Proceedings of the

Indian History
Congress

71st Session
Malda 2010-11

INDIAN HISTORY CONGRESS

Kolkata, 2UU
 ii

LIST OF OFFICE BEARliRSAND MEMBERS,

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
2010-2011

Published by General President : Professor An iruddhii R;t> (Kulkata)

Amu Randopadhyay Vice Fr«sid«ntS : Professor K.N, Panikkar ( I hi mvaonnlhnpuramj

Secretary Professor I r Pari Hnbib (Aligarh)
Indian History Congress Secretary : P ro fc s so r Aru n Baralopad 1
way ( Kol kal a)
Departmenl of History Treasurer : Dr. Raj Siikhai Basil (Kolkata)
University of Kolkata Joint Secretary : Professor S.Z.H. J afri (Ddhi)
Kolkala Professor V Kunhali (Kerala)

Memhers:
Dr. C. Balan (Kerala)
Professor Ramakrishii;) Chatterjee (West Bengal)
Dr. Sudiandra Gliush (West Bengal)
© Indian History Congress, 201 Dr. JiihrtabiGogoi Nath (Assam)
Dr. NnjarJI;iidsr (DelliiJ

Professor Onkar Prasad Jaywwal (Bihar)

Professor Bisvuambhar Jha (Bihar)
Dr Govind Trimbak Kulkami (Maharastra)
Pro lessor Kuby Maloni (Mumbai)
Professor Raines war Mishra (Bihar)
ISSN 2249-1937 Professor Sbireen Mocsvi (Aligarh)
Professor R. P. Rona (Delhi)
Professor S. N. R. Rizvi (Allahabad)
Professor Bhairab-t Pra^d Sahu (Delhi)
Dr. Radii ika Seshan (Maharastra)
Professor Brij Ki shore. Sharoia (Rajasthan)
Professor Jogi inter Sinijh (Punjab)
Dr. S. Srinaih (Andhra)
Professor V, Subbarayalti (Tamilnadu)
Professor Kcstwan VclutluU (Dei hi)
!

J
igarh Historians Society and piitited by Ratan Gupta
at
Type-set by A I

(he Lithn-Coiour Printers, G.T Road, Aligarh

 Sakyabiiikshu of Brom-e Image I riser ipl ions of Bengal (West Heng.tl
1 1 .

and BanglaicsJl)
ASM 2)90. Visva-Blarati
MS
Sarita Khetity.
CONTENTS 12. blcmeat of jjaiice -in tl'.e Nauativt Art of AinaravBli
154
Srejxisfti Hay Cfmtdh«rU AM-2294% Dakfhtnttw
Executive Committee (2009-10) Lii Educfli ion in Lar ly Midi iln A Re,in F rn is al
13 .

Biskwafnbhtr Jki. IM-M943. Darthungp

;

1 ™
Rules lor Award of Prizes for Best Papers v
14. A Iraditionnl Account im Yayuti Keshari — It3 1-DriUP ion and
Select Abbreviations vtl
Historical Authenticity

Preface l * Kailosli Chandra Das, LM-VOIM .

is. The 'Dilli-Killi' Legend of Pnlwiraja Rain and ihe Nomenclature

of (Ancitnt) Delhi
GENERAL PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS S.C Mshm, Delhi A MartUhd Agmhotri, Delhi .
I >9

An Approach Siudy of Morphology of Selected

to itie

Towns and Cities of Medieval Bengal, c. 15C0 to {727 SECTION-II

Anlruddha Ray, Kalkattt I (MEDIEVAL INDIA)
Sectional President's Address
SECTIOM-I
(ANCIENT INDIA) CuMural Smerests and Cuitributions of the Mughal Mobility
1*2
imilaz Ahmad, Pat mi
Sectional President's Address
16, Hi ndltt Under the Ghaznavids .

213
I're-Modcm InJimi Art Studios. Secular Spaces ami Artist & Jabir Hau*, AH-14353. AUfarh *

R.N. Mar*, Lwknow 2R

1 7. Atbar and tlic uargeJi of Ajner
32 <>
) .
Feticide in Ancient India. (F^ulicst Times to 1200 AD) MotVur Rahman Khan AM JU6i, D*Un
Vmesh Kumar Singh, 7M-0I4S6 51
/,
\i. Jahangir aad Muslim Theology - Discussions Reported in lb?

2. Geography of Rural Stlilcmcnls in iht Western Goduvari Region: c. Majalis-f Jah«n$iri

Re)V; Ahnut Khar,, A Ml 63/4. Ahgarh
236
AD 30fl Doc AD. IvOO
Shjuni jVflnyww Lai, LM-009!4, Jcmmu 59
19. Religious Traiifcrrralion of the Ahom Rtilcrs in ihc Crossroatt of

1 Rlcphuits. Ivory and Ivory Trade ( A Study in the Orissan Scltiiig M al . ijig A Un i fi ed Society in As wir.
Z4J
Dtifina the Ancient Pfriod) Diganta Kumar Sarma, Assam
ProfiiUa Kumar Mofwnty. LMW3S2. Mayitrhlianj, Orissa 7 1

Women and a Tl kuI ugj m r. flic Idcna and NaTnlivts of AbJulQjdir

20 .

4 Agriculture and Irrigation Of are Krishna-GudaTah Tract: An Qaiaanl

248
bpigtinlucal Analysis from the S* to the lO^Cermry CE Afiftwt Mimd AM-22496, Attgarh
Sabartii Prmnanik tfayttk. AM-22QV3, Koltata SO RdconOC to Pre-
3 J. Institution nf Sail in Medieval India with Special
>. Temple Service Croups in Ancient and Medieval Kcra'am Colonial Punjab
Anna Vtvgfreae, A M-23 13 7, A™ Delhi SS 3ha/cn Singh AM 2397 i. Chandigarh 256

6. Situating Tribnis in liuty 1 1 (Story of Karnataka 22, Relations of Kashmir whh Indian Tibet' in Mugfial 1 imes
Hamena iVayvka, WO 1272. Mangabn . W FarstmAsfitemAbgath
266
tPiufesior Vijay Kumar Thakar Memorial Prifcc)
23, A Note on Mirza Rnjab Jai SinrJi*s Pwandar and Bijariuj Campaiens
7. Knmargpii mid Bart* Bonnat: gilders landing lU-ir Politic! I
-An Unpublished l-'amiau 0>f AuraiigaeH S6S AD) ( !

Relationship QT. fTulkaml AM-! 2484, hm 274

Sucbatitltu Gkvih, AM- 1 7$32 ; y '10

24, From An lh To Radtiakund the J tistory of a Braj Village in Mughal Times
8. The Gcopolilical Movements. Power Centres aid the Slates: !r/an Hablh, AM-II7S7. Ahgarh 2S4
Understanding the Political Mapping of the Ruling Dynasties of
25 , Land: 0:auts io K amakliya Itmplt ufAsiaii i(A D 1 565- AD J$63|
."mi. i .i-i Astasn
AM 18043 Dibrugarh
A Study of the Changing State Policies
Xitrt/e Re™),. ,
1 1

300
Anvpama , Delhi
9 Change and Continuity in the Historical mid Cullmal tocography of
26, Siiuaiing Shersfiah in Jhajldiand
Kashmir from Nilanutfl Kurana lo Rajatanuigini 312
129 fndm Kumar Chvudhar}', LM-164S, RancM
Sufitan Jamwcl, LM-SS9, Jamma ,

The Kuras Revisited I

10.

A
Smlta fiafifor, 3240 Ml l< n
212 LHC Proceedings. 71 si Session, 2010-11

50 tttatir-i Ituhimi, vol.Jll. opdl . f.9.

HINDUS UNDER THE GHAZNAVIDS
J I Jinliaz Ahmad. niptfjIislKd do; ten 3 1 ihusi's tiled atn>vt, p. I &S. S, Jabir R:ixn
31 MmniF-e Ruftimt. vol.11 1, p: 1 2 1 fT."

IX >fti!i..^ J.ffpMWr. vol. I,

Mall mud of Ghaznin is usually depicted us an iconoclast
who dcslioycd
M I'olui^st Bte&vpkpofmklttgfrsi MnMw Mmwm
Alan Kban. hisloiians on boih si ks
Iqiidnr J"Ar

Wciv Delhi. I97.\ p .121. temples and inm£es in his zeal for Isliim. Communal
propel him as a religious fofiaiiciind a bigol Mnli:tni msd I toliib s inllucnliyily
.
!
5 . W RW >r jrf f taif™, vol.l I , pp I! 2-W
ijl'OliaKniit did subsiantially help to after the
popular
16 WlrJtir.i /ki/pjfljf. ycI.H1. p. 230.
work. Sultan Mahmud
projections of Sultan Maliinnd and projcciCLl lis
expeditions as motivated by
Aim tad. unpublished llivsi j, tiled aLio^t. p. 174.
rcccntb' Romila Thapar has shown thai the
} >. Inrliaz
avarice and greed. More 1

hy he
destruction of Somnath was a political act and was perceived
:> B. Mniix&~i Haktati, vel.l 1 1, P-23SIT. I

Jahanflrt. Enulisi TraajlalLori by Hone is and Ueverid^c. 2 volumes, ( Rcprinl). Delhi. snpplenieiil the Undine
50
conic in porarlcs in ikcscmo light? This paper seek^ to
(>f:w.£-i

|97S.(h231 by locking at the Persinn

;of boih Mohani mad Hibib and Romila Thapar
0. Joaim;s dc L.ei, 7fr# J&ipitW Owi Aftftkat. EHglitfa Tnaiktian hy J.S Ik viand
been cstensiycly utilicuJ
sources of (lie Ghaznavid period ?hai have not yet
;

(ft«prni) DelM, l9» p.li3J.

Medieval India, and siudying the actual position of Hindus
t

by historians of
i For a more detailed explanation ol H akin Ali Uilanis.expert mem. refer lolrfan HMb, op-sll,
within the Ghaxnavid empire, army and ailministralion.
I

p.147.
Sultans were able to lap trie rich resources of
ludiu in
43 \fii'n)ir-i tkthiMi. Viol INI, p. 23 9 IT, The Ghaziiavid
Bthcr, Pama. Treasure, tribute, aivd manpower (Soldiers and Slaves)
derived from
-1?. Fen devils, tofar 10 Q. Ah«ad, fVjr/iuj <>f Awto-- nn§ Fenian Imcrlptkua <>j icrnis t»f

various ptac* a of northcrr India In various Indian expeditions, Mahmud

1973.
and
war ibanbi) and slaves
U. Calheririj Aslicr. Arch enure urMi^is)
1
1 India, New Delhi, 1955. p-90. Masud. acquired uncounted Hindus as prisoners of
Ihanesar. Nandana.
15 Ahmad, open, yp. 78-70.
1
(hand*) to Chazflln from Lamghan, Pcshewnr. Dhatia.
1
Katinauj, Sarasali, Mausi and Sonepat. The
enslavement or Hindus siariett
if, S.A. Khan led.) Mtirxf>aJ! in Jmlia. London. 1 05 7 p . 7
eipttired many is
HUtoy oj Ihhvr, Vol.ll, part 2, ? 134 with Alpligin.^ followed by his successor Sabukiigin who
IV. S.H. Asian ai id (?, Ahnia d led. 1 e Utmpivhf/u ft i

prisoners of War (barda) at Lamghan. 3 Ln the battle of Peshawar, 100,000

RC Tenipls |fd.) toe Travels *f Ptier ifumly in Amu u»J A/rna,\o\.l\, Lomloi, i^R p 129.
Mahmud,* besides
18.
men and women were taken as slavei by Sultan
IP. Qtyaiiiuddin Ahmad, "Palni-AltmjibJtr!" in Pufiu Tlinivnh ttte Agei. Fa Ilia. p. 73. Aeeordmg to
I imduslialiiya ruler Jay pal h and filteen nieinhers of his family.'
Porcijn Traveller* Ob«*valioBi on Medieval nihst' Ptcsi denial Addr*ss,
1

SO. 1 111 1 la z Ahmad Farrufchi among were two wives and two daughters of the Shall
(he prisoners
Sibm liirui Puitliad (Sfvtwn II - Medieval iiihari, vjih *e»ton, 2006. p. 4. 1

with so many slaves

ruler,* Suliar; Mahmud returned to Ghaut in front Nandana
For a detailed coverage, Subash I'anhiir, Ifytfwi HontuttiU* to Pmjult and Haryvm>, slaves become so
Dial the capital became like a city of India. The Hindu
jit stse

Delhi, 15*3
drivers
n 2 -93 cheap that ev*n local porter* (hammal), swerpers (kannas). camel
IAj 'aiir itf-f !sw«r, vol. I, pp.1
f>mmal) and slave sellers (nakkhas) became mn3t0rs (fchwaja was khudaband)
5 2

H Ibid., vol. II. fOvS,

of the slaves.' Likewise, SJ.OOO capii ves wcie bought back from Kanntuj b\
M I bid , vol. I, pp. 525-26
Sultan Mahmud. Slaves merchants converged on Gliaznni
from Iraq.
(S I Is 1. 1 vol II. pp. 153- 54. I
\ Transjjdaria and khurasati smd slaves could be bought- for two to len rJirherHS."
>o . hioaxlr-t Hahi„„. vol.111, p.534(r. i*j
|
'
Actordms to Mbcruni in central A*ia (here wan a grsai demand of kumair
employed
J 7 AA? "(iirr »H/«iHW, voi.l, pf.S»«24. people of wukwakii island as slaves." In view ofAlberunl. the newly
servants were web versed in maimers and customs
bent Lhey showed
F8. For a tOf»d suiiiinnrizcd d^tussion cj <W>- laelors stc Abiaham l-raly in Hindu
Hinbe, /"Al* Mufful tonpln and its Dcdltit, They ever placed shoes before their master In a wrong order,
New Delhi. 2507. pp.Jl. 2j9. 2-H ?.nd AitJrea innate perversity.
Sufloll; 1 997, PD.S^-OO.g.l-Si.
the right one to the and Vice Versa. Likewise, in folding, they turned
left foot

their master's garments inside out and spread

the carpus $0 that the under
cultured Hindu
part is uppermost.' However, Pakbr-i-Mudabbir speaks of
1

slaves: Once Sultan Itariram Shah bought a Hindu

maidservant, who was

beautiful, refined, well bred and cultured."

good
The Hindus uulltvated numerous branches of science and were
astronomers, mathematicians and physicians. In bis tCUebaiSayadanah,
treatment
Alberuni explains that Hindu physicians employed a lippocratean I
 Medieval India 215
2)4 IHC: Proceedings, 7 1 si Session, 2010- If
force. Once Akhur Salar Piri commanded
ihc three
ihc t lindus served the elite
and used poisonous medicines. He ciled evidence rurn shed by the son of a i
Composed oflurks and
thief of Garde/- that his father suffered from chronic piles, The muslini ihousand imperial mounted soldiers \s(ivar-i-Sufuwi)
lindus in equal nam hers." in the Poffhang expedition, Sultan
Masud s army
physician or Gardes I r c d every kind of medicine but did not succeed. By
i
I

horses
chance a IIukJu physician happened lo examine his fcthcr and assured him of comprised utimernus tindu troops of infantry and cavalry with branded
I

USamir-i-dtighi) under llieii renowned Salars {commanders).^

cure- In a treatment* he cupped his father's back and the area of lhe kidneys
wings in the battle Held.
was rubbed hy the Indian aconite, drawing blood. When the wound began to lie Hindu soldiers were placed in different
I

ngaiiisi llak K.lian

"
heal i lie physician revived It. Tile treatment was repeated several times and Sulian place Hindu troops in Hie centre (qalb)
Mahmud
placed five hundred Hindu
his father's piles was cured. 1
* Likewise Gardezi in lain ui-Akhbar refers lo white in lhe baule of Sefkhas Sultan Masud
an incantation by a Hindu proving successful against snake bile.'* Regarding cavalrymen in lhe "rear wing' (SutffJ)."
his n position among Hindu scholars, Alberurai points out ihal in the
The slave corps of army was known as iilmtatiuin-i-S<w\i\\ he
imperial I

:"
beginning Kc stood in relation to tl e Hindu astronomers as a pupil, since he
slaves comprised Turks. Hindus and some Hajkb, probably Khurasums
was not acquainted with and traditional methods ©I use of Turks and Hindus
Kaik.ies in QahM Namah admires Solum Muhmud's
their peculiar national
science. In course of lime when albeTum began to clarify 10 them the basics
as palace goiifds ( gliti am an Sat ay whereby he ccnsiiiutly overavfed the
I
-i- \

J
nn which In is science res'.s, and pointed out some j tiles of logical deduction
Hindus hy means of Die Turks and the TurKs by
means of (be Hindus. lhe
and scientific methods, the Hindus flocked loecther around AJheruni BJld anonymous author of Tarlkh i Stetan tells us that to suppress lhe
revoti ai
showed eagerness ;o learn from him. They begun lo considered Allci uni a Siestan (ICO}). Sultan Mahmud seni his impcrtai
corps of palute ghotam
Sorcerer. They discussed his knowledge with their turned men atid termed contingents. They
1

{ghufam-i-Saray Aftthmwh, u.osi probable the Hindu

him as a Sea (Df knowledge).'*
behaved exircmely savagely sacking die Friday mosque o! Zarajg,
,

Clurctt.
There were also Hindus, in Gha/navirl service, huth in rivil :i\\A mil liny massacring lhe Muslims and also killing the C hristians in their
administration. The Gha/uavids had a multiracial army, but the cere of the Likewise Sultan M^sud Tilak lo suppress the revolt
icnl a J tindu Commander
army constituted mainly of Turk sand Hindus. Nizamul Mufk in Siyusat Natnah of Turkish Commander Lahore. The Hindu force defeated able
Veualligiu it

records thai Sultan Mahmud kept llie various nul ton a lilies. Turks. Hindus. Hie Turkish troops and Tilak ordered them to
mutilate such Turks as, happened
11
Khurasan is, Arabs. Ghurids and Dai tan is In their separate ciftnlc groups and to be the friends of Ycnalligin.
drew advantage from this diversity. ' Nimui ul-Mulk's account tinds support
1
for incarcerated
The liiidii contingents were used as an escort force
1

from Sutlan Main mud's army composition. As a governor. Mahmud collecled sympathising wilh ihc
Turkish Commanders for there was no fear of their
a large army comprised of Hindu: and ihc klialj j kuujioii lii» faliicr Sul ukn^in Aryans and
lurks- Sultan Mnjud overthrew iwo Turkish Commanders
i

in the (j :lU Je of Heart." As a ruler. Saltan Mahmud s arrny consisted chiefly

Asighligiil When Aiyaiuu, afitr much persunsion. come to lhe court
111 14)31 .

of Tajiks and Hindus in lite khan ids." And against Iluk khan,
fight against Hie
horn Hisdtittaa, tie v^as arrested hy the eliiefs of tlK Hindu
troops tftaqibOto-
J under Asiglui^io
ihc '-iili.ii marched to Elalkh with aslrong army composed of Turks. Hindus,
i-finuhum) wilh the support of 300 so Alien. Theollie. ":«. in
Lhnljis. Afghans mid Ghuzz. 2* the Suilan stipulated
was capiurcd and brought back to Gha/Jiiu. lot his sscori, 3

Tlie recruitment of I Itndu soldiers in the army of Muslim rulers dines that 500 of lhe Hindu cavalry and infantry
were lo accompany bim, ' hi die
Sahukiigin who
hack in Saffarids Tin Sn iTsirirl Yafpih b. Lain cmplnyeit a ciiiuin^eiil of Hindu same year (1011) Sultan Masud arrested his uncle Yusuf b.
three naq\hs
soldiers mulct Hie ofTurabil Hind. I, as lb* Salar~i~HundttanJlt I'ur
command was sent away lo a foi tress with a gurnd of three muqaditttta,
the Ghaznavids, -India served as the recruiting ground. Once Abdullah ami live hundred I lindo cavalry \saw»T-i-H\nih\\ to jollier with three thousand
^arali^iiL the then Salat-i-ghatfyatfMk\.9hart, suggested lo Sultan Mahmud iufanrry.
51

that If the Sultan desired, hemay made addition lo Hindu conlingcnh with Although 1 tindu Hoops were held lo be brave and loyal, lhe pour showing
0,000 foot soldiers and numerous cavalrymen.* Alheruni adds ihal the 5
against the Duyids and ai
of the Hindu contingents ul kirman (1034)
I

Karnala Hoops of kantatadesha (Karnataka) were enlisted in the army of Sultan Dandanqan against the Seljuqs seem lo have been Isolated occurrences.
In

Mahmud and were known as kan tiara." the kirman expedition, the Hindus formed one half of the
cavalry force, their
along with 50f)
The chain of command of the Hindu soldiers roHecied the general being 2000 Hindus, I&00 Turks mid 1000 kurds and Arabs
the commander Ahmad
hierarchy ol"Ghaoiavid army. Btflow ihc 1 lojib-i-nuisufg, ihc re was the
Lhe foot soldiers from each conlingetits. Jn the battle field,
Sipnhxalur-i-! fintJuiui followed hy s'Jtir-i* ifindium The Salars commanded Ali Noshiigin made every eflorts bul Ihc Hindus showed feebleness and fled,
the rninfatittiim, iht- nuifilts mid Ihc Kfmif ufltrri hoises. to ihc rest of the troops and Ahmad was forced lo abandon
The panic spread
the baltie field. The Hindus (led lo Siestan llrsl and (hen returned lo Olmznln.
The Hindu soldiers served the Uhaznavids boih as Ibolsoldicrs and
Baibaqi Beinf an eye witness. Informs us thai ihc chiefs of the Hindus were
cavalrymen Tilak as Sipalisylar-i-Hinduan commanded the Hindu troops
kept in lhe dispatch hall of the Oman
hXhalal at Sad llazara garden, liti
consisted of both cavalry and infantry. The Hindus and Dailamrs, as a
several severe orders from Sulian
permanent core, were prominent in lhe Gha/navtd infantry. As a cavalrymen. Said, the ^/ir f/[accoun(anl) brought (
 2\(> iHC: Pt acuudings, 7/st Session, 2010-
Medieval India 217
Musud, Finally, Ihe
Hindu chiefs {muqaddam) committed suicide
with their administration of the smaller
daggers (*a/ar<r) so that blond heganj flowing hands of the HiRUS." The chief
iir e;is in the
in tho kali. Baiharji and Hn
eivil omccr of Punjafi Qazi SHiraz appointed
Sfitd informed Ihe Sulci .bout ihe T ihtk as anil (la.\ eoJieciorJ
happenings. Sul.an Masud Said in anger who used to eoitect taxes from Ihe remote areas, Tilak was further prunioted
">x 'they should have used these daggers
at kimian". Rest of them
were to a post in Ihe eentral administration. He worked as tiuhir (seerelary)
and
treated severely, tut in the end they
were freed." lite Hindu troops incurred ^r./flpyVrntinterpreier) Jor the Hindus under iht WaiirAiiniad Hasan
similar dBgrace at Dandonqan when ihey Maimandi
fled before the Turkomans. loweve, 1 during the reign oC Sukah Mahmud. Tfie olher eivil official, Birhal
there the Hindus were not more culpuble had also
than the rest of the army. The Sultan been appointed secretary auti inierpreier
summoned the Hindus and rep,i,„ a nded them. The h>' Sultan Masud who daeed him
Hindu tinsteintuqaddams] nder Ahul Fazl Qaihaqi.*1
so omnly submitted that we are ashamed i

to speak before our lord ikhudtmand)

but. hifncL. our men were
hungry and our horses weak for ft s now tburmondi* The Hindus were employed both in eivi and military admin is rat ion. J I
i

Since we could
not liave sufficient flour a „d barley, especially during ihe
rCf^ll of Sultan Mahmud and his successor Sultan Masud.
Notwiihstanding what
has happened, as long as we Jive we shall
not be found deficit." The Sultan
Among the prominent Hindu governor and eommandcrs Ihe names of
lorgnve thcn> all." Sukhapah, Saundhrai, lajrai. Nalh and Tllak Stand Old conspicuously.
I

These
The (ihaznavid el*phant eorp was formed bommanders held a very high position under the Ghaznavid Sultans.
after the Indian expeditions
Ihere w
fl3 an nnperial elephant
stable [piSkhma] al Ghazmi and a Sultan Mahmud appoSnrcd Sukhupala us governor ofthe Ohamavid Indian
,stafTof
l.»J« elephant drivers was emphwed
under a muqqddam+ptlhanan who possesions in 1006. The contemporary chronicler Garde/i calls him'
He J the high rank ot i iajib." Saifud
fJatila Mahmird b. [hrahim. the governor
Sliukpai « WhrJe Ihe thirteenth centtiry writer fakhr-i-Mudabbir refers m
ol J unj.bC I07GJ,
orfiani^d^A^atKarmu ifand appointed a 1 tindu Chand him as 'Sandhaf which seems another variani ofthe name Sukkapala."
Raias S..perv, S or of that stable," Baihaqi However, the later historians record (he name more correctly as 4 '
.eeords (hat hi 1039. a group often 'Sukapala*
iurkoman horsemen sneaked into (he elepliani or 'Sulthapala Utbi omits the name and simply mentions his epithet 'Nawasa
siable al kundu/ in night after
killing toir Hindu loot Shall." which is being cJanlied oy Gardezi ivho records his original name as
soldiers. Tkey found a Hindu bo> asleep
on the neck
01 an elephant, Hie lurkomans drove the elephant Shukpafa N;ihas,r-i- Shah. 51 or. Sukhapala, the grandson ofthe Shah. As
away. Then they awake the for
boy and threatened to kill him ifhe would ,,ot Sukhap'flla's Muslim name after conversion, Jjrhodhuuni
rcecrs that he was
drive the elephant urckiy. By ti
mo/m,,g. they ltl d reached Sabiirg.™ and n, med Aah Saar. firiahia sn por(ed
f
handed the elephant to Daud Great P Jurhadhqani's evidence and twice eall
d.scredn was ir^urred by this affair,
for it was said that Ls there so much SukhapnlausAuh Saar." UtW calls him the scion of one ofthe Indian tings'
neglect amongst Ihtisc men (aulad-i-mulak-i-Hind). H l-irishia calls him 'the son of one of the tings of
thai ihey allow an elephant to be driven
off" The
natter was reported to Sultan M SSU J who Hi n d ( pi sa raja w - - II i u 1 1 \ h we vet. -a k hr- i- M u da b bi r Ki
was exceedingly vexed and severely ' I i
1
I 1
p c !y m en t to ns
I :
i I

r L b.,Led ihe drives > him as the gioiidsoa of laypala" {Nnhira-i-Shab Ja>pala>."
arnnial, to
( r itb«, t< llt) UJ ,d 0ldcrtd ollc k|c lJlp
.

^ (|

beRecovered from them. Some of lie Hindu elephant I

riders were (Jarrde^i imlorms us that Sukliapala was among she prisoners of war
ds^hasttsed Besides the regular army, dte/Hindu ^sal
chief, also supplied captured by Abu AH Simjuri iroin Malunud at Nishapor" Nazim suggests
he Ghazanvids u,tk additional troops in
liftel emergency. Bahrain thatSukhapala was probubly among those kiusjuen of Jaypala who
Shah were left
151) mt^epled Ihe Gburid chief Arm-ddi' whh
the contingents of the as hosiages with Sahnkiigiu m >8b-s7 alter the battle oi Lamgtian." it seems
Wdu V S th,cfs ™* M (hat Sabukligm sent thes; hostages of royal blood
syoried
;" «™<P Sub'q.tnily second lime Hindu
7 .he^bcl Ghaznavid governor Muhammad chiefs to Nisliapur to be placed in
Ha Mali.,,, against Sultan the custody of Mahmud, the then governor nr khurasau. However,
in April
Habram Shah. Ilie rebel governor is said to have
obtained themilhary au „nort 995 Mohmtid was driven out of Nisbapur by Ahu Ah Simjuri, The Vietor
mdu potentates/?™*
ol various
Oecastonally, the Hindu feudatory chiefs
7haJfku ,s and lc(uli chkfe of hj^^ „ took command of a flew elephants and few soldiers
ofthe Hindu Contingent."

.he Cha t „avid Sultans.

By a lro , ljr «
cuaim^nt Ol 2000 horse to serve Suttan Mahrnud«
USCd to send the Hindu iroops to
nm
(he JnrJian ^
Ahhcugh the Ja, 3 of
J
It more likefr that at this time, Sukhapala fell into the hands of Abu Mi
is

Simjuri and was converted to Islam by him.*' Shortly in July

atlaeked Mishapur and in a desperate battle many otlicers
395, Mahmud
of Abu Air Simjuri
Panjab and Smd were not on good terms u'ere made prisoners and were e\ehangc<J for
4th Sultan Mahmud, yd In the the elepbaills which lie had
reign ol Sultan MasuJ on the ealt of a v 1

llnrdu eu.umarider Tllak the Jat captured. Probably in these exchanged Irealy. Kukhapala was also released
coMirigent chrused the ,cbc! Turkish
commander Ycnalligin and killed him " and ih en joined the UhEtznav id armies*5
Ihe lull ti.i^ i kHokharoUarnmu
regior) formed the eorcof tf it> arnn
of the Sukhapalii accompanied Stdlan Makmtid
las irh^navid ruler Khusrau
Malik (1 1S4) in the s «,^g/ c against the in Mullan expedition ( I €'06),
Gnu.id and so was
bUllan Mliizuddin Muhammda b. Sam," in the contingents of Ihe Gtaavid
army when Mahmud, tmroate
to Mollan. inflicted crushing defcai on his kinsmen Anandapala in the Valley
As for civil adminislralion. Sultan Mahmud of roshawar. Sultan Mahmud then marched lo Mallon
stems to have followed the and captured the city.
principle established by Muhammad b,
Q
aa ini who had left the focal Meanwhile, he received ihe news of the irruption of llak Khan,
He hurried
 Medieval India 219
218 IHC: Proceedings, 7 1st Session, 2010-11
to attend the Ghaznavid courl again
and other faith to him Abu Ali persuaded Hajrai
back Ghaznin leaving the charge of the government of Multan
to Maudud recived Hajrai with all
Sukhapala, who was made him his deputy and sent him to Ghaznin. At Ghaznin, Sultan
Indian possessions in the hands of
favour. Thus, Hajrai rejoined ihc Ghaznavid army."'
Probably by appointing
and Vicegerent {nivabat wa khitafat} of India." Banlh 7*
Sukhapala as the first Ghaznavid viceroy of India, Sultan
Mahmud wanted to One of ihe Hindu commanders of Ghaznavid army was Banh,"
joined the
govern his Indian dominion by and Indian or aristocratic
background- The or Nalh.™ parentage is uncertain.*" It seems that Nalh
whose
such a high Mahmud 's reign and acted as Sator-Urtinduan
appointment ol Sukhapala, a convert scion of the 5 hah is. in Ghaznavid army during Sultan
the lost fortunes or ihe under Suhan masud.*
1

position gave him an opportunity to retrieve

co-ordinating with his Ahmad Yenaltlgia had
Hindushahiyas in the Peshawar valley, but Instead of In 1034, letters were received from Lahore
lhal
the other way." Taking campaign and had begun to rule
brother or cousin Anandapala, Sukhapala Choosed collected vast amount Of wealth in Banaras"
advantage of the prolonged struggle between Sultan
Mahmud and llak Khan, official or Panjab. in
independently and besieged Qa/.i Shirazi. ihe then civil
winter (December, news. Sultan Masud sent the Hindu
Sukhapala abjured Islam and raised the standard of revolt in the fort of Mandkakur." On receiving this
at the instigation of liak against
1007) It seems that Sukhapala might have rebelled commander Nath ihe head of a large army to lake immediate action
at
lax collectors
Khan. However, soon after Sukhapala ordered the Ghaznavid Ycnaltigin A between Nalh and Yenalligin and while
battle took place
killed and his
iomilan-t-Svltan) to vacate the territory.** uncounted soldiers from both sides were killed Nath too was
1*

The news oT Sukhapala's rebellion reached Sultan

Mahmud in January army was defeated and routed.
llak Khan. The
1007 while he was in pursuit of the vanquished army of Thereupon anotherHindu commander Tilnk" son of Jhalan was given
severity of the weather, ftaihaqi furnishes a detailed
Sultan relinquished the pursuit and, undaunted by the the charge to suppress ihe rebellion of Ycnaltigin.
said to have olfered being the son
marched to India with a great expedition. Sukhapala is account of Tilak In his Tarikh. He was of Tilak humble origin,
hold his ground against the superior speaking and writing
of a barber (ftajfam), but was handsome and enterprising,
some resistance but, finding it difficult to
was chased by the
number of the Ghaznavid army, he fled to Kashmir/'' He a long time in learning
6
well both Hindi and Persian. In Kashmir.* he had spent
before the Sultan Mahmud. Kashmir. 1 ilak
imperial army and was soon captured and brought javelin wielding, coquetry (ishwa) and witchcraft fjadui). From
handed him
The Sultan having exacted the sum of 400.000 dirtutms from him came to Lahore and met the then Ghaznavid officer Qazi Shirax
Bui Hasan
till he
over to the treasurer Tigin {Vgin-l-Khaxatt) who kepi him in prison who appoint htm amtt (lax collector). The Qazi used to send him 10
different

died." parts of the Ghaznavid Panjab to collect revenue.

However, knowing
another Hindu Commander Saundhrai to the differences between the grand wazir, khwajo-t-BuiurSt
Ahmad Hasan
Sultan Mahmud promoted
variously referred to as contrived by stratagem to get the favour
coveted post of Slpahsaiar-hHindyk. He is Maimandi and the Qazi Shiraz, Tilak

Saundharai by Baihaqi and Garadezi^ Saundhirai

Hindu and Suvendra. by of Ahmad Hasan.
Pirlshtf respectively.™ Soon after the the Qazi
the later historians Nizamuddin and The grand wazir deeided lo liberate Tilak from the tutelage of
Saundhrai remained with three couriers
death of Sultan Mi-.hmud ( 1030). in the w-- of succession, Shiraz. The khwaja sent royal orders (lauqM-Sttllani)
loyal to Amir Muhammad. When Ihc'Ttftkish
troops commanded by Aynz and took Tilak to Ihe court.
(khaillush) and to the great disgust lo the Qazi they
Muhammad at Ghaznin, the Amir sent Saundhrai with a Sultan Mahmud in
Ali Daya defected to Having interviewed Tilak, khwaja decided to refer him to
large army of Hindu cavalry in pursuil of them. Saundhrai chased the defected way that his own involvement could not be known. The Sultan permitted
such a
Turkish troops and engaged them in battle. A conflict took piace between the wazir to look into the matter. Thereafter, Tilak became one
of the favourites
supporters ofMuhammad and Masud. in course of Fighting the Commnadw of the Khwaja and enjoyed his full confidence. The Khwaja Ahmad Hasan
but not
Suandhrai alongwilh a large number of Hindu troops was killed, made Tilak the secretary (dahir) and interpreter {muturjim) between
the Sultan
of the opponents. Ayaz sent the heads of intlucnee in the Khwaja's
without a heavy loss on the side
11
and the Hindus. In a short time, Titak acquired great
Saundhrai and his lieutenants to Ami £ Mohammad. diwan. ftaihaqi informs us that he ever saw Tilak
standing before the Khwaja,
to the dabirs and
commander {Satar-i-Hinduan} during the reign of Sultan
The other Hindu engaging himself in receiving and dispatching messages
rendered service m interpreter of the provinces. Later on, after the fall or
Khwaja Abul Hasan,
Mahmud was Hajrai," Iiijirai," or Hujri Tck." Hajrai had
by Sultan Sultan Mahmud summoned all the scribes {dahir)
and servants (chokran) to
the Ghaznavid army and was raised to the post of Salar+Hindmn
was impressed with Tilak s
Mahmud. Hajrai, however, escaped to India'on account of some select the best of them for the court. The Sultan
political

his abode in the mountcms and eloquence associated him with Bahrain, a Persian official to
dissensions with Masud. In India, he had taken up intelligence
Hasan, the Kotwal of as imperial interpreter for the Hindus. Thus.
Tilak make rapid progress
or Kashmir In 1048. Sultan Maudud sent Abu Ali work
chiefs. Having subdued
Ghaznin with an army to suppress the rebel Indian 7
in royal service."
the fort of Mahitah, ' in the vicinity himself with Masud
the rebels of Panjab, Abu Ali advanced to During Sultan Mahmud's reign Tilak secretly allied
Abu then sent message to Hajrai, extended by the time. Tilak was
of Kashmir and Seized the fort. Ali
against his brother Muhammad. It seems that,
to his presence. After pledging his
to him assurances and summoned him
220 INC: Proceedings, 7! si Session, 2010-il Medieval India 22 1

administering the region of Kator, in the Kafiristan province of Northern hi Ihe month of July 1033, news was received that Ahmad Yenaltigtn
Afghanistan." According tc Bailiatp. Tilak render d signal service to Masud had got control of the fori of Lahore. However, lllak had advanced against
by bringing ult the lindus of Kator tin J others to serve Masud, When Sultan
I
him at the head of a large Hindu army. Venaltlgin was sei/cd with panic and
Mastid rcacKcil Hulkh from Heart, where he as sinned the Sovereign slut us, lie there was friction among bis iroops. Saltan Masud immediately dieuiU'it a
Appointed Tilak ihe commander-in-chief of the Hindu army {Slpahsaktr i letter for Tilak and fie was thus directed to move against the rdicl with all
fiinduen). a post which was earlier held by Saundhrai. lilik was honoured speeds
with gold embroidered robe (khilat-i-Zar), a jewel necklace of gold and the
filak mardied rapidly to Lahore. Several .irks either iioKJiers oi traders.
I

u omnia ml ot" Hindu Soldiers (KhailJ, Eiesides. he was

I lit.' lowed to have si I

were made prisoners on account of their closeness w ith Yenahigln, and T ilak
kellledrum beaten ul Wis quarter in the fashion of Hindu ehiefs. He was also
ordered his men lo cut off the right Fiand of the prisoners.'" This ruthless
1

grunted Ihe privilege of having banners wilh gilded tops. Now he was listed
action so terrified the rebellious troops that many of them descried Ycualiijjiii.
among the high noble {u'yun) joining (he Sultan's inner circle (khatwal} and
surrendered to Tilak and sued for mercy. Ahmad Venaltigin was then pursued
was entrusted with important duties and missions to perform. When Ahmad
by Tilak and his Hindu soldiers. A buttle ensued between the two artistes.
Yenalligin revolted in Lahore, Tilak was given the command of the army
Ye n ah gin was deflated and forced in seek safely in flight, lie was deserted
against Venal tigin at his own request-*'
i

by his Turkomans who were granted amnesty hy Tilak. According to Gardezl,

Baihattt narrates the event in detail and informs us that wlicit message Yenalligin escaped inwards iik n ur;iin Sind. hut liaihaqi would have us 10
was received from Lahore regarding (he conduct ofAhmad Yenalligin. Saltan believe that he lied towards eastern Punjab and Haryajia. Tilak however did
Masud convened a consultative council with the nobles and the army noi abate his pursuit and also announced a reword or five lac dirheris at (he
commanders. There was an awkward pause when Masud asked who would head of Ahmad Yenalligin. Tilak had also dispatched letters lo the chiefs of
undertook the* task of crushing the rebellion. The Muslim nobles who the Jnls'
,(
lo pursuer Ihe fugitive. In response, the .In is holly pursue the rebel
understood the difficulty of the enterprise and disliked the Indian climate governor. According to flardc/i. Yen ill tig in wanted to cross the river Indus
remained silent. Their silence was the opportunity of Hindu Tilak who offered on back of the elephant but was drowned h> a Studdcn (load in the river Indus.
his services being a native of Hindustan who knew ihe country and for whom Dul Baihaqi records that one day Yemiltigin wished In cross a river on his
the hot climate had no terrors. Impressed with him. the Sultan confessed
elephant when two or three thousand mounicd
upon him. yenalligin
Jala closed
privately that *nonc of the officers had courage to lake up this responsibility
plunged inio the river, but the Jats encircled hirr, from two or three sides. The
and thus failed to impress me wilh their loyalf and devotion, crimps Tilak I'
Juts captured his sou and then attacked Yenalligin, killed him and chopped
v"
felt ashamed of ail of then) and came Ibrvwnd to accept this dial Stage
off his head. TIil-v even killed and look captives all of Ihe followers of
Alter adjournment uf the 'jyurl, ttie "^utitiii secretly sent his secretary to Yen al tig in and captured immense wealth. Soon alter, their chiefs contacted
u
Tilak wilh messages thai l shall assign I he service to yon. Yon will get money, Tilak and asked for announced reward. The Jats agreed to receive one iac
a strung force and whatever is necessary su that you may be able to do the job dtrhems as their rewards and handed over the head and the son of Yenalligin
aptly and re he lion may be suppressed.'' On hearing this imperial message,
I to Tilak, who having achieved his object returned to Lahore. Now ihe civil
Tilak bowed clown and kissed the ground and solemnly declined that "if tills and military administration of Lahore was reorganized. Then Tilak victoriously
servant have found himself unable lo perform (his duties, he would nnl have marched to G nazal n. This victory of Tilak was considered a great event, thus
uttered these words of courage before His Majesty {Khudawa/id) and the dispatches were scut in every province ofllic empire.*'
gnm dots of the court. will present my p^Jit before Your Majesty for appraisal
J
met Sultan Masud at Merv ar-Rud and reported io the Sultan about
Tilak
and soon proceed to destroy the rebel."*' hiscomplelcd lask. fha Sultan favour Tilak with ^rant of insignia and umbrella
The secretary relumed lo the court and informed 'lie Sultan. Being {chaiar). Among the prominent Hindu Muqaddams Tamak Hindu and Tclgi
pleased, the Sultan ordered him to draft a letter of official engagements were also present a long with Tilak. la a victory parade, the Hindu array,
tic S'uhnn conferred the powers
{Sftughul ffam(t) and royal order {f»!saf). J cara hymen as well as Infantry, wiih (1 fly five elephants which Tilak en lee led I

upon Tilak do whatever he thought proper. The Sultan further honoured

to as xhartij from ihe thakkurs marched n from ot the Snllan. Obviously fate
Tilak with a robe of honour {Khita at\ drums {kosf and flags {ttfam}. Next befriended Tilak and he gained success after success."
day, ih« Kullon ordered an array of the soldiers in array (la'hiyalt) at F irozi
Although the elevation of Tilak and posh ion annoyed
to such a high post
jNirden. Ihe Hindu army consisted of numerous mounted soldiers (Savar)
ihe- Muslim nobility, but Julian Masud himself continued
to extended favours
and foot soldiers [piyaf/ah) with weapons. TiJntt was given the comma ml of
to Tilak." Echoing ihe Sid km sentiments, (he wazir Baiiiaqi expresses his
the royal cavalry [Sawaran-i'dargohh. who were the best on lie Ghaznnvid
opinion that '"Wi semen do not wonder at such occurrence because no body is
army, Tilak then received an honorific title of 'Asp Solar- i- Hhttiuan and
'

borngreat, men became such, What matters is that men should leave a good
proceeded towards the Panjab.*'
name behind." Tilak 'a reputedly low staias by birlli was also overlooked.
"Though noble birlli is something desirable." says Daihaqi. "ii docs not favours
 222 iffC: Proceeding!, ?/sr Session, 20 1 01! Medfevot India 223

any way 14 Fikfir.i.MwhiM)ir. pp 32* 33-'

the absence of Iht qualities such as learning, pru|jricl> and
in 1

Sulci I i
***
Summarizing ihe whole account, Muhammad habib opines
itt:"'
1

19. larMhupni, (k 295. a.rileit, p.(9

lliat Ifw eareor of liJak, tlie Hindus, shows Ihe rapidity wild which Hindu-; 21. ArKMiyii>aai. Jbrlkh-tSftJclillt, rd Urbar, Tehran 1514, pp. 32?. 10^
anil Musalmans were both forfeiting llicir religious differences in the service zj. Btalshanf. p fjfll,

of a common kin^; and the superbly oriental feeling of loyalty to (he silt'."" II, AINrumi's llWil, L P

Hindus enjoyed considerably toleration under the trliaznavids. The 14, Daihaqi, p Via

demographic distribution of the Hindus have supported in limping the social 25. Idem, p. 5* 7: To pievfM offtctn anJ Sol die is frem rJe«mn,T thr Si air, (Ik Imiscs were all

composition of ihe Ghaznavid urban centres. Sullan Muhimid granted Hindus bjindtd wtth ii« SulifliTs mark mtnlicntd cAjk^ ui tkmhhi^n'ti. du^h wai usiult} m Hk
Ji.i lt on iie back ,mi.I lb* (Mil oTlhe nojnli al t J4'^ CP, Fililir-i-Mudabbir, p3?3: .

separate quarters them Kj observe their

in the imperial Ghajinin"" and allowed
L>aih«.|it p, frOCLPiiYin-i-Fnrrulthj. ftp I7t. ftbuJ Firj Ruti, >u ^. L<:J M. M. Oanitsliaiii. ,
r

ivii^kai iimi religious ceremonies. Ftambad's discovery oTn staiue of Brahma WatbhmJ 1068. pp. 3i. 15; Matud 6l4-l-$»lfntH. tfwoJt. «1 ft»ihid ^iSltll, T«hnfl 9J0 pp.
1 ' 1

in ihe excavations of a palace at Chaznin built by Sultan Masud III (1112) 111.

cluarly supports the Tact thai Hindu forms of worship were re spiled,' 1,1
2b. Jurbadhqaii.p. 2!6.

FuiUiciiiiuil. Al-Maari describes the scene of Hindu woman's Snti in Ghazmn ft 27. Baihacji.p 5*7.
in the reign of Sultan Mabmud.™4 2i. [dcm. fp 4*2. 624: Alto C.E. Donvortli, TfW ^hsina¥|ris 1 lit ir t-mpirc in Af|hini]lin and
Entien in 'J" i- 'i-id EdiaiMirgh. i«a, n. id I.
1
1 1
j

It, Kaikaui bin likaiiJn, (>n.i WhpM/>, cd. R. Lcvf l»J I. Eogl. Tl B, J mlnwfor .'Vr.ifoj,

NOTES AM D REFERENCES -11.. I. 11 1951. p. 134,

lAttumflHl Habit, Sudan Mihnud of G hum In. A%irh JO. lanth-i-Sk^nm. p. J57: cf. IJotMiJfllt, Tk* IJ/MCWrWifi, pp fl<P,l :0; S Jariir R.i?a. HMViiV/
1
1927, Rcpiint Dtlhi, 175 1

Sh-ucai. a SiMtceJar ffit Hi^uiry <\f tht hariy tlhazimtes, Proctedl nus of ihe IHC,
2. Km -I ill TniHT. ScmiMtiio: ihe mar& VcAcei aj a Hukiry. New Delhi, 2C04. . i i .1 1 1. 2Q<J6
3. Cf Abu Shaft N.uch 2afar Aubddli b.
Yorjvm«-:-Tniiki\-i-Y«iinr,i, fd. Dl. .1,1.11.1 Shuir,
.1 r
G aider p
; 1 :

II, Bn ihai] i, p.4 1 . i, 20C:

Tehran J J 45, pp. Sf, 20?, 335. 3St; Abii|,)hjy t. A'tiii! Z.d.hak ..l-Allitw, cd. Abdul
II >> H,-| ihi, Inn 13-47. pjt I Pi, 2CO. ( 32 BiiiHi. r* Z3«
4. Ala AM FflSM a. All jiiiMj ml :.iulJ. Tub. .Vjr «r ViiMr/Ji, cd. 5c he Her, Terran J956, p. 177. 33 . Idcni, no. 2 32 - ?>3 , U otvrtn iti, Jin G/iqxhivh!*, |p. 110

5 Jliibidhqini, p jl Ji. 1 :
.
.1. =
p. 15?.

Idem, 309, AeoMdfm 11 407-1

ii. lo tbri aMlliw, Si Ksrmil. ed. C.J. Torslxf,;, Beirut repiim 1 9(5, W, Vyjf.w.

IX, p 70, irn.nr-n people ,,,-r,- em laved JO. (Utm, pjj. 586, 517.
7. J ii r I
' ,1
p. |Tf Vsiid Ujtsuri Dal Uil, JJ wun. ed. Mil an 111 a cl Uitur Szyai|
dl il j.i u. | p (I iid^ii . :
J7. tfkm, pp. 3SJ, 567:(idrd«ii. p. SO; /Ji *™ . x./ arrt kh >. p. 3Jt.
T«hr*n IJ12,pJ17; MinhaJ*kSjf*j Juijain, ftb%vt~frtfaiM> ed. IfaWbi. Kabul 1961. 64. Vbl.
Up, 229. 11. iJ;von Mmnsi-i-SiuL Salman* p. 2&S.

H Ahdul H man A I i Fi iru ttii Siitani, Ofrtfjt, ed. M. D. S*y =qi Tah.-sn , 1 2 49 ( |). £ 4.
39. Bj>htqi pp. 284, 547: Girdezi. p. 80; ftfmtM-itftltttihl, p 3*6.

*. In :::!{. 11. ! })5, V

-10. Diulal Shall Samar^ndi, Tazkirat mh Shurera, cd. Mohan in id Asbisi, Tehran I 111, p. If;
MiiiliajJ-SSifai. Vol. I, p. Ui; Alto C-hulaiB M^ntj Khin, *uP«fjJ <:/ /fo/.r^rti Shah >/
Id. idem, pJ 86, Gard«i, F I7»
-
Uttaxir., Lihajt 1955, pp. 304, 2 d. I

I I Mm RlihaMlbfl Abriidb. Muhamflttd Albervni. TiikqifrnafJ ftt lti Rn£l Tr Ed.vard C. Sftpjitn, 41. rijtif-i-Miiokbblr.p. JTS.
Atrvrv/iifltiJia, London in si. Vni 1, pf> Tin. 21 i. A be nun elnrifiei Ihii ihe i:Uid oT I 1

*akwika > tfit Kumair Islands. c tini.-iij;\.v, ihe name nl Ihe penile. *tw ihk
h.l.'ji;, 1 1 1
12. Jufbadliqai i, p. 312.
1

wfiltiih and DFbli.it colour. TIm? mreofa J mi suiuie sndl-avini! a buin likei.iai of Turks. 43. la Hnji 409- Gardezi 209.
i , pp. 10; . p.
They practiced Hindu rvltfioa and hire IwcwIrxiH ofpf^rctng tfcit tin,
44. Mfn»8lH*Siii|j, t, p. J^S.
13, Albwfimlk tmdte, J, p. 1 IS,
-15. A*«il>lii4tit, Cmtintvrw, ft dim Tr, by Mib. hmid b> Abu EJjikr »1-Kuli, cd N.hV
I Jiildrli,
13. Mu'iammaJb ktlUlur HutiaraLMuhFaihr-i-Mudibbir, J'JjA m.ftrf Hiix*5^fl,cd.Ahmid Is Iflniubt d I
n$2
,
j> 2 1 0; A I so I , H.Qurct h tht ^Jminhttfurhm ofthe .SiJlan^ie /
i. < Mh, Sle w
SvlaEI Khwarisail, Tthran 1327. p.42. D*l'ii (MI, pp. 206-7-
II. Albcruni,
p.

I97J
fi: Eriul. Tr.

p. 5.
AfdCtf/ vi-XnynJ.-ii, a f;

Hati™ M.
fu fth, i&.
Slid, Mh.-„.><,\ M™
JJaJdm M. S^iJ j iJ Ram
Phtmacy end M*'4rlp
L'liiiiji Ali, Kiidrlii |97?.
M*tico. Ksraclii
46.

47.
Biiliaqi. pp. 3S5-«6.

G.rdtii, p. 174

4R Kalchr.i-Umtirihir. p502, rnentiWflt S.imlli:il it the gnnKttOn rif Ihe Shah e>t Kali {JtyptH 11 1 I
15. tl.ir.Kvi p. llf,
who Hind w.lilt SjSIiii Wahisiud was (niutcd in Khufisan. This even', las been
rcvdlttdi ir
16. Alhtttni * fWito, 1. p. 2J. recorded lv man ' wrlursbui ihe narrecfiht ciandson cfthc Shah b repwciJ
1
9uk iHintli u
17 Styvwt f/n/rtuh, p. 154. J9. Nizinuddin Ahmad, Tibqal -i -A kbari NnwaJ kishorc edilioi, n.d; vol. 1. p i,

I« iZl.MJhaminid b. Hiuain liaiM> K»WM erl Ah Mlhi,

/.I'll f
:
. £ Revised by 50. Mulium 1 n- Qia:iiR Hindu Shih Kirirhli. Gitttk0»-t-fbralUmt, coiimonly kr.oivr as Jbriltb-i-
MofamrnHl f«fkr r»bacfii, Ttiritli i fiiiiitaiii. Maihhad l.iS.i. p.2 11. iirithu, Nawal IC^heue edilinn. ml Vftl. I. p 2!. Ahdil (Jsdir h Maine Shall h Hawid
 Medieval India 225
224 fflC: Proceedings, ?! si Session, 20 Hi- i I
77. Gatdtzi. p. 200.
Barium). AtitniuUuih tit'Ibmtrttk, etf. Lees and Maul vi Ahmad Alt, Calculi;!, I KdB. vol, I, ji
78. Nizamuddin Ahmad. I, p. 12.
12.
79. FiriittJ. p. 42.
51 Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Jabbar Ulbi. ibrtkh-t- Yamim ed Ghulam Rasul Sbn Ahmad, iaJiore. Banh B. Muhammad b M«1H
HiDniihinie ihat Gudtii. p. 200. refers hit parenuije aj
223 HUl 01 and DowsOn. Ht\iary aj India in lohl by it.\ or n HlMwklfU. 80 It it
Here Mall, .fGa.de,, hu been
IS S3, p
Alif-^ili icjiniil. vul II.
Y.t\f\ Tl.
|i :>?.. Jiuhadhiiam, p29l lllbr's N^wasa Simla appaicnlly di-nolcs I Z \Z Smuddi,.
I
I,
P .2 Bit*!, b.
Firishta, I, p.42. limply mtrthn,
M
U hammad Ali,
him Naih wiih no parentis bat
changed inm Ali. However.
hot il
epilttei, is aim likely ihat after hi, convcuion to Islam Sukhapala m* common ly c*Hed
Niu.isj ,shah lanHi-i Ouzfda, p 393 In Hve oiihogtaphy of the nam*.

£1, Girrfeii; p. 200.

52 Gatdezi. p 179.
B2 For mnHllp of Ban.ra, and Yen*lli*ni'. Campaign, sea
S.Jah.r R.». The Oha^U
5_V Jaafar Shuar in his edition, p
quolcs olhef rrtilioK of tiit/umu^ln/ikii-i-Vinniut by
?<)[ ji|, 1994,
Aaijai Qavcein which records that sukhapala was named Aab ,-isai Cf Frishla, \. p 26. upedtttMt 1* Haryuwanu'UP. Pioeeedinu U P. fflttwy Congreu. Varanaii.

54 Ulbi. p. 2 2 1, >uibadhuan/. p 291; The authors of liiriih-i-ffaidnri. UPB. p. 442 and Tarikh-i- 8J. Gardezi. p. 200. Biihiqi, pp.381, 400.
Alfi. DPB. p, B09 hate probably taken the information fioni Llitit and ihlU rcconl iTic same 84 Gaideii, p. 200. Nizainuddin Ahmad, p 42. I. p. 12. FirithlB. I.

ue autad- 1- Mttluk'i-iititrf, and P artma te. Gardezi P W0. m T »» k

i»ome c on fu. ion regarding himame
fiJi i .

85, There »»» Jj

a, Tilak, .on of a barber. EiWol. vol 11. p. «0,
o„
.
.

^
55. Finshla, J, p. 24. Jhalan Baihaqi. p. 385. timply refer, to him
Tabqa.-i- Akbati tlales that he wat the
sort of Ja.scr,
56. Nizanmddin, the bans of one oM manutc.ipi of
I. p.6.
ofGardei. W .tehin ed mlo Ja»«n
However, il seems prcbibl* (hat the p.renlal name
Jhalan fi

57 Fakhri-Mudabbir.p 302.
and il funher miitrintcripi «
Uuasin by the later Hiiic-nam.
55 (iardo.i. Fimhla. p26 Confused were the t*o ureal seal of learning for Hindu
179; iiNice Nisrui'ur uiih iV>l,.iv,.Lr
Acco.din B to Albetoni Kashmir and V.rana.i
|i I. I III-
86
m. and Time* ofSmltfK mkmmtitf Ohtmtalt Cambridge. 1931. p 9B Science, dwin fi the elevenlh cenlury Cf. Atbcwl* ln<ittt t 1, p. 173.
$9. Nazijii. The tifir n.l.

60. UI61, p. TO. Jurbadhqairi, p. 1 17; GariJezrj p. 179 87. Saihaqi. pp. 3S5-S6.
sheet IA-B
41. Cf. Niianuddm Ahmad. Kirrshta, SS. Cf (.ran Habib. An Alias of Mugbat Emp.re, Delhi 1982, Reprim 1986,
I, p. I. p. 7/)

63. Ulbi. pp 90-9 1 ,

Juibadhqani. p, 122. 89. Baihaqi. pp. 111J86-8!.
'
63. Cf Badaom. I, p. 12 90. Wem.pp-383-M
64. Ulbi. p 223; Jurbadtiqani, p. 2*1. 91 Uiiti, p384.

65. Cf. A Rahman TfK last /wvi Jyiumiet ufthf Sktthi\, Jjlainab.nl. 1979. pp 149-50. 92. Idem, pp. 345.387.J88

66. Ulbi. p 223: Juibadhqani, p. .Wl; Gardezi, p 179; Fakhr-i-Mudabbir. p 302; himhla. I. p. 93. /Jem. pp. 400-0 1.
20; NfzWHUjdtfin Ahmad. 200, tcwidt thai Tilak ixiltifd if ei.l off one hanrf and eai* oflhc
I, p.6. 94 Idem p 4]0 Gard^i. p.
'
Niazmuddin p. 12, Tihk ordeted Ihe noies and the ears oflhe
67 P priHMrl while accordintj lo 1,
Ulbi, p. 223: Jmbadhqani 291; Gardezi. p 179; Fakhi-i MmisbW, p. 302 According lo
Gatdezi. Sukhapala (Ted lo Kashmir to which Nsiim. op.nt. p 98 n 4 considcri the Copyisl prisoners i a be cut off.

nil lake for khewin by which nunc IhASall Ranjte is commonly known. Uodjvala, SmJiat in 95. For liftand their rel.lion. with tiie Chaz.mvids see S Jabir lb*
pJ«l
Jrto MityliM Ht\tory. Bombay 1957, vet
p 150, opines thai lite wwdj fejHcsenis Kilhlur in II,
SifiJ> Their SilitmtftU atdkHgrUm*. In the cdiled
book IkiJalt, ed Dr Vir Singh, vol. I.

m IheJm* vol II. pp

Kajbinir while A. Rahman, op ciU
li^luthiilan, M
p. 150. cquilci Kiihnui wilh mode lit ksihimu in Sou he in

Kaziin, op.cil. p. '*t. futttier opines tlial Sukhapala. piobably, took rcnj|;e in
I
pp 54 64 tdtm. The MaOldJets:
63-74; l«r«af. paxiiugfix J™
the Chaehnama. Zmmd-Ahhhar.
Their Coixfilet wtth Ihe iihtt-.navtd*,
tiitd MA<W^ >*«
Ihc Sill K.injx in F*anjnb ulu-rt- his brother or Cousin Ana nd a pal a Mill mainlaincd his a jlhcrrty. and Tranfiaium. In J** Jvi* vol, II, pp. 4 J-52.
fiul il secmj mile liable, as Ibcy were not in good Icnm since Anandanala had nol extended his 42.
suppoil to Sukhapala when he revolted 96. Gardezi. p.200, w (J followed by Hiiimuddin, I, p. 12, and Firiibti. J. p.

97 Baihaqi. pp. 409-10; Gardezi, p. 200.

68. Gardevi, p. 179. Fiiisfall, I, p. 26; Kiumuddiu Ahmad, t, p, 6; Oadaoni. I. p. 12.
an Arabic proverb
To support Tilak , ,ucce,s in hit career. Baihaqi a.uoici
1

m tsaibaqi, p 405; Gatdczi. p. 195. 98. Baihaqi. p.

body
4J6;
set, an opportunity and be mu»i avail of h
that every
70. Niiimuddin Ahmad. I, p It. Flthhta, I, p. 40.
99. Cf. Baibaqi. p, 384.
71. Gardezi. Nizamuddin. I, p II; Kirishta, p. 40. Vot Ay.iz. see S. Jabif Raza, Itu- miner
p. 195; l L

vfi<t achievement! ofAytiz, the S/gvc nf tin- Sultan hfuhmul Unpublished). E'rcsenledi a IHC.
100. Idem, p. J&6
I
{

StiMfir, 1986. 101. Mohammad Babib. opcit., p. 96.

72. Nizamuddin Ah ni nd. t, p. )5. 102. Al Maart, Riialal ol Ghufran, p, I S3; Also M Nazim. op cil. P 140.
n. ?.

Bombay Summary it^rr M the flulitm rfnfWojlJWf M*«,>* m

Afghanistan. IntKxivcllon
73. EKiot and Uosvson. op.cil, vol.1l, p. 60. 103
19-20
tu the exe#mtkm**t OHaU, Eatl and Weil. N
S. XI 1-2 1939). pp. (
74. FirijJila. 1. p. 46.
104. Al- Miian. p. 153.
75. . ,
ii i
i:. I, p. U, while Fiiishta named il Mahnla (t, p. 46J. Probably, wis tbc Ton
il

Mahiyii'L in the vicinity of Kashmir lo which Sultan Ibraliim reeaplured, in 1079. Cf. fhwan
Sorf-t- Stitmnn: p. 371. Sec also. Huswonh Jht idler Hhozaovt^.HphttJtiut wid fkury.
.

Indian edition. Delhi 19«>2. p. 63.

7b Hiriihli 1. p 46. NVjianiuddm Ahmad, I, p. 15