VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnanasangama, Macche, Santibastwada Road, Belagavi-590018, Karnataka
A
TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT
On
E-PAPER TECHNOLOGY
(ECS84)
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics & Communications Engineering
By
LAVANYA V
VIII semester & A Section
(USN: 1DS15EC054)
Under the
Guidance
Of
SANGMESH MELINMANI
Seminar Guide
Asst professor, ECE Dept., DSCE, Bengaluru
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering
(An Autonomous College affiliated to VTU Belgaum & accredited by NBA/NAAC)
Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout,
Banashankari, Bengaluru-560078, Karnataka
April 2019
Seminar Report Declaration
Certified that the UG seminar (ECS84) entitled, “ E-Paper technology ” is a
bonafide work that is carried out by myself in partial fulfillment for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi,
Karnataka during the academic year 2018-19 & I am solely responsible for
all the contents that has have been presented in it.
Student sign
Lavanya V
USN: 1DS15EC054
Date: 04/04/2019 Place: Bengaluru -78
_______________________________________ __________________
Section ‘A’ Seminar Coordinator Seminar Guide
Prof. Anuradha A.K. Prof .Sangmesh Melinmani
__________________________ ________________________
Seminar Convener / Mentor Head of the Department
Dr. H.V. Manjunath Dr. T.C.Manjunath
CONTENTS
1. Abstract ....................................................................................................................................
. 7
2. Introduction ..............................................................................................................................
.8
3. Literature survey .....................................................................................................................
9
4. Scope &
Objective ....................................................................................................................11
5. Motivation
………………………… ..........................................................................................11
6. Technology
…............................................................................................................................12
7. Results & Applications ……………………....................................................................................
18
8. Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................
.20
9. References.............................................................................................................................
.21
10.
E Paper Technology
E Paper Technology
Dept. of ECE DSCE 7 MAY 2019
E Paper Technology
1. Abstract
Digital paper got its start in the particular seventies by means of Xerox. Inside
the nineties the particular principle of electronically crammed balls
switching under influence of tension and thus showing either Black or
white aspect was increased by Frederick Jacobson. They developed
microcapsules, filled up with electronically crammed white parts that have
been dissolved within dark coloured essential oil. In 1997, Jacobson founded
the business E-ink to build up the technology commercially (Endless
Suggestions BV, 2010) inside the 1970s.Electronic paper(E-paper) is
really a portable. Reusable storage devices and present medium that
appears like paper but can be repeatedly composed on (refreshed) by
means of electronic means, thousands or a lot of times. E-paper is
going to be used for applications including e-books, technology
newspaper, portable signs, & collapsible, reliable displays. Information to
become displays is usually downloaded by having a connection into a
computer or even a cell phone, or made up of mechanical tools including an
digital “pencil”. The digital paper present is reflective & can be easily read in
bright sunlight or candle lit environments while having the ability to be
viewed at virtually any angle much like paper. Its black colour & bright ink-
on-paper seem gives an appearance comparable to that of the very widely
read material on earth newspaper. The distinctive technology leads to a sleek
and stylish & light- weight from factor and can be suited to highly portable
applications. This subjective aims in order to throw light about the different
technical approaches working on the complete recognition of E-paper strategy.
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E Paper Technology
2. Introduction
Electronic paper and e-paper, also sometimes electronic ink or e-ink,
are display devices that mimic the appearance of ordinary ink on paper.
Unlike conventional backlit flat panel displays that emit light, electronic paper
displays reflect light like paper. This may make them more comfortable to
read, and provide a wider viewing angle than most light-emitting displays.
The contrast ratio in electronic displays available as of 2008 approaches
newspaper, and newly (2008) developed displays are slightly better.
An ideal e-paper display can be read in direct sunlight without the image
appearing to fade. Fig 2.1 shows the e paper display
Fig 1: E paper display
Many electronic paper technologies hold static text and images
indefinitely without electricity. Flexible electronic paper uses plastic
substrates and plastic electronics for the display backplane. There is ongoing
competition among manufacturers to provide full-color ability.
Unlike a normal flat cell display, which uses a backlight to illuminate it's
pixels, electronic papers reflects gentle like everyday paper and it is capable
involving holding wording and photos indefinitely with no drawing energy,
Dept. of ECE DSCE 9 April 2019
E Paper Technology
while permitting the image for being changed later on. To assemble e-paper, a
number of different technologies occur, some applying plastic substrate as
well as electronics so the display is actually flexible.
E-paper is known as more comfortable to read than typical displays. This is
due to the stable image, which doesn't have to always be refreshed constantly,
the, broader viewing point of view, and the fact that it employs reflected
background light. Whilst it is light and portable and tough, it still
lacks great colour reproduction.
The form of contrast ratio in accordance devices at the time of 2008 may very
well be described as much like dirty paper, though newly-developed
implementations tend to be slightly superior.
3. Literature survey
Research on e-paper started roughly 35 years ago. One of the Xerox’s teams
led by Nicholas K. Sheridon invented Gyricon rotating ball display, which
was the groundwork of the first e-paper. Xerox’s concept in the early 70s was
the “paperless” office. However, more papers were used after the widespread
of personal computers. Computer monitors are uncomfortable to human’s
eye unlike ink on papers. Therefore, Xerox tried to develop e-paper, an
electronic based paper that closely resembles ink on paper. Yet, 35 years
since the invention of e-paper, it does not enter the market.
The reason why it took so long for e-paper to enter the market was because
the early Gyricon technology was expensive and had a poor resolution.
Newer solutions to e-paper are electrophoretic frontplane and cholesteric
liquid crystal technology. Though, no current display technology is paper-like
yet. E-paper has to be thin, flexible, and comfortable to human’s eyes while
consumed minimal amount of power. One of the biggest obstacles is the cost
of e-paper. There is no doubt that this technology will be widespread when it
Dept. of ECE DSCE 10 April 2019
E Paper Technology
cheaper than 100$. Many companies such as E ink, SiPix, Polymervision,
IBM, Sony, Siemens, etc. see e-paper as a promising technology. Thus, they
continue to develop commercialized e-paper products. Other research efforts
into E-paper involved using organic transistors embedded into flexible
substrates (Huitema, et al., 2001 and Gelinck, 2004) including attempts to
build them into convectional paper (Anderson, et al., 2002).
Electronic paper was first developed in the 1970s by Nick Sheridon at Xerox's
Palo Alto Research Center.[5] The first electronic paper, called Gyricon,
consisted of polyethylene spheres between 75 and 106 micrometers across.
Each sphere is a janus particle composed of negatively charged black plastic
on one side and positively charged white plastic on the other (each bead is
thus a dipole).[6] The spheres are embedded in a transparent silicone sheet,
with each sphere suspended in a bubble of oil so that they can rotate freely.
The polarity of the voltage applied to each pair of electrodes then determines
whether the white or black side is face-up, thus giving the pixel a white or
black appearance.[7] At the FPD 2008 exhibition, Japanese company Soken
demonstrated a wall with electronic wall-paper using this technology.[8] In
2007, the Estonian company Visitret Displays was developing this kind of
display using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as the material for the spheres,
dramatically improving the video speed and decreasing the control voltage.[9]
Fig 6.2 Gyricon
Dept. of ECE DSCE 11 April 2019
E Paper Technology
Currently, applications of e-paper are used for advertising billboards, display
screens for MP3 player or even on microwave. Also, e-paper can also be used
as a new method for labeling foods and drugs. In the next five years,
electronic signs and billboards made from e-paper should be widespread. In
2015, e-paper products should be available for most people and become a
real mass market.
4. Scope & Objectives
The E-paper will be embedded as a cylindrical tube (about 1 centimeter in
diameter or 15 to 20 centimeters long), that a person can comfortably carry in
his or her pocket. The tube will contain a tightly rolled sheet of E-paper that
can be spooled out of a slit in the tube as a flat sheet, for reading, and stored
again at the touch of a button.
Judging by recent developments in terms of display size and power
consumption in E-readers coming to market, the future of E-paper technology
is bright. In 10 to 20 years, consumers might see large E-paper modules that
are as thin and as flexible as magazines are today, with display brightness
approaching that of conventional print. In Heikenfeld’s imagined future, these
solar-powered devices will have touch interfaces, communication capabilities,
and be so energy efficient that changing them will be an afterthought. You
might click on an image in a story, and it will provide video or animation.
5. Motivation
Today, paper remains the most popular document medium because of its
credibility, tangibility, ease of use, flexibility, portability, and compatibility
which has made it difficult to replace. Even with the prevalence of computers
Dept. of ECE DSCE 12 April 2019
E Paper Technology
and online documents, the paperless office is more distant than when it was
proposed. With paper documents flowing at a faster pace than ever, the need
for more document management system becomes increasingly inevitable.
Electronic Paper offers several advantages over printed paper. For example
you can use electronic bookmarks, choose you preferred level of
magnification, you can also use search to find information quickly, you have
the option to print on to real paper if required. So reconsidering completely to
replace all paper documents with electronic documents, and consequently, we
predict a co-existence between paper and E-paper.
6. Technology
E paper is an electronic display device that posses the qualities of paper.
E paper display or EPD is known as electronic ink display .
The structure of E paper is shown in Fig 6.1
Fig 6.1 :Structure of E paper
E paper consists of three layers:
1. Sealing layer
2. E ink layer
3. Substrate conductor
Digital paper, otherwise known as e-paper, is often a display technology built
to mimic the appearance of everyday ink in writing. To assemble e-paper, a
Dept. of ECE DSCE 13 April 2019
E Paper Technology
number of different technologies occur, some applying plastic substrate as well
as electronics so the display is actually flexible. E-paper is known as more
comfortable to read than typical displays. This is due to the stable image,
which doesn't have to always be refreshed constantly, the broader viewing
point of view, and the fact that it employs reflected background light.
Whilst it is light and portable and tough, it still lacks great colour
reproduction. The form a contrast ratio in accordance devices at the time of
2008 may very well be described as much like dirty paper, though newly-
developed implementations tend to be slightly superior.
Fig 6.2 : prototype of electronic paper display
Types of E paper display
Electrophoretic display
Electrowetting display
Electrofluidic display
Fig 6.3 Electrophoretic Arrangement
Dept. of ECE DSCE 14 April 2019
E Paper Technology
Fig 6.4 Electrophoretic display Fig 6.5 Modified electrophoteric display
Dept. of ECE DSCE 15 April 2019
E Paper Technology
Dept. of ECE, DSCE 13 April 2019
E Paper Technology
Dept. of ECE, DSCE 17 April 2019
E Paper Technology
8. Conclusion
Today, e-paper as a new generation of electronic products, though attracted
various research institutions, the media and people's attention, but whether
it can break through the bottleneck to achieve popularity remains to be
seen. To be sure, the development of e-paper will give traditional information
carrier a huge challenge, more in-depth and comprehensive impact on
digital publishing, and change the traditional way of reading E-paper’s
features on passive light and energy-saving effectively fill the lack of
mainstream displays market such as LCD, OLED, etc. Future development
trend will focus on several aspects of reducing cost, color, flexible, quick
response [5]. As long as colorize and dynamic of e-paper is improved and
cost reduction, it will quickly be applied to various fields, meet different
needs of users, then achieve meet human society saving, low-carbon, green,
environmental protection, sustainable development.
Finally ,we can conclude that E paper displays are the displays to the future
because they are very energy efficient,truly portable and can be used
universally in various fields in which electronic displays haven’t ventured till
now.
It can also be assumed that after few years this technology will eventually
replace paper and lead us to a “paperless” world.
Dept. of ECE, DSCE 18 April 2019
E Paper Technology
9. References
[1] Heikenfeld (2011). "A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic
paper". J. Soc. Inf. Display 19: 129. doi:10.1889/JSID19.2.129.
[2] Akwukwuma, V.V.N. and F.O. Chete. 2012. “Electronic-Paper: The Electronic Display of
the Future”. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 13(2):173-180.
Heikenfeld (2011). "A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic
paper". J. Soc. Inf. Display 19: 129. doi:10.1889/JSID19.2.129.
[3] Zhang, N. N., Gu, W., Xu, F. Q., & Yang, X. F. (2014). Electronic Paper Display
Technology and its Application Development. Advanced Materials Research, 926-930, 2333–
2336.doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.2333
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
[5] https://www.digitaltrends.com/features/the-future-of-electronic-paper/
[6] https://www.engpaper.com/e-paper-technology.html
[7] IJIRST || National Conference on Innovations in Micro-electronics, Signal Processing and
Communication Technologies (V-IMPACT-2016) February 2016 || ISSN: 2349-6010
Dept. of ECE, DSCE 19 April 2019