Laboratory Equipment

PROPULSION LAB
EQUIPMENT AND INTRODUCTION TO ENGINES
Submitted to: Mr. Nadeem

Date: 20th October, 2019
Submitted by: Maaha Jawad 170101003

Talha Khalid 170101012
Syeda Ghulam Zainab Shirazi 170101035
Saad Altaf 170101041
Laboratory Equipment
Gas Turbine:
The gas turbine equipment is a trainer ET 792
which investigates the behavior of a system in a
two-shaft arrangement and of a jet engine.
Depending on the arrangement, the energy of the
exhaust gas stream is either converted into
mechanical energy in the free-running power
turbine (single-shaft arrangement) or accelerated
and transformed into thrust via a nozzle (two-
shaft arrangement). It is possible to convert from
a single-shaft to a two-shaft arrangement in just a
few actions.
The procedure of this equipment is as follows:
 Inlet air component of gas turbine intakes the air from surrounding atmosphere.
 The intake air is then received by compressor
where air is compressed to high pressure gas.
 This high pressure gas is then mixed with fuel in
the combustion chamber where ignition of this
air-fuel mixture takes place.
 These hot gases spin turbine blades.
 Then as a result, spinning turbine blades turns the
drive shaft.
 Rotation of turbine powers the generator for
electricity production
 These hot gases are then expelled by the turbine
nozzle which is responsible for the thrust
generation.
The equipment can either work as a jet engine with a single shaft, or it can work as a double
shaft engine attached with a turbine to extract power.
1
Gaseous Oxygen Rocket Motor:
A rocket engine uses stored rocket

propellants as reaction mass for forming a high-
speed propulsive jet of fluid, usually high-
temperature gas. Rocket engines are reaction
engines, producing thrust in accordance
with Newton's third law. Most rocket engines use
the combustion of reactive chemicals to supply the
necessary energy. Most rocket engines are internal
combustion engines.
Rocket engine consists of the following parts:
 Propellant
 Injection
 Combustion chamber
 Nozzle
 The injection introduces the propellant
(fuel and oxidizer) into the combustion
chamber.
 In combustion chamber, the mixing of
fuel and ignition takes place resulting
in rise of temperature and pressure.
 Then these hot gases produced in the combustion chamber are let out through an
opening called as ‘the throat’ and the diverging expansion section; nozzle, where this
mass accelerates and maximum kinetic energy is achieved from the incoming thermal
energy.
Jet Propulsion Test Stand:
A Ramjet is an air breathing engine that uses

engine’s forward motion to compress
incoming air without a compressor. A ramjet
powered vehicle therefore requires an assisted
take off like a rocket assist to accelerate it to a
speed where it begins to produce thrust.
Ramjet engine has following parts:
 Inlet
 Combustion chamber
 Afterburner
 Nozzle
Jet propulsion test stand is the designed
equipment ramjet engine.
 Set the equipment and open the windows for air flow.
 The inlet intakes the free stream air.
 At the exit of inlet, the air is at much higher pressure.
 Then the incoming highly pressurized air is received by combustion chamber where fuel
is injected and mixed with air for combustion.
 The heated mixture of fuel and air is then received by after burner which works in the
same way as combustion chamber as it reheats the gas in the nozzle.
 Then the hot exhaust gases pass the nozzle which is designed to accelerate the flow and
produce thrust.
Jet Propulsion Test Stand

Combustion Chamber:
In the lab equipment this is duped by an Oil

Burner Demonstrator where an oil tank is fitted
underneath and oil is burned.
There is a window to the side where flame can
be seen. This is to duplicate exhaust gases
which can be analyzed and the fuel used here to
burn is the oil, you can see the tubes leading up
to the burning chamber where the oil is
sprayed.
There is a cooling circuit attached so system is
not over heated.
The high temperatures are measured with a
thermocouple.
Engine
Gas Turbine Engine
A Gas Turbine engine is made of a series of components which are as follows:
 inlet
 air compressor
 combustion chamber
 turbine nozzle
1. Inlet:
Gas turbine engines uses air as a working fluid. As the name

suggests, inlet component of gas turbines captures or intake
the air from the surrounding atmosphere.
In the inlet the airfoil is hollow, this is due to the reason that
an airplane at a high altitude has a high chance of being iced
due to low temperature which would ruin the internal engine
structure. Hence hot gases from the chamber flow through the
airfoils and prevent icing.
2. Compressor:
Gas turbine engine compressor compresses the incoming air and thus, increases pressure
of the flow. Compressor consists of rotor blades and stator vanes
Rotor blades move while the stator vanes are fixed on the cowling. The stators and rotors rotate
respectively in such a way that they create a diffusing channel which increases the pressure of air.
When air is compressed to a high amount its temperature also rises.
Rotor Blades Stator Vanes
3. Combustion Chamber:
The combustion process increases the internal energy of a gas, which translates into an increase in
temperature, pressure, or volume depending on the configuration. The casing of the chamber
should be able to bear this high temperature.
In the pictures below, the engine is a can annular engine.

The can-annular type combustion chamber is much simpler in design. It has a set of flame tubes
installed around the combustor section. All the flame tubes have a common outer casing and inner
casing.
The advantage of the can-annular combustion chamber is that it is smaller and lighter than a similar
multiple can-type combustion chambers. It does not need complicated air supply ducts from the
compressor and it still has good structural strength.
The disadvantage of this type is that the aerodynamic losses are quite high and the ignition from
one flame tube to the other is very difficult.
Can Annular Combustion Chamber

On the side that faces compressor, on the outer side is the region where air passes through and
enters the combustion chamber. On the side of this chamber are two pipe casings, which inject
fuel. One is called the pilot inject which is
controlled by the pilot and controls the
thrust produced.
Inlet for the air
Labyrinth Seal (A labyrinth seal is a type of

mechanical seal that helps to prevent
leakage)
Fuel injector pipes
4. Turbine Nozzle:
A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross
sectional area, and it can be used to direct or
modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or
gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the
rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape,
and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges
from them.
5. After Burner:
The afterburner increases thrust primarily by
accelerating exhaust gas to higher velocity. The after
burner then injects fuel downstream of the turbine and
reheats the gas as a result of the
temperature rise in the tailpipe; the gas is ejected through the nozzle at the higher velocity.

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PROPULSION LAB

EQUIPMENT AND INTRODUCTION TO ENGINES

Submitted to: Mr. Nadeem

Submitted by: Maaha Jawad 170101003

A rocket engine uses stored rocket

Jet Propulsion Test Stand:

A Ramjet is an air breathing engine that uses

Ramjet engine has following parts:

Jet Propulsion Test Stand

In the lab equipment this is duped by an Oil

Gas turbine engines uses air as a working fluid. As the name

In the pictures below, the engine is a can annular engine.

Can Annular Combustion Chamber

Inlet for the air

Labyrinth Seal (A labyrinth seal is a type of

Fuel injector pipes

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