68 ● CHAPTER 2 FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

3
The integrating factor is then e 3dy/y e 3lny e lny y 3. After we multiply the given
DE by (y) y 3, the resulting equation is
xy 4 dx  (2x 2 y 3  3y 5  20y 3) dy 0.
You should verify that the last equation is now exact as well as show, using the
method of this section, that a family of solutions is 12 x 2 y 4  21 y 6  5y 4 c.

REMARKS

(i) When testing an equation for exactness, make sure it is of the precise
form M(x, y) dx  N(x, y) dy 0. Sometimes a differential equation
is written G(x, y) dx H(x, y) dy. In this case, first rewrite it as
G(x, y) dx  H(x, y) dy 0 and then identify M(x, y) G(x, y) and
N(x, y) H(x, y) before using (4).
(ii) In some texts on differential equations the study of exact equations
precedes that of linear DEs. Then the method for finding integrating factors
just discussed can be used to derive an integrating factor for
y!  P(x)y f (x). By rewriting the last equation in the differential form
(P(x)y  f (x)) dx  dy 0, we see that
M y  Nx
P(x).
N
P(x)dx
From (13) we arrive at the already familiar integrating factor e , used in
Section 2.3.

EXERCISES 2.4 Answers to selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-2.

In Problems 1–20 determine whether the given differential

12. (3x 2 y  e y ) dx  (x 3  xe y  2y) dy 0
equation is exact. If it is exact, solve it.
1. (2x  1) dx  (3y  7) dy 0 dy
13. x 2xe x  y  6x 2
dx
2. (2x  y) dx  (x  6y) dy 0
3. (5x  4y) dx  (4x  8y 3) dy 0 14. 1  3y  x
ddxy  y 3
x
1
4. (sin y  y sin x) dx  (cos x  x cos y  y) dy 0
5. (2xy 2  3) dx  (2x 2y  4) dy 0
15. x y
2 3

1

dx
1  9x 2 dy
 x 3y 2 0

6. 2y  1x  cos 3x
dxdy  xy  4x  3y sin 3x
2
3
0
16. (5y  2x)y!  2y 0
2 2 2
7. (x  y ) dx  (x  2xy) dy 0 17. (tan x  sin x sin y) dx  cos x cos y dy 0

8. 1  ln x  yx
dx (1  ln x) dy 18. (2y sin x cos x  y  2y 2e xy ) dx
2

3 2 2 (x  sin2 x  4xye xy ) dy
9. (x  y  y sin x) dx (3xy  2y cos x) dy
3 3
10. (x  y ) dx  3xy dy 2
0 19. (4t 3 y  15t 2  y) dt  (t 4  3y 2  t) dy 0

11. (y ln y  e xy) dx  1y  x ln y
dy 0 20. 1t  t1  t
2 2
y
y 2

dt  ye y  2
t
t  y2
dy
0
 2.4 EXACT EQUATIONS ● 69

In Problems 21–26 solve the given initial-value problem.

(b) Show that the initial conditions y(0) 2 and
21. (x  y)2 dx  (2xy  x 2  1) dy 0, y(1) 1 y(1) 1 determine the same implicit solution.
22. (e x  y) dx  (2  x  ye y ) dy 0, y(0) 1 (c) Find explicit solutions y1(x) and y 2(x) of the dif-
ferential equation in part (a) such that y1(0) 2
23. (4y  2t  5) dt  (6y  4t  1) dy 0, y(1) 2 and y2(1) 1. Use a graphing utility to graph y1(x)
and y 2(x).
24.
3y 2  t 2 dy
y 5

dt 2y
t
 4 0, y(1) 1

25. (y 2 cos x  3x 2 y  2x) dx Discussion Problems

 (2y sin x  x 3  ln y) dy 0, y(0) e
40. Consider the concept of an integrating factor used in

1 dy Problems 29–38. Are the two equations M dx  N dy 0

26. 2
 cos x  2xy y(y  sin x), y(0) 1 and M dx  N dy 0 necessarily equivalent in the
1y dx
sense that a solution of one is also a solution of the other?
In Problems 27 and 28 find the value of k so that the given Discuss.
differential equation is exact. 41. Reread Example 3 and then discuss why we can con-
3 4
27. (y  kxy  2x) dx  (3xy  20x y ) dy 2 2 3
0 clude that the interval of definition of the explicit
solution of the IVP (the blue curve in Figure 2.4.1) is
28. (6xy 3  cos y) dx  (2kx 2y 2  x sin y) dy 0 (1, 1).
In Problems 29 and 30 verify that the given differential equa- 42. Discuss how the functions M(x, y) and N(x, y) can be
tion is not exact. Multiply the given differential equation found so that each differential equation is exact. Carry
by the indicated integrating factor (x, y) and verify that the out your ideas.
new equation is exact. Solve.
29. (xy sin x  2y cos x) dx  2x cos x dy 0;
(a) M(x, y) dx  xe x y  2xy 
1
x

dy 0
(x, y) xy

30. (x 2  2xy  y 2) dx  (y 2  2xy  x 2) dy 0;

(b) x1/2 y1/2 
x
x2  y

dx  N(x, y) d y 0
(x, y) (x  y)2
43. Differential equations are sometimes solved by
In Problems 31 – 36 solve the given differential equation by having a clever idea. Here is a little exercise in
finding, as in Example 4, an appropriate integrating factor. cleverness: Although the differential equation
(x  1x2  y2) dx  y dy 0 is not exact, show how
31. (2y 2  3x) dx  2xy dy 0
the rearrangement (x dx  y dy) ! 1x2  y2 dx and
32. y(x  y  1) dx  (x  2y) dy 0 the observation 12 d(x 2  y 2) x dx  y dy can lead to
a solution.
33. 6xy dx  (4y  9x 2) dy 0
44. True or False: Every separable first-order equation

2 dy!dx g(x)h(y) is exact.

34. cos x dx  1  sin x dy 0
y

35. (10  6y  e3x ) dx  2 dy 0

Mathematical Model
36. (y 2  xy 3) dx  (5y 2  xy  y 3 sin y) dy 0
45. Falling Chain A portion of a uniform chain of length
In Problems 37 and 38 solve the given initial-value problem 8 ft is loosely coiled around a peg at the edge of a high
by finding, as in Example 4, an appropriate integrating factor. horizontal platform, and the remaining portion of the
chain hangs at rest over the edge of the platform. See
37. x dx  (x 2 y  4y) dy 0, y(4) 0 Figure 2.4.2. Suppose that the length of the overhang-
ing chain is 3 ft, that the chain weighs 2 lb/ft, and that
38. (x 2  y 2  5) dx (y  xy) dy, y(0) 1
the positive direction is downward. Starting at t 0
39. (a) Show that a one-parameter family of solutions of seconds, the weight of the overhanging portion causes
the equation the chain on the table to uncoil smoothly and to fall to
the floor. If x(t) denotes the length of the chain over-
(4xy  3x 2) dx  (2y  2x 2) dy 0 hanging the table at time t  0, then v dx!dt is its
velocity. When all resistive forces are ignored, it can
is x 3  2x 2 y  y 2 c. be shown that a mathematical model relating v to x is