Sermo a | PRACTICE | MAKES PERFECT | selec! OMS SOIS st = Complete Guide to Spanish Grammar De tM) = More than 3,500 Lively Exercise Questions and Answers = Includes Extensive Glossaries and Verb Tables hubistels hudi atrayendo cay, contrayendo ¢ has ha hemovw, Bee no) raul Ieee sliz fuerte gris nile Cuan iucho ningun Fetter jismo éque? pant tse EVAKe es ey egunialgo na die siempre ORs Morea] Wando?:pril lequndo terce thube he ro. vues | nese ce ‘ite PENT a sto) facil fata niciafelee=tel iaPRACTICE MAKES PERFECT Gilda Nissenberg, Ph.D. www. interesant.net McGraw Hill New York Chicago Sanfrancisco Lisbon Londen Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Sanjuan Seoul Singapore Sydney TorontoCopyright © 2004 by Gilda Nissenberg, Ph.D. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. 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Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/007144260%tau Professional Want to learn more? We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you'd like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here.Contents For more information about this title, click here. Introduction ix UNIT 1. UNIT 2. UNIT 3. UNIT 4. UNIT 5. UNIT 6. The Present Tense of Regular Verbs, Irregular Verbs, and Verbs with Spelling Changes 1 Regular Verbs in the Present Tense 2 When Is the Present Tense Used in Spanish? 4 Irregular Verbs in the Present'Tense 8 Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Present Tense 12 Dar, Haber, Hacer, and Tener in Expressions with a Special Meaning 14 The Present Tense of Verbs with Stem Changes 18 Verbs Ending in-ar and-er 18 Verbs Ending in -ir 22 Verbs Ending in -uir 24 Ser and Estar 27 Similarities and Differences Between Ser and Estar 27 When Is Ser Used in Spanish? 28 When Is Estar Used in Spanish? 30 Adjectives That Change Their Meaning When Used with Either Ser or Estar 32 Expressions with Estar 33 The Preterit Tense 35 Regular Verbs in the Preterit 35 When Is the Preterit Used in Spanish? 36 Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Preterit 39 Stem-Changing Verbs in the Pretenit 42 Irregular Verbs in the Preterit 44 Verbs with a Special Meaning im the Preterit 47 The Imperfect Tense 49 Formation of the Imperfect 49 Irregular Verbs in the Imperfect 51 When Is the Imperfect Used in Spanish? 52 The Imperfect and the Preterit in the Same Sentence 56 More About the Preterit and the Imperfect 59 Summary and Contrast of the Preterit and the Imperfect 59 Verbs with a Special Meaning: Ponerse, Volverse, and Hacerse 65 iiiiv Contents UNIT 7. UNIT 8 UNIT 9. UNIT 10. The Future and the Conditional The Future Tense 67 Irregular Verbs in the Future Tense 69 When Is the Future Tense Used in Spanish? 71 Other Ways of Expressing the Future in Spanish 73 The Conditional Mood 74 Irregular Verbs in the Conditional 76 When Is the Conditional Used in Spanish? 77 Other Uses of the Conditional: Conjecture im the Past and the Conditional in Contrary-to-Fact [Clauses 79 Reflexive Verbs and Reflexive Constructions Reflexive Verbs and Pronouns 82 More Reflexive Verbs 83 Reflexive Constructions with Stem-Changing and _ Irregular Verbs 84 The Use of Reflexive Verbs in Spanish 85 Verbs That Change Meanmg When Used as _ Reflexive Verbs 86 The Commands in Reflexive Constructions 88 The Infinitive and Present Participle in Reflexive Constructions 389 Reflexive Constructions in Reciprocal Actions 91 How to Express to Become in Spanish 92 The Reflexive Construction in Other Tenses 94 The Progressive Tenses The Forms of the Present Participle in Regular, Irregular, and Stem-Changing Verbs 95 Placement of Reflexive Pronouns and Other Object Pronouns with the Present Participle 98 When Is the Present Progressive Used m Spanish? 99 The Progressive Forms in Other Tenses 100 Verbs of Motion in Progressive Tenses 101 Present Participle: Spanish Compared to English 102 Compound Tenses: The Present Perfect and the Past Perfect The Present Perfect 104 Past Participles Ending in -ido and = Irregular Past Participles 106 When Is the Present Perfect Tense Used in Spanish? 109 The Past Perfect or Pluperfect 110 When Is the Past Perfect Used in Spanish? 111 Other Compound Tense Forms: The Preterit Perfect 113 When Is the Preterit Perfect Tense Used in Spanish? 113 Haber + a Participle: The Spanish Equivalent of the Perfect Infinitive 114 When Is the Infinitive of Haber + a Participle Used in Spanish? 114 67 81 95 104UNIT 11. UNIT 12. UNIT 13. UNIT 14. UNIT 15. Contents v Compound Tenses: The Future Perfect and the Conditional Perfect 15 The Future Perfect 115 When Is the Future Perfect Used in Spanish? 117 The Conditional Perfect 119 When Is the Conditional Perfect Used in Spanish? 121 The Passive Voice and Passive Constructions 124 The Passive Voice in Spanish 125 When Is the Passive Voice Used in Spanish? 126 The Passive Construction with the Pronoun Se_ 127 When Is_ the Passive Construction with Se Used in Spanish? 128 Impersonal Constructions Used to Substitute for Passive Constructions 130 The Subjunctive Mood: The Present and the Present Perfect Subjunctive Tenses in Noun Clauses 131 The Subjunctive Mood: The Present Subjunctive 131 Formation of the Present Subjunctive 133 Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Present Subjunctive 134 Verbs with Stem Changes in the Present Subjunctive 135 Irregular Verbs m the Present Indicative and in the Present Subjunctive 138 Irregular Verbs in the Present Subjunctive 139 When Is the Present Subjunctive Used in Spanish? 140 Other Uses of the Present Subjunctive 143 The Present Perfect Subjunctive 145 When Is the Present Perfect Subjunctive Used in Spanish? 146 More Uses of the Subjunctive: Adverb and Relative Clauses 148 The Subjunctive in Adverb Clauses 148 When Is the Subjunctive Used in Dependent Adverb Clauses in Spanish? 149 Expressions That May or May Not Require the Subjunctive 151 When Is the Subjunctive Not Used in Dependent Adverb Clauses in Spanish? 153 More Uses of the Subjunctive: The Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses 155 When Is the Subjunctive Used in Adjective Clauses? 156 Other Uses of the Subjunctive 159 The Subjunctive Mood Past Tenses: The Imperfect and the Pluperfect Subjunctive 162 The Imperfect Subjunctive 163 When Is the Imperfect Subjunctive Used in Spanish? 165 Other Uses of the Imperfect Subjunctive 167 The Pluperfect Subjunctive 168 When Is the Pluperfect Subjunctive Used in Spanish? 169 Other Uses of the Pluperfect Subjunctive 170 The Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive in Contrary-to-Fact Conditional Clauses 171vi Contents UNIT 16. UNIT 17. UNIT 18. UNIT 19. The Commands 175 Formal or Polite Commands 176 Formal Commands, Irregular Forms 178 When Are Formal Commands Used in Spanish? 179 Informal (Ta) Affirmative Command Forms 181 Irregular Forms of the Familiar Ta Command = 182 Tu Negative Command Forms 183 Plural Familiar (Vosotros) Affirmative Command Forms 184 Vosotros Negative Command Forms 185 Irregular Negative Vosotros Forms 185 When Are Informal (Ta) Commands Used in Spanish? 186 Commands and the Position of Reflexive and Object Pronouns 186 Other Ways of Expressmg a Command (Nosotros) 187 The Infinitive Used asaGommand 189 Nouns and Articles 190 Gender of Nouns in Spanish: Endings of Nouns 190 Masculine Nouns and Their Endings in Spanish 190 Feminine Nouns and Their Endings in Spanish 192 Other Endings to Consider for the Gender of Nouns 193 Other Nouns and Their Gender 195 Plural of Nouns 199 Definite Articles 201 When Are Definite Articles Used in Spanish? 202 When Are Definite Articles Omitted in Spanish? 205 Lo, the Neuter Article 206 Indefinite Articles 207 When Are Indefinite Articles Used in Spanish? 208 When Are Indefinite Articles Not Used in Spanish? 209 Adjectives 211 Gender and Number of Adjectives in Spanish 211 Where Are Adjectives Placed in Spanish? 215 Other Adjective Forms Used Before Nouns: The Shortened Forms 217 Other Considerations About the Position of Adjectives 218 Words That Function as Adjectives 219 Comparatives and Superlatives 220 Irregular Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 223 Other Comparisons 223 Personal Pronouns 225 Subject Pronouns 225 Uses of the Subject Pronouns 226 Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions 229 When Are Prepositional Pronouns Used in Spanish? 229 Direct Object Pronouns 231 When Are Direct Object Pronouns Used in Spanish? 231 Indirect Object Pronouns 235 Where Are Indirect Object Pronouns Placed? 235 Double Object Pronouns 239UNIT 20. UNIT 21. UNIT 22. UNIT 23. Contents How Are Double Object Pronouns Used in Spanish? 239 The Indirect Object Pronoun with Gustar and Other Verbs 241 Relative Pronouns Que: When Is_ the Relative Pronoun Que Used in Spanish? 245 Quien: When Is the Relative Pronoun Quien Used in Spanish? 247 El que and El cual: When Are the Relative Pronouns El que and El cual and Their Forms Used in Spanish? 248 Lo que and Lo cual: When Are the Relative Pronouns Lo que and Lo cual Used in Spanish? 249 Relative Pronouns After Prepositions 251 Cuyo, Cuya: When Are the Relative Adjectives Cuyo, Cuya Used in Spanish? 252 Possessive and Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns 253 Possessive Adjective Forms: The Short Forms and the Long Forms 253 When Are the Short and Long Forms of the Possessive Adjectives Used in Spanish? 257 Possessive Pronouns 258 Demonstrative Adjectives 260 When Are the Different Forms of the Demonstrative Adjectives Used in Spanish? 261 Demonstrative Pronouns 263 The Neuter Forms of the Demonstrative Pronouns 264 Adverbs Adverb Forms in Spanish 266 Compound Adverbs 269 Other Adverb Forms: Adyerbial Expressions 271 Adjectives and Nouns Used as Adverbs 273 Comparisons with Adverbs 274 When Are Adverbs Used in Spanish? 274 Prepositions Frequently Used Prepositions in Spanish 277 Relationships of Commonly Used Prepositions and Compound Prepositions 280 The Preposition aand the Personala 282 Uses of Prepositions and Their English Equivalents 2383 The Uses of paraand por 284 Por in Common Idiomatic Expressions 287 Verbs That Require the Preposition a or de + an Infinitive in Spanish 290 Verbs with Other Prepositions 291 Verbs That Require a Preposition in English but Not in Spanish 292 vii 244 253 266 276viii Contents UNIT 24. Indefinite and Negative Words and Expressions Indefinite and Negative Words in Spanish 294 When Are Indefinite and Negative Words Spanish? 295 Other Negative Expressions 298 The Conjunctions pero and sino and Expressions 298 When Are pero and sino Used in Spanish? 299 UNIT 25. Interrogative and Exclamatory Words Interrogative Words and Expressions 301 Interrogative Words in Spanish 301 Other Uses of Interrogative Words and Expressions 302 Used in Negative ¢Para qué? ¢Por qué? When Are They Used im Spanish? 304 Interrogative Words and Expressions in Questions 305 Exclamations 306 UNIT 26. Numbers Cardinal Numbers 308 When Do We Use Cardinal Numbers? 310 Ordinal Numbers 313 Other Numbers: Fractions and Multiple Numbers 315 Verb Tables Glossaries Spanish-English Glossary English-Spanish Glossary Answer Key Indirect 293 301 308 317 324 332Introduction Practice Makes Perfect: Complete Spanish Grammar is designed as a tool for review and advancement in the language for the advanced beginner and intermediate learner of Spanish. In each unit, clear grammar explanations include comparisons with English grammar followed by practical examples and exercises that provide ample practice of the material and appropriate, useful vocabulary. Instructions in Spanish for the exercises prepare the learner to anticipate the task that follows while practicing yocabulary in context. The variety of exercises suits different learn- ing styles and includes open-ended exercises to encourage the learner to produce creative answers and increase confidence in using Spanish for daily communication. Each unit can be studied independently to suit individual needs in a specific area and to provide opportunities to learn and review Spanish grammar for those who need additional practice at the high school or college level or for those wishing to continue to learn Spanish. Learning another language requires dedication, time, and, ultimately, frequent practice. Using what the students already know, making connections with their first language, and building on that base strengthen the foundation on which to advance their learning. For this reason, the vocabulary selected includes numerous cognates of English words, giving the advanced begin- ner and intermediate learners ample opportunities to remforce what they already know while advancing their knowledge of Spanish. New vocabulary is incorporated within the exercises or is highlighted in boxes. The glossaries include words appropriate to this level of learner and make it easy to quickly review or learn new vocabulary. Finally, the verb charts serve as a quick grammar reference. Copyright © 2004 by Gilda Nissenberg. Click here for terms of use.This page intentionally left blank.The Present Tense of Regular Verbs, Irregular Verbs, and Verbs with Spelling Changes Before studying the present tense of Spanish verbs, let’s review some grammatical terms you will find in the units related to verbs. ‘To conjugate a verb in the present tense or in any other tense, you will need the root of a verb and the particular ending that ex- presses information about the action you wish to communicate. You will find the root (or radical) of the verb in its infinitive form. It is easy to spot an infinitive in English because it is preceded by the word to: to shop, to learn, to receive, etc. Infinitives in Spanish are not preceded by a particular word but can be recognized by one of three endings: -ar, -er, or -ir. The infinitive endings are attached to the root of the verb: habl + ar, beb + er, decid + ir. The three groups of infinitives are called the first, second, and third conjugation, respectively. To conjugate a yerb in Spanish, drop the -ar, -er, or -ir and replace it with the corresponding end- ing that agrees with the subject doing the action. Vendo pélizas de seguro. I sell life insurance. Because conjugation endings tell who the subject is, subject pro- nouns in Spanish are usually omitted. The -o of the form vendo reveals the subject is yo (Z). But conjugated verb endings tell more than just who does the action. Usually, these endings tell the tense (or time) actions take place: the present, past, or future. Sales muy temprano. You leave very early. Sales (you leave) is like vendo (J sell); each indicates an action in the present. The -es ending can only refer to the person ta in the Copyright © 2004 by Gilda Nissenberg. Click here for terms of use.2 Complete Spanish Grammar present tense of the indicative mood. However, endings convey additional information. With vendo and sales, the speaker indicates that these actions are perceived as a fact or reality: J sell; you leave. This is called the indicative mood (modo indicativo) of the verb. The mood expresses the attitude of the speaker. The examples vendo and sales are in the indicative mood because these verbs communicate actions perceived as factual or real. Later on, you will study other moods, such as subjunctive, conditional, and imperative. Thus, the endings attached to the stem ofa verb hold a lot of information: who does the action, when it takes place, and the attitude or perception of the speaker. Regular Verbs in the Present Tense ‘To form the present tense, drop the -ar, -er, or -ir from the root (or radical) of the infinitive, and add the ending that corresponds to the subject. The following verbs can be used as models for all regular verbs in the present tense. comprar (to buy) aprender (to learn) recibir (to receive) SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL compro compramos aprendo aprendemos recibo recibimos L buy we buy J learn we learn L receive we weeive compras comprais aprendes aprendéis recibes recibis you (fam.) buy you buy you (fam.) learn you learn you ( fam.) receve you receive compra compran aprende aprenden recibe reciben he/she/it buys, they buy, he[she/it learns, _ they learn, he/she/it vecewves, they receive, you (for) buy you buy you (for) learn you learn you (for) receive you receive In the following conjugations, note the subject pronouns, as well as the English equivalents: yo compro L buy, am buying, do buy ta compras you (familiar singular) buy, are buying, do buy él compra he buys, is buying, does buy ella compra she buys, is buying, does buy usted (Ud.) compra you (formal singular) buy, are buying, do buy nosotros compramos we (masculine) buy, are buying, do buy nosotras compramos we (feminine) buy, are buying, do buy vosotros comprais you (nasculine plural) buy, are buying, do buy vosotras comprais you (feminine plural) buy, are buying, do buy ellos compran they (masculine) buy, are buying, do buy ellas compran they (feminine) buy, are buying, do buy ustedes (Uds.) compran you (formal plural) buy, are buying, do buy Study the conjugations above and remember that: ¢ the first-person singular yo has the same ending in all three conjugations. ¢ in the -er and ie, o > ue, etc., following the infinitive in the entry. For example: empezar (e > ie) tells you the present tense is empiezo, empiezas, etc. Stem-changing verbs are grouped according to the infinitive end- ings and the patterns of change in the stem vowels. Several lists of stem-changing verbs appear in this unit for you to use as reference and vocabulary building. You will see (-se) attached to some of the infinitives, indicating they are used as reflexive verbs with the reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os, se). You may wish to review the unit on reflexive verbs (Unit 8) as you study stem-changing verbs. Verbs Ending in -ar and -er ¢ -Ar and -er stem-changing verbs with the stem vowel e change to ie. Remember that the stem changes occur in all forms except the plural forms nosotros and vosotros. Copyright © 2004 by Gilda Nissenberg. Click here for terms of use.The Present Tense of Verbs with Stem Changes 19 cerrar (to close) querer (to love, want) cierro cierras cierra cerramos quiero queremos cerrais quieres queréis cierran quiere quieren The following is a list of commonly used verbs that follow the pattern of cerrar and querer: -ar -er acertar to guess defender to defend atravesar to cross (over) descender to descend, go down comenzar to start, begin encender to light up confesar to confess entender to understand despertar(se) to wake up perder to lose, miss empezar to start, begin encerrar to lock in, contain fregar to wash dishes; to scrub gobernar to govern, rule helar to freeze negar to deny nevar to snow pensar (en) to think (of, about) recomendar to recommend, advise remendar to mend, patch sentar(se) to sit down, seat (oneself) tropezar (con) to stumble (into, across) Keep in mind that helar and nevar are impersonal verbs used in the third-person singular only. Podemos esquiar si nieva. We can ski ifit snows. La carretera es peligrosa cuando hiela. The road is dangerous when it freezes. im: Practica. Completa la oracién con la forma apropiada del verbo entre paréntesis. 1. 2. 3. En invierno, yo — El camarero no — éQuién — Ustedes si . El presidente de Brasil — Kelly siempre — . El guardia (preferir) esquiar. (recomendar) el pescado. (encender) el fuego en la hoguera (fireplace)? (entender) las instrucciones del profesor. (gobernar) con la aprobacién del congreso. (pensar) antes de responder. (cerrar) las puertas del palacio.20 Complete Spanish Grammar 2-2 éQué hacen estas personas? Choose the infinitive that fits the message of the sentence. Then write the appropriate form of the present. comenzar defender 1. El presidente 2. El abogado 3. 2A qué hora 4. Cuando 5. zQuién no 6. Nosotros entender helar gobernar sentarse desde la Casa Blanca. al acusado ante el jurado (jury). el partido de béishbol? las temperaturas descienden. la pregunta? en el salon para ver la television. e -Ar and -er stem-changing verbs with the stem vowel o change to ue. contar (to count; to tell, retell) volver (to return) cuento cuentas cuenta contamos contais cuentan vuelyo vuelves vuelve volvemos volvéis vuelyen The following is a list of commonly used -ar and -er verbs that follow the pattern of contar and volver: -ar -er acordar(se) de to remember conmover to move (emotionally) acostar (se) to go to bed devolver to return (something) almorzar to eat lunch doler to hurt aprobar to approve llover to rain colgar to hang (up) morder to bite costar to cost mover to move (an object) demostrar to demonstrate; to prove oler to smell encontrar to find poder to be able to jugar (a) to play (a game or sport) resolver to solve mostrar to show revolver to shake probar (se) to try; to taste; to try on soler to be accustomed to recordar to remember rogar to beg sonar to ring, sound sonar (con) to dream tronar to thunder volar to flyThe Present Tense of Verbs with Stem Changes 21 Keep in mind the following: © Jugar (to play [a game or sport]) isa ustem verb conjugated like contar. (It is the only u > ue stem-changing verb in Spanish.) e Spanish spelling rules require h to precede all present tense forms of oler, except nosotros and vosotros: huelo, hueles, etc. ¢ Llover and tronar are usually used in the third-person singular only, Ilueve (it’s raining) and truena (it’s thundering) except when used in figurative speech. Le llueven proposiciones de negocios. The business propositions are pouring in. ¢ Some stem-changing verbs have spelling changes as well. Torcer(se) , to twist, and cocer, to cook, change the stem o to ue and the yo form follows the pattern of -cer verbs with spelling changes. Me tuerzo el pie si no tengo cuidado. LU twist my foot if Lam not careful. Si cuezo los vegetales, podemos comer If] cook the vegetables, we can eat soon. pronto. 2-3 De vacaciones en la playa. Escribe la forma apropiada del verbo entre paréntesis. 1. Burt y yo ________ (poder) descansar durante las vacaciones de verano. . Lejos de la playa, una habitacién en el “Hotel Novoa” no __________ (costar) mucho. Mi agente de viajes siempre _____ (encontrar) tarifas (rates) especiales. (soler) almorzar al mediodia. . Cuando estoy de vacaciones ______ (almorzar) mas tarde. (jugar) al tenis por las mananas. (Ilover), voy al gimnasio. Burt y yo ________ (recordar) nuestras vacaciones en Puerto Rico. 2-4 En espanol. 1. Itis thundermg. 2. Iremember (recordar). 3. It costs ten dollars.22 Complete Spanish Grammar 4. She wraps the gift. 5. Silvia counts the bills. 6. We play now. 7. You (ta) show the photo. 8. They smell the flowers. Verbs Ending in -ir In the present tense, stem-changing verbs ending in ir are grouped in one of three patterns according to the change in the stem vowel: e to ie, o to ue, and e toi. As with all stem-changing verbs, the changes occur in all forms except the plural forms nosotros and vosotros. ¢ «ir verbs with stem vowel e change to ie preferir (to prefer) prefiero preferimos prefieres preferis prefiere prefieren Verbs like preferir advertir to notify, earn presentir to forebode, predict convertir to convert referir (se) a to refer to divertir (se) to have a good time sentir to regret hervir to boil sentir (se) to feel mentir to lie 2-5 Prdctica. Usa la forma apropiada del verbo entre paréntesis. 1. Elsa ___.________ (preferir) café. 2. Ese hombre 3. Los jugadores 4. Los funcionarios del gobierno (mentir). (presentir) ya la victoria. 5. {Ta ________—s (mentir)! 6. Yo sO(seentir) mucho su ausencia. (advertir) el peligro a la poblacién.The Present Tense of Verbs with Stem Changes 23 7. Por qué Uds. no ___ (convertir) los délares a pesos? 8. La nota en el libro ___ (referir) ala pagina 225. 2-6 En espanol. 1. The water boils (is boiling). 2. Martha doesn’t lie. 3. He feels fine. 4. They have a good time. 5. You (Ud.) are lying. 6. We prefer to play chess (ajedrez). ° -ir verbs with the stem vowel o change to ue dormir (to sleep) duermo dormimos duermes dormis duerme duermen Morir (se) (to die) is conjugated like dormir. -ir stem vowel changes e toi pedir (to ask for, request) pido pedimos pides pedis pide piden Verbs that follow the conjugation pattern of pedir are: despedir to fire (from a job) repetir to repeat despedir(se) to say good-bye seguir to follow; to continue impedir to avoid, prevent servir to serve medir to measure sonreir (se) to smile perseguir to pursue; to follow vestir(se) to dress; to get dressed reirse (de) to laugh; to make fun (of) Note the spelling changes of seguir and its compounds where the soft g sound is followed by e: sigues, sigue, siguen. All forms of reir and sonreir have an accent mark on the stem vowel i.24 Complete Spanish Grammar 2-7 Practica. En espanol. Usa el presente. 1 2. . You (ta) measure the fabric (la tela). I always follow the rules. . She laughs. . The flight attendant repeats the instructions. . Gloria says good-bye. . The manager fires incompetent employees. Who serves dinner? 2-8 Pareados. Escribe la letra que corresponde para completar la idea. —_____ 1. La camarera a. se despiden antes de subir al avidn. —_—_— 2. Los soldados b. sirve unos refrescos. —_— 3. El cliente c. se visten para entrar a la sala de operaciones. —__— 4. Los viajeros d. siguen a su lider. _____ 5. Las enfermeras e. pide flan de postre. —____— 6. El policia f. impide el robo. Verbs Ending in -wir ¢ Verbs ending in -uir add a y following the u in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros forms. The indication (y) reminds you of this change in verb lists and glossaries. incluir (to include) incluyo incluimos incluyes incluis incluye incluyen Note that verbs ending in -guir are not included in this group.The Present Tense of Verbs with Stem Changes 25 Verbs that follow the pattern of incluir: atribuir concluir contribuir destruir 2-4 ¢ Verdadero o falso? —__— 2. Los huracanes destruyen Arboles. 1. Generalmente, un policia distribuye el correo. 210 to attribute to conclude to contribute to destroy La comida influye en la salud. La ciencia contribuye al progreso. Tu turno. Responde en espanol. 1. distribuir buir influir sustituir aInfluye la opinion de tus amigos en tus decisiones? +1 ¢ Verdadero o falso? —__— 1. Colgamos la ropa en el armario. . éConcluyes tus tareas a tiempo? . ¢Huyes de tus responsabilidades? . éAtribuyes tus problemas a la falta de tiempo? —_— 2. Los perros vuelan. . ¢Contribuyes con tus ideas o tu tiempo a tu comunidad? to distribute to flee to influence to substitute . La temporada de fatbol americano concluye en octubre. Las vitaminas sustituyen la comida saludable (healthy). _____ 3. Después de terminar mi llamada de teléfono, cuelgo.