MCEN 7221 – Turbulence

MCEN 7221 – Turbulence

Olivier Desjardins

Olivier Desjardins
Mechanical Engineering Department
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Course Topics
•  Introduction to turbulence, equations of fluid motion,
cartesian tensors
•  Introduction to flow stability theory
•  Statistical description of turbulence, mean flow equations
•  Round jet, shear flows, grid turbulence
•  Energy cascade, energy transfer, Kolmogorov theory
•  Velocity spectra
•  Channel and pipe flows
•  Turbulent boundary layers
•  Turbulence modeling: viscosity models, Reynolds stress
models
•  Large-eddy simulations and direct numerical simulations
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Photo/movie contest
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Introduction to Turbulence

•  What is Turbulence?
–  Random, chaotic
–  Fully 3D
–  Has vorticity, high mixing, many scales
–  At large Re
•  Why is it important?
–  Many flows of technical relevance are turbulent
–  Turbulence often desired in technical processes to
accelerate mixing
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence

Reynolds’ Pipe Flow Olivier Desjardins

Experiment (1883)

Observation:
•  For sufficiently high Re,
flow becomes turbulent
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Introduction to Turbulence
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Introduction to Turbulence
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Wake of a Grounded Ship at

Re = 107 and Re = 4300
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Turbulent Scales
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Scales of Turbulence
Turbulent Jet at Re = 2300
•  Identify turbulent length scale as
the characteristic size of a pocket
of fluid of coherent motion

•  Then, the flow velocity of that

pocket relative to the surroundings
is the characteristic velocity scale
at that length scale

•  Associated with this velocity scale

is the kinetic energy of that scale

•  Use turbulent eddy as a “crutch”

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Turbulent Eddies
Example: Heat transfer in internal combustion engine from
Lumley: Engines, An Introduction
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Turbulent Jets at Different
Reynolds Number
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Scaling Arguments

•  Scaling arguments very important in turbulence

theory
•  What is scaling argument?
–  Characterized by proportionality
–  Example:
•  Size of large turbulent structures scales with jet width
•  What is a scale characterizing the large turbulent scales?
–  Jet width
–  Jet half width
–  Distance from nozzle
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Kinetic Energy

•  Turbulence often characterized by kinetic

energy
•  Turbulent kinetic energy refers to velocity
differences
•  For laminar or turbulent cases, geometry
creates kinetic energy (velocity differences) at
system scale
•  Examples
–  Wake, jet, or shear layer
•  Turbulence extracts kinetic energy at scale of
geometry
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Example: Turbulent Shear Layer

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Turbulent Jets at Different
Reynolds Number
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Velocity Time History on the
Centerline of a Turbulent Jet
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Introduction to Turbulence
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Introduction to Turbulence
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Statistical Description of Turbulence

Turbulence is random!
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Example: Time Averaging

Instantaneous Time average

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Statistical Description of Turbulence

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Example:
Random Variables: CO2 and Temperature
Carbon dioxide mole fraction and temperature as function
of time over past 500,000 years

•  Behavior of both variables looks quite similar

•  Certain time scales can be identified for large and small scale variations
•  Magnitudes of fluctuations can be identified for given time scales
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Statistical Description of Turbulence

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Example: CO2 and Temperature

Measure data in events:

•  For example:
•  Probability(CO2 < 200) = 0.15
•  Probability(CO2 < 220) = 0.4
•  Probability(CO2 < 260) = 0.75
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Statistical Description of Turbulence

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Example: CO2 and Temperature

Cumulative Distribution Function:

•  Looks different for both functions

•  Information about where most samples can be expected not too obvious
•  Information about correlation of both functions lost
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Statistical Description of Turbulence

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Example: CO2 and Temperature

Probability Density Function:

•  Represents binning
•  Large where high probability is expected
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Statistical Description of Turbulence

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Statistical Description of Turbulence

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Statistical Description of Turbulence

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Statistical Description of Turbulence

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Statistical Description of Turbulence

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Statistical Description of Turbulence

PDF with Positive Skewness

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Statistical Description of Turbulence

Kurtosis (Flatness)

Which signal has

larger kurtosis?
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Statistical Description of Turbulence

 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
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Statistical Description of Turbulence

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Example: CO2 and Temperature

CO2 and temperature time history

CO2 and temperature PDFs

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Statistical Description of Turbulence

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Statistical Description of Turbulence

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Example: CO2 and Temperature

Joint PDF of CO2 and Temperature

•  Probability of high temperature increases with probability for high CO2

•  Temperature increase seems to be stronger at higher values of CO2
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Statistical Description of Turbulence

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Statistical Description of Turbulence

(Correlation coefficient for CO2/temperature example = 0.839)

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Example: CO2 and Temperature

Conditional PDF of Temperature

CPDF
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Statistical Description of Turbulence

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Statistical Description of Turbulence

 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence

Random Processes, Random Fields, Olivier Desjardins

and Two-Point Correlations

 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
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Random Processes, Random Fields,
and Two-Point Correlations
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
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Random Processes, Random
Fields, and Two-Point Correlations
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
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Random Processes, Random Fields,
and Two-Point Correlations
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
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Random Processes, Random Fields,
and Two-Point Correlations
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
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Random Processes, Random
Fields, and Two-Point Correlations
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
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Random Processes, Random Fields,
and Two-Point Correlations
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
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Random Processes, Random Fields,
and Two-Point Correlations
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
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Random Processes, Random Fields,
and Two-Point Correlations
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
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Statistical Description of Turbulence:
Simplifications
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Statistical Description of Turbulence:
Simplifications
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Mean Flow Equations

•  Fluctuation is random quantity

•  Desired (not necessary) properties of mean:
– Deterministic quantity
– Commutes with differentiation
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Mean Flow Equations

Time or Ensemble Averaging

Instantaneous Time average
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Mean Flow Equations

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Mean Flow Equations

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Mean Flow Equations

Closure problem!
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Mean Flow Equations

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Mean Flow Equations

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Mean Flow Equations

Done!
Except, we don’t know νt
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Mean Flow Equations

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Mean Flow Equations

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Mean Flow Equations

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Free Shear Flows

Why free shear flows and why round jet?

•  Distinguish between wall-bounded flows and non-wall

bounded flows
•  Start with free shear flow
•  Round jet is one canonical example of free shear flow
•  Round jet convenient because of self-similar solution
•  Use this example to look at
•  Scaling
•  Reynolds stresses
•  Turbulent kinetic energy
•  Turbulent kinetic energy equation
•  Turbulent kinetic energy budget
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Free Shear Flows: Examples

Round or plane jet

Wake behind object

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Free Shear Flows: Examples

Temporal or spatial mixing layer

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Free Shear Flows: Round Jet

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Free Shear Flows: Round Jet

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Free Shear Flows: Round Jet

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Free Shear Flows: Round Jet

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Free Shear Flows: Round Jet

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The Round Jet

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The Round Jet

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The Round Jet

S = 0.1 line
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The Round Jet

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The Round Jet

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The Round Jet

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The Round Jet

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The Round Jet

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The Round Jet

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The Round Jet

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Turbulent Mixing Layer

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Turbulent Mixing Layer

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Turbulent Mixing Layer

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Turbulent Mixing Layer

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Turbulent Mixing Layer

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Turbulent Mixing Layer

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Turbulent Mixing Layer

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Turbulent Mixing Layer

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Turbulent Mixing Layer

DNS of Rogers and Moser (1994): Spanwise vorticity
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Turbulent Mixing Layer

DNS of Rogers and Moser (1994): Spanwise vorticity
59.4 78.5

66.3 85.9
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Turbulent Mixing Layer

DNS of Rogers and Moser (1994): Self-Similarity

Self Similar region

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Turbulent Mixing Layer

DNS of Rogers and Moser (1994): Reynolds Stress Tensor
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Turbulent Mixing Layer

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Turbulent Mixing Layer

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Homogeneous and Isotropic

Turbulence

Redo From Notes

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Homogeneous and Isotropic

Turbulence

Shear Rate S = const

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Homogeneous and Isotropic

Turbulence
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Homogeneous and Isotropic

Turbulence
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Homogeneous and Isotropic

Turbulence
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Homogeneous and Isotropic

Turbulence
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Homogeneous and Isotropic

Turbulence
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Homogeneous and Isotropic

Turbulence
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Homogeneous and Isotropic

Turbulence
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Homogeneous and Isotropic

Turbulence
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Homogeneous and Isotropic

Turbulence
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Homogeneous and Isotropic

Turbulence
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Isotropic Turbulence: A Few Essentials

•  Reynolds Stress Tensor

•  Turbulent Kinetic Energy Equation

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Homogeneous and Isotropic

Turbulence
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Scales of Turbulent Motion

• Think about turbulence in wave number space

• Consider kinetic energy associated with different wave
numbers or different length scales
• Kinetic energy content in range of wave numbers [κa, κb]

(Formal definition of energy spectrum will be given below)

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Scales of Turbulent Motion

Energy spectrum used for

•  Validate Kolmogorov Theory

•  Assess dynamic importance of
different scales
•  Assess turbulence
•  Assess Reynolds number
•  Turbulence modeling
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Scales of Turbulent Motion

Richardson (1922):
Big whorls have little whorls,
Which feed on their velocity;
And little whorls have lesser whorls,
And so on to viscosity.
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Scales of Turbulent Motion

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Scales of Turbulent Motion

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Scales of Turbulent Motion

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Scales of Turbulent Motion

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Scales of Turbulent Motion

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Random Processes, Random
Fields, and Two-Point Correlations
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
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Random Processes, Random Fields,
and Two-Point Correlations
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
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Random Processes, Random Fields,
and Two-Point Correlations
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
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Random Processes, Random Fields,
and Two-Point Correlations
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
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Random Processes, Random Fields,
and Two-Point Correlations
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
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Scales of Turbulent Motion

Energy spectrum at
different Reynolds
numbers

•  Confirms -5/3 scaling

•  Universal for scales << L0
•  Confirms increasing
intertial range for
increasing Re
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Scales of Turbulent Motion

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Scales of Turbulent Motion

f g
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Scales of Turbulent Motion

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Scales of Turbulent Motion

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Scales of Turbulent Motion

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Scales of Turbulent Motion

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Velocity Spectra

Two-Point Correlation and Velocity Spectrum Function

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Velocity Spectra
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Velocity Spectra
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Velocity Spectra
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Velocity Spectra
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Velocity Spectra

One dimensional spectrum

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Kolmogorov Spectrum
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Kolmogorov Spectrum
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Kolmogorov Spectrum
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Kolmogorov Spectrum
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Kolmogorov Spectrum
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Kolmogorov Spectrum
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Kolmogorov Spectrum
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Kolmogorov Spectrum

•  Determine LEI
•  Determine LDI

LEI LDI
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Kolmogorov Spectrum
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Kolmogorov Spectrum
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Kolmogorov Spectrum
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Kolmogorov Spectrum
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Kolmogorov Spectrum
p = 2
Solid: Reλ = 60
Dashed: Reλ = 1,000
p = 4
Dash-dot: Reλ = 60
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Kolmogorov Spectrum
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Kolmogorov Spectrum
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Kolmogorov Spectrum
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Channel Flow

•  In technical systems, flows are often confined by walls

•  Moreover, turbulence production requires velocity
gradients, which are often generated by wall boundary
layers and no-slip condition
•  Examples:
– External aerodynamics, such as aircraft, golf ball
– Internal flows, such as turbine, compressor, pipes
and pipelines, rivers, straw
•  Because of the importance of the no-slip condition, this
must be properly incorporated in a theory for wall
bounded flows
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Channel Flow

•  Turbulent structures have to decrease if the wall is

approached
•  Questions we want to study:
– How is the turbulence in external turbulent boundary
layers, pipes, and channels different/similar from that
of free shear flows?
– What is the structure of the flow in close vicinity to the
wall?
•  Canonical configurations:
– External turbulent boundary layers, turbulent flow in
pipes and channels
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Channel Flow
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Channel Flow

Skin friction from DNS of turbulent

channel flow by Kim, Moin, and Moser
(1987)

DNS of turbulent channel flow by

Bewley, Hammond, and Moin (1987)
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Channel Flow
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Channel Flow
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Channel Flow
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Channel Flow

Viscous Sublayer
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Channel Flow
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Channel Flow
Experimental and DNS Data
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Channel Flow
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Channel Flow
Turbulent Kinetic Energy Budget
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Channel Flow
Law of the Wall: Summary
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Boundary Layer
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Boundary Layer
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Boundary Layer
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Boundary Layer
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Boundary Layer
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Boundary Layer
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Boundary Layer
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Boundary Layer
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Boundary Layer
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Boundary Layer
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Boundary Layer
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Boundary Layer
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Boundary Layer
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Boundary Layer
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Boundary Layer
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Boundary Layer
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Turbulence Modeling
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Turbulence Modeling
–  Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) U(t)

•  Resolve all flow scales directly

•  No need for physical model of turbulence
DNS
•  Very high cost LES
RANS
t

–  Large Eddy Simulation (LES)

•  Resolve large flow scales Modeled in RANS

•  Model small scales only Computed in DNS

Computed in LES Modeled in LES
•  Moderate cost E(k)

–  Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)

•  Solve for mean flow
•  Model all fluctuations
•  Low cost
k
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Turbulence Modeling
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Turbulence Modeling
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Turbulence Modeling
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Turbulence Modeling
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Turbulence Modeling
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Turbulence Modeling
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Turbulence Modeling
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Turbulence Modeling
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Turbulence Modeling
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Turbulence Modeling
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Turbulence Modeling
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Turbulence Simulation
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Turbulence Simulation
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Turbulence Simulation
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Large-Eddy Simulation
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Turbulence Modeling
–  Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) U(t)

•  Resolve all flow scales directly

•  No need for physical model of turbulence
DNS
•  Very high cost LES
RANS
t

–  Large Eddy Simulation (LES)

•  Resolve large flow scales Modeled in RANS

•  Model small scales only Computed in DNS

Computed in LES Modeled in LES
•  Moderate cost E(k)

–  Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)

•  Solve for mean flow
•  Model all fluctuations
•  Low cost
k
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Olivier Desjardins
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation

What should be accomplished?

• All scales smaller than a certain length

scale should be absent from the filtered
quantities
• The filtered signal can then be
discretized using a mesh substantially
smaller than the DNS mesh
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
Example:
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
Example:
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
Example:
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
Example:
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation
 MCEN 7221 – Turbulence
Olivier Desjardins

Large-Eddy Simulation