Java Fundamentals

Agenda

1. History of Java
2. Few words about Java
3. Our first application – „Hello, World!”
4. Data types and variables
5. Operators and casts
6. Strings
7. Control Flow
8. Loops
9. Arrays
10. Object-oriented programming
11. Varargs
12. Date, time
13. Regular expressions

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History of Java

• James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project (initially
called „Oak”) in 1991.
• The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.
• Sun changed the name of the Oak language to Java (from Java coffee), after a trademark
dispute from Oak Technology.
• In 1995 Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as JDK Alpha and Beta. It
promised "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular
platforms
• In 1996 At the first-ever JavaOne developer conference, more than 6000 attendees gather to
learn more about Java technology. Sun licenses java to operating systems vendors, including
Microsoft, Apple, IBM, and others.
• JDK 1.1 was released in 1997. It includes JavaBeans API and Java Database Connectivity (JDBC).
• In 1999 HotSpot 1.0 was released and became the default Sun JVM in Java1.3.
• 2017 brought JDK 9 with jshell and reactive streams on board.

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 Design goals of the Java
1. Simple, Object Oriented, and Familiar
2. Robust and Secure
3. Architecture Neutral and Portable
4. High Performance
5. Interpreted, Threaded, and Dynamic
Source: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/intro-141325.html

4
 Basic assumptions of language
1. Architecture neutral 7. Object-Oriented
2. Distributed 8. Platform independent
3. Dynamic 9. Portable
4. High Performance 10. Robust
5. Interpreted 11. Secured
6. Multithreaded 12. Simple

5
 Java Environment
• JDK (Java Development Kit) – the software for programmers
who want to write Java programs
• JRE (Java Runtime Environment) – the software for consumers
who want to run Java programs
• IDE (Integrated Development Environment) – a software
application which enables users to more easily write
and debug Java programs

6
First application
Hello, World!

7
Hello, World!

public class Application {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}

$ javac Application.java

$ java Application
Hello, World!

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Exercises – first application modification

1. Change default text, that is printed on the console. E.g. „Hello, Mike!”.
Hello, Mike!
2. Print the same text twice.
Hello, World!
Hello, World!
3. Print different text in multiple lines.
Hello, World!
It’s a great day, to learn something new.
4. *Split line in the middle – use only one System.out.println method.
Hello,
World!

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Data types

10
 Data types
• Java is strongly typed language
• Every variable must have a declared type. There are eight primitive
types:
• four are integer types: byte, short, int, long
• two are floating-point number types: float, double
• one is character type char for individual characters: char
• one is a boolean type for truth values: boolean

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Data type examples

• 56 – int literal
• 523342.5432 – double literal
• 'g' – char literal
• true – boolean literal

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Variables

13
 Variables
• A variable is a storage location in a computer program.
• Each variable has a name and holds a value.
• In Java, every variable has a type.
• Good practice – use a short, descriptive, meaningful variable name!
• There are four types of variables in java: block, local, instance, static.

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Variables

Declaration
int width;
boolean done;
double factor;

Declaration with initialization

int width = 1920;
boolean done = false;
double factor = 4.127;

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Variables

• A variable name must begin with a letter and must be a sequence of letters or digits.
• A letter is defined as 'A'–'Z', 'a'–'z', '_', '$', or any Unicode character that denotes a letter
in a language.
• Similarly, digits are '0'–'9' and any Unicode characters that denote a digit in a language.
• The first letter should be lowercase, and then normal CamelCase rules should be used.
• All characters in the name of a variable are significant and case is also significant.

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Java keywords

abstract boolean break byte case catch

char class const continue default do
double else extends final finally float
for goto if implements import instanceof
int interface long native new package
private protected public return short static
strictfp super switch synchronized this throw
throws transient try void volatile while
assert enum

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Exercises – data types and variables

1. Define (declare and initialize) two variables: one of type „int” and second of type
„double”. Print theirs values.
Output:
19
187.2342
2. Define variable of type int. What is a maximum and minimum value, that you are able
to store within that variable?
3. Do the same as above for other numeric types (long, double, byte..). Check results.
4. Define the int type variable with maximum value. Add 1 to it. What do you think will
happen?

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Exercises – data types and variables

1. Create two variables of type int with initial values of 6 and 11.
Print sum of those variables.
2. Read any double literal from the console. Print that value rounded to the second
decimal place.
Input: 3.23523
Output: 3.23
3. *Print values: 192, 168, 1, 10 in HEX format XX:XX:XX:XX.
Use System.out.printf() method.
Input: 192, 168, 1, 10
Output: „C0:A8:01:0A”

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Operators

20
 Operators

• Data in Java is manipulated using operators.

• Java operators produce new values from one or more operands.
• Operands are the things on the right or left side of the operator.
• The result of most operations is either a boolean
or numeric value.

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Operators

ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS BITWISE OPERATORS

=, +=, -=, *=, /= &, |, ^, ~
RELATIONAL OPERATORS BIT-SHIFTING OPERATORS
<, <=, >, >=, ==, != <<, >>, >>>
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS CONDITIONAL OPERATOR
+, -, *, /, %, ++, -- ?:
LOGICAL OPERATORS INSTANCEOF OPERATOR
&, |, ^, !, &&, || instanceof

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Exercises – operators

1. Write in a comment on each line what result you expect.

Launch it and verify the results.
int x = 4;
System.out.println(x++);
System.out.println(--x);
System.out.println(x % 3);
System.out.println(11 % 2);
System.out.println(7 % x++);
System.out.println(x == 4);
System.out.println(x != 4);
x = 10;
int y = 5;
System.out.println(x == 10 && y <= 5);
System.out.println(x <= y && y > 5);
System.out.println(„abc” instanceof String);

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Casts

24
 Casts

• Numeric conversions are possible in Java.

• Conversions in which loss of information is possible are done
by means of casts.
• The syntax for casting is to give the target type in parentheses,
followed by the variable name.
double y = 89.832;
int x = (int) y;

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Strings

26
 Strings

• A string is a sequence of characters.

• Java strings are sequences of Unicode characters.
• Java does not have a built-in string type, strings are objects.
• The standard library contains a predefined class called String.
• Strings are immutable objects!

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Strings

Definition
String a = "abc";
String b = new String("abc");

Equality
System.out.println(a == b); // false
System.out.println(a.equals(b)); // true

Concatenation
String h = "Hello";
String w = "World!";
String text = h + ", " + w;

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Useful methods from API

• char charAt(int index)

• int compareTo(String other)
• boolean endsWith(String suffix)
• boolean equals(Object other)
• boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String other)
• int indexOf(String str)
• int lastIndexOf(String str)
• int length()
• String replace(CharSequence oldString, CharSequence newString)
• boolean startsWith(String prefix)
• String substring(int beginIndex)
• String toLowerCase()
• String toUpperCase()
• String trim()

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 StringBuilder
• Should be used when you have to make a lot of modifications
to strings of characters.
• Every time you concatenate strings, a new String object is constructed.
• This is time-consuming and wastes memory – use StringBuilder class
to avoid this problem.
• Prefer StringBuilder to StringBuffer.

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Exercises – strings

1. Create variable of type String. Initialize it with value „Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing
elit”.
a) Convert it to lower case.
b) Convert it to upper case.
c) Replace „o” with „z”.
d) Check if your variable ends with „elit”.
2. Write in a comment on each line what result you expect.
Launch it and verify the results.
String a = "abc";
String b = "abc";
String c = new String("abc");
System.out.println(a == b);
System.out.println(a.equals(b));
System.out.println(b == c);
System.out.println(b.equals(c));

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Control flow

32
 If statement
• The if statement is commonly referred to as decision statements
• Rules for using else and else if:
• You can have zero or one else for a given if, and it must come
after any else ifs.
• You can have zero to many else ifs for a given if and they must
come before the (optional) else.
• Once an else if succeeds, none of the remaining else ifs nor the
else will be tested.

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If statement

if (booleanExpression) {
// statement or block of code
}

if (booleanExpression) {
// statement or block of code
} else {
// statement or block of code
}

if (booleanExpression) {
// statement or block of code
} else if (booleanExpression) {
// statement or block of code
...
} else
//
}

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If statement

Example
if (points >= 100) {
System.out.println("You win!");
}

if (age < 18) {

System.out.println("You are teenager!");
} else {
System.out.println("You are adult!");
}

if (age < 18) {

System.out.println("You are teenager!");
} else if (age > 100) {
System.out.println("You are very old!");
} else {
System.out.println("You are adult!");
}

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Exercises – if statement

1. Modify the sample application so that the retrieved number (age) comes
from the console. Verify the application for each case (number smaller, equal to or
greater than …).
2. Pick from the console a value from 0 to 5. On the basis of the obtained value, display
any sign. For example, for number 0, display "*", for 1 display "$" (or any other).
3. * As above, but instead of values, operate on strings.
E.g. for the word "star", display "*".

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 Switch statement
• The if/else construct can be switch (expression) {
cumbersome when you have case constant1:
// statement or block of code
to deal with multiple selections break;
with many alternatives. case constant2:
// statement or block of code
• The switch statement provides a break;
cleaner way to handle complex ...
decision logic. default:
// statement or block of code
}

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Switch statement

Example
switch (direction) {
case 'n':
System.out.println("You are going North!");
break;
case 's':
System.out.println("You are going South!");
break;
case 'e':
System.out.println("You are going East!");
break;
case 'w':
System.out.println("You are going West!");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Bad direction!");
}

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Switch statement

• A switch's expression must evaluate to a char, byte, short, int, an enum, and a String.
• You won't be able to compile if you use types of long, float, and double.
• A case constant must evaluate to the same type that the switch expression can use.
• A case constant must be a compile-time constant!
• The default keyword should be used in a switch statement if you want to run some code
when none of the case values match the conditional value.

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Exercises – switch statement

1. Modify the sample application so that the retrieved direction comes

from the console. Verify the application for each case (‚e’, ‚w’…).
2. Pick from the console a value from 0 to 5. On the basis of the obtained value, display
any sign. For example, for number 0, display "*", for 1 display "$" (or any other).
3. * As above, but instead of values, operate on strings.
E.g. for the word "star", display "*".

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Loops

41
 Loops

• Loops let repeat a block of code as long as some condition

is true, or for a specific number of iterations:
• while loop,
• do while loop,
• for loop,
• enhanced for loop.

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 While loop

• The while loop executes a block or statement as long,

as some condition is true.
• Loop will never execute if the condition is false at the outset.
while (expression) {
// statement or block of code
}

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While loop

Example
int x = 3;
while (x > 1) {
System.out.println(x);
x--;
}

while (true) {
System.out.println("Endless loop...");
}

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Exercises – while loop

Every exercise below should be done using while loop. Always add System.out.println(„…”)
inside the loop, to check, if it works as expected.
1. Print your name 5 times.
2. Create while loop that will never execute.
3. Create while loop that will print the same value, to the console, as long, as application
will be active.
4. Within a loop read text from console and print it back (simple „echo”).
5. Within a loop read text from console and print it backwards.

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 Do While loop
• The do while loop is quite similar to the while loop.
• The code in a do loop is guaranteed to execute at least once.
• The expression is not evaluated until after the do loop's code is
executed.

do {
// statement or block of code
} while (expression);

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Do While loop

Example
do {
System.out.println("Greetings from do while loop!");
} while (false);

do {
System.out.println("Endless loop...");
} while (true);

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Exercises – do-while loop

Every exercise below should be done using do while loop. Always add
System.out.println(„…”) inside the loop, to check, if it works as expected.
1. Print your name 5 times.
2. Create do-while loop that will execute only once.
3. Create do-while loop that will print the same value, to the console, as long, as
application will be active.
4. Within a loop read text from console and print it back (simple „echo”).

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 For loop
• Is especially useful for flow control when you already know how many
times you need to execute the statements in the loop’s block.
• Has three main parts:
• Declaration and initialization of variables,
• the boolean expression for (initialization; condition; iteration) {
(conditional test), // statement or block of code
}
• the iteration expression.

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For loop

Example
for (int x = 0; x < 10; x++) {
System.out.println("x is " + x);
}

for ( ; ; ) {
System.out.println("Endless loop...");
}

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Exercises – for loop

Every exercise below should be done using for loop. Always add System.out.println(„…”) inside the loop, to
check, if it works as expected.
1. Print your name 5 times.
2. The same as above, but your application should also print the actual value of the index.
Output:
Mike: 0
Mike: 1
..
Mike: 4
3. The same as above, but index should be printed from the biggest value (5 included) to the smallest one.
4. *Calculate sum of index value from 10 to 30, using for loop.
5. *Create nested for loop. Print actual values of the iterators.
E.g.:
i=5 : j=0
i=5 : j=1
i=5 : j=2
…

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 Enhanced For loop
• The enhanced for loop is a specialized for loop that simplifies looping
through an array or a collection
• Has two main parts:
• Declaration - the newly declared block variable
• Expression - must evaluate for (declaration : expression) {
to the array or collection // statement or block of code
(instance of java.lang.Iterable) }

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Enhanced For loop

Example
for (Animal a: animals) {
System.out.println(a);
}

int[] arrayOfInts = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};

for (int n : arrayOfInts) {
System.out.println(n);
}

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Loop control flow

Code in loop Behaviour

break execution jumps immediately to the first

statement after the loop

continue stops just the current iteration (jumps to the next

iteraton)
return execution jumps immediately back to the calling
method

System.exit() all program execution stops;

the VM shuts down
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Exercises – loops

Choose the best loop for every task. Always add System.out.println(„…”) inside the loop, to check, if
it works as expected.
1. Do simple „echo” application. Your application should work as long, as you won’t write „quit”.
2. The same as above, but if you’ll write „continue” – your application should go back to the
beginning of your loop, without printing back your text.
3. *Draw rectangle from stars
Use nested for loops – parent loops iterator should be called „row”, child one – „column”.
Output:
****
****
****
4. **Draw rectangle empty inside (only edges).

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Arrays

56
 Arrays
• Arrays are the fundamental mechanism in Java for collecting multiple values.
• Arrays can hold primitives or objects, but the array itself is always an object.
• You access each individual value through an integer index.
• Arrays are indexed beginning with zero.
• An ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs if you use a bad
index value.
• Arrays have a length attribute whose value is the number of array elements.

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Arrays

Example
dataType[] array; // recommended dataType []array;
dataType []array;
dataType array[];

int[] arrayOfInts;
String[] arrayOfStrings;

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Arrays

Example
dataType[] array = new dataType[size]; // recommended
dataType []array = new dataType[size];
dataType array[] = new dataType[size];

int[] arrayOfInts = new int[5];

// initialization
arrayOfInts[0] = 10;
arrayOfInts[1] = 15;
arrayOfInts[2] = 20;
arrayOfInts[3] = 25;
arrayOfInts[4] = 30;

String[] arrayOfStrings = new String[2];

// initialization
arrayOfStrings[0] = "Tree";
arrayOfStrings[1] = "Forest";

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Arrays

Example
declaration, instantiation and initialization
dataType[] array = new dataType[]{el1, el2, ... , eln};
dataType[] array = {el1, el2, ... , eln};

int[] arrayOfInts = new int[]{10, 15, 20, 25, 30};

int[] arrayOfInts = {10, 15, 20, 25, 30};

String[] arrayOfStrings = new String[]{"Tree", "Forest"};

String[] arrayOfStrings = {"Tree", "Forest"};

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Arrays

Example
accessing
dataType[] array = new dataType[]{el1, el2, ... , eln};
dataType[] array = {el1, el2, ... , eln};

int[] arrayOfInts = new int[]{10, 15, 20, 25, 30};

int[] arrayOfInts = {10, 15, 20, 25, 30};

String[] arrayOfStrings = new String[]{"Tree", "Forest"};

String[] arrayOfStrings = {"Tree", "Forest"};

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Arrays

Example
accessing
int[] arrayOfInts = {10, 15, 20, 25, 30};
System.out.println(arrayOfInts[0]); // prints 10
System.out.println(arrayOfInts[2]); // prints 20
System.out.println(arrayOfInts[4]); // prints 30

// prints 10 15 20 25 30
for (int i = 0; i < arrayOfInts.length; i++) {
System.out.print(arrayOfInts[i] + " ");
}

System.out.println(); // go to the next line

// prints 10 15 20 25 30
for(int i : arrayOfInts) {
System.out.print(i + " ");
}
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Exercises – arrays

1. Create int array with the specified size. Fill it with different values. Print all values to the
console using enhanced for loop.
2. The same as above, but array size should come from user.
3. The same as above, but values should also come from user.
4. Print sum of all of the values from your array.
5. *Create a multiplication table. Your application should write all values to the
multidimentional array at first and then print its values.

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Object-oriented
programming

64
 Class

A class is the template or blueprint

from which objects are made.

Describes the behavior/state

that the object of its type support.

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 Class declaration

Class declarations can include these components, in order:

1. Modifiers such as public, private (if any), and a number
of others that you will encounter later.
2. The class name, with the initial letter capitalized
by convention.
3. The class body, surrounded by braces, {}.

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Class declaration

Example
class Bicycle {
// class body
}

public class Bicycle {

// class body
}

private class Bicycle {

// class body
}

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 Object

Objects have states and behaviors.

Example: A dog has states - color, name, breed as well

as behaviors – wagging the tail, barking, eating.

An object is an instance of a class.

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Fields, methods, constructors
packages and imports

69
 Access modifiers

There are four access controls (levels of access) but only three
access modifiers:
• public - visible to the world
• protected - visible to the package and all subclasses
• default - visible to the package
• private - visible to the class only

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Variable scope
The scope of a variable is the part of the code in which you can access it.

There are four basic variable scopes:

• static – they are created when the class is loaded and they survive as long as the class stays loaded
in the JVM
• instance – they are created when a new instance is created, and they live until the instance
is removed
• local – they live as long as their method remains on the stack
• block – live only as long as the code block is executing

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 Fields

The Bicycle class uses the following lines of code to define

its fields:
public class Bicycle {
private int cadence;
private int gear;
private int speed;
}

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 Fields
Field declarations are composed of three components, in order:
1. Zero or more modifiers. public class Bicycle {
private int cadence;
2. The field's type. private int gear;
private int speed;
3. The field's name. }

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 Constructors
Every class has a constructor. If we do not explicitly write
a constructor for a class, the Java compiler builds a default
constructor for that class.
Each time a new object is created, at least one constructor
will be invoked. The main rule of constructors is that they should
have the same name as the class. A class can have more than one
constructor.

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Constructors

Example
public class Bicycle {

private int cadence;

private int gear;
private int speed;

public Bicycle(int cadence, int gear, int speed) {

this.cadence = cadence;
this.gear = gear;
this.speed = speed;
}

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 Instantiating a class

The new operator instantiates a class by allocating memory for a

new object and returning a reference to that memory.
The new operator also invokes the object constructor.
„instantiating a class” means the same thing as „creating an
object”.

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Instantiating a class

Example
Bicycle bike = new Bicycle(75, 2, 20);

Cat garfield = new Cat("Gerfield");

Integer age = new Integer(34);

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 Methods

Methods are fundamental building blocks

of Java programs.

Each Java method is a collection of statements that are

grouped together to perform an operation.

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Methods declaration

Method declarations have five components, in order:

1. Modifier – it defines the access type of the method and it is optional to use.
2. Return type − method may return a value.
3. Method name.
4. Parameter list in parenthesis – it is the type, order and number of parameters
of a method.
5. Method body – defines what the method does with the statements.

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Methods declaration

Example
public int sum(int a, int b) {
// return a + b;
}

void draw(String s) {
// perform some draw functions
}

private boolean isNew() {

// return true or false according to some rules
}

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Methods calling

Example
public class Bicycle {

private int cadence;

private int gear;
private int speed;

public Bicycle(int cadence, int gear, int speed) {

this.cadence = cadence;
this.gear = gear;
this.speed = speed;
}

public int getCadence() {

return cadence;
}

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Methods calling

Example
Bicycle bike = new Bicycle(75, 2, 20);
bike.getCadence(); // should return 75
System.out.println(bike.getCadence()); // should print 75

int cadence = bike.getCadence();

System.out.println("Cadence is: " + cadence);

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Exercises – object-oriented programming

1. Create a class called „Dog”.

a) Create a declaration for all required fields, like „name”, „age”, ...
b) Create default constructor that will be able to set instantiate those values.
c) Create a method, that will print default sound that dog can emit.
d) *Sound should depend on the dogs age.
e) Print that sound to the console. Change dogs age, print it once more.
2. *Create a class called „Room”.
a) Create a declaration for all required fields, like „width”, „heigth”, ...
b) Create default constructor that will be able to set instantiate those values.
c) Create methods, that will calculate rooms surface area and volume.
d) Print calulated values to the console.

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 Packages

Packages are used in Java in order:

• to prevent naming conflicts,
• to control access,
• to make searching/locating and usage of classes,
interfaces, enumerations and annotations easier, etc.

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Packages creating

Example
package vehicle;

public class Bicycle {

// class body
}

package ro.sdacademy.animals.mammals;

public class Cat {

// class body
}

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 Imports

If you want to use a class from a package, you can refer to it by its
full name (package name plus class name). Classes from java.lang
package are imported automatically.
For example, java.util.Scanner refers to the Scanner class in the
java.util package:
java.util.Scanner in = new java.util.Scanner(System.in);

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Imports

Example
You can import a name with an import statement:
import java.util.Scanner;

or import all classes from the java.util package

import java.util.*;

and then you can write:

Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 87

Static field, methods
and imports

88
 Static fields and methods

The keyword static indicates that the particular member

belongs to a type itself, rather than
to an instance of that type.

This means that only one instance of that static member

is created which is shared across all instances of the class.

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 89

Static fields - declaration

Example
public class Bicycle {

private int cadence;

private int gear;
private int speed;
static int count = 0;

public Bicycle(int cadence, int gear, int speed) {

this.cadence = cadence;
this.gear = gear;
this.speed = speed;
this.count++;
}

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Static fields - access

Example

Bicycle bike = new Bicycle(75, 2, 20);

System.out.println(Bicycle.count); // should print 1

Bicycle anotherBike = new Bicycle(80, 4, 25);

System.out.println(Bicycle.count); // should print 2

// should prints true in both cases

System.out.println(Bicycle.count == bike.count);
System.out.println(bike.count == anotherBike.count);

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 91

Static methods - declaration

Example
public class Bicycle {

private int cadence;

private int gear;
private int speed;
private static int count = 0;

public Bicycle(int cadence, int gear, int speed) {

// fields assignment omitted for brevity
this.count++;
}

public static int getCount() {

return count;
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 92

Static methods - access

Example

Bicycle bike = new Bicycle(75, 2, 20);

System.out.println(Bicycle.getCount()); // should print 1

Bicycle anotherBike = new Bicycle(80, 4, 25);

System.out.println(Bicycle.getCount()); // should print 2

// should prints true in both cases

System.out.println(Bicycle.getCount() == bike.getCount());
System.out.println(bike.getCount() == anotherBike.getCount());

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 93

 Command-line parameters

It is possible to pass some information into a program when

run it. This is accomplished by passing command-line
arguments to main() method.
A command-line argument is the information that directly
follows the program's name on the command line when it is
executed. To access the command-line arguments inside
a Java program is quite easy. They are stored as strings
in the String array passed to main() method.

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 94

 Command-line parameters

It is possible to pass some information into a program when

run it. This is accomplished by passing command-line
arguments to main() method.
A command-line argument is the information that directly
follows the program's name on the command line when it is
executed. To access the command-line arguments inside
a Java program is quite easy. They are stored as strings
in the String array passed to main() method.

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 95

Command-line parameters

Example

public class CommandLine {

public static void main(String[] args) {

for (int i=0; i<args.length; i++) {
System.out.println("args[" + i + "]: " + args[i]);
}
}

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 96

Varargs

97
 Varargs

• Varargs allows the method to accept zero

or muliple arguments.
• There can be only one variable argument
in a method.
• Variable argument (varargs) must be
the last argument.

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 98

Varargs

Example

int sum(int... elements) {

int result = 0;
for (int i: elements) {
result += i;
}
return result;
}

System.out.println(sum(1, 2, 3, 4)); // 10
System.out.println(sum(1)); // 1
System.out.println(sum()); // 0

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 99

Date, time

100
 Date, time
There are two basic ways to represent time:
• represents time in human terms/human time, such as year,
month, day, hour, minute and second,
• machine time, measures time continuously along a timeline
from an origin, called the epoch, in nanosecond resolution.
Some classes in the Date-Time API are intended to represent
machine time, and others are more suited to representing
human time.

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 101

 Date, time – legacy way
• java.util.Date - represents a specific instance in time,
with millisecond precision.
• java.util.Calendar - is an abstract class that provides
methods for converting between a specific instant in time
and for manipulating the calendar fields. An instant in
time can be represented by a millisecond value that is
an offset from the Epoch, January 1, 1970 00:00:00.000
GMT (Gregorian).

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 102

Date, Time – legacy way

Example
Date now = new Date();
// or
long millis = System.currentTimeMillis();
Date now = new Date(millis);
System.out.println(now); // Wed Mar 13 21:38:09 CET 2019

Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();

Date date = cal.getTime(); // convert Calendar to Date
System.out.println(date); // Wed Mar 13 21:38:09 CET 2019

cal.setTime(now); // convert Date to Calendar

System.out.println(cal.get(Calendar.YEAR)); // 2019
System.out.println(cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR)); // 72
System.out.println(cal.get(Calendar.WEEK_OF_YEAR)); // 11

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 103

Java.time.LocalDateTime

Example

LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now();

LocalDateTime.of(2015, Month.FEBRUARY, 20, 06, 30);
LocalDateTime.parse("2015-02-20T06:30:00");
now.plusDays(1);
now.minusHours(2);
now.getMonth();

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 104

Regular expressions

105
 Regular expressions
• A regular expression defines a search pattern for strings.
• The search pattern can be anything from a simple character, a
fixed string or a complex expression containing special
characters describing the pattern.
• The pattern defined by the regex may match one or several
times or not at all for a given string.
• Regular expressions can be used to search, edit
and manipulate text.

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 106

 Java Regex API
Java Regex API provides an interface and three classes
in java.util.regex package:
• MatchResult interface
• Matcher class
• Pattern class
• PatternSyntaxException class

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 Matcher

It implements MatchResult interface. Is the engine that

interprets the pattern and performs match operations
against an input string.

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 108

 Pattern

Is a compiled representation of
a regular expression.

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 109

Pattern and matcher

Example
System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "as")); // true
System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".t", "dt")); // true
System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".d", "odt")); // false
System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".d", "oodt")); // false
System.out.println(Pattern.matches("..t", "odt")); // true

Pattern p = Pattern.compile("a*b");
Matcher m = p.matcher("aaaaab");
System.out.println(m.matches()); // true

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 110

Exercises – regular expressions

Open www.regex101.com site. Supply „Test String” with text defined below (or generate it
randomly by yourself here):

Anthony B. Carpenter, mob. 618-439-3833, AnthonyBCarpenter@rhyta.com, 821 Butternut

Lane Benton, IL 62812

Fill Regular Expression to catch every single data into different group (e.g. group(1) should
consist of name, group(2) – surname, group(3) phone number, etc.). Use Quick Reference
to find out how to catch individual chars.

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 Thank you
for your attention!

© 2019 Software Development Academy All Rights Reserved 112