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Engineering Mechanics Statics JL.Meriam Solution

Mechanical engineering (The University of Lahore)

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By
Khalid Yousaf
BS(Continue)Civil Engineering
The University of Lahore.

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What is Mechanics?
Mechanics is the physical science which deals with the effects of forces on objects.
The subject of mechanics is logically divided into two parts: statics,which concerns the
equilibrium of bodies under action of forces, and dynamics, which concerns the motion of
bodies.
BASIC CONCEPTS
The following concepts and definitions are basic to the study of mechanics, and they should
be understood at the outset.
Space is the geometric region occupied by bodies whose positions are described by linear
and angular measurements relative to a coordinate system. For three-dimensional problems,
three independent coordinates are needed. For two-dimensional problems, only two
coordinates are required.
Time is the measure of the succession of events and is a basic quantity in dynamics. Time is
not directly involved in the analysis of statics problems.
Mass is a measure of the inertia of a body, which is its resistance to a change of velocity.
Mass can also be thought of as the quantity of matter in a body. The mass of a body affects
the gravitational attraction force between it and other bodies. This force appears in many
applications in statics.
Force is the action of one body on another. A force tends to move a body in the direction of
its action. The action of a force is characterized by its magnitude, by the direction of its
action, and by its point of application. Thus force is a vector quantity..
A particle is a body of negligible dimensions. In the mathematical sense, a particle is a body
whose dimensions are considered to be near zero so that we may analyze it as a mass
concentrated at a point. We often choose a particle as a differential element of a body. We
may treat a body as a particle when its dimensions are irrelevant to the description
of its position or the action of forces applied to it.
Rigid body. A body is considered rigid when the change in distance between any two of its
points is negligible for the purpose at hand. For instance, the calculation of the tension in the
cable which supports the boom of a mobile crane under load is essentially unaffected by the
small internal deformations in the structural members of the boom. For the purpose, then, of
determining the external forces which act on the boom, we may treat it as a rigid body.
Statics deals primarily with the calculation of external forces which act on rigid bodies in
equilibrium. Determination of the internal deformations belongs to the study of the
mechanics of deformable bodies, which normally follows statics in the curriculum.

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PROBLEMS 2/2 The magnitude of the force

Introductory Problems F is 600 N. Express F as a
2/1 The force F has a magnitude of vector in terms of the unit
800 N. Express F as a vector in terms vectors i and j. Identify both
of the unit vectors i and j. Identify the x the scalar and vector
and y scalar components of F. components of F.

Soln.
Soln.
Step1: Free body Diagram Step 1: Magnitude of force F=600
lb
Step 2: Free body diagram

Step2:M
agnitud
e of
force
800N
x

component of force, Fx=-Fsin35o

F x=-
800sin35o
F x=-459 Step3: Force vector
N F=600cos30i - 600sin30j
y component of force, Fy=Fcos35o F=520i – 300j
F y=800 Step 4:Scalar components of
cos35 o force
F y=655 Along x-axis
N Fx=520 lb
Force vector, F=(-459i-655j)N Along y-axis
Fy= -300 lb

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=(-2.88i-3.84j)kN
Step5:Vector components of 2/4 The line of action of the 9.6-
force kN force F runs through the points
Along x-axis A and B as shown in the igure.
Fx=520i lb Determine the x and y scalar
components of F.
Along y-axis
Fy= -300j lb
2/3 The slope of the 4.8-kN force
F is speciied as shown in the
igure. Express F as a vector in
terms of the
unit vectors i and j.

Soln.
Step1:
Magnitude of force F=4800 lb
Position of point A= -15i-20j
Position of point B=30i+10j
Step2: Free body diagram
Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Stpe3:
Step2: Position vector of AB, AB=OB – OA
Magnitude of force, F=4.8 kN AB=45i+30j
3
Magnitude of AB, AB = √ 45 +30
2 2
Unit vector of force, n= - 5 i-
= 54.08
4
in
5 j
AB
Force vector F= F n
3 4 Unit vector of AB, n= AB
F=4.8(- 5 i- 5

j)

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= nAB =
45 i+30 j 0.832i - 0.55j
54.08 TA= TA nAB

TA=900(0.832i - 0.55j)
2/5 A cable stretched between TA=(749i-
the ixed supports A and B is 499j)lb
under a tension T of 900 lb. But TA= - TB
Express the tension as a vector =-(749i-499j)lb
using the unit vectors i and j, =(-749i+499j)lb
irst, as a forceTA acting on A and
second, as a force TB acting on B. 2/6 The 1800-N force F is applied
to the end of the I beam. Express
F as a vector using the unit
vectors i and j.

Soln.
Step1: Free body Diagram
Soln.
Stpe1:
Magnitude of force F=1800 N
3
Unit vector of force, n= - 5 i-
4
5 j
Step2: Force vector F= F n
Magnitude of tension in cable AB, 3
F=1800(- 5 i-
T = 900 lb
4
2 j)
i 5
Unit vector of AB=nAB= √2 +32
2

=-1080iN-1440jN
3 2/7 The two structural members, one
- √ 2 +32 j
2 of which is in tension and the other in
compression, exert the indicated
forces on joint O. Determine the
magnitude of the resultant R of the two

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forces and the angle θ which R makes −3.23

with the positive x-axis. =tan-1( −1.598 )
=26o
Angle θ made by ‘R’ with positive
x-axis
θ=180o+26o
=206o
2/8 Two forces are applied to the
construction bracket as shown.
Determine the angle θ which makes
the resultant of the two forces vertical.
Determine the magnitude R of the
resultant.
Soln.
Step1: Free body Diagram

Soln.
x-components of resultant force Step1: Free body Diagram
R= ∑ F
x x

Rx= -3cos60o-2cos30o
Rx= -3.23 kN
y-components of resultant force
R= ∑ F
y y

Ry= 3sin60o+2 sin30o

Ry= -1.598 kN
Magnitude of the resultant force

R= √R +R
2
x
2
y
Step2:

R= √(−3.23) +(−1.598 )
2 2 F1=800 lb
F2=425 lb
R=3.6 kN Given that the resultant force is
Step3: normal to x-axis.Therefore the x-
Angle θ made by ‘R’ component of resultant force is
Rx zero.
-1
θ=tan ( R y ) R= ∑ F =0
x x

Rx= -425cosθ+800cos70o = 0

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800cos 70o =-240iN-100jN

Cosθ= 425 Scalar component of P along x
Px=-240 N
θ=49.90 Scalar component of P along y
y-components of resultant force Py=-100 N
R= ∑ F
y y
2/10 For the mechanism of Prob.
2/9, determine the scalar
Ry= -425sin49.9-800 sin70o
components Pt and Pn of P which
Ry= -1070 lb
are tangent and normal,
Magnitude of the resultant force
respectively, to crank BC.
R= √ R 2x + R2y Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram
R= √ 0 +(−1077 )
2 2

R=1077 lb
Representative Problems
2/9 In the design of a control
mechanism, it is determined that rod
AB transmits a 260-N force P to the
crank BC. Determine the x and y
scalar components of P.
Soln.
Step1: Free body Diagram
Step2:magnitude of force F=260
N
5
θ=¿ tan-1(
12 )
θ=22.6o
Scalar components of force P
along ‘n’
Pn=260 cos(30o-22.6o)
Pn=258 N
Scalar components of force P
Step2:Magnitude of force P=260 along ‘t’
N Pt=260 sin(30o-22.6o)
12 Pt=33. 5N
Unit vector of force, n= - 13 i- 2/11 The t-component of the force F is
known to be 75N. Determine the n-
5 component and the magnitude of F.
13 j
Force vector P= P n
12
P=260(- 13 i-
5
13 j)

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Soln.
Step1: Free body Diagram

Step1:
Free body diagram

Step2: The t-component of the force

F,Ft=75 N.Let Fn be the n-component
of the force F
Ft=Fcos40o (1)
Fn=-Fsinθ (2)
Dividing equation (2) by (1)
Fn
F t =-tan40o Step2:
Fn=-Ft tan40o
Components of force F along ‘x’
Fn=-75 tan40o Fx= -800 cos200
Fn=-62.9o Fx= -752 lb
By equation (1) Components of force F along ‘y’
Ft=Fcos40o Fy= 800 sin200
75=F cos40o Fy= 274 lb
F=97.9 N Step3:
2/12 A force F of magnitude 800 N is Components of force along ‘t’
applied to point C of the bar AB as Ft= -800 cos400
shown. Determine both the x-y and the Ft= -613 lb
n-t components of F.
Components of force along ‘n’
Fn= -800 sin400
Fn= -514 lb
2/13 The two forces shown act at
point A of the bent bar. Determine
the resultant R of the two forces.

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this purpose replace this force by

its equivalent of two forces at A,
Ft parallel and Fn perpendicular to
the beam. Determine Ft and Fn.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram
Step1:
Free body diagram

Step2:
Components of force along ‘t’
Ft= 2 cos(200+300)
Ft=1.286 kN
Components of force along ‘n’
Fn=2 sin(200+300)
Fn=1.532 kN
Step2:
2/15 Determine the magnitude Fs of
x-components of resultant force
the tensile spring force in order that
R= ∑ F
x x the resultant of Fs and F is a vertical
Rx= 7cos45o-3cos30o force. Determine the magnitude R of
Rx= 2.35 kips this vertical resultant force.
y-components of resultant force
R= ∑ F
y y

Ry= -7sin60o+3 sin30o

Ry= -3.45 kips
The resultant of the two forces is
R=Rxi+Ryj
R= (2.35i-3.45j)kips
2/14 To satisfy design limitations
it is necessary to determine the
efect of the 2-kN tension in the
cable on the shear, tension, and Soln.
bending of the ixed I-beam. For Step1:Free body diagram

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Step
2:Magnitude of force F=120 lb Step2:
Tensile spring force be Fs Lift force L=50 lb
Since the horizontal component of ‘R’ Ratio of the lift force to drag force
is zero L
F=Fs cos60o D =10
F=120 cos60o
F=60 lb 50
The resultant force D =10
R=Fsin60o
D=5 lb
R=120sin60o
Magnitude of resultant force R =
R=103.9 lb
2/16 The ratio of the lift force L to √ L2+D2
the drag force D for the simple
airfoil is L/D =10. If the lift force R= √ 52+ 502
on a short section of the airfoil is R=50.2 lb
200 N, compute the magnitude of Step3:
the resultant force R and the Angle made by the resultant with ‘D’
angle θ which it makes with the L
θ=¿
horizontal. tan ( D )
-1

50
θ=¿
tan ( 5 )
-1

θ=¿ 84.3o

2/17 Determine the components of the

2-kN force along the oblique axes a
and b. Determine the projections of F
Soln.
onto the a- and b-axes.
Step1: Free body diagram

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Let Pa and Pb be the projections of

force P along a and b.
Pa=2 cos45o
Soln.
Pa=1.414 kN
Step1:Free body diagram
Pb=2 cos15o
Pb=1.932 kN
2/18 Determine the scalar
components Ra and Rb of the
force R along the non rectan
-gular axes a and b. Also
determine the orthogonal
projection Pa of R onto axis a.

Step2:
By the law of sine’s
Fa 2
o =
sin15 sin120 o

sin15 o
Fa= sin120 o ×2
Fa=0.598 kN
Fb 2 Soln.
o = sin120 o Step1: Free body diagram
sin 45

sin 45o
Fb= sin120 o ×2
Fb=1.633 kN
Step3:

Step2:
By the law of sine

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Rb 800
sin30 = sin 40

Rb= 622 N
Ra 800
sin110 = sin 40

Ra= 1170 N
Step3:Let Pa be the orthogonal
projection of P onto a-axis

Step2:(a)
From the law of cosine’s
R2=4002+6002 – 2(400)(600)cos1202
R2=760000
R2=872 N
Let θ be the angle made with the
Step4: vertical,then by the law of sine’s
600 872
Pa=R cos300
=800 cos300 sinθ = sin120 o
=693 N
θ =36.6o
2/19 Determine the resultant R of the
two forces shown by (a) applying the Step3:(b)
parallelogram rule for vector addition x-components of resultant force
and (b) summing scalar components.
R= ∑ F
x x

Rx=600cos30o
Rx=520 N
y-components of resultant force
R= ∑ F
y y

Ry= -400-600sin30o
Ry=-700 N
Magnitude of the resultant force
R= √ R 2x + R2y
520
¿
Soln. R= ¿
¿
Step1: Free body diagram √¿

R=872 N
Angle θ made by ‘R’
Rx
-1
θ=tan ( R y )

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700 θ2=36.87o
-1
=tan ( 520 ) α=180o – (θ1+θ2)
α=180o – (26.57o+36.87o)
=53.4o α=116.56o
So the angle made by resultant By the law of sine
with the vertical P 400
θ=90o-53.4o sinθ 2 = sinθ 1
θ=36.6o
2/20 It is desired to remove the
spike from the timber by applying P= 537 lb
force along its horizontal axis. An T P
obstruction A prevents direct sinα = sinθ 2
access, so that two forces, one
1.6 kN and the other P, are T= 800.541 lb
applied by cables as shown. 2/21 At what angle θ must the 800-N
Compute the magnitude of P force be applied in order that the
necessary to ensure a resultant T resultant R of the two forces has a
directed along the spike. Also ind magnitude of 2000 N? For this
T. condition, determine the angle θ
between R and the vertical.

Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram
Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram

Step2:
Step2: From igure Magnitude of the resultant force
4 R=2000 lb
θ1=tan-1( 8 ) From the law of cosine’s
20002=14002+8002 – 2(1400)
θ1=26.57o (800)cos(180o-θ)
6 But cos(180o-θ)=-cosθ
θ2=tan-1( 8 ) Therefore

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20002=14002+8002 + 2(1400)(800)cosθ Position of point A=0.06i+0.04j

θ=51.3o Position of point P=0.08sin30i-
From the law of sine’s 0.08cos30j
800 R P=0.04i-
sinβ = sin ⁡( 180−θ) 0.0693j
Position vector PA=OA-OP
PA=(0.06-0.04)i-[(0.04)-(-
sin ⁡( 180−θ) 0.0693)]j
sinβ =R×
800 PA=0.02i+0.1093j
Magnitude of PA= √ 0.02 +0.1093
2 2
β=18.19o
2/22 The unstretched length of the PA=0.1111m
spring of modulus k =1.2 kN/m is 100 PA
mm.When pin P is in the position Unit vector nPA= PA
θ=30o determine the x- and y-
components of the force which the 0.02
spring exerts on the pin. (The force in ¿
a spring is given by F=kx, where x is ¿
0.1093
the deflection from the unstretched ¿
length.) ¿
nPA = ¿2
¿
√¿
0.02i+0.1093 j
¿

n PA =0.18i+0.984j
Magnitude of spring force F= Kx
Where x is change in length.
x=PA- l
x =0.1111-0.1
x=0.0111m
F=1.2 kN×0.0111
Soln. F=13.32 N
Step1: Free body diagram Step3:
Spring force vector
F=F n
PA

=13.32(0.18i+0.984j)
=(2.4i+13.1j) N
x and y components of force are
Fx=2.4 N
Fy=13.1 N
2/23 Refer to the statement and figure
of Prob. 2/22. When pin P is in the
position θ=20o,determine the n- and t-
Step2: Givent hat spring modulus components of the force F which the
k=1.2 kN/m spring of modulus k =1.2 kN/m exerts
Unstretched length of spring l =0.1m on the pin.
Step1:Given that
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Spring constant of the spring k=1.2 F=0.0237 kN

kN/m F=23.7 kN
Unstrectched length of the spring,
l=0.1m 2/24 The cable AB prevents bar
The angle made by the pin with the OA from rotating clockwise about
vertical θ=20o the pivot O. If the cable tension is
Let the centre of the coordinate system 750N.Determine the n- and t-
be positioned at 0. components of this force acting
Step2:The arrangement of the spring on point A of the bar.
system at the present instant is as
shown by the free body diagram

Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram
Step3:
The coordinates of points A and P are
A=(0.06i,0.04j)
P=(0.08 sin20oi-0.08cos20oj)
P=(0.0274i-0.0752j)
Hence the position vector PA is given
by
PA=OA-OP
PA=(0.06-0.0274)i + [0.04-(-0.0752]j
PA=0.0326i+0.1152j
The magnitude of the vector is given
by
0.0326 Step2:
¿ Tension in the cable T=750 N
PA= ¿ Let Tn and Tt be the components
¿
√¿ of force ‘T’ along ‘n’ and ‘t’axes
respectively
PA=0.1197m By the cosine law
The magnitude of the spring force is AB=
given by
F=kx √ OA 2+OB 2−2(OA)(OB )cos 120o
Where x=PA - 0.01 AB=
x=0.1197-0.01
x=0.0197m √(1.5)2+(1.2)2−2(1.5)(1.2)(−0.866)
F=1.2×0.0197 AB=2.34 m

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Step3:
Applying sine rule for triangle BOA
o
sinθ sin120
1.2 = AB

sin120 o
θ
Sin = 2.34 ×1.2
θ =26.37o Step2:
Magnitude of the resultant force
Step3: R=1000 lb
Components of force T along ‘n’ Let θ be the angle between the
T =T Sin θ
n resultant force ‘R’ and horizontal force
Tn=750 Sin26.37 700 lb.
From the law of cosine’s
Tn=333.12 N
10002=4002+7002 – 2(400)
Components of force T along ‘t’
(700)cos(180o-θ)
T =-T cos θ
t cosθ=0.625
Tn=-750 cos26.37 θ=51.32o
Tn=-672 N By the law of sine’s
2/25 At what angle θ must the 400-N 400 1000
force be applied in order that the sinβ = sin ⁡( 180−θ)
resultant R of the two forces have a
o
magnitude of 1000 N? For this sin ⁡( 180−51.32 )
sinβ =400×
condition what will be the angle θ 1000
between R and the horizontal?
β=18.19o
2/26 In the design of the robot to
insert the small cylindrical part
into a close-itting circular hole,
the robot arm must exert a 90-N
force P on the part parallel to the
axis of the hole as shown.
Determine the components of the
force which the part exerts on the
robot along axes (a) parallel and
perpendicular to the arm AB, and
(b) parallel and perpendicular to
the arm BC.

Step1:Free body diagram

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By resolving forces
Pt=90sin45
Pt=63.6 N (parallel force)
Soln. Pn=90cos45
Step1: Given Pn=63.6 N (perpendicular force)
Force exerted by robot P=90 N 2/27 The guy cables AB and AC are
Let parallel force = Pt attached to the top of the transmission
Let perpendicular force = Pn tower. The tension in cable AC is 8 kN.
Step2: Determine the required tension T in
(a) Components of force which cable AB such that the net effect of the
the part exerts on the robot along two cable tensions is a downward
parallel and perpendicular to the force at point A. Determine the
angle arm AB. magnitude R of this downward force.

Soln.
By resolving forces, Step1: Free body diagram
Pt=-90cos30
Pt=-77.9 N (parallel force)
Pn=90sin30
Pn=45 N (perpendicular force)
Step3:
(b) Parallel and perpendicular
forces to the arm BC.

Step2:

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Tension in the cable AC,Tac=8 kN

Let the tension in the cable AB be Tab
Let the magnitude of the resultant
force be R
From the figure
50
θ1=tan-1( 40 )

θ1=51.3o
40
θ2=tan-1( 60 )

θ2=37.3o
θ3=180o - θ1 - θ2
θ3=95o
By the law of sine Soln.
Step1:Geometric solution
T ac T ab
sinθ 1 = sinθ 2

sinθ 2
Tab=400× sinθ 1

sin37.7 o
Tab=400× sin51.3 o

Tab=5.68 kN
R T ac
sinθ 3 = sinθ 1
Step2:
sinθ 3 Let Fx and Fa be the forces along x
R=8× sinθ1 and a-axes respectively.
Let R be the resultant force.
sin 95 o From law of cosine
R=8× sin51.3 o R2=9002+8002-2(900)(800)cos75o
R2=1077300.575
R=10.21 kN R=1037.93
2/28 The gusset plate is Step3:
subjected to the two forces By the law of sine
shown. Replace them by two
equivalent forces, Fx in the x- sinα sin 75
direction and Fa in the a-direction. 800 = 1037.93
Determine the magnitudes of Fx
and Fa. Solve geometrically or sinα =0.744
graphically.
α=48.12o.
From triangle ‘OCD’
180o=β+45o+65o+ α
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180o=β+45o+65o+48.12o
β =21.88o
By the law of sine

sinβ sin 45
Fx = 1037.93

Fx=547.02 N
Step3:
Now considering triangle ‘OCa’
By the law of sine
sin ⁡( α +65) sin 45
Fa = 1037.93

sin ⁡( 48.12+65) sin 45

Fa = 1037.93

sin ⁡( 113.12) sin 45

Fa = 1037.93

Fa=1349.963 N

PROBLEMS
Introductory Problems
2/29 The 10 kN force is applied atpoint
A. Determine the moment of F about
point O. Determine the points on the x-
and y-axes about which the moment of
F is zero.

Step2:
The magnitude of force F=10 kN
Let B and C be the points on y and x-
axes respectively.
Components of force along x and y-
axes.
4
Soln.
Fx=10× 5
Step1: Free body diagram

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Fx=8 kN
3
Fy=10× 5

Fy=6 kN
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CW +)
Mo=Fx×5 - Fy×4
Mo=8×5 - 6×5
Mo=10 kNm
Step3:Considering similar triangles

Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram

3 5
4 = 4+ x

20
4+x= 3

x=2.67 m
y 3 Step2:Magnitude of force F=200 lb
x = 4 Taking moment about ‘A’
MA=200cos30o×35
3 MA=6062.2 lb-in (CW)
y=2.67× 4 Taking moment about ‘O’
MO = 200cos30o×35 – 200sin30o×35
y=2 m MO = 6062.2 – 2500
point B(0,2) MO = 3562.2 lb –in (CW)
C(2.67,0) 2/31 Determine the moment of the 50N
2/30 Determine the moment of the force (a) about point O by Varignon’s
800-N force about point A and about theorem and (b) about point C by a
point O. vector approach.

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Soln. CA=-15i-45j
Step1: Free body diagram Mc=(-15i+(-20-
25)j)×( 43.89i+23.94j)
Mc=(-15×23.94)k+(-45×43.89)(-
k)
Mc=1615.95k
Magnitude of moment about ‘C’ is
Mc=1615.95 Nmm(CCW)
2/32 The force of magnitude F
acts along the edge of the
triangular plate. Determine the
moment of F about point O.

Step2: Given that

Force acting along line AB,F=50
kN
From igure.
Position vector of A,OA=-15i-20j
Position vector of B,OB=40i+10j
Position vector of C,OC =25j
Soln.
Vector form of AB,AB=OB-OA
Step1: Free body diagram
AB=(40+15)i+(10+20)j
AB=55i+30j
Force vector along line AB,F=F
AB
ǀ ABǀ
55 i+30 j
F=F[ √552 +302 ] Step2:
55 i+30 j Point A(0,h)
F=50[ ] Point B(b,0)
62.65
Vector AB=bi-hj
F=43.89i+23.94j b i−h j
Step3:(a) Unit Vector AB= n AB= √b 2+h2
Taking moment about ‘O’
Mo=OA×F Vector OA=hj
Mo=(-15i-20j)×( 43.89i+23.94j) Moment about ‘O’ MO= OA × F
Mo=(-15×23.94)k+(-20×43.89)(- Fb i−Fh j
k) MO= hj ×[ √ b2 +h2 ]
Mo=518.7k
Fbh
Magnitude of moment about ‘O’ is
Mo=518.7 Nmm(CCW) MO= - √b 2+h2 k
Step4:(b)
Fbh
Moment about ‘C’
Mc=CA×F MO= √b 2+ h2 (CW)
Position vector of CA,CA=OA-OC
2/33 In steadily turning the water
CA=-15i+(-20-25)j
pump,a person exerts the 120N force
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on the handle as shown. Determine

the moment of this force about point O.

Soln.
Soln. Step1: Free body diagram
Step1: Free body diagram

Step2:
Step2:
Let the tension required be ‘T’
Magnitude of force F=120 N
Taking moment about ‘O’
Moment of force about ‘O’ (CW +)
(Anticlock wise +) MO=0
Mo=F cos(20o+15o)×0.15
1.8 - T×0.05=0
Mo=120cos35o×0.15
1.8
Mo=14.74 Nm
T= 0.05
2/34 The throttle-control sector
pivots freely at O. If an internal T=36 N
torsional spring exerts a return 2/35 A force F of magnitude 60 N is
moment M =1.8 on the sector applied to the gear. Determine the
when in the position shown, for moment of F about point O.
design purposes determine the
necessary throttle-cable tension T
so that the net moment about O
is zero. Note that when T is zero,
the sectorrests against the idle-
control adjustment screw at R.

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Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram

Step2: Given
Magnitude of force F=250 N
Soln. x and y components of force ‘F’
Step1: Free body diagram Fy=250 cos15o
Fy=241.48 N
Fx=250 sin15o
Fx=64.7 N
Step3:
Taking moment about ‘O’
Mo – Fy(0.2)+Fx(0.03)=0
Mo – 241.48(0.2)+64.7(0.03)=0
Mo - 48.296+1.92 =0
Mo=46.36 Nm
2/37 A mechanic pulls on the 13-mm
combination wrench with the 140-N
Step2: force shown. Determine the moment of
Magnitude of force F=60 N this force about the bolt center O.
Fy=F cos cos20o
Fy=60 cos cos20o
Fy=56.38 N
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CW+)
Mo=Fy×0.1
Mo=56.38×0.1
Mo=5.64 Nm
2/36 Calculate the moment of the
250-N force on the handle of the
monkey wrench about the center
of the bolt. Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram

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(Anticlock wise +) MO=Fx ×1.5+Fy × 11

Mo= 120 sin30o ×1.5+120cos30o × 11
Mo=90+1143.15
Mo=1233.15 lb-in (CW)
2/39 A portion of a mechanical coin
sorter works as follows:Pennies and
dimes roll down the 20o incline,the last
triangular portion of which pivots freely
about a horizontal axis through O.
Dimes are light enough (2.28 grams
Step2: each) so that the triangular portion
Magnitude of force F=140 N remains stationary, and the dimes roll
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CCW+) into theright collection column.
Mo=Fcosθ×0.095 Pennies, on the other hand, are heavy
Mo=Fcos(25o-10o)×0.095 enough (3.06 grams each) so that the
Mo=140cos10o×0.095 triangular portion pivots clockwise, and
Mo=13.1 Nm the pennies roll into the left collection
2/38 As a trailer is towed in the column. Determine the moment about
forward direction, the force F O of the weight of the penny in terms
=500 N is applied as shown to the of the slant distance s in millimeters.
ball of the trailer hitch. Determine
the moment of this force about
point O.

Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram
Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram

Step2:
Step2: Given that force F=120 lb mgcos200 and mgsin200 are
Let Fx and Fy be the components components of weight
of force along x and y-axes perpendicular parallel to the
respectively. inclined plane respectively.
Taking moment about ‘O’

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Taking moment about pivot ‘O’

(CW +)
Mo= mgcos200×s+
0
mgsin20 (9.5+3.5)
Mo=3.06×10-
3
×9.81cos200×s+3.06×10-3
×9.81sin200(9.5+3.5)
Mo=(0.0282s+0.1335) Nmm (s in
mm)
2/40 Elements of the lower arm
are shown in the igure.The mass Step2: Given that
of the forearm is 2.3 kg with mass Weight of the fore arm W1=5 lb
center at G. Determine the Weight of the sphere W2=8 lb
combined moment about the Let ‘T’ be the tension in the bicep.
elbow pivot O of the weights of Moment about ‘O’ due to the
the forearm and the 3.6kg weights 5 lb and 8 lb.
homogeneous sphere. What must (Clock wise +) Mo=8×13+5×6sin55o
the biceps tension force be so Mo=104+24.57
that the overall moment about O Mo=128.57 lb-in
is zero? (CW)
The combined moment due to the
all forces is zero.
(Clock wise +)∑ Mo=0
128.57-T×2=0
T=64.29 lb

2/41 A 32 lb pull T is applied to a

cord,which is wound securely around
the inner hub of the drum.Determine
the moment of T about the drum
center C. At what angle θ should T be
applied so that the moment about the
contact point P is zero?

Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram

Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram

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Step2:
Magnitude of force T=32 lb
Taking moment about ‘C’(CW+)
Mc=T×5
Mc=32×5 Soln.
Mc=160 lb-in Step1: Free body diagram
For the moment about the contact
point P to be zero,the applied force
should pass through point P.
Let θ be the angle of T with the
horizontal such that

Step2: Magnitude of force F=200 N

OA=450-62.5 cos20
OA=391.27 mm
Moment about ‘O’
(Clock wise +) Mo=F×OA
From the triangle PCB Mo=200×391.27
BC
Mo=78253.84 Nmm
Cosθ= CP
2/43 In order to raise the flagpole OC,
5 a light frame OAB is attached to the
Cosθ= 8 pole and a tension of 780 lb is
developed in the hoisting cable by the
θ=51.3o power winch D. Calculate the moment
2/42 A force of 200 N is applied to the Mo of this tension about thehinge point
end of the wrench to tighten a flange O.
bolt which holds the wheel to the axle.
Determine the moment M produced by
this force about the center O of the
wheel for the position of the wrench
shown.
Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram

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mg×S -W×1=0
mg×S=W

W
S= mg

Step2:
Magnitude of tenion T=780 lb 2197.44
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CCW +) S= 90 × 9.8
Mo=780cos20o×10cos30o-780sin20o×5
Mo=6347.62-1333.88 S=2.49 m
Mo=5013.74 lb-ft 2/45 In raising the pole from the
2/44 The uniform work platform, which position shown, the tension T in the
has a mass per unit length of 28 kg/m, cable must supply a moment about O
is simply supported by cross rods A of 72kNm . Determine T.
and B. The 90-kg construction worker
starts from point B and walks to the
right. At what location ‘s’ will the
combined moment of the weights of
the man and platform about point B be
zero?

Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram

Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram

Step2: Given that

Mass of the platform M=28 kg/m Step2:
Mass of the worker m=90 kg Given,moment about ‘O’ Mo=72 kN
Weight of the platform Let ‘T’ be the tension in the cable
W=28×(1+4+3)×9.81 Considering triable OBC
W=2197.44 N h
Moment of all force at ‘B’ is zero. sin60o= 30
MB=0

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h=25.98 m
x
cos60o= 30

x=15 m
Now considering triangle ‘ABC’
h
tanθ= 12+ x

25.98
tanθ= 12+15

25.98 Soln.
tanθ= 27 Step1: Free body diagram

θ=tan-10.9622
θ=43.897o
From ΔOAC
1800=α+θ+120o
1800=α+43.897o +120o
α=16.103o
Step3:

Step2: Given that

Force exerted by the plunger F=40 N
100
tanθ= 400

θ=14.036o
Taking moment about point ‘O’
Mo=40cos14.036o(75)+ 40sin14.036o(425)
Taking moment about ‘O’ Mo=2910.43+4123.035
∑Mo=0 Mo=7033.465 Nmm (CCW)
Mo-Tsinα×30=0 Let ‘Fc’ be the reaction force at ‘C’
Tsin16.103o×30=72 Taking moment about point ‘O’
T=8.653 kN ∑Mo=0
2/46 The force exerted by the Fc (825) - Mo=0
plunger of cylinder AB on the door Fc (825) - 7033.465 =0
is 40 N directed along the line AB, Fc (825) = 7033.465
and this force tends to keep the Fc =8.525 N
door closed. Compute the 2/47 The 2lb force is applied to the
moment of this force about the handle of the hydraulic control valve as
hinge O. What force FC normal to shown. Calculate the moment of this
the plane of the door must the force about point O.
door stop at C exert on the door
so that the combined moment
about O of the two forces is zero?

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Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram
Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram

Step2: Method1
Taking moment about ‘A’
MA=Fcos15o×280+ Fsin15o×400
MA=200cos15o×280+
200sin15o×400
MA=74797.4 Nm (CW)
Step2: Step3: Method2
Given,applied force F=2 lb
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CCW +)
∑Mo=-2cos20o×(10sin60o+1.5)-
2sin20o×(1ocos60o)
∑Mo=-19.095-3.42
∑Mo=-22.5 lb-in
2/48 Calculate the moment MA of
the 200-N force about point A by
using three scalar methods and
one vector method. Considering the force applied at
‘D’
CD=400tan15o
CD=107.18 mm
DA=AC+CD
DA=280+107.18
DA=387.18 mm
Taking moment about ‘A’
MA= 200cos15o×DA
MA= 200cos15o×387.18
MA=74797.4 Nm (CW)
Step4: Method3
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Finding the perpendicular Elastic modulus of band k=60

distance AE N/m
DA=387.18 mm Unstretched length of band
DE=DAsin15o xo=0.74m
DE=387.18 sin15o OC=OA+AC
DE=100.21 mm OC=0.635+0.74
AE= √ DA +DE
2 2 OC=1.375 m
1.375
AE= √ 387.182+100.212 θ=tan-1 0.635

AE=374 mm θ=65.2o
Taking moment about ‘A’ Step3:
MA=200×374 Change in the length of band x=BC-xo
MA=74797.4 Nm x=1.515-0.74
Step5: Vector method Deflection of spring x=0.775m
r=200i+480j Spring force F=kx
F=-200 cos15oi+200 sin15oj F=60×0.775
MA= r × F F=46.5 N
MA=(200i+480j) × (=-200 Taking moment about ‘O’ (CW +)
cos15oi+200 sin15oj) Mo=Fsinθ×OB
MA=74797.4k Nm Mo=46.5sin62.5o×0.535
2/50 (a) Calculate the moment of the Mo=26.8 Nm
90-N force about point O for the 2/50 (a) Calculate the moment of
condition θ=15o. Also, determinethe the 90-N force about point O for
value of θ for which the moment about the condition θ=15o. Also,
O is (b) zero and (c) a maximum. determine the value of θ for which
the moment about O is (b) zero
and (c) a maximum.

Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram Soln. Given that
Applied force F=90 N
a) θ=15o
Step1: Free body diagram

Step2:
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boom elevation angle is θ=40o,the

force in the hydraulic cylinder BC is 4.5
kN, and this force applied at point C is
in the direction from B toC (the cylinder
is in compression). Determine the
moment of this 4.5-kN force about the
boom pivotpoint O.

Step2:
(Anticlock wise +)
Mo=Fcosθ×0.6 - Fsinθ × 0.8
Mo=90cos15o×0.6+ 90sin15o×0.8
Mo=33.52 Nm
Step3:
b) Moment of the force about ‘O’
is zero.
Mo=0
Fcosθ×0.6 - Fsinθ × 0.8=0
cosθ×0.6=sinθ × 0.8
0.6 Soln.
tanθ= 0.8 Step1: Free body diagram

θ=36.9o
Step4:

Step2:
Let the angle made by the force F with
the horizontal be α
360+ 340sin 40−110 cos 40
tanα= 340 cos 40+110 sin 40
c) For the moment to be maximum the
applied force should be perpendicular. 494.283
0.6 tanα= 331.162
tanα= 0.8
α=56.2o
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CW +)
α=36.9o Mo=Fcosα×OB
θ=90+α Mo=4.5cos56.2o ×0.36
θ=90+36.9o Mo=0.902 kNm
θ=126.9o 2/52 Design criteria require that
2/51 The small crane is mounted along the robot exert the 90-N force on
the side of a pickup bed and facilitates the part as shown while inserting
the handling of heavy loads. When the a cylindrical part into the circular
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hole. Determine the moment MB =33.75 Nm

about points A, B, and C of the Step3:
force which the part exerts on the Taking moment about ‘A’
robot. ∑MA=0
MA – P(EF+FB+BG)=0
MA = P(EF+FB+BG)
MA
=90(150+450sin30o+550sin45o)
MA =90(3763.91)
MA =68751.9 Nmm
MA =68.752 Nm
2/53 The masthead itting
supports the two forces shown.
Determine the magnitude of T
which will cause no bending of the
mast (zero moment) at point O.

Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram

Step2:
Let T be the tension in the string.
Taking moment about ‘O’
∑Mo=0
5
5cos30o×90+5sin30o×90-T √ 22 +52

2× 60
×120- T √ 22 +52 =0
Step2: Given that
Force exerted by the robot at ‘D’ 389.71+150-11.42T-22.28T=0
P=90 N 133.7T=539.71
Taking moment about ‘C’ T=4.04 kN
∑MC=0 2/54 The piston, connecting rod,
MC – P(150)=0 and crankshaft of a diesel engine
MC=13500 Nmm are shown in the igure. The crank
MC=13.5 Nm throw OA is half the stroke of 8in,
Taking moment about ‘B’ and the length AB of the rod is
∑MB=0 14in. For the position indicated,
MB – P(EF+FB)=0 the rod is under a compression
MB = P(EF+FB) along AB of 3550lb. Determine
MB =90(150+450sin30o) the moment M of this force about
MB =90(375) the crankshaft axis O.
MB =33750 Nmm
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3.464
θ=tan-1 13.56

θ=14.33o
Step3:
Taking moment about ‘O’
(Clockwise +) Mo=Fsinθ×OB
Mo=3550 sin14.33o×15.56
Mo=13671.81 lb-in
Mo=1139 lb-ft
2/55 The 120-N force is applied as
shown to one end of the curved
wrench. If α=30o, calculate the
moment of F about the center O of the
Soln. bolt. Determine thevalue of α which
Step1: Free body diagram would maximize the moment about O;
state the value of this maximum
moment.

Step2:
OA=8 in
AB=14 in
Compression in the rod AB,
T=3550 lb.
AD=OA cos30o
AD=4(0.866)
Soln.
AD=3.464 in
Step1: Free body diagram
OD=OA sin30o
OD=4 sin30
OD=2 in
BD= √ AB − AD
2 2

BD= √ 142−3.464 2
BD=13.56 in
OB=BD+OD
OB=13.56+2
OB=15.56 in
AB Step2:Applied force F=120 N
θ=tan-1 AD Taking moment about ‘O’(CW+)
Mo=120cos30o(70+150+70)+
120cos30o(25+70+70+25)
Mo=41537.68Nmm

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Step3:
For maximum moment Mo the force F
should be perpendicular to the line
joining AB.
25+ 70+25+70
tanα= 70+150+70

α=33.2o
Step4:For this condition

Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram

OA=
√(25+70+25+ 70)2 +(70+150+70)2
OA=346.7mm
Taking moment about ‘O’
Mo=120×346.7
Mo=41603.84 Nmm
2/56 If the combined moment of Step2:
the two forces about point C is a) Taking moment about ‘C’.
zero, determine ∑MC=0
(a) the magnitude of the force P. P×8+100cos60o×4-
(b) the magnitude R of the 100sin60o×8=0
resultant of the two forces. P=61.6 lb
(c) the coordinates x and y of the Step3:
point A on the rim of the wheel b) ∑Fx=Rx
about which the combined Rx= - 100cos60o-61.6
moment of the two forces is a Rx=-111.6 lb
maximum. ∑Fy=Ry
(d) the combined moment MA of Ry=100 sin60o
the two forces about A. Ry=86.6 lb
R= √ R x + R y
2 2

R= √(−111.6)2 +(86.6)2
R=141.3 lb
Step3:
Fy
-1
c) θ=tan Fx

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86.6 y=8cosθ
θ=tan-1 143.3 x=8cos37.81o
x=6.32 in
θ=37.81o Step5:
Step4: Moment about ‘A’
MA=R×BA
BA=OA+OB
BA=8+4 cosθ
BA=8+4cos37.81o
BA=11.61 in
Since MA=R×BA
MA=143.3×11.61
MA=15771 lb-in (CW)

x=8sinθ
x=8sin37.81o
x=4.9 in

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PROBLEMS
Introductory Problems
2/57 The caster unit is subjected to the
pair of 400-Nforces shown. Determine
the moment associated with these
forces.

2/60 The indicated force–couple

system is applied to a small shaft at
the center of the plate.Replace this
system by a single force and specify
the coordinate of the point on the x-
axis through which the line of action
of this resultalt force passes.

2/58 A force F=60 N acts along the line

AB. Determine the equivalent force–
couple system at point C.

2/61 The bracket is spot welded to the

end of the shaft at point O.To show the
effect of the 900-N force on the weld,
replace the force by its equivalent of a
force and couple M at O. Express M in
vector notation.

2/59 The top view of a revolving

entrance door is shown. Two persons
simultaneously approach the door and
exert force of equal magnitudes as
shown. If the resulting moment about
the door pivot axis at O is 25 Nm,
determine the force magnitude F.

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replacement is frequently done in the

design of structures.

2/62 As part of a test, the two aircraft

engines are revved up and the
propeller pitches are adjusted so as to
result in the fore and aft thrusts shown.
What force F must be exerted by the 2/64 Each propeller of the twin-screw
ground on each of the main braked ship develops a fullspeed thrust of 300
wheels at A and B to counteract the kN. In maneuvering the ship,one
turning effect of the two propeller propeller is turning full speed ahead
thrusts? Neglect any effects of the and the other full speed in reverse.
nose wheel C, which is turned 90N What thrust P must each tug exert on
and unbraked. the ship to counteract the effect of the
ship’s propellers?

Representative Problems
2/65 A lug wrench is used to tighten a
square-head bolt. If 250-N forces are
applied to the wrench as shown,
determine the magnitude F of the
equal forces exerted on the four
contact points on the 25-mm bolt head
2/63 Replace the 10-kN force acting
so that their external effect on the bolt
on the steel column by an equivalent
is equivalent to that of the two 250-N
force–couple system at point O.This
forces. Assume that the forces are

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perpendicular to the flats of the bolt

head.

2/66 During a steady right turn, a 2/68 A force F of magnitude 50 N is

person exerts the forces shown on the exerted on the automobile parking
steering wheel. Note that each force -brake lever at the position x =250mm.
consists of a tangential component Replace the force by an equivalent
and a radiallyinward component. force–couple system at the pivot point
Determine the moment exerted about O.
the steering column at O.

2/69 The tie-rod AB exerts the 250-N

force on the steering knuckle AO as
shown. Replace this force by an
equivalent force–couple system at O.

2/67 The 180-N force is applied to the

end of body OAB. If θ= 50o, determine
the equivalent force–couple system at
the shaft axis O.

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2/72 Calculate the moment MB of the

2/70 The combined drive wheels of a 900-N force about the bolt at B.
front-wheel-drive automobile are acted Simplify your work by first replacing
on by a 7000-N normal reaction force the force by its equivalent force-couple
and a friction force F, both of which are system at A.
exerted by the road surface. If it is
known that the resultant of these two
forces makes a 15o angle with the
vertical, determine the equivalent
force–couple system at the car mass
center G. Treat this as a two
dimensional problem.

2/71 The system consisting of the bar 2/73 The bracket is fastened to the
OA,two identicalpulleys, and a section girder by means of the two rivets A and
of thin tape is subjected to the two B and supports the 2-kN force.
180N tensile forces shown in the Replace this force by a force acting
figure. Determine the equivalent force– along the centreline between the rivets
couple system at point O. and a couple. Then redistribute this
force and couple by replacing it by two
forces,one at A and the other at B, and
ascertain the forces supported by the
rivets.

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2/76 The device shown is a part of an

automobile seatback-release mechan-
ism. The part is subjected to the 4-N
force exerted at A and a restoring
moment exerted by a hidden torsional
spring. Determine the y-intercept of the
line of action of the single equivalent
force.

2/74 The angle plate is subjected to

the two 250-N forces shown. It is
desired to replace these forces by an
equivalent set consisting of the 200-N
force applied at A and a second force
applied at B. Determine the y-
coordinate of B.

2/75 The weld at O can support a

maximum of 2500 N of force along
each of the n- and t-directions and a
maximum of 1400 Nm of moment.
Determine the allowable range for the
direction θ of the 2700-N force applied
at A. The angle θ is restricted to 0
≤θ≥90o.

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Resultant

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PROBLEMS replace this force–couple system with

Introductory Problems a stand-alone force.
2/77 Calculate the magnitude of the
tension T and the angle θ for which the
eye bolt will be under a resultant
downward force of 15 kN.

2/80 Determine the height h above the

base B at which the resultant of the
three forces acts.

2/78 Determine the resultant R of the

four forces acting on the gusset plate.
Also find the magnitude of R and the
angle θx which the resultant makes
with the x-axis. 2/81 Where does the resultant of the
two forces act?

2/82 Under nonuniform and slippery

road conditions, thetwo forces shown
are exerted on the two rear-drive
2/79 Determine the equivalent force– wheels of the pickup truck, which has
couple system at the origin O for each a limited-slip rear differential.
of the three cases of forces being Determine the y-intercept of the
applied to the edge of a circular disk. If resultant of this force system.
the resultant can be so expressed,

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2/86 A commercial airliner with four jet

2/83 If the resultant of the two forces engines, each producing 90 kN of
and couple M passes through point O, forward thrust, is in a steady, level
determine M. cruise when engine number 3suddenly
fails.Determine and locate the
resultant of the three remaining engine
thrust vectors. Treat this as a
twodimensional problem.

2/84 Determine the magnitude of the

force F applied to the handle which will
make the resultant of the three forces
pass through O.

2/87 Replace the three forces acting

on the bent pipe by a single equivalent
force R. Specify the distance x from
point O to the point on the x-axis
through which the line of action of R
passes.

2/85 Determine and locate the

resultant R of the two forces and one
couple acting on the I-beam.

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magnitude M. Is the unit slowing down

2/88 The directions of the two thrust or speeding up?
vectors of an experimental aircraft can
be independently changed from the
conventional forward direction within
limits. For the thrust configuration
shown, determine the equivalent
force–couple system at point O. Then
replace this force–couple system by a
single force and specify the point on
the x-axis through which the line of
action of this resultant passes. These
results are vital to assessing design
performance.

2/91 The design specifications for the

attachment at A for this beam depend
on the magnitude and location of the
applied loads. Represent the resultant
of the three forces and couple by a
single force R at A and a couple M.
Specify the magnitude of R.

2/89 Determine the resultant R of the

three forces acting on the simple truss.
Specify the points on the x- and y-axes
through which R must pass.

2/92 In the equilibrium position shown,

the resultant of the three forces acting
on the bell crank passes through the
bearing O. Determine the vertical force
P. Does the result depend on θ?

2/90 The gear and attached V-belt

pulley are turning counterclockwise
and are subjected to the tooth load of
1600 N and the 800-N and 450-N
tensions in the V-belt. Represent the
action of these three forces by a
resultant force R at O and a couple of

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2/95 Under nonuniform and slippery

road conditions, the four forces shown
are exerted on the four drive wheels of
the all-wheel-drive vehicle. Determine
2/93Two integral pulleys are subjected the resultant of this system and the x-
to the belt tensions shown.If the and y-intercepts of its line of action.
resultant R of these forces passes Note that the front and rear tracks are
through the center O, determine T and equal (i.e.AB=CD).
the magnitude of R and the
counterclockwise angle θ it makes
with the x-axis.

2/96 The rolling rear wheel of a front-

wheel-drive automobile which is
accelerating to the right is subjected to
the five forces and one momentshown.
The forces Ax =240 N and Ay= 2000 N
are forces transmitted from the axle to
the wheel, F =160 N is the friction
2/94 While sliding a desk toward the force exerted by the road surface on
doorway, three students exert the the tire, N =2400 N is the normal
forces shown in the overhead view. reaction force exerted by the road
Determine the equivalent force–couple surface, and W = 400 N is the weight
system at point A. Then determine the of the wheel/tire unit. The couple M=3
equation of the line of action of the Nm is the bearing friction moment.
resultant force. Determine and locate the resultant of
the system.

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is a zero force–couple system at O

desirable?

2/97 A rear-wheel-drive car is stuck in

the snow between other parked cars
as shown. In an attempt to free the car,
three students exert forces on the car
at points A, B, and C while the driver’s
actions result in a forward thrust of 200
N acting parallel to the plane of
rotation of each rear wheel. Treating
the problem as two-dimensional,
determine the equivalent
force–couple system at the car center
of mass G and locate the position x of
the point on the car centreline through
which the resultant passes. Neglect all
forces not shown.

2/98 An exhaust system for a pickup

truck is shown in the figure. The
weights Wh, Wm, and Wt of the
headpipe,muffler, and tailpipe are 10,
100, and 50 N, respectively, and act at
the indicated points. If the exhaust-
pipe hanger at point A is adjusted so
that its tension FA is 50 N, determine
the required forces in the hangers at
points B, C, and D so that the force–
couple system at point O is zero. Why
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Ch#3 Equilibrium
Step1:Free body diagram
Step2:
Step3:
Step4:
Step5:

1.5'

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Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

PROBLEMS
Introductory Problems Step2:
3/1 Determine the force P required to Mass m=200kg
maintain the 200-kg engine in the Weight W=200×9.81
position for which θ=30o. The diameter =1962 N
of the pulley at B is negligible. DC=2sin30o
DC=1 m
AD=2cos30o
AD=1.732 m
BD=2-AD
BD=0.27 m
DC
α=tan-1 BD

1
α= tan-1 0.27

α=75o
Step3:
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Applying sine’s law 2RA+2(4050)-13734=0

P 2RA=2817 N
sin(90 +30 ) = 3/3 A carpenter carries a 12 lb uniform
o o

board as shown.What downward force

W does he feel on his shoulder at A?
sin ⁡( 180 −30o −75o )
o

sin120 o
P=1962× sin75 o

P=1759 N
3/2 The mass center G of the 1400-kg
rear-engine car is located as shown in
the figure. Determine the normal force
under each tire when the car is in
equilibrium.State any assumptions.

Step1:Free body diagram

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Step2:Weight of the board W=12 lb

Let NA and NB be the reactions at
points A and B respectively.Taking
moment about B,
∑MB=0
W×(2+1)-NA×2=0
Step2: 12×3-2NA=0
Mass of car m=1400kg 2NA=36
Weight W=1400×9.81 NA=18 lb
W=13734 N
∑Fy=0 3/4 In the side view of a 70kg
Since there are two front and two rear television resting on a24kg cabinet, the
tyres of a car,therefore mass centers are labeled G1 and G2.
2RA+2RB-13734=0 (i) Determine the force reactions at A and
Taking moment about ‘A’ B. (Note that the mass center of most
∑MA=0 televisions is located well forward
2RB(1.386+0.964)-13734×1.386=0 because of the heavy nature of the
4.7RB=19035.324 front portion of picture tubes.)
RB=4050 N (ii)
Using the value of RB in (i)

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3/5 The roller stand is used to support

portions of long boards as they are
being cut on a table saw. If the board
exerts a 25-N downward force on the
roller C, determine the vertical
reactions at A and D. Note that the
connection at B is rigid, and that the
feet A and D are fairly lengthy
horizontal tubes with a nonslip coating.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram
Step2:
Weight of TV, W1=70×9.81
W1=686.7 N
Weight of the cabinet W2=24×9.81
W2=235.44 N
Taking moment about A,
∑MA=0
NB ×0.7-W1×0.6-W2×0.35=0
0.7NB -686.7×0.6-235.44×0.35=0
0.7NB-412.02-82.404=0
0.7NB=706 N
Now ∑Fy=0
NA+NB-W1-W2=0
NA+706-686.7-235.44=0
NA=216 N
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Step2: RA+3718=6572.7
Downward force at ‘C’ is 25N RA=2854.7 N
Let RA and RB be the reactions at A
and B. 3/7 Calculate the force and moment
Taking moment about A, reactions at the bolted base O of the
∑MA=0 (CCW+) overhead traffic-signal assembly. Each
RD×0.355-25×0.235=0 traffic signal has a mass of 36 kg,while
RD=16.55 N the masses of members OC and AC
Now ∑Fy=0 are 50 kg and 55 kg, respectively.
RA+RD-25=0
RA+16.55-25=0
RA=8.45 N
3/6 The 450-kg uniform I-beam
supports the load shown.Determine
the reactions at the supports.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Step2:
Weight of each traffic signal is 80 lb.
Weight of members OC and AC are
Step2: 110 lb and 120 lb respectively.
Weight of the I-beam W1=450×9.81 Let Ox,Oy and Mo=0 be the reactions
W1=4414.5 N and reactive moment at ‘O’
Weight of the drum W2=220×9.81 respectively.
W2=2158.2 N Considering forces along x-axis
RA+RB=4414.5+2158.2 ∑Fx=0
RA+RB=6572.7 (i) Ox =0
Taking moment about A, Considering forces along y-axis
∑MA=0 (CW+) ∑Fy=0
4414.5×4+2158.2×5.6-RB×8=0 Oy-80-80-110-120=0
RB=3718 N Oy=390 lb
Putting this value in (i) Taking moment about ‘O’
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∑Mo=0 (CCW+) 3.73NB=732.29

80(15+3+12)+80(3+12)+120×12-Mo=0 NB=196.3
Mo=5040 lb-ft (CW) Using this value in (i)
0.966NA-0.5(196.3)=0
0.966NA=98.15
NA=101.6 N
3/8 The 20-kg homogeneous smooth 3/9 A 120 lb crate resets on the 60 lb
sphere rests on the two inclines as pickup tailgate. Calculate the tension T
shown.Determine the contact forces at in each of the two restraining cables,
A and B. one of which is shown. The centers of
gravity are at G1 and G2. The crate is
located midway between the two
cables.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram
Step2:
Mass of the sphere, m=20kg
Weight of sphere, W=20×9.81
W=196.2 N
Considering forces along x-axis
∑Fx=0
RA cos150-RB sin30o=0
0.966NA-0.5NB=0 (i)
Considering forces along y-axis
∑Fy=0
RA sin150+RB cos30o-196.2=0 Step2:
0.966NA+0.5NB=196.2 Weight of the crate W1=120 lb
0.259NA=196.2-0.866NB Weight of the tailgate W2=60 lb
NA=758.06-3.344NB (ii) 12
Putting above value in (i) tanθ= 9.5+2.75
0.966(758.06-3.344NB)-0.5NB=0
732.29-3.23NB-0.5NB=0 θ=tan-10.9796
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θ=44.4o Taking moment about ‘O’

Taking moment about ‘O’ ∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
∑Mo=0 (CCW+) -RA×0.46+1596.6×0.135=0
120(14)+60(9.5)-2Tsin44.4o(12.25)=0 RA=460.64 N
1680+570-17.14T=0 1
T=131.27 lb For 2 RA=230.32 N
3/10 A portable electric generator has
a mass of 160 kg with mass center at Taking moment about ‘O’
G. Determine the upward force F ∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
necessary to reduce the normal force 1569.6(0.135)-230.32(0.46)-F(0.7)=0
at A to onehalf its nominal (F = 0) -0.7F=-105.95
value. F=151.36 N
3/11 With what force magnitude T must
the person pull on the cable in order to
cause the scale A to read 2000 N? The
weights of the pulleys and cables are
negligible. State any assumptions.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Step2:
Weight of the generator W=160×9.81
W=1569.6 N
Let F be the force required.
Let RA and RO be the reactions at A
and O respectively.
For F=0
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Step2: 3/13 A woodcutter wishes to cause the

Weight of the block is 1000 lb and reading tree trunk to fall uphill, even though the
is 500 lb. trunk is leaning downhill.With the aid of
Let T be the tension in the cable. the winch W, what tension T in the cable
Considering forces along y-axis will be required? The 1200lb trunk has a
∑Fy=0 center of gravity at G. The felling notch at
5T+500-1000=0 O is sufficiently large so that the resisting
T=100 lb moment there is negligible.
3/12 The device shown is designed to aid
in the removal of pull-tab tops from cans. If
the user exerts a 40-N force at A,
determine the tension T in the portionBC
of the pull tab.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Step2:
Weight of the trunk W=1200 lb
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the cable
Step2: Taking moment about ‘O’
Force applied F=40 N ∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
Let the tension in portion ‘BC’ be ‘T’ 1200(12sin5o)-T(10+4)cos15o=0
Let Ro be reaction at ‘O’ T=81.21 lb
Taking moment about ‘O’ 3/14 To facilitate shifting the position of a
∑Mo=0 (CCW+) lifting hook when it is not under load, the
Tcos45o(32)+Tsin45o(36) - sliding hanger shown is used. The
40cos10o(78+32)-40sin10o(27)=0 projections at A and B engage the flanges
T=94.06 N of a box beam when a load is supported,

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and the hook projects through a horizontal cables AC and BC caused by the weight
slot in the beam. Compute the forces at A of the 30-kg cylinder.
and B when the hook supports a 300-kg
mass.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Step2:
Let TAC,TAB and TDC be the tension in the
cables AB,BC and CD respectively.
Weight of the cylinder W=30×9.81
W=294.3 N
Here
TDC=294.3 N
∑Fx=0
-TACcos45o+294.3cos15o-TBCcos60o=0
0.707TAC+0.5TBC=284.27 (i)
Step2: ∑Fy=0
Weight of the block W=300×9.81 TACsin45o+294.3sin15o-TBCsin60o=0
W=2943 N 0.707TAC=0.866TBC-76.17
Let RA and RB be reactions at A and B. TAC=1.225 TBC-107.74 (ii)
Taking moment about ‘A’ Using (ii) in (i)
∑MA=0 (CCW+) 0.707(1.225TBC-107.74)+0.5TBC=284.27
2943×0.4 - RB×0.6=0 0.866TBC-76.17+0.5TBC=284.27
RB=1962 N 1.366TBC=360.44
Considering forces along y-axis TBC=263.87 N
∑Fy=0 Using above value in (ii)
RA-RB-W=0 TAC=1.225(263.87)-107.74
RA=1962+2923 TAC=215.49 N
RA=4905 N 3/16 A 700-N axial force is required to
3/15 Three cables are joined at the remove the pulley from its shaft. What
junction ring C. Determine the tensions in force F must be exerted on the handle of

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each of the two prybars? Friction at the

contact points B and E is sufficient to
prevent slipping;friction at the pulley
contact points C and F is negligible.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Step2:
Let Ox and Oy be the reactions at ‘O’ along
x and y directions respectively.
Let Mo,be the reaction moment at ‘O’
Self load of the beam portions.i.e
F1=50×9.81×(1.8+0.6)
F1=1177.2 N
F1=1.117 kN
Step2: F2=50×9.81×(0.6+0.6)
Total axial force ‘F’ requires is 700N F2=588.6 N
Since two prybars are acting at both F2=0.589 kN
sides of the pully,the axial force by Step3:
each prybar would be 350N. Taking moment about ‘O’
Taking moment about ‘E’ ∑Mo=0
∑ME=0 (CCW+) Mo-F1×1.2-3×2.8-F2(2.4+0.6cos30o)+4 –
F 1.4(2.4cos30o+1.2)=0
- 2 Mo-1.177×1.2-5.4-0.589×2.916+4-
1.4×3.278=0
×0.038+Fcos5(0.25)+Fsin5(0.031)=0 Mo-1.41-5.4-1.72+4-4.59=0
Mo=9.12 kNm
-13.3+0.249F+0.0027F=0
∑Fx=0
0.252F=13.3 Ox+1.4sin30o=0
F=52.84N Ox+0.7=0
3/17 The uniform beam has a mass of 50 Ox=-0.7 kN
kg per meter of length. Compute the ∑Fy=0
reactions at the support O.The force loads Oy-F1-F2-3-1.4cos30o=0
shown lie in a vertical plane. Oy-1.177-0.589-3-1.21=0
Oy=5.98 kN
Representative Problems

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3/18 A pipe P is being bent by the pipe

bender as shown. If the hydraulic cylinder
applies a force of magnitude F = 24 kN to
the pipe at C, determine the magnitude of
the roller reactions at A and B.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram
Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram
Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Step2:
Length of the pole, L=15m
Weight of the pole, W=150×9.8
W=1471.5 N
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the cable.
Step2: Let RA and RB be the horizental reactions
Applied force 24 kN at A and B respectively.
Let RA and RB be the reactions at A and B. OB2+122=152
Here RA=RB
∑Fy=0 OB= √ 152+ 122
24-RAcos15o-RBcos15o=0
OB=9 m
2RAcos15o=24
∑Fx=0
RA=12.42 kN
RA=RB
RA= RB=12.42 kN
∑Fy=0
3/19 The uniform 15m pole has a mass of
T-1471.5=0
150 kg and is supported by its smooth
T=1471.5 N
ends against the vertical walls and by the
Step3:
tension T in the vertical cable.Compute
the reactions at A and B.

From similar triangles ADC and ABO

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AC AO Let Ax,Ay and Ex be the reactions at A and

AD = AB E respectively.
∑Fx=0
AC 12 Ax+Ex-4000sin30o=0
5 = 15 Ax+Ex=2000 (i)
∑Fy=0
AC=4 m Ay-4000cos30o+500=0
Now consider trianglesAFE and ABO Ay=3464.1-500=0
AE AO Ay=2964.1 N
= Taking moment about ‘A’
AF AB
∑MA=0
500×8+Ex×3-4000cos30o(4)=0
AE 12
3Ex=16000cos30o-4000
7.5 = 15 Ex=3285.46 N
Using above value in (i)
AE=6 m
Ax+3285.46=2000
Taking moment about ‘A’ (CCW+)
Ax=-1285.46 N
∑MA=0
For maximum P, Ex=0
RB×9-1471.5×6+1471.5×4=0
RB=327 N
Taking moment about ‘A’
∑MA=0
RA=RB=327 N
3/20 Determine the reactions at A and E if P×8-4000cos30o(4)=0
P = 500 N. What is the maximum value 8P=13856.4
which P may have for static equilibrium? P=1732 N
Neglect the weight of the structure 3/21 While digging a small hole prior to
compared with the applied loads. planting a tree, a homeowner encounters
rocks. If he exerts a horizontal 225-N force
on the prybar as shown, what is the
horizontal force exerted on rock C? Note
that a small ledge on rock C supports a
vertical force reaction there. Neglect
friction at B. Complete solutions (a)
including and(b)excluding the weight of
the 18kg prybar.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Step2:
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Step2: Soln.
Let (Fc)x and (Fc)y be the horizontal and Step1:Free body diagram
vertical reactions at ‘C’.
Let FB be the force exerted by rock at ‘B’
(a) Considering the weight of the prybar.
Taking moment about ‘C’
∑MC=0
8
×
50×68+40×34tan20o-FB cos 20 =0
o

3400+495-8.51FB=0
8.51FB=3895
FB=457.7 lb
Taking force along x-axis
(Fc)x+50- FBcos20o=0
(Fc)x= 457.7cos20o-50 Step2:considering the triangle ABC
(Fc)x=380 lb
Step3:
(b) Excluding the weight of the prybar.
Taking moment about ‘C’
∑MC=0
8
×
50×68-FB cos 20o =0
FB=399 lb
Taking forces along x-axis. BC= √ r 2+(r −h)2
∑Fx=0
FC- FBcos20o+50=0
BC= √ r 2−r 2−h2+ 2rh
FC- 399cos20o+50=0
FC=325 lb
BC= √ 2rh−h2
3/22 Determine the force P required to
begin rolling the uniform cylinder of mass BC
m over the obstruction of height h. sinθ= AC

√2 rh−h2
sinθ= r
Taking moment about ‘C’
∑MC=0
P(r-h)-mgrsinθ=0

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√2 rh−h2 Ox=48.8 N
P(r-h)-mgr =0 ∑Fy=0
r
Oy-Fsin10o=0
Oy=2.43 N
√2 rh−h2 Magnitude of reaction at ‘O’
P=mg r −h
O= √O x
2
+ O y2 = √ 48.82 +2.432
3/23 A 35-N axial force at B is required to
open the springloaded plunger of the O=48.86 N
water nozzle. Determine the required force 3/24 A person holds a 30-kg suitcase by
F applied to the handle at A and the its handle as indicated in the figure.
magnitude of the pin reaction at O. Note Determine the tension in each of the four
that the plunger passes through a identical links AB.
vertically-elongated hole in the handle at
B, so that negligible vertical force is
transmitted there.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Step2:
Weight of the suitcase W=60 lb
Number of links is 4.
Let ‘T’ be the tension in each link,so there
are 2T force in the left and right.
∑Fy=0
Step2: 60-4Tsin35o=0
Let ‘F’ be the force applied at handle. Tsin35o=60
Let Ox and Oy be the horizontal and T=26.15 lb
vertical reactions at point ‘O’. 3/25 A block placed under the head of the
Given that 35N of force is the reactive claw hammer as shown greatly facilitates
force at ‘B’ the extraction of the nail. If a 200-N pull on
Taking moment about ‘O’ the handle is required to pull the nail,
∑Mo=0 calculate the tension T in the nail and the
35×18-Fcos10o(38)- Fsin10o(44)=0 magnitude A of the force exerted by the
45.06F=630 hammer head on the block. The
F=13.98 N contacting surfaces at A are sufficiently
Ste3: rough to prevent slipping.
∑Fx=0
Ox-Fcos10o-35=0
Ox-13.98cos10o-35=0
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3/26 The indicated location of the center of

mass of the 3600 lb pickup truck is for the
unladen condition. If a load whose center
of mass is x = 400 mm behind the rear
axle is added to the truck, determine the
mass mL for which the normal forces under
the front and rear wheels are equal.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Step2:
Force applied on the handle F=50 lb
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the nail.
Let Ax and Ay be the horizontal and vertical
reactions at ‘A’ respectively.
Taking moment about ‘A’
∑MA=0 Step2:
50×8-2T=0 Let the load weight be WL
T=200 lb Weight of the truck W=3600 lb
∑Fx=0 Let the normal forces at A and B be R A
Fcos20o -Ax=0 and RB respectively.
Ax = 50cos20o Given that the normal forces under the
Ax = 46.98 lb front and rear wheels are equal.
∑Fy=0 RA=RB
Fsin20o +Ay-T=0 Taking moment about ‘A’
Ay =T- 50sin20o ∑MA=0
Ay =200- 50sin20o 3600(45)+ WL(45+67+16)- RB(45+67)=0
Ay =182.9 lb 162000+ 128WL-112RB =0 (i)
The magnitude of the force ‘A’ exerted by Considering forces along y-axis.
the hammer head of the block. ∑Fy=0
RA+RB-3600-WL=0
A= √A x
2
+ A y2
2RB =3600+ WL (ii)
Using (ii) in (i)
A= √ 46.982 +182.92 162000+ 128WL-56(3600+WL) =0
162000+128WL-210600-56WL=0
A=188.8 lb
72WL=39600
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WL=550 lb Ax=32 N
Putting above value in (ii) Step3:Free body diagram of fixture only
2RB =3600+550
2RB =4150
RA=RB=2075 lb
3/27 The wall-mounted 2.5-kg light fixture
has its mass center at G. Determine the
reactions at A and B and also calculate
the moment supported by the adjustment
thumbscrew at C. (Note that the
lightweight frame ABC has about 250 mm
of horizontal tubing, directed into and out
of the paper, at both A and B.) Taking moment about ‘C’due to weight ‘W’
∑MC=0
MC=24.53×100
MC=2453 Nmm
MC=24.53 Nm
3/28To test the validity ofaerodynamic
assumptions made in the design of the
aircraft, its model is being tested in a wind
tunnel. The support bracket is connected
to a force and moment balance, which is
zeroed when there is no airflow. Under
test conditions,the lift L, drag D, and
pitching moment MG act as shown. The
force balance records the lift, drag, and a
moment MP. Determine MG in terms ofL,
Soln. D, and MP.
Step1:Free body diagram

Soln.
Step2:
Step1:Free body diagram
Weight of the light W=2.5×9.81
W=24.53 N
Let Ax,Ay and Bx be the reactions at A and
B respectively.
Taking moment about ‘A’
∑MA=0 (CW+)
Bx×230-24.53×300=0
Bx=32 N
Step2:
Considering fores along x-axis
Taking moment about ‘P’
∑Fx=0
∑MP=0
Ax-Bx=0
MP-MG-Ld-Dh=0
Ax-32=0
MG=MP-Ld-Dh=0
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3/29 The chain binder is used to secure

loads of logs,lumber, pipe, and the like. If
the tension T1 is 2 kN when θ=30o,
determine the force P required on the
lever and the corresponding tension T2 for
this position.Assume that the surface
under A is perfectly smooth.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram
Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Step2:
Tension T1=2 kN
θ=30o
Let Ay be the reaction at support ‘A’
Step2:
Taking moment about ‘A’
Force applied at handle F=30 lb
∑MA=0 (CW+)
Let the reaction forces at B and C are RB
P×600-2×100sin30o=0
and RC respectively.
P=0.1667 kN
Considering triangle BCO
Considering fores along x-axis
∑Fx=0
T2-T1+P sin30o=0
T2-25+0.1667×0.5=0
T2=1.92 kN
3/30 The device shown is designed to
apply pressure when bonding laminate to
each side of a countertop near an edge. If
a 120-N force is applied to the handle,
determine the force which each roller
OB=3.5tan45o
exerts on its corresponding surface.
OB=3.5
BC= √ OB2 +OC 2
BC= √ 3.52+ 3.52
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BC=4.95
Taking moment about ‘C’
∑MC=0
B×3.5-30×5.5cos45o=0
3.5B=116.67
B=33.43 lb
Considering fores along y-axis
∑Fy=0
C-B-30=0
C-33.34-30=0 125
C=63.34 lb sinθ= 325
3/31 The two light pulleys are fastened
together and form an integral unit.They θ=22.62o
are prevented from turning about their Taking moment about ‘O’
bearing at O by a cable wound securely ∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
around the smaller pulley and fastened to 2×200-T×125=0
point A.Calculate the magnitude R of the T=3.2 kN
force supported by Considering fores along x-axis
the bearing O for the applied 2kN load. ∑Fx=0
3.2cos22.62o+Rx=0
Rx=-2.95 kN
Considering fores along y-axis
∑Fy=0
Ry-2-3.2sin22.62o=0
Ry=3.23 kN
Magnitude of the reaction force ‘R’
R= √R x
2
+ R y2

R= √(−2.95)2+(3.23)2
R=4.37 kN
3/32 In a procedure to evaluate the
strength of the triceps muscle, a person
Soln. pushes down on a load cell with the palm
Step1:Free body diagram of his hand as indicated in the figure. If the
load-cell reading is 160 N, determine the
vertical tensile force F generated by the
triceps muscle. The mass of the lower arm
is 1.5 kg with mass center at G. State any
assumptions.

Step2:
Weight acting on the pulley W=2 kN
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the cable at ‘A’
Let Rx and Ry be the reactions at ‘O’
Considering the triangle

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of the 1.5-kg forearm mass with mass

center at point G. State any assumptions.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram
Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Step2:
Weight of the lower arm is 3.2 lb Step2:
Let ‘F’ be the force in the triceps muscle Weight of the lower arm is 3.2 lb
load at the palm is 35 lb Let ‘F’ be the force is the Brichiates
Taking moment about ‘O’ muscle load in the palm is 20 lb.
∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
35×(6+6)-3.2×6-F×1=0 tanθ= 2/8
-F= - 401 θ=14.04o
F=401 lb Taking moment about ‘E’
3/33 A person is performing slow arm curls ∑ME=0 (CCW+)
with a 10-kg weight as indicated in the Fcos14.04o(2)-G×6-20×14=0
figure. The brachialis muscle group 1.94F-3.2×6-280=0
(consisting of the biceps and brachialis F=154.23 lb
muscles) is the major factor in this Considering fores along x-axis
exercise. Determine the magnitude F of ∑Fx=0
the brachialis-musclegroup force and the Ex-Fsin14.04o=0
magnitude E of the elbow joint reaction at Ex-154.23sin14.04o=0
point E for the forearm position shown in Ex=37.4 lb
the figure. Take the dimensions shown to Considering fores along y-axis
locate the effective points of application of ∑Fy=0
the two muscle groups; these points are Ey-3.2-20+Fcos14.04o=0
200 mm directly above E and 50 mm Ey=-126.4 lb
directly to the right of E. Include the effect
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Resultant force at ‘E’ ∑Mo=0 (CCW+)

E= √E x
2
+ Ey 2 Fsin21o(125)-1.9×9.81×130-1.1×9.81
×412- (3.6+0.4) ×9.81×6.35=0
31786.362
E= √(37.4)2 +(126.4 )2 F= 125 sin 21o
E=131.82 lb
3/34 A woman is holding a 3.6-kg sphere F=710 N
in her hand with the entire arm held Considering fores along x-axis
horizontally as shown in the figure. A ∑Fx=0
tensile force in the deltoid muscle prevents Ox-Fcos21o=0
the arm from rotating about the shoulder Ox =662.8 N
joint O; this force acts at the 21o angle Considering fores along y-axis
shown.Determine the force exerted by the ∑Fy=0
deltoid muscle on the upper arm at A and Oy+710sin21o-1.9×9.81-1.1×9.81-
the x- and y-components of the force 0.4×9.81-3.6×9.81=0
reaction at the shoulder joint O. The mass Oy=-185.7 N
of the upper arm is mU =1.9 kg, the mass 3/35 With his weight W equally distributed
of the lower arm is mL = 1.1 kg, and the on both feet, a man begins to slowly rise
mass of the hand is mH = 0.4 kg; all the from a squatting position as indicated in
corresponding weights act at the locations the figure. Determine the tensile force F in
shown in the figure. the patellar tendon and the magnitude of
the force reaction at point O, which is the
contact area between the tibia and the
femur. Note that the line of action of the
patellar tendon force is along its midline.
Neglect the weight of the lower leg.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Step2:
Weight of the upper arm Wu=1.9×9.81 N
Weight of the lower arm Wl=1.1×9.81 N
Weight of the hand Wh=0.4×9.81 N
Weight of the sphere W=3.6×9.81 N
Let ‘T’ be the tensile force acting in the
deltoid muscle.
Let Ox and Oy be the reactions at joint ‘O’
Taking moment about ‘O’
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Step2:
Let ‘F’ be the force in the patellar tendon. Soln.
Let Ox and Oy be the reactions at ‘O’. Step1:Free body diagram
Let W /2 be the weighton one leg.
Taking moment about ‘O’
∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
W
F×50 - 2 ×225=0
F=2.25W
Considering fores along x-axis
∑Fx=0
Fcos55o-Ox=0
2.25cos55o-Ox=0
Ox=1.29W
Considering fores along y-axis
∑Fy=0 Step2:
W The force at ‘S’ is 0.9 lb
Fsin55o+ Let Ox and Oy be the reactions at ‘O’.
2 +Oy=0
The force has been replaced by a force-
2.25sin55o+ 0.5W+Oy=0 couple system at B.
Oy=-2.34W
Magnitude of the reaction at ‘O’
O= √O x
2
+ O y2

O= √(1.29 W )2+(−2.34 W )2
O=2.67W
3/36 The elements of an on-off
mechanism for a table lamp are shown in
the figure. The electrical switch S requires
a 4N force in order to depress it.
Whatcorresponding force F must be
exerted on the handleat A?

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Where M=F(2.4cos15o) Tsin33.7o×1.5cos60o-Tcos33.7o×1.5sin60o

Taking moment about ‘O’ 1.5
o
∑Mo=0 (CW+) + 18×9.81× 2 cos60 =0
0.9×1.2- F×(2.4cos15o)-F×(3.6cos15o)=0
1.8-2.318-3.477F=0 0.42T-1.08T+66.22=0
F=0.186 lb 0.66T=66.22
3/37 The uniform 18-kg bar OA is held in T=100 N
the position shown by the smooth pin at O Step3:
and the cable AB. Determine the tension Considering fores along x-axis
T in the cable and the magnitude and ∑Fx=0
direction of the external pin reaction at O. Ox-100c0s33.7o=0
Ox=83.45 N
Considering fores along y-axis
∑Fy=0
Oy-18×9.81-100sin33.7o=0
Oy=232 N
Magnitude of the reaction at ‘O’
O= √O x
2
+ O y2

O= √(83.45)2 +(232)2
O=246 N
3/38 A person attempts to move a 20-kg
shop vacuum by pulling on the hose as
Soln. indicated. What force F will cause the unit
Step1:Free body diagram to tip clockwise if wheel A is against an
obstruction?

Sstep2:
Weight of the bar ‘OA’ W=18×9.81
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the cable AB
Let Ox and Oy be the reactions at ‘O’.
o
1.5 sin 60 Soln.
tanθ= 1.2+1.5 cos 60 o Step1:Free body diagram

1.299
tanθ= 1.95

θ=33.7o
Taking moment about ‘O’
∑Mo=0 (CW+)

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Step2:
Weight of the person W=70×9.81 N
Step2: Inclination of the ramp θ=15o
Weight of the cart W=40 lb Let ‘R’ be the force exerted by the ramp
Let Ax and Ay be the horizontal and vertical on the cart.
reactions at ‘A’ respectively. Let ‘P’ be the force exerted by each hand.
Let ‘F’ be the extended force. Considering the forces along the inclined
The reaction ‘R’ at B is zero at the point plane.
trepping. ∑Fx=0
Taking moment about ‘A’ 70×9.81×sin15o-2P-2Pcos18o=0
∑MA=0 177.73-3.90P=0
40×7-Fcos15o×(15+8)+Fsin15o×3=0 P=45.6 N
280-21.44F=0 Considering the forces perpendicular to
F=13.06 lb the plane.
3/39 The exercise machine is designed R-70×9.81×sin15o-2Psin18o=0
with a lightweight cart which is mounted R=663.3+2×45.6 sin18o
on small rollers so that it is R=691N
free to move along the inclined ramp. Two 3/40 The device shown is used to test
cables are attached to the cart-one for automobile-engine valve springs. The
each hand. If the hands are together so torque wrench is directly connected to arm
that the cables are parallel and if each OB. The specification for the automotive
cable lies essentially in a vertical plane, intake-valve spring is that 370 N of force
determine the force P which each hand should reduce its length from 50 mm
must exert on its cable in order to maintain (unstressed length) to 42 mm. What is the
equilibrium position.The mass of the corresponding reading M on the torque
person is 70 kg, the ramp angle θ is 15o, wrench, and what force F exerted on the
and the angle β is 18o. In addition, torque-wrench handle is required to
calculate the force R which the ramp produce this reading? Neglect the small
exerts on the cart. effects of changes in the angular position
of arm OB.

Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

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Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram

Step2:
Force exerted by the spring on ‘OB’=83 lb
Let Ox and Oy be the reactions at ‘O’.
Taking moment about ‘O’
∑Mo=0
M-83×6=0
M=498 l.in
Considering free body diagram of ‘OA’

Taking moment at ‘O’

M=Fcos20o×15 Truss:A framework composed of members
498=14.095F joined at their ends to form arigid structure
F=35.3 lb is called a truss. e.g;
Trusses of roofing system, bridge trusses,
transmission towers etc.
Types of trusses: There are two types of
trusses.
i) Plane truss
ii) Space truss
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Plane Truss: When the members of the

truss lie essentially in a single plane, the
truss is called a plane truss.
Space Truss: When the members of the
truss do not lie in the same plane, the
truss is called space truss.
Type of plane trusses depending upon
the arrangement of members.

SimpleTruss:A truss which is constructed

from a basic triangular structure to such a
manner that to increase new elements,
two members and one joint is added, is
known as simple truss.

Compound Truss: A compound truss is

formed by connecting two or more simple
trusses.

Complex Truss: It is a truss which cannot

be classified as simple or compound.

Assumptions in the analysis and design of

trusses.

1-Members are joined together by smooth

pins, although the members are riveted,
bolted and welded.
2-The centre line of all the members are
Commonly used bridge trusses. concurrent at the joint.
3-All the loads are only applied at the
joints and the weight of the members is
assumed negligible so there will be only
axial forces (tension or compression).

Stability and Determinacy of Trusses.

Stability:
External Stability: A truss will be external
unstable if all the reactions are concurrent
or parallel.
Internal Stability: A truss will be internally
stable if it is not liable to collapse. A simple
truss is always internally stable.
Indeterminacy:A truss will be indetermina-
te in which all support reactions and

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internal forces cannot be calculated only

by available equilibrium equations for a
given system of forces.
Degree of indeterminacy: The access of
total number of reactive components or
access of members over the available
equilibrium equations is known as degree
of determinacy.
It is convenient to consider stability and
determinacy as follows:
1-With respect to reactions. e.g; external
stability and determinacy.
2-With respect to members. e.g; internal
stability and determinacy. Soln.
3-The combination of internal and external Step1:Free body diagram
conditions.
External Determinacy: A determinate
structure should have at least three
reactions.
Ne=r-N
Where
r=number of reactions
N=number of equilibrium equations
available.

Internal Determinacy: It can be checked

if minimum number of reacting
Step2:
components necessary for the external
Taking moment about E,
determinacy and stability are known.
∑ME=0
m+r=2j
5T-20(5)-30(10)=0
where
5T=400
m=number of members
T=80 kN
r=
∑FX=0
j=
80cos30o-EX=0
The structure will be stable and
EX=69.3 kN
determinate if
∑FY=0
m+r > 2j
80sin30o+EY-30-20=0
EY=10 kN
Sample Problem 4/1
Step3: Considering the joint A
Compute the force in each member of the
loaded cantilever truss by the method of
joints.

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∑FY=0
∑FY=0 CD Sin60o-BC Sin60o-20=0
AB Sin60o-30=0 CD(0.866)-34.6(0.866)-20=0
0.866AB=30 0.866CD-30-20=0
AB=34.6 kN (T) 0.866CD=50
∑FX=0 CD=57.7 kN (T)
-AC+AB cos60o=0 ∑FX=0
-AC+34.6(0.5)=0 BC cos60o-CD cos60o-AC-CE=0
AC=17.32 kN (C) 34.6(0.5)-57.7(0.5)-17.32-CE=0
Step4: Considering joint B CE=63.5 kN (C)
Step6: Finally consider joint E

∑FY=0
BC Sin60o-AB Sin60o=0
0.866BC-34.6(0.866)=0
BC=34.6 kN(C)
∑FX=0 ∑FY=0
BD-AB cos600-BC cos60o=0 -DE Sin60o+10=0
BD-34.6(0.5)-34.6(0.5)=0 0.866DE=10
BD=34.6 kN (T) DE=11.55 kN
Step5: Considering joint C ∑FX=0
DE cos60o+63.5-69.3=0
11.55(0.5)-5.8=0
0=0 checks

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