Group 6 - DC Motors PDF

DC MOTORS
GROUP 06
CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• TYPES OF A DC MOTOR
• PERMANENT MAGNET DC MOTOR
• SEPARATE EXITED DC MOTOR
• SELF EXITED DC MOTOR
• SHUNT WOUND DC MOTOR
• SERIES WOUND DC MOTOR
• COMPOUND WOUND DC MOTOR
• SHORT SHUNT DC MOTOR
• LONG SHUNT DC MOTOR
INTRODUCTION
• It is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
• Basic principle of a dc motor
“ Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a mechanical force “
• Two main types of dc motors are brush DC & Brushless Dc motor
• Operation principle :
 Once the poles align, the nail (and shaft) stops rotating.
 How do we make the rotation continue ?
By switching the poles of the electromagnet. When they line up again, switch the poles the
other way, and so on.
 This way the shaft will rotate in one direction continuously.
TYPES OF A DC MOTOR
PERMANENT MAGNET DC MOTOR(PMDC)
• PMDC motor is similar to other DC motors.
• The working principle of PMDC motor is just similar to the general working
principle of DC motor.
• Contains with same components of a DC
motor(stator,rotter,armature,commutator,brushes etc.)
• Can not be control the magnetic field of the permanent magnet by externally.
• Therefore PMDC motor is used where there is no need to control the speed of
the motor.
ADVANATAGES
• No need of field excitation arrangement.
• No input power in consumed for excitation which improve efficiency of DC motor.
• Cheaper for fractional kW rated applications.
DISADVANTAGES
• The armature reaction of DC motor cannot be compensated hence the magnetic strength of the field
may get weak due to the demagnetizing effect of the armature reaction.
• There is a chance of getting the poles permanently demagnetized (partial) due to excessive armature
current during the starting, reversal, and overloading conditions of the motor.
APPLICATIONS
• Use as the starter motor in auto mobiles, washers, windshield wipers.
• Used in heaters and air conditioners.
• To raise and lower windows.
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR
• Power supply is given separately to the field and armature winding.
• Hence , the armature current does not flow through the field windings , as the
field winding is energized from a separate external source.
• Torque equation,
T = K ø Ia
• Torque can be varied by varying field flux ø, independent of the armature
current Ia .
ADVANTAGES
• It is good for variable speed control
• It makes the motor easier to reverse
DISADVANTAGES
• More terminals in the terminal box
APPLICATION
• Separately exited dc motors are often used as actuators in trains and automotive
traction applications.
SELF EXCITED DC MOTOR
In case of self excited DC motor, the field winding is connected either in series or
in parallel or partly in series, partly in parallel to the armature winding. Based on
this, self excited DC Motors can be classified as:
• Shunt wound DC motor
• Series wound DC motor
• Compound wound DC motor
Let’s now go into the details of these types of self excited DC motor.
SHUNT WOUND DC MOTOR
• A DC shunt motor (also known as a shunt wound DC motor) is a type of self-
excited DC motor where the field windings are shunted to or are connected in
parallel to the armature winding of the motor.
• Since they are connected in parallel, the armature and field windings are
exposed to the same supply voltage.
• This motor maintains an invariable speed with any kind of load.
• This motor has a low starting torque and also runs at a constant speed.
• The main difference between DC series motor as well as DC shunt motor
mainly includes the construction, operation and speed characteristics.
Circuit Diagram for

shunt wound dc
motor
CONSTRUCTION
• The construction of a DC Shunt Motor is the same as any other DC motor.

• It contains all the fundamental parts, which include a stator (field windings), a
rotor (also known as armature), and a commutator.
• Input power is supplied to the stationary element of the motor, i.e. the shunt
winding
• The armature, generally called the "rotor," handles the shaft load.
• The commentator and brush arrangement provide current from the static
field windings to the rotor.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• When electric voltage is supplied to the shunt DC motor, due to high
resistance of the shunt winding, it draws very low current.
• The higher number of turns of the shunt winding helps in generating a strong
magnetic field.
• The armature draws high current, thus also generating a high magnetic field.
• The motor starts rotating as the magnetic field of the armature and shunt
winding interact.
• As the magnetic fields grow stronger, rotational torque will increase, thus
resulting in an increase of rotational speed of the motor.
• A shunt DC motor has a feedback mechanism that controls its speed. As the
armature rotates in a magnetic field, it induces electricity.
• As the armature rotates in a magnetic field, it induces electricity.
SERIES WOUND DC MOTOR
• This type of DC motor is a self excited dc motor which converts electric power
into mechanical power based on electromechanical law.
• In this motor the field winding is connected in series to the armature winding.
OPERATION OF DC SERIES MOTOR.
• When we connect a voltage source to the motor a high amount of current produced because
the resistance of both armature and field winding is small.
• same way this high current produces a strong magnetic field and a high torque provided to
the armature shaft so the motor rotates at its maximum speed in starting, and in the
presence a counter EMF resulted and limits the produced current.
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT EQUATION OF SERIES DC MOTOR

• Let the supply voltage and current given to the electrical port of the motor be
given by E and Itotal respectively.
• Since the entire supply current flows through both the armature and field
conductor.
𝐈𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝐈𝐬𝐞 = 𝐈 𝐚
• Where, Ise is the series current in the field coil and Ia is the armature current.
Now form the basic voltage equation of the DC motor.
𝐄 = 𝐄𝐛 + 𝐈𝐬𝐞 𝐑 𝐬𝐞 + 𝐈𝐚 𝐑 𝐬𝐞
• Where, Eb is the back emf
• In this type of motor we have large amount of starting torque so it’s the best
with,
• Small electric applications
• Crane applications
• Elevators
• Winching system
• Punches
• Planers
ADVANTAGES
• High starting torque for a given power rating
• Simple constructions
• Easy to design
• Easy to maintenance
• It works with both alternating or direct current power source.
• Effective cost
DISADVANTAGES
• Poor speed regulation ,as when we increase the load the speed of the motor decreases.
• Not suitable for many applications because it requires being loaded before starting.
• The torque is proportional to the speed so when the speed decreases the torque drop
sharply.
COMPOUND WOUND DC MOTOR
• A compound wound DC motor is a type of self-excited motor, and is made up
of both series the field coils S1 S2 and shunt field coils F1 F2 connected to the
armature winding as shown in the figure below.
• The compound wound DC motor can further be subdivided into 2 major types
on the basis of its field winding connection with respect to the armature
winding.
• Apart from the above mentioned classification, a compound wound DC
motor can further be sub divided into 2 types depending upon excitation
or the nature of compounding, And they are.
1) cumulative compounding of DC motor
2) differential compounding of DC motor
• The compounding characteristic of the self excited DC motor is shown in

the figure below.
SHORT SHUNT DC MOTOR
• Short shunt, where the shunt is parallel with only armature. Long shunt, where the shunt is in
parallel with both armature and series field. Since the shunt winding is done in such a way as
to assist both armature and series field producing cumulative effect. This machine is known
as cumulative compound motor.
• In short shunt compound motor the series winding is connected in series to the parallel
combination of armature and the shunt winding.
• This is done to go good starting torque and constant speed characteristics.
LONG SHUNT DC MOTOR
In case of long shunt compound wound DC motor, the shunt field winding is
connected in parallel across the series combination of both the armature and series
field coil, as shown in the diagram below.
GROUP MEMBERS
• W.M.K.K JAYASUNDARA ENG-17-042

• K.H.P.N.M SILVA ENG-17-087
• P.K.B DABARE ENG-17-160
• A.GL.M DAYANANDA ENG-17-008
• I.V.M.O JAYARATHNE ENG-17-026
• K.A GUNASEKARA ENG-17-168
• RUWAN RAJAPAKSHA ENG-17-014
• W.B.J.M.M.S CHATHURANGA ENG-17-061
• P.I.RANATHUNGA ENG-17-016

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DC MOTORS

Circuit Diagram for

• The construction of a DC Shunt Motor is the same as any other DC motor.

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT EQUATION OF SERIES DC MOTOR

• The compounding characteristic of the self excited DC motor is shown in

• W.M.K.K JAYASUNDARA ENG-17-042

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