Insights On Dispersion

Insights on Dispersion
Overview
Dispersion is the process of spreading mass from highly concentrated areas to lower concentrated areas.
Achieving an adequate dispersion involves imparting enough energy in the system to overcome attractive
forces between particles without putting so much energy in the system that you destroy or change the
desired properties of the carrier resin. Dispersing particulate matter in a visco-elastic medium, such as a
polyolefin, involves both science and art. Industries have emerged to service this need in the polymer
market and scientific work has developed around the subject. However, achieving dispersion of particulate
matter, and in particular carbon black dispersion, remains the domain of experience and know how. This
Modern Dispersions' insight article will focus on the important attributes that must be considered in
achieving good dispersion of carbon black.
Achieving good dispersion has important commercial consequences. Good dispersion is needed to achieve
some level of aesthetic appeal such as uniform color tone or high black jetness. Other markets need good
dispersion to improve functionality of the end-use article, such as electrostatic dissipative plastics and UV
resistant articles. Dispersion is the key to delivering the full value of the additive or pigment.
Pigments, especially carbon blacks, present problems to customers trying to handle and disperse these
products. Customers desire to have a product which is dust free, can be easily handled, and have the same
product in a form that will easily disperse in the host matrix resin of choice. Additionally, customers desire
a product that meets SH&E requirements for low dust levels in the work place. Masterbatches (20% - 50%
pigment loading levels) were developed to address these requirements.
Carbon Black Fundamentals that Effect Dispersion

Carbon black in its nascent form is fluffy powder with a particle size roughly that of a virus. Consequently,
the bulk density is very low and the material as produced is extremely difficult to convey in conventional
material transfer equipment. Additionally, carbon black lacks significant surface functional groups, which
means that the particles are hard to wet and therefore difficult to disperse. Manufacturers of carbon black
solve some of these problems by pelletizing (beading) their products using low levels of wax or surfactants
resulting in a product that has the form of small beads (prill) roughly 2-5mm in diameter.
In forming the prill, the carbon black particles are forced together to form aggregates. These aggregates
must be broken down to achieve good dispersion. The energy that was used in making the prill must be
matched by either chemical energy or mechanical energy to separate the carbon black particles back to
their nascent non-aggolmerated state. Additionally, if the carbon black particles were forced into the Van
der Walls radii of adjacent particles, this strong attractive energy barrier must also be overcome to achieve
good dispersion.
Carbon black particles are comprised of complex clusters of very small (~10nm) primary particles to form
the primary particle - much like a cluster of grapes. (Please see Modern Dispersion's Insight on Carbon
Black Fundamentals). The properties of carbon black that are critical to dispersion include the surface
area and structure (complexity of shape) of the particle. Surface area is determined by primary particle size
and to a lesser extent structure.
Particle Size/Surface Area

To a large extent, the primary particle size of a carbon black determines its degree of dispersability. The
smaller the primary particle, the higher the surface area. This results in more area to wet and requires more
energy than a carbon black having lower surface area. Additionally, as the carbon black aggregate becomes
smaller, there is a higher concentration of carbon black at the same weight loading (compared to particles
having larger aggregates) resulting in smaller interaggregate distances and thus, greater attractive forces to
overcome.
Structure
High structure carbon blacks are easier to disperse than low structure carbon blacks. High structure blacks
exhibit less close packing than those of lower structure, thus, there is considerably more space accessible
to the carrier resin. The entanglement between the carbon black particle and the carrier resin is the
fundamental chemical process enabling dispersion. Inter-aggregate attractive forces are lower for higher
structure blacks, thus less energy input is required to overcome the attractive forces which facilitates ease
of dispersion.
Carrier Resin Selection

Achieving the desired dispersion in the end use application requires the masterbatch manufacturer to
balance the visco-elastic properties of the carrier resin with those of the host polymer matrix. This balance
requires that the carrier resin be similar in make-up, be from the same polymer family, and have viscosity
characteristics that ease dispersion of the pigment without causing negative effects on the end-use article.
The viscosity requirements are such that the carrier resin disperses readily in the host matrix. Typically,
masterbatches are made using lower viscosity resins that those of the intended host matrix but not so low
of a viscosity so as to modify the desired viscoelastic properties of the final material. A rule of thumb is
that the carrier resin should have a melt thinning profile similar to the host resin and have a melt-index
within an order of magnitude of the host resin. In selecting the carrier resin the masterbatch manufacturer
must consider a myriad of compromises including; cost, degradation temperature, ultimate end-use,
inertness, compatibility with the host resin, and compatibility with the pigment. Choosing the appropriate
carrier resin is an art and formulations are closely guarded secrets.
The Dispersion Process
The dispersion process can be viewed as sequence of events. These events include wetting and premixing
of the pigment, breaking down the carbon black prills, deagglomeration, and dispersion. Mechanical and
thermal energy are used to break down the agglomerates, separate them into their fundamental aggregates
and disperse the aggregates into the carrier resin. Chemical energy, in the form of dispersion aids, is used
in difficult to disperse systems.
Wetting and Premixing

This step involves the premixing of the masterbatch components and occasionally ‘wetting’ of the carbon
black dispersion aids. The goal is to achieve displacement of occluded air and cover the surface of the
carbon black agglomerates completely with vehicle yielding a workable dispersion mix.
Prill Breakdown and De-Agglomeration

Before melt compounding the dispersion mix is subjected to high energy mixers so as to breakdown the
pigment prills and achieve a uniform material mix. Carbon black and the carrier resin are subjected to high
energy mixers with the goal being to break down the aggregates of carbon black. This step is essential to
achieve good carbon black masterbatches.
Melt-Compounding
Melt compounding is accomplished using a variety of equipment including Banburry mixers, single screw
extruders, and twin screw extruders. The goal of the melt-compounding step is to combine the dry mix and
the carrier resin, creating uniform pellets that have homogenous composition. Melt thickening and melt
fracture is a frequent problem in producing the masterbatch because the mixture has between 20% and
50% active ingredients. Achieving the desired end-use viscosity, loading, and performance envelope
frequently requires significant trial and error. Production profiles are closely guarded secrets and key to the
differentiation of masterbatch producers. Manufacturing know-how, intellectual property, and trade secrets
are key to the sustainable competitive advantage of masterbatch manufacturers.
For more information on MDI's black masterbatch and other products please see
 Black Masterbatch and Concentrates

 Conductive Concentrates and Compounds
 Insights on Carbon Black

Insights On Dispersion

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Insights On Dispersion

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Insights on Dispersion

Carbon Black Fundamentals that Effect Dispersion

Particle Size/Surface Area

Carrier Resin Selection

Wetting and Premixing

Prill Breakdown and De-Agglomeration

 Black Masterbatch and Concentrates

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