Lab Report 1

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

GROUP MEMBERS:-
ABDUL MOIZ 18-ME-007
M.DANIYAL BAIG 18-ME-027
ABDUL RAHEEM 18-ME-035

Dated:
16th, December 19
DEMONSTRATION OF TOGGLE JOINT APPARATUS

Objectives:
i. Determination of Mechanical Advantage of Toggle Joint
Apparatus experimentally and theoretically.
ii. Comparison of experimental and theoretical results.
Apparatus:

 Frame Structure apparatus


 Loads
 Hangers
 Measuring tape

Theoretical Background:

Toggle joint is a joint made of two arms attached by a pivot shaped


like elbow, allowing force to be exerted at the ends of the arms as the
joint is expanded.
The apparatus is designed to evaluate forces within a toggle
mechanism. Load is applied to the two pairs of links by a hanger
suspended from their connecting pivot. One end of the links is pivoted
to a base, and the other end is able to move sideways on low friction
ball bearings wheels. The moving links are restrained by a horizontal
spring balance, which measures the horizontal reaction directly. The
angle of the toggle can be varied.
Adjustment is provided for returning the geometry of the loaded
toggle to its original unloaded state before taking measurements. The
supporting blocks are not supplied.
Procedure:
First of all, set the apparatus and find the initial values of force in
members without any loading. Note the distance between the fixed
and the moveable end ‘D’ and the height ‘H’.
Attach the hanger and apply some load over it and note the force ‘F’ it
exerts. Measure the length between the fixed and moveable end and
height. (Both differ slightly from their initial conditions)
Calculate the mechanical advantage (which is the ratio of output to
input) first theoretically and then experimentally by using following
formulas:
𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭
𝐌𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 = ⁄𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭

𝐅 𝐃
𝐌. 𝐀𝐓𝐡 = 𝐌. 𝐀𝐄𝐱𝐩 =
𝐏 𝟒𝐇

Observation and Calculations:


F D H P Mechanical Advantage
%error
(g) (cm) (cm) (kg) Theoretical Experimental
2550 76.5 48.5 6 0.42 0.394 6.19
2200 76.2 49 5 0.44 0.388 11.81
2000 76 49.4 4 0.49 0.384 21.6
F
M. ATh =
P
2.550
M. ATh =
6

M. ATh = 0.42
D
M. AExp =
4H
76.5
M. AEx =
4∗48.5

M. AEx = 0.39

(M.A𝑇ℎ −M.Aexp )
Error = * 100
M.ATh

Error = 6.19 %

Comments:
At start of the experiment, it shows a considerable amount of error but
the value of error reduced as we perform experiment again. Usually
this type of error occurs due to not performing experiment correctly.
Applications:
Toggle joint can be used for long time as they have high strength to
weight ratio. Therefore, they found many applications in the
mechanical field. They are basically consisting of light weight
members combine together to form a rigid, valuable and strong truss.
They found their applications basically due to mechanical advantage.
 They are used in construction of buildings.
 In cycle and motorcycle frames, Roof of industrial buildings and
many others.

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