Proceedings of Student-Faculty Research Day, CSIS, Pace University, May 4th, 2012

Identifying Personality Traits, and Especially Traits Resulting in Violent Behavior

through Automatic Handwriting Analysis

Janet Fisher, Anish Maredia, Anita Nixon, Nerissa Williams, and Jonathan Leet
Seidenberg School of CSIS, Pace University, White Plains, NY 10606, USA

This is because current automated systems are

ABSTRACT preprogrammed by humans. Another reason why it may be
difficult to accurately examine handwriting samples is the fact
Handwriting analysis is a process that has been carried out that there is no threshold or scale available which can
for centuries. But its effectiveness when analyzing the accurately provide the results of the analysis. The automated
behavior and personality of an individual is still a debate. Is it pattern recognition system also may need training on few
possible to detect potential deviant behavior and personality samples so that they can get the scale and do the analysis for
traits of an individual by carrying out an analysis of his/her the next available scanned samples.
handwriting? There are two methods of handwriting analysis: Determining handwriting and signature through forensic
Graphology is the method of psychological analysis, while examining has been successful to some degree. However
forensic document examination or handwriting identification there have been many instances in handwriting analysis where
which is the examination of documents and writing samples by a forensic handwriting expert will compare handwriting on the
a known source, or person. In this paper we have carried out basis of clear sets of characteristics and cannot make any
research of the various state of the art technologies available relation between the handwriting characteristics and the
in analyzing an individual’s behavior based on their personality traits because accuracy is the major issue in such
handwriting and the effectiveness of predicting the character forensic examining.
and personality of that individual. We also wanted to The main focus of this study is to examine known
determine if we can uncover handedness, authorship and technology that can identify or predict personality traits, as
gender through analysis. Apart from working on Lewinson- well as those technologies that identify and authenticate
Zubin method of analyzing handwriting, various online tools handedness, authorship, gender using handwriting samples.
are also available for handwriting analysis, such as: NEURO What do experts say on how accurately handedness and
SCRIPT, WANDA, CEDAR-FOX, and Gaussian Mixture gender can be determined from handwriting? And what can be
Model. said about determining from handwriting samples whether a
person will commit violent crimes?
I. INTRODUCTION We will also reference several implementations of the
different methodologies/technologies and techniques, which
shows some degree of significance in the assessment of one’s
Handwriting analysis is also known as graphology which is personality.
a method of identifying the traits related to an individual. It The technologies discussed in the latter part of the study
helps in understanding personality traits through the strokes demonstrate that despite the algorithms applied in attempt to
and patterns revealed by handwriting. It can reveal traits such aid handwriting analysts in their study, they all seem to lack a
as emotional and mental instability, which can further lead an complete vision and may only linearly approach the problem,
individual to engage in deviant behavior. particularly, the strategy used to produce the best possible
Handwriting is unique to every individual, regardless of the results, none of the tools were capable of accurately predicting
word formation of an individual’s handwriting; the shape of deviant behavior. Handwriting analysis is not a science where
the character is will remain the same. This is applicable to all inputs into any system will produce a 100% accurate output.
languages. Different aspects of the analysis must be taken into
Forgery of another person’s handwriting can easily be consideration, such as the time the questioned document was
identified by proper forensic examining characteristics like written, and the individual’s state of mind whilst writing the
pen pressure and shakiness. Theoretically, it is difficult to letter may have been compromised by anger. These factors
determine personality especially when it is related to forensics. play an important role. However, they are hard to determine
while carrying out an analysis.

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 II. LITERATURE REVIEW III. OTHER VIEWPOINTS

In our literature review we will focus on forensic technique In determining violent behavior we can also look at criminal
which can play a key role in providing evidence, especially in behavior from a standpoint such as ecological factors,
fraud, identity theft, and murder cases and how forensics genetics, social behaviors, biological, bio psychosocial, socio-
experts determine authorship, handedness, amongst other culture, and even environmental. One’s environment can
traits. seriously impact deviant behavior. These characteristics are
Research has shown that handwriting analysis can tell a lot minimal compared to the big picture. We will point out some
about an individual from their handwriting. of the traits in the upcoming tables. We have highlighted a
Forensic investigators use handwriting technology to small portion of how forensic experts manually and
determine personality traits of an individual. Different electronically examine handwriting samples.
companies use graphology (handwriting analyzing) to check Table 1 shows some examples of different personality traits,
“job applications, recruitment, marriage compatibility, and the writing style of an individual, and the explanation of the
career guidance, motivate workers, and child development”. traits of one’s handwriting. Each trait described in the table
[9]. can be examined individually and within a group to clarify
It is also stated that an individual’s, social status, hints between traits [21]. Akers, et al states that considering an
environment, psychological health, and cognitive development individual’s psychological composition in relation to their
are also a part of an individual’s motives to participate in sociological structure may provide better findings whether
deviant behavior. Some biological, psychological, and personality variables are a major cause of criminal and
sociological theories have been used as principal delinquent behavior [1]. Individuals may choose to participate
classifications to explain interpretations of deviant behavior. in deviant behavior for a various amount of reasons and it can
Researchers such as DeLisi and Conis recommend that be erroneous to attribute the causation of crime solely to the
when using individual factors to explain deviant behavior, effects of one’s personality traits.
experts must take into consideration the individual’s
personality construction, level of self-control, disposition, and
overall level of psychopathic disposition. An individual’s A number of Forensic experts use different methodologies to
social development is said to be one of the biggest element in TABLE I
predicting violent criminal behavior [4]. EXAMPLES OF PERSONALITY TRAITS
A link between substandard social dispositions for causation sorts and separates
of criminal behavior can also be evaluated by examining the ANALYTICAL information in
THINKING assessing their
socializing practices and the social ties that is formed within
v-wedges for m, n- value, evaluates
the unconventional or conventional systems of an individual’s bottom baseline information and
society setting. intersections supporting patterns
To determine handwriting traits that correspond to
particular characteristics, experts study large portions of
BLUNT brings matters to a
handwriting samples from known and unknown sources. increasingly heavy conclusion and
Apart from human analysis to examine handwriting samples, downward and forward thrusts it upon
there have been numerous technologies developed recently to middle final others
assist handwriting experts with carrying out this tedious task.
CONCENTRATION focuses attention on
Various studies have validated handwriting analysis as a small writing one activity
method of personality assessment, using experiments and ignoring all other
scientific techniques. influences
In our study we examined the current state of technology
CULTURAL integration and
and how useful these methods can assist handwriting experts REFINEMENT discrimination of
when assessing one’s personality. Moreover, even though middle letter is printed creative artistic and
these technologies are available, handwriting assessment will with a capital letter structural systems
not be fully replaced by an automated system. Human into one's mode of
living
interactions are still needed to carrying out the
digitization/processing of the scanned documents to be
assist in finding statistical information about a person’s sex
evaluated.
and handedness. For example, Huber and Headrick have
identified 21 discriminating elements in handwriting. [9]
In forensics, examining the variant shapes of each letter,
also known as an allograph can be useful, but sometimes word
formation is

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 TABLE 2
FEMININE HAND WRITING [22]
Noted are the described as rushed, not lengthy, disordered, sharply irritating,
elegant shape of and very bold. Another study suggests that some of these
the o and s, and stereotypes cross over into other cultures and writing systems
the fullness of the [4]. One early study examined "males who write with
counters.
handwriting judged to be feminine and vice versa" and
concluded their handwriting "is not reliably associated in these
studies with femininity or with sexual orientation” [11].
There are
After gather handwriting samples from men and women; we
rounded open
found that women are more careful not to make mistakes and
counters on all the
include more information in their answers to certain questions.
vowels. Some
They are more careful with grammar then males. Males on
letters slant
the other hand write big and answer with one word sentences.
backwards,
Men write much faster and do not put as much care into the
which is
documents they are writing. Most men do not care if the
considered
message they are writing about is conveyed correctly.
“feminine”
However, later studies suggest that most people can
because of the
discriminate a writer's sex, rather than showing accuracy. A
curves and size.
study of handwriting samples from 73 men and 168 women
casual style and
found handwriting tidiness score for men was lower than
has a “feminine”
women. "Masculine Gender role predicts ‘sloppy’ penmanship
feel because of
and Feminine Gender Role predicts tidy writing, independent
the y, g, n and h
of the writers' biological sex”[12].
letters
Another study found that students were able to discern a
TABLE 3 writer’s sex at a higher accuracy level. "It was suggested that
MASCULINE HAND WRITING [22]
sex or gender is present in handwriting in much the same way
as it is present in movement of the whole body”[8].
the m and n shapes have
sharp corners rather than
arches. The h has the same
form. The lowercase letters IV. HANDEDNESS, SEX, AND PERSONALITY
have altered heights and, the
letters using circles have
different x-heights.
Active biometrics techniques such as voice and handwriting
Look at the a and e shapes on have achieved a new role in user authentication systems. Past
this sample: the counter of research has introduced two new methods of analyzing active
the a and the restricted loop
of the e can be considered biometric methods; voice and handwriting, in context of
“masculine.” metadata. In handwriting recognition, texts are analyzed by
using “global image features and image indexing by automatic
page analysis and separation” [18].
Biological metadata describes soft biometrics [2]. Soft
The additions that start the m,
n, u, y, and w and the straight biometrics includes hair and eye color or tattoos, clothes and
lines give the handwriting accessories [2] Aspects such as handedness, especially the
sample a “masculine” context of handwriting, the age and the gender are collected
assumption. using a software interface. The biological metadata can be
used to research the physical effects of the handwriting data.
The cultural portion of the Meta data collects the background
of a person’s development.
Other methods of analyzing handwritten documents
equally more important for investigating information such as regarding aspects of an individual’s characteristics such as
gendering a writer based on their handwriting. Word gender or ethnic background have been introduced. For
formations can carry more individuality and patterns than example, handwriting samples of individuals of Indian
individual letter shapes. There are three basic categories to ethnicity were analyzed for identification and quality based on
consider when examining handwriting: demographical information about the writer using biometrics
1. Incline (slant to the left or right) [3].
2. Shape (evenness of letter size) Some ways of measuring handedness is by emulating
3. Form (roundness) women and men’s handwriting of a certain age and then
Current studies show that most English-speaking countries conducting a comparison of their writing samples. This will
tend to characterize "feminine" handwriting as well-organized, give you a look into what forms are used at a certain age or the
arranged, rounded, petite, decorative and well-proportioned, differences between left handed writers and right handed
versus handwriting from "masculine" subjects often gets writers. The personality of a writer subject can also affect the

D6.3
way someone writes. Cluster

XML

According to Niels et al, handwriting can also be divided

into writer-specific sub-categories which include gender, Web Client
Workstations
Working Set

handedness, age and ethnicity [15].

Server

V. CURRENT STATE OF TECHNOLOGY Tablet/Camera/

Scanner

Files «uses» «uses»

XML
End1 «uses»
Files

End2 Cluster
«extends» File
Cluster

The current state of technology is an expanding topic.

Many examiners are looking for new software to get more
accurate readings from handwriting examinations. Agencies WANDA Clients
XML

in the private sector and the public sector are willing to pay WANDA Client
«extends»

top dollar for any software that can do an analysis and have
Server
accurate readings. Handwriting identification and analysis has
become a norm to the information technology and forensic Fig. 1. Plug-In concept for WANDA user interface
field. bought the software and have done handwriting assessment
The technology is used by forensic teams in all law experiments, as per fig.2.
enforcement agencies, by document examiners, and by private
companies as well. The available tools are used to help find
out the identity of the writer. The questioned documents are
used to find forgeries, similarities and dissimilarities of B. MovAlyzeR
documents, sign of alteration and the authorship of a given
document. There are also few software that use handwriting
samples to ascertain known personality traits.
Unfortunately there are only a handful of systems to
showcase at the present time. With technology growing the
numbers are bound to get higher and as the need arises to
authenticate one’s identity, that has sparked more interest
within the forensics community to create accurate automated
systems that will aide in the identification process; whether it
is to determine gender, age, handedness and authorship and
identify personality traits.

Fig.2. Screen shot of the WANDA workbench: a prototype system for

A. WANDA writer identification. Source: [10]

WANDA is a software tool that is used to compare MovAlyzeR is used to process handwriting images. It can
handwriting on the basis of well-defined characteristics and on record different paragraphs of writing, segmenting into words,
the knowledge and experience of a forensic expert [10]. up and down-strokes, pen-lifts and pauses. Each stroke is
Handwriting samples are digitized by the use of an optical defined by spatial and dynamic features. Forensic document
device such as a digital camera or scanner or by using an examiners use MovAlyzeR for comparisons of questioned
electronic writing tablet or an electronic pen. WANDA versus known samples of handwriting. The software also
involves a set of tools for pre-programmed scanned images, provides tools for handwriting analysts to collect and analyze
semi-automatic and manual feature extraction, database handwriting movements and assess handwriting performance.
management, and writer identification analysis. Using the We used a trial version of the MovAlyzeR. The software is
WANDA allograph matcher, the users can manually broken down into several window panes. The tree view is
copy/draw the lines of a scanned handwriting image. where the user will interact with the objects and the data. The
The concept of the WANDA framework is inspired by a output pane presents messages while an experiment is being
number of characteristics such as the need for longitudinal use run [23]
of forensic annotated handwritten samples that requires a In MovAlyzeR, everything revolves around the experiment.
stable and open data representation Extended Markup The analysis chart provides a look into the result of our
Language (XML) which has emerged as an ideal format [10]. experiment. It is a visual representation of the features that
were calculated during the processing of the samples.
Numerous attempts were made to acquire a trial copy of the Including, vertical and horizontal sizes, slant, velocity,
software, but all our attempts were ignored. Doing further acceleration, including others [23].
research, we have uncovered individuals who have actually

D6.4
 C. Foster and Freeman VSC 6000/HS Desktop verification/Identification, document properties, and Signature
Video Spectral Comparator Verification of Questioned Document Examination. The
system can help experts’ measure features from a questioned
document or documents in a database, by increasing the image
quality of a document and marking the written text [20].
CEDAR-FOX help experts decrease the number of possible
writers that need to be inspected. Identification of the writer of
a questioned document, based only on a handwriting sample
can be a challenging task, especially for pattern recognition.
Recently, the use of automatic methods for writer
identification discriminated by forensic examiners [20].
Additionally, image processing technology, tools for pattern
recognition and raw computing power have evolved to a
higher extent where computer use in this field has become a
seamless possibility.

E. GMM and SVM Methods

Fig.3. Raw Data of the sample handwriting.

On-line handwriting means that sequential information

Examining and comparing documents by examiners can be about the handwriting is available. Two classifiers can be
quite diverse and may involve any of the following:
applied to the gender and the handedness classification
excellent eyesight or the use of a hand lens/loupe: this is used
problem.
for closer examination of written documents stereomicroscope
electrostatic detection device: An electrostatic detection The first classifier uses Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs)
device, or EDD, is a specialized piece of equipment to model the classes, while the second approach is based on
commonly used in questioned document examination to reveal Support Vector Machines (SVMs). Both classifiers are trained
indentations or impressions in paper which may otherwise go using the same set of features extracted from the handwriting
unnoticed. [22].
It is a non-destructive method (i.e. the machine will not The ability to identify sub-categories through the handwriting
damage the evidence in question) which allows further testing assessment systems may provide analysts with the ability to
to be carried out. The technique process is very sensitive and analyze and compare samples in different regions or
is capable of detecting shifts on pages that are a few layers languages. The analysis of handwriting, for such purposes of
below the top of the page. determining gender and handedness, could be applied
Video Spectral Comparator is the NEW VSC 6000/HS seamlessly.
desktop video spectral comparator is a complete digital
imaging system providing the questioned document examiner
with an extensive range of facilities for detecting irregularities
F. Lewinson Zubin Scales
on altered and counterfeit documents [24].
Lewinson-Zubin analysis represents four special
D. CEDAR-FOX characteristics of handwriting-vertical, horizontal, depth and
composition. Each letter can be analyzed by the above-
CEDAR-FOX is a system for analyzing scanned, mentioned characteristics.
handwritten documents. It is also used for searching The questioned documents are scanned into the analyzer.
repositories of handwritten documents, writer The L-Z scale system should fill out the different scales
automatically. However, the scales were done manually.
In order to analyze each letter of the scanned documents, we
cropped the image and removed the unwanted noise (white
noise) from the document to be analyzed. Based on the
cropped image, the characteristics will be analyzed based on
the following: analysis type, one character, one word, two
words and line.
The system, after clicking the “run analysis” button, a pop
up window must show the results of the scale. However, we
were unable to complete the scale analysis. The tools for
running the automated system were unavailable. We are
Fig.4. The NEW VSC 6000/HS desktop video spectral comparator
Source [25].
D6.5
 confident that the right programming candidate with enough to scan, digitize, measure and store questioned and known
time can write a code that will allow the L-Z Scale Generator handwriting for the purpose of searching the handwriting
against previously stored material within a short space of time.
to function completely. Nevertheless, previous studies have The FISH handwriting recognition system is used for
shown that meaningful contents extracted from the L-Z scales searching letters with the intent to threaten, from previously
provides information about an individual’s personality. submitted material. It is also used to identify individuals or
Feature extraction and analysis allows a trained professional groups that may pose a threat to elected members, such as
to look into the disposition of existing personality traits. The members of Congress, and Supreme Court Justices; the
Secretary of State, U S. Ambassadors and U.S. Embassies; and
L-Z analysis can help determine different personality traits state governors. The Secret Service’s mission is to provide
such as: rational, social-emotional, and the instinctual [15]. protection and perform criminal investigations, so it is crucial
to have a system such as FISH in place to aide them in the
operations.
G. ForensicXP When the Secret Service receives inputs from Federal, State
and local government they will run them through the FISH
system. The examiner scans and digitizes an extended portion
of the handwriting, which is then plotted as arithmetic and
geometric values. If the correspondence is of a threatening
nature; it is stored in a vault for future review. A master file is
kept and those files refer to threats made to the all past and
present President’s, Vice President’s, and people under the
Secret Service Protect order. These stored document samples
have been fruitful in identifying criminals who repeatedly
make threats and are tied with militant organizations.
Searches are made on images in an offline database,
producing a list of probable candidate matches. The
questioned writings, along with the nearest matches, are then
submitted to the Document Examination Section for validation
[17].
In addition to the capability of recognizing authorship, the
USSS has related technologies available to help link
documents through paper and ink comparisons. A database is
Fig. 6. L-Z Scale Generator cropping the intended part of the maintained with paper specimens that can determine how the
handwriting sample.
paper was processed, what the paper was made from, amongst
ForensicXP is a digital forensic imaging spectrograph for other characteristics [17].
large-scale document examination used for determining the
different types of documents and handwritings using imaging
technology. By detecting alterations, forensicFX can reveal
the original writing/writer by Luminescence and Reflection
spectrum differences [7]. J. FLASH ID

H. FLEX-Tracker
It is an automated system Approach using Handwriting as a
Biometric Identifier. FLASH ID is an FBI handwriting
The FLEX-Tracker is handwriting biometric software. The biometric software. FLASH ID is an automated process for
word means Foreign Language Exploitation for Handwritten extracting graphical data from handwritten documents, and
Documents. It utilizes the graph-based pattern matching then analyzes the data using well-known statistical methods
technique, which compares dimensions on similar objects then matches the documents based on likeness of the denoted
across different handwriting samples to identify unique traits writing.
of an individual writer. These characteristics include pen The system extracts features graphically from the written
strokes, loops, crossed lines, and size which can be analyzed documents from individual letters and characters. The
and then explained using a mathematical characterization or extracted features can be writer-dependent [17].
“identifier” for each writer [22]. FLASH ID is able to act on any unknown sample of
handwriting and can return the nearest value in its handwriting
I. U.S. Secret Service FISH database and provides the closest match to the questioned
writing sample. The FLASH ID’s technology is language
independent [7].
The ability to allow forensic document examiners harness
The Forensic Information System for Handwriting (FISH)
the power of handwriting assessment system to influence the
is a computer-based system that allows document examiners
effectiveness of handwritten documents from different sub-
D6.6
classes could provide the ability to analyze and compare race, birthplace, genes, social status, religious beliefs, etc. as
writing samples, showcasing the similarities that can lead to categories to look for.
the identification of the author, across different region or There is a need for an automated handwriting system that
language, could provide an immeasurable benefit to the entire evaluates personality traits extend the research presented in
forensic science community. this paper, because the current state of technology is
This system is currently being used by a leader in graph insufficient, and human research in the field could be further
based pattern technology called Gannon Technology Group. validated with this solution.

K. WriteOn VII. FUTURE WORK

This software was created to search, collect, dissect, and The ultimate point of the research is to Identify Personality
manage enormous amounts of document. WriteOn was meant Traits, and Especially Traits Resulting in Violent Behavior,
to assist forensic document examiners (FDE) in analyzing through Automatic Handwriting Analysis. More work can be
handwriting, but now has tools that help all professionals in done on the Lewinson–Zubin handwriting analyzer by making
cataloguing and collecting many types of documents [21]. it fully functional and allowing the analyzer to automatically
Enforcement agencies use it to collect, report, tabulate and take the scale based on the scanned image.
report on evidence. The Forensic document examiners also Extending the program will analyze samples and find
use the software to review, assess, dissect, and look at characteristics in an individual’s handwriting. Coupled with
variations in handwriting. Once they receive the information analysis done in the application, we should be able to
they report their findings. determine if there are any characteristics which demonstrate a
The software makers note that Write-On is not an optical potential for violence.
character recognition (OCR) application, and it does not Finding the Slant of the letters which plays a major role in
compare documents through metrics. This design was not determining the personality traits of an individual is also a
intended to replace expert witness. major challenge which can be done as a future part of the
project. From that, we should be able to establish conclusions
on whether we feel this is a possible method for personality
assessment.
VI. CONCLUSION
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