Investigatory project

Session 2019-2020
TOPIC: EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON LIMESTONE ROCK
INGRAHAM ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL
252 G.T.ROAD,
GHAZIABAD
NAME : NISHANT KUMAR ATTRI
CLASS : XII-B
ENROL. NO. : 2872
BOARD ROLL NO. :

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➢CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENCITY
➢ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
➢INTRODUCTION
➢HYPOTHESIS
➢VARIABLES
➢MATERIALS
➢PROCEDURE
➢SAFETY PROCEDURES
➢RESULT
➢CONCLUSIONS
➢BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICITY

This is to certify that Nishant Kumar Attri of class XII-B

This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge

The references taken in making this project have been

Signature Signature
(Subject teacher) (Examiner)

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In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have best owned upon me their blessings and the
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all
the people who have been concerned with this project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this
project with success. Then I would like to thank my
principal Mrs. M.B. Sampson and my chemistry teacher Mrs.
Anita Agnihotri, whose valuable guidance has been the ones
that helped me patch this project and make it full proof
success. His suggestions and his instructions have served as
the major contributor towards the completion of the
project. Also,I would like to thank my parents and friends
who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance has been very helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project. Last but not the least I would like
to thank my classmates who have helped me a lot.

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This experiment is based on acid rain, It is a broad term
referring to more than natural amount of sulfuric acid and
nitric oxide. Acid rain is referring to rain with a pH 4 or
lower. Natural causes are lightning strikes, volcano
eruptions and also dead and decaying foods. However, the
main effect is man-made, burning of the coal; this lets of
sulfuric oxides, the other one is cars, trucks etc…; they let
nitric acid into the atmosphere. However, we will be
substituting this with vinegar.
The technical way it affects the limestone is the neutralizing
reaction (because vinegar is acid and limestone is alkali) is
the CaCO3 (Calcium Carbonate) reacting with H2SO4
(Sulphuric acid) = CaSO4 (Gypsum) + H2CO3 (Carbonic acid)
results in production of CO2 gas. And this whole
neutralization reaction results in the limestone dissolving
and crumbling. This reaction can be mimicked by using
vinegar on egg shells. Limestone will neutralize strong acids,
at least partially. However, in real-life application limestone
cannot be depends on to neutralize acidic polluted water
because they chips are very easily.

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When, sulfuric, and nitric acids react with the calcite
limestone, the calcite melts. It exposed areas of buildings
and statues, this result in roughened surfaces, less of
material, and loss of carved details. This black crust is
mainly made of gypsum, a mineral that forms from the
reaction between calcium carbonate and the sulfuric acid. It
remains on surfaces that are protected from the rain.
Gypsum is white, but the crystals form networks that trap
particles of dirt and pollutants, so the crust looks black.
Eventually the black crust peels off, leaving crumbling stone.

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I think that the beaker with most concentrate of vinegar will
reduce the weight of the limestone the most. Because in my
background information, I can understand that the more of
the neutralization reaction there is the more crumbling,
dissolving and forming of the gypsum. I think that the
beaker with a more acidic substance (15ml of vinegar and
5ml of water) will reduce the weight of the limestone by the
most.

Independent variable: The Concentrate of Vinegar

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1. Weighing Machine
2. Flask-50ml x6
3. Limestone- 2g x 6
4. Vinegar- 30ml
5. Water
6. Test Tubes
7. Plastic Box
8. Stopwatch

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1) Fill the flask with 2gm. of limestone.
2) Fill the test tube with the different quantity of liquid
being used (Ex. 15ml vinegar, 5ml H2O)
3) Place the flask with 2gm. of limestone on the weighing
machine.
4) Pour the liquid in the test tube into the flask and take the
initial weight.
5) Take the change of the weight every 30 seconds to see if
it increases, decreases or stays the same for 5 minutes with
a stopwatch.
6) Then do this again with different quantities of liquids in
the test tubes (ex. 10ml vinegar, 10ml water)
7) Repeat steps 1 to 6 two or three times to get reliable
results.

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• Don’t throw materials around and play around with
things.
• Be careful with all tools and always help others in need.
• Don’t eat, drink, or smoke while in the laboratory.
• Don’t perform any unauthorized work.
• Don’t pour any liquids that aren’t water down the sink.
• Don’t point the open end of a test tube at yourself or
somebody else.

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B1= 15ml Vinegar, 5ml H2O
B2= 1Oml Vinegar, 10ml H2O
B3= 5ml Vinegar, 15ml H2O
B= Beaker B1= Beaker 1 etc.. T1= Trial 1 T2= Trial 2
This shows the amount it decreased.

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The initial reaction was all that took place. Because there
was so little vinegar there wasn’t so much of a reaction. It
goes down by a gram and then it went down by very little.
Both of the trials gave very similar results and this was just
as I expected.

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My hypothesis was more or less correct. The results showed
that it went down by 1.7 grams. I was able to get such a
sound hypothesis from the background information. It show
how the neutralization reaction is more when there is a
greater concentrate of vinegar. I can conclude that the
substance with more vinegar would always have a greater
neutralization reaction. However B2 results for one of them
came very close to B1.

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1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C
2.http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrient
&dbid=109
3. http://www.lenntech.com/fruit-vegetable-vitamin-
content.htm
4. http://www.google.com.my/search?q=vitamin+c

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