1/17/2019

Vibration measurement
(การวัดการสันสะเทือน)
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SURANAREE UNIVERSIT Y OF TECHNOLOGY

Mr. Autsadayut Rodpai

Vibration data collection.

Output & Post
Input Signal Processing
processing

• Vibration Sensors & • Frequency Span • Waveform

Transducers • Line of resolution • Spectrum
• Selection • Aliasing filter etc.
• Location • Window filter etc.
• Mounting
• Etc.

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What do you want to measure ?

• Machine vibration

• Structural vibration

• Building or Ambient vibration

• Human vibration
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What do you want to measure ?

• Machine vibration

• Structural vibration
Blower structure

• Building or Ambient vibration

• Human vibration
Bridge
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What do you want to measure ?

• Machine vibration

• Structural vibration Ref: http://www.jssi.or.jp/english/eng-sib/e-sib-source.htm

• Building or Ambient vibration

• Human vibration The effects of low-frequency vibration on building constructions are indicated
in the diagram

What do you want to measure ?

• Machine vibration

• Structural vibration

• Building or Ambient vibration

• Human vibration
Ref: http://www.jssi.or.jp/english/eng-sib/e-sib-source.htm

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How does to measure?

Vibration level

Machine Transducers Waveform (Time domain)

Or (Sensors)
Object

Amplitude
Frequency (ความถี)

Vibration analyzer Spectrume (Fq. Domain)

(DAQ)
Display: output data
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Vibration Transducers
Definition, by Vibration Institute, USA

Any device that translates the magnitude of one quantity into another quantity.
Three of the most common measure in vibration measurements are
1) Displacement : sensitivity (mV/um, mV/mil)
2) Velocity : sensitivity (mV/mm/sec, mV/inch/sec)
3) Acceleration : sensitivity (mV/G)

ที่มา www.Vibinst.org
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Transducers
Proximity / Eddy Current Sensors

SHAFT Signal
Converter

Eddy Currents
DC = GAP
AC = VIBRATION
Shaft

COIL

Transducers
Velocity Sensor

Leads

Wire Coil Magnet

Mass
Casing

Spring

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แข็งแรง
Transducers 

ทนทาน

Compression Accelerometers ความถี่ รีโซแนนซ สูง

Leads
Compression Bolt

Amplifier
Mass

Piezoelectric
Crystal

Base

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Other Transducers
Modified Accelerometer Outputs

• Acceleration Integrated to Velocity

• Good Velocity Signal
• Bad High Frequency Roll Off
• No Shock Pulse

• Acceleration Modified to 4-20 mA

• Good for PLC / DCS Direct Connection
• No Dynamic Data to Analyze
• No Shock Pulse

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Accelerometer Selection Guidelines

1.Measurement Range/Sensitivity
Determine the maximum peak vibration amplitude that
will be measured and select a sensor with an appropriate measurement range.

The maximum measurement range=+/- 5V divided by

the sensitivity

Accelerometer Selection Guidelines

Sensitivity ± 5 VDC output range

1 mV/g ± 5000 g
10 mV/g ± 500 g
100 mV/g ± 50 g
1000 mV/g ±5g
10,000 mV/g ± 0.5 g

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Accelerometer Selection Guidelines

2.Frequency Range
Determine the lowest and highest frequency to be analyzed.

Accelerometer Selection Guidelines

Recommended Frequency Spans for rotating machines (Lower to Upper Frequency), speed up to 600 rpm

Fault Lower frequency Upper frequecy

Shaft Vibration Up to 2 Hz 10 x RPM
Rolling Element Bearings Up to 2 Hz 40-50 x RPM

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Accelerometer Selection Guidelines

Recommended Frequency Spans for Structural, Building and Ambient vibration (Lower to Upper Frequency)

Fault Lower frequency Upper frequency

Structural vibration Up to 0.5 Hz 4-5 kHz
Building and Ambient Up to 1 Hz 80 Hz (ref. ISO 2631)
Human vibration Up to 0.1 Hz 45 Hz

Accelerometer Selection Guidelines

3.Temperature Range
Determine the highest and lowest temperatures that the
sensor will be subjected to and verify that they are within
the specified range for the sensor.

Accelerometer Type Temperature Range

Normal temperature 90 – 140 C
High Temperature Up to 140 C

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Accelerometer Selection Guidelines

4.Size

Two parameters to be considered, footprint and clearance.

Footprint – area covered by the base of sensor

Clearance – the height above the surface required to fit

the sensor and cable.
Side Exit :

Accelerometer Mounting Techniques - Practical Tips

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Vibration Instrumentation
Meters

• Vibration meters that measure voltage serve to make direct overall readings from the output of
• a transducer.
• In many cases the meter will read out volts directly.
• By dividing the measured voltage (peak or rms) by the transducer scale value in millivolts
• per engineering unit, the overall peak or rms value of the signal can be found.

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Vibration Instrumentation
FFT Analyzers

Analyzer Portable vibration analysis

With Ethernet connection

• Digital device that samples value to make a digitized block of waveforms

data from which A spectrum can be calculate

• Ability to see spectrum key advantage over an oscilloscope

• These days, often PC card or USB based for use with laptop

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Vibration Instrumentation
Electronic Data Collectors

DLI LUCEDA MaintTech(CXM) CSI

• Acquires and stores a range of vibration data types

• Interact with a database to allow trending of vibration
• May use a route to allow simple data collection
• May perform many of the functions of an FFT analyzer

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Measurement points
การกําหนดจุดวัดสําหรับวัดการสั่นสะเทือนนั้น พิจารณาดังนี้

1. วัดใกลแหลงกําเนิดการสั่นสะเทือน
2. ถาตองวัดคาแบบ Route ตองทําการวัดคาการสั่นสะเทือนที่ตําแหนงเดิมทุกครั้ง
Rotating Machines : ISO 10816

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Measurement points
Structural vibration

1. Reference point : At High vibration or source of vibration

2. Response point :

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Vibration excitation:
Impulse Hammer : Impulse hammer system may be used in conjunction with a spectrum analyzer
Sensitivity (±15%) Measurement Range Resonant Frequency
Printed Circuit Boards & Hard Drives 100 mV/lbf(±20%) 50 lbf pk ≥100 kHz
Lightly Damped Panels & Frames 50 mV/lbf ±100 lbf pk >=15 kHz
50 mV/lbf ±100 lbf pk
Medium sized structures such as Car >=22 kHz
10 mV/lbf ±500 lbf pk
Frames, Engines, & Machined Parts
5 mV/lbf ±1000 lbf pk
Heavier sized components such as Pumps
1 mV/lbf ±5000 lbf pk >=22 kHz
& Compressors
Heavy Structures such as Tool Foundations
1 mV/lbf ±5000 lbf pk >=12 kHz
& Storage Tanks
Large Structures such as Buildings, Bridges,
1 mV/lbf ±5000 lbf pk >=5 kHz
& Ships
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Vibration excitation:
Impulse Hammer : Application Shacker: Application

• Structure Health Testing

• Resonance Determination
• Modal Analysis

Structure Health Testing:

• Crack
• Porosity
• Nodularity
• Hardness/ Density
• Etc.
Structure Health Testing
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Vibration excitation:
Impulse Hammer : Application
• Structure Health Testing
• Resonance Determination
• Modal Analysis

Fn1

Resonance Determination

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Vibration excitation:
Impulse Hammer : Application
• Structure Health Testing • Frequency (Natural frequency)
• Resonance Determination • Damping
• Modal Analysis • % Damping
• Animation (Mode shape)

Modal Analysis
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Vibration data collection : Case

Case: Vibration data collection for chassis bus.
VB Vibration Transducer: Acceleration range ± 50 g ,
Transducers Frequency Range: 0.5 – 5kHz ±5%
Mounting : Magnet

Processing

10 Channels - Iotech 655U

Signal: Amplitude Structural vibration analysis for Chassis Bus at 553 CPM
Phase
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DATA PROCESSING
Input Signal Processing Output & Post processing

• Frequency Span
• Waveform
• Line of resolution
• Spectrum
• Aliasing filter
etc.
• Window filter etc.

Recommended Frequency span setting

Motor analysis: Vibration Data collection

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Line of Resolution
The FFT always has a defined number of lines of resolution.
100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 and 3200 lines are common choices.
This spectrum has 800 lines, or the X scale is broken down into 800 points.

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Averaging
The FFT analyzer can be used in a number of averaging modes other than instantaneous
display of the FFT after the data are acquired. These averaging modes include Linear,
Exponential, Peak Hold, etc.. Noise is smoothed, but not eliminated, and discrete signals are
reinforced in the display.

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Output & Post processing

Input Signal Processing Output & Post processing

• Waveform
• Spectrum
etc.

Frequency Domain or Spectrum

Complex waveform FFT

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Vibration data collection : Case

Case: Vibration data collection for Cooling pump
VB Vibration Transducer: Acceleration range ± 50 g ,
Transducers Frequency Range: 2 – 10 kHz ±10%
Mounting : Magnet
Diagnostics:
• Machine fault : Unbalance, Misalignment,
Mechanical looseness, Bearing fault, Gear
fault etc.
Spectrum

Processing

portable vibration analyzers

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Vibration data collection : Case

VB
Case: Vibration data collection for Cooling pump
Transducers Vibration Transducer: Triaxial Acceleration range ± 50 g ,
+ Impact
Frequency Range: 2 – 10 kHz ±10%
Hammer
Impact Hammer: 10 mV/lbf , ± 500 lbf pk
Mounting : Beewax

Testing:
• Frequency Response Function (FRF)
• Natural frequency
Processing
etc.

4 channel portable vibration

analyzers
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Rotating machine Diagnostics

Waveform “ Time Domain”

Spectrum “ Frequency Domain”

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Thank you for your attention

Mr.Autsadayut Rodpai, M.E.(ME),

Vibration Analyst III
E-mail: [email protected]

Mobile: 094-756-8656
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