ROUTE SURVEYING

LABORATORY
Laboratory #2:
Laying out Simple Curve by Offset Long Chord Method

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for

CE 2238

Submitted to:
Engr. Robert A. Romero

Submitted by:
Eljen Grace M. Colanggo

Date Submitted:
December 17, 2019
INTRODUCTION:
Curves are normal curves provided in communication lines such as highways, railways and
canals etc. to bring about gradual directional change. When the two paths meet at an angle, they allow
the vehicle to pass from one path to another. They are also used at all grade changes in the vertical
plane to prevent the abrupt grade change at the apex.

There are two curve forms, vertical and horizontal. Curves in the horizontal plane are known
as horizontal curves to have the gradual change in direction. Curves given in the vertical plane are
called vertical curves to obtain the gradual change in grade. Vertical curves can be circular or
parabolic, and are commonly parabolic arcs. They are laid out on the ground along the center line of
the work.
Horizontal Curves used in horizontal planes to connect two straight tangent sections.

OBJECTIVES:

To set or lay out a simple horizontal curve by offset long chord method.
To master the skill in leveling, orienting and using the transit effectively.
INSTRUMENTS:

Flags- used for marking positions and sighting of those stations

50 meter Tape- designed for most conventional measurements in surveying and
engineering works.
Transit level with tripod- a surveying instrument with a rotating telescope for
measuring horizontal and vertical angles.

METHODOLOGY:

1. From the previous data you have gathered, compute the necessary elements of your
curve including the long chord.
2. Divide the long chord into an even number of equal parts.
3. Calculate the offsets by the equation at each of the points of division. Note that since
the curve is symmetrical on both sides of the middle-ordinate, the offsets for the right-
hand half of the curve are same as those for the left-hand half. If the offsets are found
by the approximate equation, the long chord should be divided into a convenient
number of equal parts and the points of division.
4. Plot your computed data on the ground to mark its station.

GATHERED DATAS:

Tangent distance = 16m.

I = 180° - (44°20’ + 39°12’)
I = 96°28’
 COMPUTATIONS:

𝒚𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟓
ASSUMED PC= 5+00.0 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟏𝟓
# 𝒚𝟑 = 𝟗. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟓
𝑅= &
#$%
'
()
𝑅= *+,'-,
#$% '

𝑅 = 14.29𝑚 𝑾𝟐
𝒙 = M𝑹𝟐 − 𝒀𝟐 − Q𝑹𝟐 −
𝟐

𝟐𝟒. 𝟎𝟔 𝟐
𝒙𝟎 = M(𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟗)𝟐 − (𝟎)𝟐 − Q(𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟗)𝟐 − ( )
W = (8?°
4=> 𝟐
4=((;.56) 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟖 𝒙𝟎 was considered as mid ordinate of the curve.
W= (8?°
𝟐𝟒. 𝟎𝟔 𝟐
W = 24.06 𝒙𝟏 = M(𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟗)𝟐 − (𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟓)𝟐 − Q(𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟗)𝟐 − ( )
𝟐
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓

𝟐𝟒. 𝟎𝟔 𝟐
4 𝒙𝟐 = M(𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟗)𝟐 − (𝟔. 𝟎𝟏𝟓)𝟐 − Q(𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟗)𝟐 − ( )
E = R (sec5 – 1) 𝟐
6)°587
E = 14.29 (sec – 1) 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟓
5
E = 7.16 𝟐𝟒. 𝟎𝟔 𝟐
𝒙𝟑 = M(𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟗)𝟐 − (𝟗. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟓)𝟐 − Q(𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟗)𝟐 − ( )
𝟐

𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑.37
4
=
5
6)7587 STA PI = PC + L
= 48′14′
5
4 STA PI = 1+000 + 24.06
=
; STA PI = 1+024.06
6)7587
= 27′7′
;
4
=
8
 RESULTS:

STA POINT R 𝑹𝟐 𝒀𝟐 𝑹𝟐 − 𝒀𝟐 √𝑹 − 𝒀 𝑾𝟐 x
𝑾
𝟐 Q𝑹 −
𝟐

500.00 PC 𝑦(=3.0075 𝑅5 − 𝑦(5 M𝑅 − 𝑦(

+03.0075 1 𝑦( 5=9.045 14.295 − 3.00755 𝑥?=6.58
√14.29 − 3.0075
+06.015 2 =195.16 =3.36
+09.0225 3 𝑦5=6.015 𝑅5 − 𝑦55 M𝑅 − 𝑦5 24.06𝟐 24.06
2 Q14.29 − 𝑥(=6.25
2
+12.03 4 14.29 204.20 𝑦55=36.18 14.295 − 6.0155 √14.29 − 6.015 =144.72 =1.50
+15.0375 5 =168.02 =2.88 𝑥5=5.255
+18.045 6 𝑦\=9.0225 𝑅5 − 𝑦\5 M𝑅 − 𝑦\
+21.0525 7 𝑦\ 5=81.41 14.295 − 9.02255 𝑥\=3.37
√14.29 − 9.0225
+24.06 PT =122.80 =2.30

ANALYSIS:

In this method, curves are staked out by use of offset long chord method measuring
mainly the long chord of a curve then basically dividing the curve base on your preference.
The curve is set out by deciding how many stations you would like to put into. The left side
of the curve must have the equal number of stations to your right. Usually, the sub-chords
are provided at the beginning and end of the curve to adjust the actual length of the curve.
The method is based on the assumption that there is no difference between length of the arcs
and their corresponding chords of normal length or less. The underlying principle of this
method is that the offsets of curve to any point on the circular curve is measured by the one-
half at the center of the circle by the arc from the P.C. to that point.
CONCLUSION:

The application of these simple curves is an important aspect of the engineers '
work in the geometric design of motorways, railways, pipelines, etc. Generally the initial
design is based on a series of straight sections whose locations are largely defined by the
area's topography. Horizontal curves then connect the intersections of straight pairs.

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