exists). This matrix is based on the division of the celestial hemisphere
into patches. For each patch the sunlit fraction for external windows is stored. During the
simulation Type 56 determines the actual sunlit fraction of surfaces by a bilinear interpolation of
the four nearest patches with respect to the sun’s current position for each time step.
Internal sahding
For internal windows only an internal shading device for the surface defined as FRONT in the
building description may be defined.
An internal shading device is specified giving the reduction of the transmitted solar radiation, a
reflection coefficient for solar radiation for both faces of the shading device and a parameter
defining the degree of additional convection to the air node. The model takes into account
multiple reflections between the internal shading device and the window panes and calculates
the absorption of reflected solar radiation from the internal shading on the different window
panes. The multiple reflections between internal shading and window panes can be expanded
into a endless series and expressed in a closed form for each face of the window resulting in
where
f int,sh Non transparent fraction of internal shading related to the total glass area
reflwin,i solar reflection of glass surface facing the internal shading device
This calculation is performed separately with the optical properties for direct and diffuse solar
radiation and the total absorption of the internal shading device is given by the sum of absorption
of direct and diffuse solar radiation parts.
With the internal shading device located behind the inner glazing an additional convection is
started resulting in a chimney effect of warm air heated by the absorption of solar radiation on
5–189
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
the shading device. The absorbed solar radiation on the inner shading is given as the product
of the transmitted solar radiation and the fraction of the shaded glazing area considering the
reflected radiation and the fraction which is transferred to the air node of the airnode via the
specified additional convection:
The additional convective heat flow to the air node of the airnode is therefore given as:
. .
q conv,sh q int,sh cconv,sh Eq. 5.4.2-22
5–190
5.4.3. Moisture Balance
In parallel with the sensible energy balance calculation, Type 56 calculates a moisture balance
considering free floating humidity ratios or humidification/dehumidification to a certain set-point.
In this case, Type56 calculates the latent load. There are two models for the calculation of the
moisture balance available in Type 56. The first model considers sorption effects with an
enlarged moisture capacity of the air the second, more sophisticated, model offers a surface
and a deep moisture buffer in the walls of the airnode.
where
A moisture balance for any airnode results in the following differential equation:
. surfaces
d i i j
m inf,i a i i W g ,i i Eq. 5.4.3-2
. nvent
M eff ,i
dt
k
m v , k ,i m cp lg,s j
v ,k ,i
where
In order to simplify the solution of the simultaneous set of differential equations, the values of
at the end of the previous time-step are used in the above expression. Subroutine DIFFEQ is
then used to independently solve for the final and average values of the humidity ratio over each
timestep for each airnode. If the average humidity ratio of the airnode falls below or rises above
5–191
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Q lat,i . .
k v , k ,i
Eq. 5.4.3-3
M eff ,i req,i i , t
surfaces
i j
m j , t i , t
t
cp lg,s
where
Qlat,i latent energy removed (positive for dehumidification, negative for humidification)
5–192
di nvent
M air,i Wcap m inf,i ( a i ) m v ,k ,i (v ,k ,i i ) W g ,i
dt k
Eq. 5.4.3-4
m cp lg,s ( j i )
i j
di nvent
M air,i m inf,i ( a i ) m vk ,,i ( v ,k ,i i ) W g ,i m cp lg,s ( j i )
dt k i j Eq. 5.4.3-5
surf ( surf i )
where
m , exchange coefficients
Additionally, two new differential equations were introduced to describe the dynamics of the
water content of the surface and the deep storage.
d surf
M surf surf f , surf (i surf ) deep ( deep surf ) Eq. 5.4.3-6
dt
d deep
M deep deep f , deep ( surf deep ) Eq. 5.4.3-7
dt
where
5–193
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
deep the exchange coefficient surface between storage and deep storage
Initially, the user must assign the actual wall layers to the two humidity storage types. For the
surface buffer, only the material with the lowest diffusion resistance is relevant. By means of
the equation
0 .1 A
surf
0.094
d i i Eq. 5.4.3-8
' i
surf can be calculated. It depends on the surface size A in m², the steam-transition coefficient
' (≈12 m/h), the thickness d in m and the diffusion resistance of layer i. For the calculation
of deep , the steam-transition coefficient can be neglected:
0 .1 A
deep
di i
i
Eq. 5.4.3-9
of the buffer material and the coefficients can easily be determined. To determine the size of
the thickness d the following should be considered. If, for example, the surface buffer is defined
only by the first millimeter of gypsum and the deep buffer by the second millimeter, the humidity
storage of the wall surface is well described but the capacity of the deeper parts is neglected.
Measurements of air humidity in an office have shown that the influence of walls can be well
described if
surf
A
3 kgair m 2 h Eq. 5.4.3-11
deep
A
1 kgair m 2 h Eq. 5.4.3-12
The reason for this lies in the fact that the first value describes the mass flow within minutes
and the second the mass flow within several hours. Measurements and detailed simulations
have also shown that the moisture flow from central parts of the walls (walls of bricks and
concrete) to the room air is so low that it can be neglected. The moisture flow from the
surrounding to the airnode is much higher and must be well defined by the infiltration parameters
if the simulation time is longer than a few days.
The values mentioned above are recommendations. Of course the deep buffer can also be
defined in a different way. A very small value of /A can describe the moisture transport flow
within a season. With Eq. 5.4.3-9, the thickness d and therefore the corresponding mass M then
can easily be determined.
If only one kind of material is used for one storage (for example, concrete for the deep storage),
the user has to put the corresponding parameters and M into the building description file
5–194
gypsum, it is necessary to set one parameter to 1 and the other to the sum of the corresponding
products of and M
1 M 1 2 M 2 Eq. 5.4.3-13
5–195
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
MDEEP = M1 x 1+ M2 2 + M3 3
surf
BSURF
A
A 3 kg m 2 h 50[m 2 ] 150[kg / h]
deep
BDEEP
A
A 1 kg m 2 h 50[m 2 ] 50[kg / h]
The building description should contain the parameters in the following order (instead of the old
parameter WCAPR):
KSURF = 0.015 MDEEP = 16
KDEEP = 1 BSURF = 150
MSURF = 270 BDEEP = 50
5–196
Figure 5.4.3-2: Results of measurement and simulation according to the described model.
Figure 5.4.3-3: Results of outputs Qlgain and Qbuf. Qbuf describes the energy flow to the surface
buffer.
5–197
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Figure 5.4.4-2: Heat flow in a cross section of a thermo active construction element
The stationary solution for temperature distribution in the x-y plane results, as described in [11],
in the following formula for heat flow on the surface towards room 1:
U1 U 2
q1 U1 3 1 1 2 1 Eq. 5.4.4-1
U1 U 2
The first term to the right of the equation sign in Eq. 5.4.4-1 describes the heat flow between
temperature 3 on the outside surface of the pipe and temperature 1 within room 1. The
temperature difference is multiplied by the proportionality factor U 1 , which represents the
coefficient of thermal transmittance for the pipe configuration. The physical variable is used
as correction factor. This variable resembles the shape factor and can be derived from the
partial differential equation for thermal conduction (see references [10] and [11]). For the
configuration of pipes, becomes
2 b
d x U1 U 2
Eq. 5.4.4-2
where
5–198
1
d 2 b
g1 ( s ) g 2 ( s )
ln x
d x U1 U 2
s 1 s
Eq. 5.4.4-3
To check the evidence of this formula, Eq. 5.4.4-3 can be calculated with 0 as a borderline
case, which means that the calculation is done for a construction element without pipes. The
result is equal to the heat flow in the upper half of the construction element determined by the
familiar calculation method using the U value:
U1 U 2
q1 2 1 Eq. 5.4.4-4
U1 U 2
The heat flow for the second side of the room can be determined in a similar way as in Eq.
5.4.4-1
U1 U 2
q 2 U 2 3 2 1 1 2 Eq. 5.4.4-5
U1 U 2
Equations Eq. 5.4.4-1 and Eq. 5.4.4-5 can be represented by a network of resistances in a
triangular arrangement (see Figure 5.4.4-3).
1
Ra Eq. 5.4.4-6
U1
1 Eq. 5.4.4-7
Rb
U 2
U1 U 2 Eq. 5.4.4-8
Rc
U1 U 2 1
The triangular network can be transformed into an equivalent star network (see Figure 5.4.4-4)
using the following relations:
5–199
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Ra Rc
R1 Eq. 5.4.4-9
Ra Rb Rc
Rb Rc Eq. 5.4.4-10
R2
Ra Rb Rc
Ra Rb Eq. 5.4.4-11
Rx
Ra Rb Rc
Inserting the Eq. 5.4.4-6 to Eq. 5.4.4-8 into the equations Eq. 5.4.4-9 to Eq. 5.4.4-11 the
following results are achieved for the star resistances:
1
R1 Eq. 5.4.4-12
U1
1 Eq. 5.4.4-13
R2
U2
Rx
1 Eq. 5.4.4-14
U1 U 2
Due to the transformation of the triangular network into the equivalent star network the
information on the pipes can be expressed by one single resistance, that is the R x resistance.
This means that the resistance of each construction element now depends solely on its U
value. Despite the multi-dimensional nature of the problem, equations Eq. 5.4.4-12 and Eq.
5.4.4-13 prove that thermal transmittance through both halves of the construction element can
be calculated by means of the one-dimensional equation for thermal conductance. When is
replaced in Eq. 5.4.4-14 by equation Eq. 5.4.4-2 and Eq. 5.4.4-3, the following equation is
achieved after several transformations:
5–200
d g1 ( s ) g 2 ( s ) Eq. 5.4.4-15
d x ln x
s 1 s
Rx
2 b
The summation term in Eq. 5.4.4-15 served the purpose of adaptation to the boundary
conditions when used in the differential equation in [10]. If
di
0.3 and 0.2
dx dx
the summation term is negligible for practical applications. Therefore, Eq. 5.4.4-15 can be
simplified to the following:
d Eq. 5.4.4-16
d x ln x
Rx
2 b
Thus, the resistance R x depends only on two geometric variables, i.e., the distance between
pipes dx and the pipe diameter , and on the thermal conductivity of the material layer b in
the pipe plane. The transformation from triangular to star-shaped network results in the
additional temperature k for the center point of the star-network. This temperature equals the
mean temperature in the pipe plane when y 0 (see Figure 5.4.4-1) as is described in detail
in [11]. This temperature is called core temperature.
5–201
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Based on the above mentioned calculations of the thermal resistance several different Thermo-
Active Building elements might be described:
dx Eq. 5.4.4-17
Rw
hw 2 d r
The convective heat transfer coefficient h w from the water to the pipe shell for turbulent flow
(Re 2300) can be calculated as follows
5–202
0.87 Eq. 5.4.4-19
d 0.13 2 dr
Rw x
8.0 m l
sp
This is the thermal resistance for heat transfer from the fluid to the pipe shell. The resistance
for heat transfer through the pipe shell by thermal conduction can be determined in a similar
way. The formula for the reference surface area d x l is
Eq. 5.4.4-20
d x ln
Rr 2 dr
2 r
Eq. 5.4.4-21
m c dw z U1 w ( z ) 1 U 2 w ( z ) 2 d x dz
1 U1 U 2 Rw Rr
On the left side of equation Eq. 5.4.4-21 the change in temperature of the fluids d w (z ) is
represented in each downstream-oriented step along the length dz (see Figure 5.4.4-5: Change
in temperature in the pipe in z direction).
The integration of Eq. 5.4.4-21 results in a 'heat exchanger model' of the relation between the
mean water temperature w in a pipe coil and the room temperatures 1 and 2 . The formula
for determining the mean water temperature is as follows:
U1 1 U 2 2 Eq. 5.4.4-22
w lg
U1 U 2
Several transformations, which are described to greater detail in [11], lead to the following
formula for the heat flow between the water inlet temperature and the mean water temperature.
5–203
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
q f Rw , Rr , Rx ,U i , m sp , c in w Eq. 5.4.4-23
The reciprocal value of the function f R w ... can be interpreted as the thermal resistance in z
direction and be expressed by the following formula:
1 Eq. 5.4.4-24
Rz
1
1
m sp c 1 exp m sp c Rw Rr R x
U U
1 2
1
Rw Rr R x
U 1 U 2
Rt Rz Rw Rr Rx Eq. 5.4.4-25
Figure 5.4.4-6: Total resistance between water inlet temperature and core temperature
The insertion of Eq. 5.4.4-24 into Eq. 5.4.4-25 results in the following formula for the total
resistance:
1 1 Eq. 5.4.4-26
Rt
U1 U 2
1
1
m sp c 1 exp m sp c Rw Rr R x
U 1 U 2
Figure 5.4.4-7 shows how the coefficient of thermal transmittance U 1 U 2 and the specific
sp affect the total resistance R t as described in Eq. 5.4.4-26. The selected
mass flow rate m
pipe dimension and the distance between pipes are both shown in the legend. The first number
indicates the inside diameter, the second indicates the outside diameter.
5–204
Figure 5.4.4-7: Thermal transmittance and mass flow affecting Rt
The higher the selected specific mass flow rate, the less relevant its dependency on U 1 U 2 .
sp 5 kg/hm2 the total resistance R t varies by 15 %, for m sp 10 kg/hm2 by 6 % and for
For m
m sp 15 kg/hm2 by 3 % in the region shown. For higher specific mass flow rates the sum of the
coefficients of thermal transmittance U 1 U 2 can be decreased without significant change in
the total resistance R t . When U 1 U 2 0 is inserted into Eq. 5.4.4-26 the total resistance is
simplified to
1 Eq. 5.4.4-27
Rt R w Rr R x
2 m sp c
1 Eq. 5.4.4-28
Rz
2 m sp c
This is equivalent to a linearization of the change in water temperature between the inlet and
outlet as shown in Figure 5.4.4-5. However, this change of temperature shows a highly
exponential character for very low mass flow rates. Linearization of an exponential curve like
this results in a significant loss in precision. In certain orders of magnitude it can even result in
conditions which are impossible with regard to physics.
According to [11] the criterion
Eq. 5.4.4-29
m sp c Rw Rr Rx
1
2
can be specified as the boundary condition. If this boundary condition cannot be met by the
selected configuration, the pipe coil has to be split up into several sections. In a similar way as
described above, the total resistance can be derived for each of the n sections from
1 Eq. 5.4.4-30
Rt ,i R w Rr R x
2 m sp n c
5–205
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Eq. 5.4.4-31
m sp c n Rw Rr Rx
1
2
For a regular pipe design of thermo-active construction element systems the criterion in Eq.
sp 13 kg/hm2. In this region even the simplification U 1 U 2 0 as
5.4.4-29 can be met for m
specified in Figure 5.4.4-7: Thermal transmittance and mass flow affecting Rtleads to good
results. When mass flow rates of less than 13 kg/hm2 are used for certain designs, a minimum
of two sections should be expected. Splitting the pipe coil up into n sections increases the
specific mass flow rate of each section by the n -th multiple. This has a positive effect on the
simplification U 1 U 2 0 in Eq. 5.4.4-26, because the approximation is closer to the exact
result for higher specific mass flow rates.
Inserting the equations for each single resistance, i. e.Eq. 5.4.4-16, Eq. 5.4.4-19 and Eq.
5.4.4-20, into Eq. 5.4.4-30 for a turbulent current in the pipe and on the condition of Eq. 5.4.4-31
results in the following formula for the total resistance:
2 dr
0.87 Eq. 5.4.4-32
d x ln d x ln d x
0.13
d
m l
2 dr
x
Rt , i
1
sp
2 m sp n c 8.0 2 r 2 b
where
di
0.3 and 0.2
dx dx
The variable Rt ,i in Eq. 5.4.4-32 contains all the relevant parameters required for the calculation
of thermo-active construction element systems.
5–206
Figure 5.4.4-8: Simulated FEM section of a construction element with boundary conditions
In the beginning of the calculation the construction element has an even starting temperature
of 20 °C. For Case 1 the inlet temperature is increased rapidly from 20 to 30 °C (see Figure
5.4.4-9). However, the room temperature is maintained at 20 °C.
Figure 5.4.4-10 shows the change in the core temperature and in the temperature on the
surface. The close correspondence between the results of the model and the results of the exact
FEM calculation become apparent in this figure.
26
25
Core temperature k
24
Temperature [°C]
23
22 Surface temperature
21
Model
20
FEM
19
0 5 10 15 20
Time [h]
Figure 5.4.4-10: Comparison of the simplified model with the FEM calculation (Case 1)
For Case 2 the room temperature is also maintained at 20 °C, just as for Case 1. The water
inlet temperature is increased from 20 to 30°C and maintained on that level for five hours (see
Figure 5.4.4-9). After five hours the water temperature is decreased again to 20°C.
5–207
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
26
Model
25
FEM
24
Temperature [°C]
23 Core temperature k
22
21
20 Surface temperature
19
0 5 10 15 20
Time [h]
Figure 5.4.4-11: Comparison of the simplified model with the FEM calculation (Case 2)
Figure 5.4.4-11 shows that good correspondence between the simplified model and the FEM
calculation is also achieved for Case 2.
Indices
1 Room side 1
2 Room side 2
3 Outside pipe surface
b Construction element
k Core
i Room side
in Inlet
5–208
r Pipe shell
sp Specific
t Total
w Water, fluid
x x direction
y y direction
z z direction
5–209
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Figure 5.4.5-2: Resistance model for chilled ceiling test conditions after 4715-1.
2
R w [ m K /W ] Thermal resistance fluid to pipe
R r [ m 2 K /W ] Thermal resistance pipe
2
R x [ m K /W ] Thermal resistance in x-direction
2
R cp [ m K /W ] Thermal resistance of chilled ceiling panel at test conditions
2
R 1 [ m K /W ] Thermal resistance upper wall at test conditions well insulated
2
R 2 [ m K /W ] Thermal resistance combined heat transfer to the room
w [ C ] Mean fluid temperature
k [ C ] Mean temperature of chilled ceiling
r,2 [ C ] Operative room temperature
r,1 [ C ] Operative outside temperature
2
U wrx [ kJ / h m K] Heat transfer coefficient
Besides the test results the heat transfer coefficient Uwrx = 1/ (Rw+Rr+ Rx) is needed. Uwrx can
be calculated internally from the specific norm power using the following approximation for
common used chilled ceiling panels:
5–210
0.0469 Psp _ norm Eq. 5.4.5-1
U wrx 0.6 exp 3.6
3 . 6 [kJ/h m² K]
where Psp _ norm in [kJ/h m²]is the specific norm power after DIN 4715-1.
Table 5.4.5-1: U wrx and dTsurf _ norm for different chilled ceiling panels
Approximation
Approximation
Measurement
Measurement
Measurement
Zent - Variocool Spectra M-plate 96 54.0476 54.1400 1.8 1.8
Frenger
Variocool Spectra L-plate 92 44.1986 44.8792 2.1 2.0
value 2K
Approx.
Internet
approx
Guess
Guess
data
Siegle + CuRo
153 76.5 784.4 2 0.2
Epple
Also the temperature difference dTsurf _ norm between mean fluid temperature w and mean
surface temperature k if known for test conditions can be used to calculate the heat transfer
coefficient U wrx with the following equation:
5–211
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Table 5.4.5-1 shows for some chilled ceiling samples U wrx and dTsurf _ norm for measurement
and the approximation used by Type 56. For non-ventilated chilled ceiling with a cooling power
Qn < 95 W/m² (of) a good agreement between measured values and the approximation used
by Type 56 is achieved. For higher rate of performance the approx. values of the resistance (1/
U wrx ) are unrealistically low. In general, the higher performance is due to ventilation. This fact
cannot be handled by the approximation model.
Rr and Rx are characteristically for each chilled ceiling panel and independent from the
conditions in the room or the massflow rate through the panel. The sum of both resistances is
calculated with the following equation:
1 Eq. 5.4.5-3
Rr R x Rw
U wrx
According to [12], the thermal resistance Rw for heat transfer from a fluid ( w 20°C and a
density of fluid 1000 kg/m³) to the pipe shell for turbulent flow (Re 2300) can be calculated
as follows:
1 3 Eq. 5.4.5-5
d 4m sp c d x
Rw x 49 .03 4.17
w w
The thermal resistance of the chilled ceiling panel can be calculated from the specific norm
power by the following equation:
r , 2 w 10 K
Eq. 5.4.5-6
Rcp
q cp q n,cp
The thermal resistance R2,norm for the combined heat transfer from the chilled ceiling panel to
the room at test conditions can be calculated with
1 Eq. 5.4.5-7
R2,norm Rcp
U wrx
The convective heat transfer coefficient from the panel to the room at test conditions can be
calculated with:
5–212
1 Eq. 5.4.5-8
conv, 2,norm 4Troom
3
R2,norm
conv, flat_ ceiling,norm K ce _ cooled 10 K dTsurf ,norm ece _ cooled Eq. 5.4.5-9
The convective heat transfer of a flat panel is adjusted to the test results by the factor K korr _ HTC
to fit the measured norm power, Psp,norm . A factor greater than 1 is possible due to fins of a so
called convective chilled ceiling.
The convective heat transfer coefficient from the panel to the room during the simulation is
calculated with:
conv,ceiling_ cooled K korr _ HTC K ce _ cooled k Tair,ceiling ece _ cooled Eq. 5.4.5-11
conv,ceiling_ heated K korr _ HTC K ce _ heated k Tair,ceiling ece _ heated Eq. 5.4.5-12
This model assumes that the front and the backside of the chilled ceiling panel do have the
same surface temperature k. However in an expert mode additional heat transfer coefficients
for upper and lower construction might be added which will modify the surface temperatures for
front and back side but also the resulting cooling power of the chilled ceiling panel. The total
resistance to the room during the simulation is calculated by the following equation:
1 1 Eq. 5.4.5-13
R2,norm
conv, 2 4Troom U loconst
3
The resistance R1 between the chilled ceiling and ceiling for direct contact is calculated with the
following equation:
1 1 Eq. 5.4.5-14
R1
9000 U upconst
In Figure 5.4.5-3 the heat transfer model in the gap for a chilled ceiling with out direct contact is
shown.
5–213
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
Figure 5.4.5-3: Assumed heat transfer in the gap between chilled ceiling and ceiling..
The resistance R1 between chilled ceiling and ceiling for a gap can then calculated with the
following equation:
1 Eq. 5.4.5-15
R1 Rgap
U upconst
With the resistance Rgap, which is calculated depending the heat flux direction:
1 Eq. 5.4.5-16
Rgap
4T 3
room 0.5k down 0.5dTgap
mdown
1 Eq. 5.4.5-17
Rgap
4T 3
room 0.5kup 0.5dTgap up
m
where dTgap is the temperature difference between the chilled ceiling and ceiling. The
coefficients to calculate the convective heat transfer kdown, kup, mdown, and mup can be changed
from the default values to user-defined values in an expert mode.
According to the transformations shown in Section 5.4.4.4, the total resistance of an active layer
can be calculated with the following equation:
1 1 Eq. 5.4.5-18
Rt
1
1
1
R1 R2
m sp c1 exp m sp c Rw Rr Rx
1
1 1
R1 R2
5–214
Figure 5.4.5-4: Resistance model chilled ceiling with additional construction and a gap
5–215
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
with:
with:
hc
a
hc hr
When the relative velocity of air is below 0.2 m/s and the difference between mean radiant
temperature and air temperature is below < 4 °C the operative temperature can be approximated
by the mean of air- and the mean of radiation temperature (acc. to. EN ISO 7726:2001)
Userdefined Input
Since most materials have a high emissivity, reflection is often neglected.This means all the
surrounding surfaces are assumed to be black which leads to:
4
TMR T14 F p 1 T24 F p 2 ... Tn4 F p n Eq. 5.4.6-3
With:
5–216
Tn the surface temperature of the area n in [K],
Fp.n the angular factor between a person and the area n.
For small differences in surface temperature, the previous equation simplifies to:
T A T2 A2 ... Tn An
Eq. 5.4.6-5
TMR 1 1
A1 A2 ... An
This rough approximation is widely used in practical engineering and is part of the standard
comfort model in Trnsys 17.
The infrared emission coefficient of the sphere is fixed to a value of 0,82 which corresponds the
standard value of the human body. Direct or diffuse solar radiation on the sensor isn’ taken into
account .
The comfort sensor is placed at a given position in the room. After some time a thermal
equilibrium between the radiation and convection is reached. The surface temperature and the
5–217
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
temperature inside are assumed to be the same. Therefore, the sensor temperature driven by
radiation and convection can be determined.
From the following equations the surface temperature of the comfort sensor Ts can be
calculated.
n Eq. 5.4.6-9
Q sir As sir Ts4 Ai iir Ti 4 Giir,s
i 1
with:
Now, all the temperatures are known and the the following equation can be used to determine
the mean radiant temperature:
1 Eq. 5.4.6-11
n 4
TMR Ti 4 GsLW
,i
i 1
The equation is derived from Fanger’s definition of the mean radiant temperature based on
longwave radiation. Again, Gebhart factors are used for the description of the detailed longwave
radiation heat exchange between all the surfaces.
5–218
5.4.7. Supply air conditioning model
For TRNSYS 18 a simple model is provided in TYPE 56 to model preconditioning of supply air
to the airnode. The calculated energy for heating, cooling, dehumidification and humidification
refers to a conditioning from outdoor air and to supply air condition. The feature allows
calculating conditioning including optional sensible heat recovery.
The temperature of the supply air 𝑇𝐻𝑅 after the heat exchanger is calculated with the sensible
efficiency 𝜂𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠 , and the return 𝑇𝑅𝐴 and outdoor air temperature 𝑇𝑂𝐴 , by the following equation.
Depending on the technology, air handling units have frost protection systems to avoid icing of
the heat exchanger. The implemented model assumes that the exhaust air won’t be cooled
down below 𝑇𝐸𝐴,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4°𝐶. This leads to the calculation of the supply air after the heat exchanger
shonw in the following:
The sensible energy to heat up 𝑄̇ℎ𝑡,𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠 or cool down 𝑄̇𝑐𝑙,𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠 the air to set point temperature 𝑇𝑆𝑒𝑡
is with the given massflow 𝑚̇ calculated according to the formulas below:
The max. and min. humidity (𝑤𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) have to be set by the user. If the outdoor humidity
is within the range, no humidification or dehumidification energy is calculated. Otherwise its
calculated with the evaporation enthalpy Δℎ𝑉 according to the formula shown below. The
dehumidification process is divided into three processes, a sensible part where the air is cooled
down to dewpoint temperature and the latent part where water condenses, the energy for both
processes are summarized in 𝑄̇𝑐𝑙,𝑑𝑒ℎ𝑢𝑚 . The third process is reheat the air 𝑄̇ℎ𝑡,𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 .
5–219
TRNSYS 18 – Multizone Building modeling with Type56 and TRNBuild
5.4.8. References
1. Stephenson, D.G. and Mitalas, G.P., "Calculation of Heat Conduction Transfer
Functions for Multi-Layer Slabs," ASHRAE Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., August
22-25, 1971.
2. Mitalas, G.P. and Arseneault, J.G., "FORTRAN IV Program to Calculate z-Transfer
Functions for the Calculation of Transient Heat Transfer Through Walls and Roofs",
Division of National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.
3. Seem, J.E., "Modeling of Heat in Buildings," Ph. D. thesis, Solar Energy Laboratory,
University of Wisconsin Madison (1987).
4. Holst, ,S., "Heating load of a building model in Trnsys with different heating systems",
ZAE Bayern, Abt. 4, Trnsys-User Day 1993, Stuttgart
5. Feist, W., "Thermal building simulation, A critical review of different building models" (in
german), C.F. Müller-Verlag, Karlsruhe, 1994, ISBN 3-7880-7486-8
6. Lechner, Th., " Mathematical and physical fundamentals of the Transfer function
method (in german), Institut für Thermodynamik und Wärmetechnik, Universität
Stuttgart, April 1992
7. Voit, P., Th. Lechner, M. Schuler, "Common EC validation precedure for dynamic
building simulation programs - application with Trnsys", TRANSSOLAR GmbH,
Conference of international simulation societies 94, Zürich
8. "WINDOW 4.1, PC Program for Analyzing Window Thermal Performance in
Accordance with Standard NFRC Procedures", Windows and Daylighting Group,
Building Technologies Program, Energy and Environment Division, Lawrence berkeley
Laboratory, CA 94729 USA, March 1994
9. "Design of a thermal model for thermo-active construction element systems (TABS) ",
10. Markus Koschenz, Beat Lehmann , EMPA, Abteilung Energiesysteme/Haustechnik,
CH-8600 Dübendorf (Switzerland); Stefan Holst, TRANSSOLAR, Energietechnik
GmbH, D-70569 Stuttgart (Germany), February 2000
11. Glück B., Strahlungsheizung – Theorie und Praxis, Verlag C. F. Müller, Karlsruhe 1982
12. Koschenz M., Lehmann B., Handbuch thermoaktive Bauteilsysteme TABS (work in
progress), EMPA Abteilung Energiesysteme/Haustechnik, CH-8600 Dübendorf, 2000
13. Stender, Merker, Recknagel Sprenger, Oldenburg Verlag, München, 92/93
14. Press, Flannery, Teukolsky, Vetterling, Numerical Recipes, The Art of Scientific
Computing,.Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-38330-7
5–220
5.5. Mathematical Description of Auxiliary
Tools
5.5.1. TRNSHD
The integrated tool for calculating solar sunlit and distribution factors is based on TRNSHD
(Hiller, 2000). The code has been completely revised and adapted to the needs of Trnsys. In
addition, the 2D polygon clipping procedure which calculates the shading effect of a set of
arbitrary polygons on a receiving polygon has be replaced by the GPC library Version 2.23 from
Alan Murta, University of Manchester,UK is applied (http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~toby/gpc/). Also,
the beam radiation shading is no longer solved by hourly calculation for a given location but by
discretisation of the half hemisphere. The approach has several advantages:
pure geometric sunlit factors
independent from building location
only one calculation for both beam and diffuse radiation
less data
Hemisphere
Patch
Center
point
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For solving the diffuse radiation shading it is assumed that the patches are rather small and far
away. Thus, the diffuse radiation leaving each patch can be treated as parallel radiation with
the direction from its center point to the center of the hemisphere. In the current version the
diffuse radiation is assumed to be isotropic. Therefore, the diffuse fraction of an external window
can be determined by:
n
cos
k 1
k k f beam, k
f dfu, ex n
cos
k 1
k k
k sin Z, k Z
where n is the number of patches where the external window is sunlit, k is the angle between
the surface normal vector and the sun vector of patch k, Z,k is the zenith angle of patch k,
fbeam,k is the “beam” sunlit fraction of patch k, k is the increment of the solid angle of patch
k, k is the increment of the solar azimuth angle, Z is the increment of the solar zenith angle
of patch.
All calculated sunlit fractions are written to an external file, the so-called SHading Matrix file
(*.SHM), which is read in by the multizone building model at the start of the simulation.
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Solar beam distribution factors of external windows
In addition to sunlit fractions of external windows, TRNSHD can calculate the beam sunlit
fractions of the window that strike each inside surface of the zone (not airnode!). The performed
calculation steps are similar those for external shading. All sunlit inside surfaces are projected
onto the plane of the window and clipped against the remaining sunlit parts of the window
obtained from the external shading calculations. In the current version the beam distribution
factor calculation is restricted to external windows only.
The calculated distribution factors are also written to one external file for each zone, the so-
called InSolation Matrix file (*_xxx.ISM), which is read in by the multizone building model at the
start of the simulation.
Model limitations
Zones have to be closed and convex volumes.
Surfaces have to be planar polygons described by an ordered list of vertices.
Surfaces aren’t allowed to have holes.
Windows must be subsurfaces of walls.
Building surfaces must have an outward normal vector.
No reflection is taken into account.
References
Bourgeois D, Reinhart CF, Ward G, “A Standard Daylight Coefficient Model for
DynamicDaylighting Simulations” Building Research & Information 36:1 pp. 68 – 82, 2008
Hiller, M. D.E., Beckman, W.A, Mitchell, J.W. 2000. TRNSHD – a program for shading and
insolation calculations. Building and Environment 35, p.633 - 644.
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References
Lawson, D. A. 1995. An improved method for smoothing approximate exchange areas, Int. J.
Heat Mass Transfer, 38, pp. 3109-3110
Narkhede A. and Manocha D., Fast polygon triangulation algorithm based on Seidel's Algorithm,
UNC-CH, 1994.
Oosterom, Strackee 1983: IEEE Trans. Biom. Eng., Vol BME-30, No 2,
Schröder P., Hanrahan P. 1993. On the form factor between two polygons, Proceedings of the
20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.163-164
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5.5.3. DaySIM Integration
DaySIM Routines (Reinhardt 2016) are adapted and integrated into TRNSYS to allow
simultanous thermal and daylight simulations. The process follows the typical DaySIM workflow.
First the geometry has to be provided in the radiance format. The generator in TRNbuild create
the radiance geometry by using available 3D-Geometry information and assign automatically
optical properties to opaque surfaces according to the solar absorption coeffcient, defined in
the construction type. The radiance material for the glazing has to be defined manually, the
material has to be available in the library material.rad. The user is free to add materials into the
library.
In a pre-process daylight coefficients are generated with the created geometry and the gendc
routine, where the methods “classic” and “dds” are implemented. Daylight coefficients are
normalized contributions from discretized sky or ground segments, or preset solar positions, to
solar quantities calculated at various building sensor points (Bourgeois 2008). Once generated,
daylight coefficients are used in the TRNSYS simulation, where they are folded against
luminance efficacy and distribution models to calculate the illuminance of every sensor point at
each time step.
The model of the diffuse sky and ground is similar in both methods. For both methods 145
Patches are generated to describe the diffuse sky. The ground is described in three sections in
the “classic” variant and as one patch in the dds method.
Figure 4: Discretization of diffuse sky (left, Bourgeois 2008) and the ground (right, Reinhardt
2001)
The main difference between the two methods is the modelling of the direct light. Different from
the diffuse lighting model, where the contribution is calculated by folding the Perez sky with the
diffuse daylight coefficent matrix, the impact of direct light is modeled by interpolating the
daylight coefficient depending on sun position. In the „classic“ method the daylight coefficient
are calculated for certain dates and times in a year. Consequently, the data points varies in
number and sun position, the calculated daylight coefficient are only valid for one orientation
and location. The dds Model differs between indirect and direct solar contributions. 2305
Daylight coefficients are calculated for the dds method, which are evenly distributed on the sky
dome. This approach needs more computational ressources in the pre-process, but the
generated dds files are independent from orientation and location.
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Figure 5: Direct sun positions in the classic and dds format (Bourgeois 2008)
The calculation of the illuminance is calculated in every iteration step, if the shading state
changes. The calculation is done by the subroutine dsillum, which is a adapted DAYSIM routine
to match the requirements by TRNSYS. The daylight coefficients are related to the direct and
diffuse light on the horizontal. TRNSYS is calculating these values according to the sun position
and the solar radiation.
References
Bourgeois D., Reinhart C.F., Ward, G., 2008 A standard daylight coefficient model for dynamic
daylight simulations, Building research and information, Vol. 36, Issue 1, p.68-82
Reinhart C. F. 2016, . Daysim (V4.0). http://daysim.ning.com/
Reinhart C. F 2001, Daylight Availability and Manual Lighting Control in Office Buildings –
Simulation Studies and Analysis of Measurements. Ph.D. thesis, Technical University of
Karlsruhe
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5.6. Building Examples for Type 56
In Trnsys 18 the building example / tutorial has been integrated into 09-Tutorials and
Examples..pdf
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