Project Report On Rectifier
Project Report On Rectifier
Project Report On Rectifier
INTRODUCTION
Although in our daily life we use A.C. current devices. But rectifier is a ‘Electronic device
diode offers a low resistance path, when forward biased, and a high resistance path,
when reverse biased. This feature of the junction diode enables it to be used as a
rectifier.
The alternating signals provides opposite kind of biased voltage at the junction after
each half-cycle. If the junction is forward biased in the first half-cycle, its gets reverse
biased in the second half. It results in the flow of forward current in one direction
only and thus the signal gets rectified.
In other words, we can say, when an alternating e.m.f. signal is applied
across a junction diode, it will conduct only during those alternate half cycles, which
biased it in forward direction.
TYPE OF RECTIFIER
The A.C. supply is applied across the primary coil(P) of a step down
transformer. The secondary coil(S) of the transformer is connected to the junction
diode and a load resistance RL. The out put D.C. voltage is obtained across the load
resistance(RL)
Theory :
Suppose that during the first half of the input cycle, the junction diode gets
forward biased the conventional current will flow in the direction of the arrow-
heads. The upper end of RL will be at positive potential w.r.t. the lower end. During
the negative half cycle of the input a.c. voltage, the diode is reverse biased. No current
flows in the circuit, and therefore, no voltage is developed across (RL). Since only the
positive half cycle of the input appears across the load, the a.c. input is converted into
pulsating direct current (d.c.).
Disadvantage of Half-Wave-Rectifier :
1. Half wave rectification involves a lot of wastage of energy and hence it
is not preferred.
2. A small current flows during reverse bias due to minority charge
rectifier”.
Principle :- It is based upon the principle that a junction diode offers low resistance
during forward biased and high resistance, when reverse biased.
Difference from half-wave-rectifier :- The main difference is that in full wave
rectifier we use two diodes. For this when we apply a.c. current to the rectifier then
the first half wave get forward biased due to first diode. And when the second half
wave comes. Then at that time the second diode comes in action and gets forward
biased. Thus output obtained during both the half cycles of the a.c. input
Arrangement :- The a.c. supply is applied across the primary coil(P) of a step down
transformer. The two diodes of the secondary coil(S) of the transformer are connected
to the P-sections of the junction diodes (D1) and (D2). A load resistance (RL) is
connected across the n-sections of the two diodes and at centre of the secondary
coil. The d.c. output will be obtained across the load resistance (RL).
Theory :-
Suppose that during first half of the input cycle, upper end of (S) coil is at
positive potential. And lower end is at negative potential. The junction diode (D1)
gets forward biased, while the diode. (D2) get reverse biased. When the second half
of the input cycle comes, the situation will be exactly reverse. Now the junction diode
(D2) will conduct. Since the current during both the half cycles flows from right to left
through the load resistance (RL) the output during both the half cycles will be of same
nature.
Thus, in a full wave rectifier, the output is continuous but pulsating in
battery B is connected to n-side and the negative terminal to p-side of the p-n
junction. In reverse biasing, the reverse bias voltage supports the potential barrier VB.
(Now the majority carriers are pulled away from the junction and the depletion region
become thick. There is no conduction across the junction due to majority
in reverse current, hence, the resistance of p-n junction is high to the flow of current
when reverse biased.
MATERIAL REQUIRED
1. Transformer :
It is device which is used to increase or decrease the alternating current
and alternating voltage. For the rectifier, it may be step down or step up.
2. Junction Diode :
connected to negative terminal of battery i.e. during forward biased and does not
conduct during reverse biased.
Like the half wave circuit, a full wave rectifier circuit produces an output voltage or current
which is purely DC or has some specified DC component. Full wave rectifiers have some
fundamental advantages over their half wave rectifier counterparts. The average (DC) output
voltage is higher than for half wave, the output of the full wave rectifier has much less ripple
than that of the half wave rectifier producing a smoother output waveform.
In a Full Wave Rectifier circuit two diodes are now used, one for each half of the cycle. A is
used whose secondary winding is split equally into two halves with a common centre tapped
connection, (C). This configuration results in each diode conducting in turn when its anode
terminal is positive with respect to the transformer centre point C producing an output
during both half-cycles, twice that for the half wave rectifier so it is 100% efficient as shown
below.
The full wave rectifier circuit consists of two power diodes connected to a single load
resistance (RL) with each diode taking it in turn to supply current to the load. When point A
of the transformer is positive with respect to point C, diode D1 conducts in the forward
direction as indicated by the arrows.
When point B is positive (in the negative half of the cycle) with respect to point C, diodeD2
conducts in the forward direction and the current flowing through resistor R is in the same
direction for both half-cycles. As the output voltage across the resistor R is the phasor sum
of the two waveforms combined, this type of full wave rectifier circuit is also known as a “bi-
phase” circuit.
The ripple voltage is low and of higher frequency in case of full-wave rectifier so simple
filtering circuit is required.
Higher output voltage, higher output power and higher Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
in case of a full-wave rectifier.
In a full-wave rectifier, there is no problem due to dc saturation of the core because the dc
current in the two halves of the two halves of the transformer secondary flow in opposite
directions.
The main supply voltage is given to the transformer which will increase or decrease
the voltage and give to the diode. In most of the cases we will decrease the supply
voltage by using the step down transformer here also the output of the step down
transformer will be in AC. This decreased AC voltage is given to the diode which is
connected serial to the secondary winding of the transformer, diode is electronic
component which will allow only the forward bias current and will not allow the reverse
bias current. From the diode we will get the pulsating DC and give to the load
resistance RL.
In the positive half cycles when the input AC power is given to the primary
winding of the step down transformer, we will get the decreased voltage at the
secondary winding which is given to the diode.
The diode will allow current flowing in clock wise direction from anode to
cathode in the forward bias (diode conduction will take place in forward bias)
which will generate only the positive half cycle of the AC.
The diode will eliminate the variations in the supply and give the pulsating DC
voltage to the load resistance RL. We can get the pulsating DC at the Load
resistance.
In the negative half cycle the current will flow in the anti-clockwise direction and
the diode will go in to the reverse bias. In the reverse bias the diode will not
conduct so, no current in flown from anode to cathode, and we cannot get any
power at the load resistance.
Only small amount of reverse current is flown from the diode but this current is
almost negligible. And voltage across the load resistance is also zero.
1. Efficiency: The efficiency is defined as the ratio of input AC to the output DC.
Efficiency, Ƞ = P dc / Pac
Rectification Efficiency, Ƞ = Pdc / Pac = {4/ 2}[RL/ (RF + RL)] = 0.406/{1+ RF/RL }
The effective value of the load current I is given as sum of the rms values of
harmonic currents I1, I2, I3, I4 and DC current Idc.
Ripple factor, is given as γ = I ac / Idc = (I2 – I2dc) / Idc = {( I rms / Idc2)-1} = Kf2 – 1)
Where Kf is the form factor of the input voltage. Form factor is given as
3. Peak Inverse Voltage: It is defined as the maximum voltage that a diode can with
stand in reverse bias. During the reverse bias as the diode do not conduct total
voltage drops across the diode. Thus peak inverse voltage is equal to the input
voltage Vs.
Half wave rectifier is mainly used in the low power circuits. It has very low performance
when it is compared with the other rectifiers.
APPLICATIONS OF RECTIFIER
Any rectifier is used to construct DC power supplies. The practical application of any
rectifier (be it half wave or full wave) is to be used as a component in building DC
power supplies. A half wave rectifier is not special than a full wave rectifier in any
terms. In order to build an efficient & smooth DC power supply, a full wave rectifier is
always preferred. However, for applications in which a constant DC voltage is not
very essential, you can use power supplies with half wave rectifier.
The primary application of the rectifier is to derive DC power from AC power. Rectifiers are used
inside the power supplies of almost all electronic equipment. In power supplies, the rectifier is
normally placed in series following the transformer, a smoothing filter and possibly a voltage
regulator. Below, we have discussed a few rectifier applications: