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The document summarizes the key components and working of an alternating current (AC) generator. It describes the construction of an AC generator which consists of a coil, magnetic field, slip rings, and brushes. It explains that an AC generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The generator produces an alternating current voltage that varies sinusoidally based on the coil's position relative to the magnetic field. Common applications of AC generators include power generation and distribution in homes, vehicles, and aircraft.

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SPS KUSHWAHA
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241 views15 pages

Phy Project

The document summarizes the key components and working of an alternating current (AC) generator. It describes the construction of an AC generator which consists of a coil, magnetic field, slip rings, and brushes. It explains that an AC generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The generator produces an alternating current voltage that varies sinusoidally based on the coil's position relative to the magnetic field. Common applications of AC generators include power generation and distribution in homes, vehicles, and aircraft.

Uploaded by

SPS KUSHWAHA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

 Certificate
 Introduction
 Principle of A.C. Generator
 Construction of A.C. Generator
 Theory
 Circuit Diagram
 Working of A.C. Generator
 Expression for Instaneous e.m.f. produced
 Result
 Applications of A.C. Generator
 Bibliography
Certificate
This is to certify that Shreya Kushwaha, a student of class
XII-A has successfully completed the project under the guidance of
Mr. Sanjeev (Physics Teacher) during the academic year 2019-20 in
partial fulfillment of chemistry practical examination conducted by
CBSE, New Delhi.

Signature of external examiner Signature of chemistry teacher


Introduction
A.C. Generator means Alternating current generator. It is a device
which is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
A.C. generator forces electric current to flow through an external
circuit. The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or
turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel,
an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank,
compressed air, or any other source of mechanical energy.
Principle of A.C. Generator
It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, i.e.,
whenever amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changes,
an e.m.f. is induced in the coil. The direction of current
induced is given by Fleming’s right hand rule.
Construction of A.C. generator
The A.C. Generator is consist of four main parts:

(1) THE COIL (ARMATURE) :


A rectangular coil ABCD consist of a large number of turns of copper
bound over a soft iron core is called armature. The soft iron core is used
to increase the magnetic flux. (2) MAGNETIC FIELD :
It is usually a permanent sponge magnet having concave poles. The
armature is rotated of a magnet so that axis of the armature is
perpendicular to magnetic field lines.
(3) SLIP RINGS :
Slip rings are the magnetic rings which are connected in the
terminal of the armature. These rings are rotated with the coil and
these are used to draw the current from the generator.

(4) BRUSHES :
The brushes B1 & B2 are just touch the slip rings. They are not rotating
with the coil and these brushes leads to the output of load resistance.

Theory
1. The strong magnetic field is produced by a current flow through the field coil of the
rotor.
2. The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through the use of slip rings and
brushes.
3. Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip rings to provide the continuous
connection between the field coil and external circuit.
4. The armature is contained within the windings of the stator and is connected to the
output.
5. Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one complete cycle of AC is
developed.
6. A generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots of the rotor.
7. The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC generator is dependent on the field
strength and speed of the rotor.
8. Most generators are operated at a constant speed; therefore, the generated voltage
depends on field excitation, or strength.
Circuit Diagram
Working of an A.C. Generator
The coil is rotated in anti-clock wise direction. In the first half
rotation the arm AB is moving outward and CD is moving inward. So
the e.m.f. is induced in the arm AB from A to B. And in the arm CD
from C to D. After half rotation (in the second half). The arm CD is
moving outward and AB is moving inward. In this time current is
induced in arm CD from D to C. And in arm AB from B to A. In the
second half rotation the current direction is changing so in this
generator AC is produced.
Expression for Instaneous e.m.f.
produced
Let position of the coil at any time t. It’s make angle with vertical. If
w is uniform angular speed of the coil.
Then =ωt

B be the strength of magnetic field n be the number of turns in the


coil and A area of the coil then magnetic flux with the coil in this
position is given by :

Φ = nBA Cosθ = nBA Cos ωt.


differentiate w.r.t. time :-

Maximum value of e.m.f.

say so 𝜺° ε = ε° sin(𝜔𝑡)
Result :-
Hence, maximum value of instantaneous e.m.f. in a AC
Generator is given by

𝜺 = 𝜺° sin(𝝎𝒕)
Applications of A.C. Generator
1. Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind generators, high speed gas
turbine generators.
2. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems, automotive starter
generators.
3. An ac generator, or 'alternator', is used to produce ac voltages for
transmission via the grid system or, locally, as portable generators.
4. All of our household appliances runs on ac current.
Ex: Refrigerator, washing machines, oven, lights, fan etc.
5. The main advantage of AC is ease of power distribution. It is more
efficient to use high voltage to distribute power, but it is not safe to
have high voltage at home. It is easy to step up (and step down) AC
voltage using a transformer.
Bibliography
• CBSE Lab manual

• Help of Physics Teacher

• NCERT Textbook

• Websites:-

www.google.com www.wikipedia.com

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