Philippine Foreign Policy

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The most important provisions of the 1987 Philippine Constitution which pertain to the
framing of Philippine foreign policy are as follows:

Article II, Section 2: "The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national

Article II, Section 7: "The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its
relations with other states the paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty,
territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self-determination."

Republic Act No. 7157, otherwise known as "Philippine Foreign Service Act of 1991", gives
mandate to the Department of Foreign Affairs to implement the three (3) pillars of the
Philippine Foreign Policy, as follows:

1. Preservation and enhancement of national security

2. Promotion and attainment of economic security

3. Protection of the rights and promotion of the welfare and interest of Filipinos
overseas.

Historical Background

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The history of the Republic of the Philippines and that of the Department of Foreign Affairs
(DFA) are intertwined. The important events marking the passage of the years at the Department
are also milestones in the rise of the Philippines as an independent nation.

Over one hundred years ago, the DFA had its auspicious beginnings when President Emilio
Aguinaldo appointed Apolinario Mabini as the Republic's first Secretary of Foreign Affairs on
23 June 1898, eleven days after the declaration of Philippine independence at Kawit, Cavite.
The DFA was among the first government departments created following the establishment of
the First Philippine Republic. Realizing the need for international recognition of the new
government, Aguinaldo assigned Mabini the difficult task of establishing diplomatic relations
with friendly countries. Members of the Hong Kong Junta, a group of Filipino exiles in Hong
Kong, served as the country's envoys for this purpose.
The Philippines underwent colonial rule under the United States from 1898 to 1946, and
Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1944. The country regained independence, including full
control of foreign affairs and diplomatic matters, on 4 July 1946. Commonwealth Act No. 732
was passed creating the Department of Foreign Affairs. Shortly thereafter, President Manuel
Roxas issued on September 16 of that year Executive Order No. 18 providing for the
organization and operation of the DFA and the Foreign Service. The main tasks of the DFA then
were to assist in post-war rehabilitation, formulate policies for investment promotion, and
establish diplomatic relations with other countries.

The DFA led in the conclusion of the RP-U.S. Mutual Defense Treaty, as well as in the Laurel-
Langley Agreement, thus paving the way for a balanced yet robust trade and military relations
with the United States.

The DFA had a heyday during the post-war years, with its increased participation in the
international arena. It became a founding member of the United Nations and one of the drafters
of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It helped forge the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT). The country was also an early proponent of decolonization and global
disarmament. The Philippines' dynamic participation in global matters culminated in Carlos P.
Romulo's election as the first Asian President of the UN General Assembly in 1952. At that
time, the international environment began to change, requiring that new thrusts and priorities in
Philippine foreign policy be determined. During the Cold War era, against the backdrop of the
Korean War and rising communism in China, the Philippines pursued an increasing
internationalist foreign policy.

Realizing the importance of foreign relations, President Elpidio Quirino in June 1952 pushed for
the passage of the Foreign Service Act of 1952, embodied in Republic Act No. 708. During the
post-war period, the DFA focused on institution building, closer engagement with Asian
neighbors, and increasing Philippine global linkages. When he became Undersecretary of
Foreign Affairs under the Magsaysay Administration, Raul S. Manglapus instituted the Foreign
Service Officers’ Examinations to professionalize the foreign service and to upgrade the
recruitment and selection of new foreign service officers.

The Marcos years, from 1965 to 1986, were marked by policy innovations and then difficulties
brought about by the excesses of the martial law regime. President Ferdinand Marcos redefined
foreign policy as the safeguarding of territorial integrity and national dignity, and emphasized
increased regional cooperation and collaboration. He stressed "Asianness" and pursued a policy
of constructive unity and co-existence with other Asian states, regardless of ideological
persuasion. In 1967, the Philippines launched a new initiative to form a regional association
with other Southeast Asian countries called the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN). The Philippines also normalized economic and diplomatic ties with China and the
USSR, which President Marcos visited in 1975 and 1976, respectively. The Philippines also
opened embassies in the eastern bloc countries, as well as a separate mission to the European
Common Market in Brussels.

Throughout the 1970s, the DFA pursued the promotion of trade and investments, played an
active role in hosting international meetings, and participated in the meetings of the Non-Aligned
Movement. The Foreign Service Institute was created in 1976 to provide in-house training to
Foreign Service personnel.

The EDSA Revolution in 1986 saw the re-establishment of a democratic government under
President Corazon Aquino. During this period, the DFA once again pursued development
diplomacy, in the active pursuit of opportunities abroad in the vital areas of trade, investment,
finance, technology and aid. The Philippines became one of the founding members of the Asia-
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in November 1989, and an active player in regional
efforts to establish the ASEAN Free Trade Area. In the 1990s, more diplomatic missions were
established in the Middle East to improve existing ties with Arab states and to respond to the
growing needs of Overseas Filipino workers in the region.

In 1991, heeding the growing nationalist sentiments among the public, the Philippine Senate
voted against the extension of the RP-U.S. Military Bases Agreement, thus putting to a close the
decades-old presence of the U.S. military at Subic Bay and Clark Field. Also in 1991, President
Aquino signed into law the new Foreign Service Act of 1991 (R.A. 7157), which reorganized the
Department along geographic lines and strengthened the Foreign Service. It instituted a Career
Minister Eligibility Examination as a requirement for promotion of senior FSOs to the rank of
Career Ministers, thereby ensuring the professional selection of those who would eventually rise
to the level of career ambassadors.

The Ramos administration from July 1992 to June 1998 defined the four core priorities of
Philippine foreign policy namely: the enhancement of national security, promotion of economic
diplomacy, protection of overseas Filipino workers and Filipino nationals abroad, and the
projection of a good image of the country abroad.

President Ramos boosted foreign trade, investments and official development assistance to the
Philippines through his state visits and summit meetings. In 1996, the Philippines successfully
hosted the APEC Leaders' Summit, which resulted in the Manila Action Plan for APEC 1996
(MAPA '96).
The Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 (R.A. 8042) provided a framework for
stronger protection of Filipino workers abroad, with the creation of the Legal Assistance Fund
and the Assistance-to-Nationals Fund, and the designation in the DFA of a Legal Assistant for
Migrant Workers' Affairs, with the rank of Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs.

Among the other significant events in foreign affairs during the Ramos years were: the adoption
by ASEAN in 1992, upon Philippine initiative, of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in
the South China Sea aimed at confidence-building and avoidance of conflict among claimant
states; the establishment of the Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines (BIMP)-East Asia
Growth area in 1994; the establishment of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in 1994 as the
only multilateral security dialogue in the Asia-Pacific region conducted at the government level;
and the signing between the Philippine Government and the Moro National Liberation Front on 2
September 1996 of the Mindanao Peace Agreement.

The DFA, during the Estrada administration, hosted the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in July
1998, and undertook confidence-building measures with China over the South China Sea issue.
President Estrada strengthened bilateral ties with neighboring countries with visits to Vietnam,
Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan and South Korea. The DFA played a major role in the
forging of a Visiting Forces Agreement with the United States, which was concurred in the
Senate in 1999. The country also sent a delegation of 108 observers to the Indonesian
parliamentary elections, and engaged in cooperative activities in the areas of security, defense,
combating transnational crimes, economy, culture, and the protection of OFWs and Filipinos
abroad.

At the start of its administration in 2001, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo pursued foreign
policy based on nine realities: (see Philippine Foreign Policy).

Ø First, the dynamics of relations between China, Japan and the United States determine
the security situation and economic evolution of East Asia.

Ø Second, Philippine foreign policy decisions are, increasingly, being made in the context
of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

Ø Third, Europe will continue to play a significant role in promoting international

Ø Fourth, the international Islamic community remains crucial to the country's search for
lasting and permanent peace in Mindanao.
 Ø Fifth, inter-regional organizations will become increasingly influential in the global
context.

Ø Sixth, the protection of the environment, natural resources and maritime territory.

Ø Seventh, the drive for foreign markets and foreign direct investments will form a focal
concern of economic diplomacy efforts.

Ø Eighth, international tourism will be a major driver of national growth.

Ø Ninth, overseas Filipinos play a critical role in the country's economic and social
stability.

The DFA is also guided by the three fundamental pillars of Philippine foreign policy. These
are:

1. Preservation and enhancement of national security;

2. Promotion and attainment of economic security;

3. Protection of the rights and promotion of the welfare and interest of Filipinos
overseas.

As we enter the decade starting 2010, the DFA welcomes the challenges and opportunities it will
face in the service of the Filipino people in an increasingly globalized world.