Past Paper 2013 Computer Networks

Short Questions
Q1: Differentiate between Time Division Multiplexing and
Frequency Division Multiplexing.
Ans: Time-division multiplexing
telecommunications for telegraphy systems in the late 19th century, but
found its most common application in digital telephony in the second half of
the 20th century.
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
It is a technique by which the
total bandwidth available in a communication medium is divided into a series
of non-overlapping (guard band provided) frequency sub-bands, each of
which is used to carry a separate signal. These sub-bands can be used
independently with completely different information streams, or used
dependently in the case of information sent in a parallel stream. This allows
a single transmission medium such as the radio spectrum, a cable or optical
fiber to be shared by multiple separate signals.
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)
is a method of combining
multiple signals on laser beams at various infrared (IR) wavelengths for
transmission along fiber optic media. Each laser is modulated by an
independent set of signals.
Q2: Draw and compare any two LAN topologies.
Ans:
1) Star Topology
Many home networks use the star topology. A star
network features a central connection point called a "hub" that may be a hub,
switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted
Pair (UTP) Ethernet.
Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but
a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer's network
access and not the entire LAN. (If the hub fails, however, the entire network also
fails.)
See the illustration of Star Network Topology.
 Advantages of a Star Topology
 Easy to install and wire.
 No disruptions to the network then connecting or removing devices.
 Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
Disadvantages of a Star Topology
 Requires more cable length than a linear topology.
 If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.
 More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the
concentrators.
The protocols used with star configurations are usually Ethernet or LocalTalk.
Token Ring uses a similar topology, called the star-wired ring.
Star-Wired Ring
A star-wired ring topology may appear (externally) to be the same as a star
topology. Internally, the MAU of a star-wired ring contains wiring that allows
information to pass from one device to another in a circle or ring (See fig. 3).
The Token Ring protocol uses a star-wired ring topology.
2) Bus Topology
Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a
computer) use a common backbone to connect all devices.
A single cable, the backbone functions as a shared communication medium that
devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. A device wanting to
communicate with another device on the network sends a broadcast message
onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended recipient actually
accepts and processes the message.
Ethernet bus topologies are relatively easy to install and don't require much
cabling compared to the alternatives. 10Base-2 ("ThinNet") and 10Base-5
 ("ThickNet") both were popular Ethernet cabling options many years ago for bus
topologies. However, bus networks work best with a limited number of devices.
If more than a few dozen computers are added to a network bus, performance
problems will likely result. In addition, if the backbone cable fails, the entire
network effectively becomes unusable.
See the illustration of Bus Network Topology.

Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology

 Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
 Requires less cable length than a star topology.
Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology
 Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.
 Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
 Difficult to identify the problem if the entire 87788888888888999u88u88
llll;l;;network shuts down.
 Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.
Q3: For a noiseless channel of bandwidth of 4kHz,if the signal
consists of 4 discrete levels, what could be the maximum data
rate?
Ans: For a noiseless channel, Nyquist theorem states:
Maximum data rate = 2*H*log2 V bits/sec
H = Bandwidth
V = No. of Levels
Maximum data rate= 2*4000*log2 4
 Maximum data rate=8000*log4/log2
Maximum data rate=8000*2
Maximum data rate=16000 bits/sec

Q4: We want to digitize a low pass analog signal having

bandwidth of 150 KHz, also there are 512 levels of
quantization used for samples.
i. What is the sampling rate for the signal (Hint: Nyquist
Sampling Theorem)
ii. What will be the bit rate of digital signal?
Ans:
i)

ii) BitRate=2*B*Log2L
BitRate=2*150000*log2 512
=2*150000*log(512)/(log2)
=2*150000*9
=2700Kbps
Q5: Encode the following bit stream, 01001101 with the
following coding schemes?
i. NRZ-I Encoding Scheme
ii. Manchester Encoding Scheme

Ans: For Manchester Encoding see past paper 2015.

NRZ-I Encoding Scheme:

Points:
 1. On encountering 0 in bit stream data stay of the same side and
move forward and don’t turn direction while encoding data in
NRZ-I Encoding Scheme.
2. On encountering 1 in bit stream data move to the opposite
direction and move forward while encoding data in NRZ-I
Encoding Scheme.

Long Questions
Q1 (a): Given a Remainder of 111,a data unit of
10110011,and a divisor of 1001, is there an error in data
unit?
Ans: See Past Paper 2015 solution for answer of this question
Q1 (b): Consider the class ‘B’ address: 170.110.88.0.We need
56 subnets in such a way that each subnet may host up to 32
hosts.
i. How many bits will be required for Subnet ID?
ii. How many usable subnets will be there?
iii. What will be subnet mask?
iv. What will be the address of 3rd host of 2nd subnet?

Ans: Class A 0-126 255.0.0.0

255
Class B 127-191 255.255.0.0
Class C 192-223 255.255.255.0
Class D 224-239
Class E 240-255

i) How many unusable subnets will be there?

Ans:
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

170 110 88 0
Bit form 10101010 01101110 01011000 00000000

255 255 0 0
Bit form 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 Default M.

2n -2`=need subnets
2n>=56+2
2n>=58
2n>=26
n=6
So, 6 bits are required for Subnet ID.
Bit form 11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000
So, Custom subnet mask is 255.255.252.0
ii) Network Address /Subnet Address
10101010 01101110 01011000 00000000
 11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000

10101010 01101110 01011000 000000000

So, Network Address is 170.110.88.0
iii)Number of Subnets
2^6=64
From which only 62 subnets are usable.(64-2)
iv) Number of Hosts pr Subnet
2^10-2=1024
From which only 1022 hosts are usable pr subnet (1024-2)
v) Subnet Block Address
Block address=256-252
=4

vi) Table of Subnets

Serial Subnet First Host Last Host IP Broadcast

No. Address IP Address Address Address
1 170.110.88.0 170.110.88.1 170.110.91.254 170.110.91.255
2 170.110.92.0 170.110.92.1 170.110.95.254 170.110.95.255
3 170.110.96.0 170.110.96.1 170.110.99.254 170.110.99.255
4 170.110.100.0 170.110.100.1 170.110.103.254 170.110.103.255
5 170.110.104.0 170.110.104.1 170.110.107.254 170.110.107.255
6 170.110.108.0 170.110.108.1 170.110.111.254 170.110.111.255
7 170.110.112.0 170.110.112.1 170.110.115.254 170.110.115.255
8 170.110.116.0 170.110.116.1 170.110.119.254 170.110.119.255

Host Range:

170.110.88.1 --- 170.110.91.254

Broadcast Address:
 170.110.91.255
vii) Address of 3 host of 2nd subnet:
rd

The address of address of 3rd host of 2nd subnet is 170.110.92.3

Q2 (a): Determine the level of sensitivity (‘High’, ’Low’) of each

application in the following table for given Parameters .
Ans:
Application Reliability Delay Jitter Bandwidth
Text Chart
File Transfer High Low Low Medium
Video Conferencing Low High High High
Web Access High Medium Low Medium

Q2 (b): From the following Network, maintain the vector

for the router ‘E’ using distance vector Routing Algorithm.

A B C D

E E F G H

I J K L

To A I F C
A 0 24 20 21
 B 12 36 31 28
C 25 18 19 0
D 40 27 8 24
E 8 10 12 6
F 23 20 0 40
G 18 31 6 31
H 17 20 17 19
I 21 0 14 22
J 9 11 7 10
K 24 22 22 24
L 29 33 9 9

Delays for:
EA=8 , EI=10 , EF=12 , EC=6

New estimated delays of vector E

Ans:
Line
A 8 A
B 20 A
C 6 C
D 30 C
E 0
F 12 F
G 18 F
H 25 A,C
I 10 I
J 16 C
K 30 C
L 15 C