NIPER-Guwahati

PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
M.S. (Pharm.)
SEMESTER-I
Course Code Course Name Credits
PA-510 Topics in Pharmaceutical Analysis 2
MC-511 Spectral Analysis 2
NP-510 Separation Techniques 1
PE-510 Pharmaceutical Preformulation-I 1
PE-530 Pharmaceutical Preformulation – II 1
BT-510 Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences 1
GE-510 Biostatistics 2
GE-520 Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (IP) and Technology 1
Management
GE-511 Seminar 1
LG-510 General Lab Experience 3
Total Credit 15
SEMESTER-II
Course Code Course Name Credits
PA-610 Pharmacopoeial Methods of Analysis 2
PA-620 Modern Instrumental Techniques for Evaluation of APIs and Drug 2
Products
PA-630 Stability Testing 1
PA-640 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 2
NP-640 Structure Elucidation 2
PC-611 Pharmacological Screening and Assays 1
PE-630 Pharmaceutical Product Development-I 1
PE-660 Solid State Pharmaceutics 1
GE-611 Seminar 1
LS-610 General Lab Experience in the Area of specialization 2
Total Credit 15
SEMESTER-III[Project (22 weeks)]
Course Code Course Name Credits
TH-598 Synopsis 5
TH-599 Presentation 3
Total Credit 8
SEMESTER-IV
Course Code Course Name Credits
TH-698 Thesis 9
TH-699 Defence of Thesis 3
Total Credit 12
Grand Total (I to IV semesters): 50
NIPER-Guwahati
Pharmaceutical Analysis
SEMESTER-I
PA-510 Topics in Pharmaceutical Analysis (2 credits)
1. Introduction to pharmaceutical analysis and techniques: Scope and range of modern
pharmaceutical analysis. Listing of various techniques, with broad discussion on their
applications.

2. Material and product specifications: Definition of specifications, study of ICH Q6

guidelines and understanding of specifications through study of pharmacopoeial monographs
on drug substances and products.

3. Reference standards: Types (primary, secondary, working and test standards), preparation,
containers, labelling, storage and use.

4. Documentation-STPs, certificate of analysis, laboratory books: Typical documents used in

a GLP laboratory including standard test protocols, COA and laboratory notebooks.
Electronic records & signatures (21CFR Part-11 requirement).

5. Introduction to method development: Method development concepts, steps involved,

intricacies at each step.

6. Method validation: Definition and methodology, discussion on each parameter with

examples, special considerations in bioanalytical method validation.

7. Calibration and qualification of equipment: Difference of definitions, calibration standards,

calibration frequency, examples of calibration of pH meter, FTIR, UV spectrophotometer and
HPLC. Definition of qualification process involving URS [user requirement specification],
DQ, IQ, OQ, CQ and PQ.

8. Quality risk management in analytical laboratory: Definition of quality risk management in

ICH Q9 guideline. Its importance and application to analytical laboratory with examples.
Analytical quality by design.

9. Impurity profiling: Types of impurities in drug substances and products. Method

development for impurity analysis, techniques, identification and quantitation.

10. Automation and computer-aided analysis, LIMS: The concept of auto samplers and high-
throughput analysis, computer controlled instrumentation, and networked laboratory.
Peculiarities of laboratory information management systems (LIMS).

11. Management of analytical laboratory: Organization of laboratories based on their types,

staffing, skill development and training, budgeting and financing, purchase of costly
equipment, qualities of laboratory manager and management styles.

12. Laboratory inspections and audit: Internal inspection, external audit, concepts, preparing
for inspections and audits.

Recommended books (latest available edition):

NIPER-Guwahati
1. Chemical Analysis: Modern Instrumentation Methods and Techniques by Francis Rouessac and
Annick, Rouessac
2. Principles of Analytical Chemistry by Miguel Valcarcer
3. Analytical Method Development and Validation by Michael E. Swartz, Ira S. Krull
4. Good Laboratory Practices by Jurg P. Seiler
5. Principles of Instrumental Analysis by Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Timothy A. Nineman
6. Handbook of Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis by SatinderAhuja, Stephen Scypinski
7. Principles and Practice of Bioanalysis by Richard F. Venn

MC-511
Spectral Analysis (2 credits)

1. Ultra Violet (UV) and visible spectroscopy:

a) Energy levels and selection rules: Definitions, molecular orbital approach for
energy absorption, various modes of transitions.
b) Correlation of structural variation with UV absorption: Factors influencing the
position and intensity of absorptions, Inductive and resonance effects, effect of ring
size, influence of stereochemical factors.
c) PredictingUVabsorption:Woodward-Fieser,Fieser-Kuhn and Nelson rules; d)
Otherfactors: Non-conjugative effect, solvent effect,S-Cis band.

2. Infrared (IR)spectroscopy:
a) Characteristic regions of the spectrum: Variousmodes of vibrations,Energy levels
b) Correlation of structure with IR spectra: Influence of substituents, ring size,
hydrogen bonding, vibrational coupling and field effect on frequency.
c) Applications: Determination of stereochemistry.Spectral interpretation with
examples.

3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)spectroscopy:

a) Fundamentals: Physical basis, magnetic nuclei, resonance, relaxation processes,
signal-sensitivity.
b) Instrumentation: Continuous-Wave (CW) instrument, Pulsed Fourier Transform
(FT) instrument,Functions, Relation with sensitivity,Sampling.
c)1H NMR, correlation of structure with spectra:Chemical environment andshielding,
chemical shift and originof its concept, reference compound, local diamagnetic
shielding and magnetic anisotropy, relation with chemical shift, chemical and
magnetic non-equivalence, spin-spin splitting and its origin, Pascal's triangle,
coupling constant, mechanism of coupling, integral, NMR solvents and their residual
peaks, protons on heteroatoms, quadrupole broadening and decoupling, effect of
conformations and stereochemistry on the spectrum, Karplus relationship,
diastereomeric protons, Heteronuclear coupling to F and P, virtual coupling, long
range coupling-epi, peri, bay effects. Shift reagents-mechanism of action, spin
decoupling and double resonance.Explanation of spectra of somecompounds and
drugs.
d) 13C NMR correlation of structure with spectra: Chemical environment, shielding
and carbon-13 chemical shift, calculation, proton-coupled C Spetra, Proton-decoupled
C spectra, Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE), Problem with integration,
Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEFT), Heteronuclear coupling
NIPER-Guwahati
for carbon to deuterium, carbon to F, carbon to P.Explanation of spectra of some
compounds and drugs.

4. Mass spectrometry (MS):

Molecular ion and metastable peak, fragmentation patterns, nitrogen and ring rules,
McLafferty rearrangement, electron and chemical ionization modes, applications.

Recommended books:

1. Spectroscopy by Donald L Pavia, Gary M Lampman, George S Kriz, James A Vyvyan

2. Organic spectroscopy by William Kemp
3. Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry by Dudley H. Williams & Ian Fleming
4. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds by Robert M. Silverstein, Francis X.
Webster & David J. Kiemie
5. Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds by Dyer
6. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy by Colin N. Banwell& Elaine M. McCash
7. Spectroscopy by Pavia, Donald L. Lampman, Gary M. Kriz, George S.

NP-510
Separation Techniques (1 credit)

1. Separation Techniques: Need for learning separation techniques, separation

techniques in natural productresearch and drug discovery,extraction techniques.
2. Chromatography: General principles, classification of chromatographic techniques,
normal and reverse phase, bonded phase chromatography, stationary phases, activity
of stationary phases, elutropic series, and separation mechanisms.
3. Column Chromatography and Short column chromatography: Column packing,
sample loading, column development, detection.
4. Flash chromatography and Vacuum liquid chromatography: Objectives, optimization
studies, selecting column and stationary phases, selecting suitable mobile phases,
automated flash chromatography,and reverse phase flash chromatography.
5. High performance liquid chromatography: Principles, instrumentation, peak shapes,
capacity factor, selectivity, plate number, plate height,resolution, band broadening,
pumps, injector, detectors, columns, column problems, gradient HPLC, HPLC
solvents, trouble shooting, sample preparation, method development.
6. Planar Chromatography - TLC/HPTLC/OPLC: Basic principles, sample application,
development of plates, visualization of plates, 2D TLC, densitometry, Over pressure
layer chromatography.
7. Counter current chromatography: Basic principles, droplet counter current
chromatography, centrifugal partition chromatography, choice of solvents forSPand
MP.
8. Gas Chromatography: Principles, instrumentation, split-splitless injector, head space
sampling, columns forGC, detectors, quantification.
9. Biochromatography: Size exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography,
ion pair chromatography, affinity chromatography general principles, stationary
phases and mobile phases.
10. Hyphenated techniques: Introduction to GC-MS and LC-MS techniques and their
applications in natural products.
NIPER-Guwahati
Recommended books:

1. Methods in Biotechnology, Natural Product Isolation by Sarker, Latif, Gray

2. Methods in Biotechnology, Natural Product Isolation by Richard Canell
3. Various Reviews and Research Papers
PE-510
Pharmaceutical Preformulation - I (1 credit)

1. Preformulation studies: Preformulation studies of drug substances, proteins and peptides.

Fundamental and derived properties in preformulation profiling. Preformulation work-sheet.

2. Role of pre-formulation in drug discovery: material properties in lead selection,

'drugability' of new chemical entities, in silico and high throughput pre-formulation studies.

3. Role of preformulation in drug development: Preformulation as a support for

formulation development, identification of ‘developmental challenges’ during pharmaceutical
development, dosage form specific studies.

4. Salt selection: Role of salt selection in drug discovery and development, theoretical
concepts for selection of counter ions for salt formation, 'pKa rule' for salt formation,
decision tree for salt selection, appropriate case studies.

5. Solubilization: Solubility and solubilization of non-electrolyte, drug solubilization in

surfactant systems, use of co-solvents for development of liquid formulations, solid-state
manipulations including use of metastable solid forms like amorphous state.

PE-530
Pharmaceutical Preformulation – II (1 credit)

1. Complexation: Metal and organic molecular complexes, inclusion compounds with

reference to cyclodextrins, chemical characteristics of inclusion complexes, methods of
preparation of cyclodextrin complexes, applications in solubilization / taste masking /
enhancement of permeability / enhancement of oral bioavailability, .

2. Rheology: Methods for evaluation of viscosity, concept of Viscoelastic, Newtonian/ non-

Newtonian flow properties, thixotropy and their applications in development of dosage form,
implications of viscosity on performance of liquid dosage forms like suspensions and
emulsions, advanced techniques / equipment employed in the rheological characterization of
pharmaceutical products.

3. Micromeritics: Particle size distribution, evaluation methods including advanced

techniques like atomic force microscopy, significance of particle size in different dosage
forms including aerosols, parenterals and solid dosage forms.

4. Dissolution: Theories of dissolution, release rates and constants, selection of dissolution

media, bio-relevant media, Mechanisms of conventional release and controlled release,
Dissolution data handling and correction factors, Dissolution equipments and IVIVC.
NIPER-Guwahati
BT-510
Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences (1 credit)

1. Biotechnology in pharmaceutical Sciences perspective: Biology in drug discovery;

Traditional drug discovery vs rational drug discovery; rational drug discovery
pipeline; concept of target based drug design and target discovery; role of plant
biotechnology in edible vaccine development.
2. Genomics in target discovery: Concept of genome, genes and gene expression;
genome sequencing and sequence comparison methods (microarray); comparative
genomics and expression genomics for target discovery of communicable disease and
lifestyle disease.
3. Systems and methods of molecular biology: Isolation and validation of targets;
PCR, RT-PCR nucleic acid isolation; cloning vectors (some examples), enzymes used
in molecular cloning methods (some examples); cloning and characterization of
biopharmaceuticals.
4. Protein expression systems: Gene expression in bacteria, yeast, insect and
mammalian cells.
5. Enzyme purification and assay: Various protein purification methods; enzyme
based assay for small molecule screening.
6. Bioprocess technology: Upstream process: Introduction to microbial growth, media
formulation; sterilization, inoculum preparation
7. Bioprocess technology: Fermentation: Fermentation process design, operation and
characteristics of fermentation processes; batch, fed-batch and continuous culture
systems, instrumentation and bioprocess control.
8. Downstream process: Introduction to various downstream process operations in
biopharmaceutical manufacturing such as centrifugation, filtration, tangential flow
filtration, cell disintegration, solvent-solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction
etc.
9. Biotechnology in pharmaceutical industry: Major areas of biotechnology in the
pharmaceutical industry such as antibiotics, vaccines, diagnostics, antibodies,
biopharmaceuticals (insulin, interferon, GSF, CSF and therapeutic proteins etc.);
commercial aspects, priorities forfuturebiotechnologicalresearch.
10. Industrial enzymes in drug development: Penicillin amidase, lipase,
oxidoreductase, nitrilase, protease etc.; use of all these enzymes for enantioselective
synthesis of pharmaceutically important drugs/drug intermediates, future directions.

Recommended books:

1. Analysis of Genes and Genomes by Richard J Reece. John Wiley & Sons
2. Molecular Biotechnology by Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA by Bernard
R. Glick, Jack J. Pasternak and Cheryl L. Patten, ASM Press
3. Principles of Fermentation Technology by P F Stanbury, A. Whitaker, S. J. Hall.
Butterworth-Heinemann
NIPER-Guwahati
GE-510
Biostatistics (2 credits)

1. Statistics: Introduction, its role and uses. Collection; Organization; Graphics and
pictorial representation of data; Measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Coefficient of variation.
2. Probability: Basic concepts; Common probability distributions and probability
distributions related to normal distribution.
3. Sampling: Simple random and other sampling procedures. Distribution of sample
mean and proportion.
4. Estimation and Hypothesis testing: Point and interval estimation including fiducial
limits. Concepts of hypothesis testing and types of errors.Student-t and Chi square
tests.Sample size and power.
5. Experimental design and analysis of variance: Completely randomized,
randomized blocks. Latin square and factorial designs.Post- hoc procedures.
6. Correlation and regression: Graphical presentation of two continuous variables;
Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient, its statistical significance. Multiple
and partial correlations. Linear regression; Regression line, coefficient of
determination, interval estimation and hypothesis testing for population slope.
Introduction to multiple linearregressionmodel.Probit and logit transformations.
7. Non-parametric tests: Sign; Mann-Whitney U; Wilcoxon matched pair;
Kruskalwallis and Friedman twowayanova tests.Spearman rank correlation.
8. Statistical techniques in pharmaceutics: Experimental design in clinical trials;
Parallel and crossover designs. Statistical test for bioequivalence. Dose response
studies; Statistical quality control.

Recommended books:

1. Fundamentals of Biostatistics by Bernard Rosner

2. Pharmaceutical Statistics: Practical and Clinical Applications by Bolton and Bon
3. Statistical Misconceptions by Huck GE-520 FundamentalsofIntellectualProperty (IP)
andTechnology

GE-520
Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (IP) and Technology Management (1 credit)

1. Intellectual property: Concepts and fundamentals; Concepts regarding intellectual

property (IP), intellectual property protection (IPP) and intellectual property rights
(IPR); Economic importance, mechanisms for protection of intellectual property-
patents, copyrights, trademark; Factors effecting choice of IP protection; Penalities for
violation; Role of IPin pharmaceutical industry;Globalramifications and financial
implications.
2. Trade related aspects of intellectual property rights: Intellectual property and
international trade; Concept behind WTO (World Trade Organisation), WIPO (World
Intellectual Property Organisation) GATT (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade),
TRIPs (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights),TRIMS(Trade Related Investment
Measures) and GATS(General Agreement on Trade in Services); Protection of plant
and animal genetic resources; Biological materials; Gene patenting; Biotechnology /
NIPER-Guwahati
drug related IPR issues; Status in India and other developing countries; Case studies
and examples; TRIPS issues on herbal drugs.
3. Nuts and bolts of patenting, copyright and trademark protection criteria for
patentability, types of patents; Indian Patent Act, 1970; WTO and modifications
under TRIPS: Filing of a patent application; Precautions before patenting-
disclosures / non-disclosures, publication-article / thesis; Prior art search-published
patents, internet search patent sites, specialized services-search requests, costs; Patent
application-forms and guidelines, fee structure, time frames, jurisdiction aspects;
Types of patent applications- provisional, non provisional, PCT and convention patent
applications; International patenting-requirement procedures and costs; Financial
assistance for patenting- introduction to schemes by NRDC and TIFAC; Publication
of patents-gazette of India, status in Europe and US; Patent annuity; Patent attomeys
technical aspects, criteria for selection, addresses, fee, rights and responsibilities of a
patentee; Practical aspects regarding maintaining of a PATENT FILE; Patent
infrigment- meaning, scope, litigation, case studies and examples; Patenting by
research students, lecturers and scientists University / organisational rules in India and
abroad; Thesis research paper publication, credit sharing by workers, financial
incentives; Useful information sources for patents related information-internet sites,
brouchers, periodicals, CD roms; Significance of copyright protection for researchers;
Indian Copyright Law and digital technologies-Beme convention, WIPO copyright
treaty (WCT), WIPO performance and

Phonogram Treaty (WPPT); Protection for computer data bases, multi media works;
Trade marks legislation and registration system in India-an introduction, meaning of
trademark criteria for eligibility; filling application fortrademark registration;Trade
secrets-scope modalities and protection; Case studies-drug related patents
infringments.
4. Technology development / transfer / commercialisation related aspects:
Technology development-meaning; Drug related technology development;
Toxicological studies, bioequivalence (BU), clinical trials-phase-I, phase-II and
phase-III; Approved bodies and agencies; Scale-up, semi-commercialisation and
commercialisation-practical aspects and problems; Significance of transfer of
technology (TOT), bottlenecks; Managing technology transfer-guidelines forresearch
students, scientists and related personnal; TOT agencies in India-APCTD, NRDC,
TIFAC, BCIL, TBSE/SIDBI; TOT related documentation-confidentiality agreements,
licensing, MOUs, legal issues; Compulsory licensing excess to medicine issues;
DOHAdeclaration,POSTWTOproduct patentregime from 2005; Challenges for Indian
pharmaceutical industry in the context of globalisation of IP; Drug registration and
licensing issues-national and global; Drug master file submissions, SOPS; Related
registration and marketing issues; Case studiesantiretroviral drugs and others.
5. Funding sources for commercialization of technology: Preparation of a project
report, financial appraisal, business models; GOI schemes and incentives; NRDC,
TePP, HGT, TDB schemes. PATSER; Venture capitalists, banks. Incubator concept-
Case studies with respect to IIT,CCMB, IMTECH, NIPER.Documentation and related
aspects.
6. Ethics and values in IP: IP and ethics-positive and negative aspects of IPP; Societal
responsibility; Avoiding unethical practices; Echo-responsibility-economic, social and
NIPER-Guwahati
environmental benefits of modern biotechnology; Voluntary adoption of pollution
control strategies.

Recommended books:

1. Law Relating to Intellectual Property by B.L.Wadhera

2. IPR Handbook for Pharma Students and Researchers by P.Bansal
3. The Patents Act, 1970 (Bare Act with Short Notes) (New Delhi: Universal Law Publishing
Company Pvt. Ltd. 2012)
4. Patent Agent Examination by Sheetal Chopra and AkashTaneja
5. Making Innovation Happen- A simple and Effective Guide to Turning Ideas into Reality
by Michael Morgan
6. Making Breakthrough Innovation Happen by PorusMunshi
7. Innovation X- Why a Company's Toughest Problems are its Greatest Advantage by Adam
Richardson
8. Legal Drafting for the Layman by Nabhi Kumar Jain
9. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper by Rober A Day

10. Concise Law Dictionary-with Legal Maxims, Latin Terms and Words and Phrases by
Justice Y.V. Chandrachud
11. Biomedical Research- From Ideation to Publication by G.Jagadeesh and others

GE-511
Seminar (1 credit)

1. Introduction, Information retrieval systems.

2. Writing term papers and reports.

3. Organization of scientific material, thesis, dissertation and references.

4. Reading research papers

5. Skills in oral presentation.

Each student has to present a seminar before end of the semester.

LG-510
General Laboratory Experience-15 hours/week (3 credits)

1. Analytical techniques (75 hours) :

a) Spectral analysis workshop (45 hours)
b) Separation Techniques (30 hours)
2. Computer and application in pharmaceutical sciences (100 hours): Introduction to
com- puters, basic unit and functions, H/W and nt, computer languages with emphasis
to FORTRAN language and programming, hands on experience in pharmaceutical
soft- ware systems. Use of computers in information retrieval systems.
3. Pharmacology (25 hours): Animal handling, route of administration of drugs, dose
re- sponse relationship, acute toxicity testing of drugs, analgesic activity of a
compound, estimation of protein and haematological parameters.
NIPER-Guwahati
4. Biotechnology in pharmaceutical sciences (20 hours):
Day -1:Preparation for plasmid minirep.
Day-2:Plasmid minirep and restriction digestion.
Day-3:Gel electrophoresis and molecular weight calculation.
Day-4: Discussion ofresult and viva.
5. Specialization(50 hours):
a) To calibrate thermometer
b) To calibrate the common glassware (volumetric flask, burette and pipette) found in
an analytical laboratory
c) Calibration of pH meter
d) To determine Water content in the given sample by Karl Fischerreagent
e) To determine moisture content in the given sample using infrared moisture balance
f) To construct calibration curve for a drug by UV spectrophotometer
g) To perform dissolution test on the given sample
h) Determination of pKa of given sample by spectrophotometric method.
NIPER-Guwahati
SEMESTER-II
PA-610
Pharmacopoeial Methods of Analysis (2 credits)

1. ICH Q4 Pharmacopoeial harmonization process: Current Status.

2. Study of different parts of various pharmacopoeias.
3. Critical comparative analysis of the following tests in IP, BP/EP and USP:
4. Physical tests: Viscosity, melting point, boiling point/range, water content and water
analysis including loss on drying, loss on ignition, optical rotation, pH, specific gravity,
osmolality/osmolarity, refractive index, MVTR, etc.
5. Limit tests: Tests for arsenic, lead, chloride, sulfate, and heavy metals.
6. Impurities: Tests for epianhydrotetracycline and epitetracycline (USP), elemental
impurities, residual solvents, etc.
7. Microbiological tests and assays: Antimicrobial (preservative) effectiveness testing,
microbial limit tests, sterility test, vitamins assay (zone of exhibition), antibiotics assays,
bacterial endotoxin test.
Leachables and extractables.

Recommended books:

1. The Indian Pharmacopoeia, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ghaziabad.

2. The British Pharmacopoeia, Stationary Office British Pharmacopoeia Commission,
London.
3. The United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary, Board of Trustees, Rockville.
4. TheEuropeanPharmacopoeia,Directorate forQualityofMedicinesoftheCouncilofEurope.

PA-620
ModernInstrumentalTechniques forEvaluationofAPIs and DrugProducts (2 credits)
1. Non-destructive analysis and pharmaceutical visualization: Principle,
instrumentation, qualitative and quantitative applications (including PAT and/or
visualization) for the following equipment: FT-NIR, ATR, FT-Raman, Terahertz
Pulse Spectroscopy, Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy, Frequency Modulation
Spectroscopy (FMS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Optical Coherence, Tomography,
Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
2. Thermal techniques: DSC: Principle, thermal transitions, instrumentation (heat flux
and power-compensation designs), modulated DSC, hyper DSC, experimental
parameters (sample preparation, experimental conditions, calibration, heating and
cooling rates, resolution, source of errors) and their influence, pharmaceutical
applications.
TGA: Principle, instrumentation, factors affecting results, pharmaceutical
applications.

3. Particle sizing: Static & dynamic laser light scattering.

4. Analysis of trace components: Techniques employed for the qualitative and

quantitative evaluation of impurities, degradation products, drug-drug and drug-
excipient interaction products, metabolites, elemental impurities, residual solvents,
etc.
NIPER-Guwahati
LC-MS: Variety of mass systems available, their essential differences, strategy for
qualitative and quantitative analysis of trace components, specific case studies.

LC-NMR: Nature of interfaces, qualitative and quantitative applications.

Other Hyphenated Systems: Utility for the same purpose of GC-MS, CE-MS, SFC-
MS, CE-NMR, LC-FT-IR, ICP-MS, GC-HS, etc.

Recommended books (latest available edition):

1. Principles of Instrumental Analysis by Dougla A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Timothy A. Nieman

2. Instrumental Method of Analysis by Hobart H. Willard, Lynne L. Merrit, John A. Dean, Frank A.
Settle 3. Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy by Brian C. Smith
4. Modern Raman Spectroscopy: A Practical Approach by Ewen Smith, Geoffery Dent
5. Chemical Analysis: Modern Instrumental Methods and Techniques by Franscis Rouessac and
Annick Rouessac
6. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis by Lena Ohannesian, Antony J. Streeter
7. HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists, Edited by Yuri Kazakevich and Rosario LoBrutto
8. Introduction to Thermal Analysis Techniques and Applications by Michael E. Brown
9. Modern Methods of Particle Size Analysis, Edited by Howard G. Barth
10. Electrophoresis: The Basics by David M. Hawcroft

PA-630
Stability Testing (1 credit)

1. Drug development cycles and stability testing: Role and types of stability studies during
different stages of drug and product development.

2. Drug stability testing guidelines: International, Regional, and National drug stability
guidelines.

3. WHO vs. ICH drug stability testing guidelines: Comparison of different aspects in
WHO guideline, and critical comparison with ICH parent guideline Q1A(R2).

4. Specific discussion on following ICH guidelines: Q1B, Q1C, Q1D, Q1E and Q5C.

5. Additional topics:

Stress testing and stability-indicating method development: Role, regulatory aspects,

protocols/approaches, practical considerations.

Stability testing of phytopharmaceuticals: Regulatory requirements.

Stability test equipment: Types of stability chambers (walk-in, stand-alone), design

considerations, qualification and other critical issues.

Stability testing for Shipping & Distribution: Stability testing during transport.

Stability testing of drug delivery systems.

Recommended books:

1. ICH (www.ich.org) and WHO (www.who.int) guidelines

NIPER-Guwahati
2. Pharmaceutical Stress Testing (Predicting Drug Degradation) by Steven Baertschi a. and Karen
Alsante 3. Drug Stability (Principles and Practices) by S. James, Jens ThurØCarstensen
4. Stability-indicating HPLC Methods for Drug Analysis by Quanyun A. Xu, Lawrence A. Trissel
5. Stability of Drugs and Dosage Forms by Sumic Yoshioka, Valentino Stella
6. Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences by Patrick Sinko, Alfred Martin
7. New Drug Approval Process (Chapter 7) by Richard Guarino
8. Handbook of Stability Testing in Pharmaceutical Development: Regulations, Methodologies, and
Best Practices by Kim Huynh-Ba
9. Stability and Characterization of Protein & Peptide of Drugs by Y. John Wang
10. Peptide and Protein Drug Analysis by Ronald Reid

PA-640
Quality Control and Quality Assurance (2 credits)

1. Good manufacturing practices [Schedule M] and Good laboratory practices [Schedule L-I]:
Their applications to pharmaceutical industry.

2. Basic principles and concepts of quality management: Quality control, quality assurance,
quality auditing, ISO system, electronic quality management system (eQMS).

3. Control of raw & packaging material and labelling, sampling, testing, release and
distribution of finished products.

4. Document control: Preparation, review, approval, issuance, storage and retrieval (e.g.,
master manufacturing and packaging records, site master file, etc.), electronic document
management system (e-DMS).

5. Standard operating procedures: SOP on SOPs, Change control procedure, annual

product review/product quality review, handling of deviations & non conformity, corrective
& preventive actions (CAPA), handling of laboratory incidents and OOS test results.

6. Qualification of facility and utilities: Concepts of facility validation, qualification of

HVAC and water systems.

7. Process validation, product change over, basic requirements of cleaning and its validation.

8. Technology transfer from R&D to manufacturing, including product life-cycle approach.

9. Handling of market complaints, recalls and returned goods.

10. Quality risk management in production area, data integrity management.

11. Introduction to concepts of QbD, PAT and continuous manufacturing.

Recommended books (latest available edition):

1. Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals: A Compendium of Guidelines and Related Materials,

Volume 1 2. Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals: A Compendium of Guidelines and Related
Materials, Volume 2 3. Q.A. Manual by D.H.Shah,
4. Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice: Rationale and Compliance by John Sharp
5. WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations
6. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance by Dr. PremnathShenoy
NIPER-Guwahati
NP-640
Structure Elucidation (2 credits)

1. Structure elucidation of natural products: General strategies for structure

elucidation of natural products with few examples.
2. Chemical methods: Determination of carbon skeleton, dehydrogenation, oxidative
methods in structure elucidation, reductive methods in structure elucidation.
3. Chemical methods: General methods for structure elucidation of steroids, terpenoids,
alkaloids with few examples.
4. Ultraviolet spectroscopy: Basic principles, rules to calculate max, applications in
structure elucidation with examples.
5. Infra-red spectroscopy: Basic principles, various factors affecting frequency,
functional group identification, applications in structure elucidation with examples.
6. Mass Spectrometry: Basic principles, various ionization modes EI, CI, FAB etc.
fragmentation patterns,HRMS,applications in structure elucidation with examples.
7. 1H and 13C NMR Spectroscopy: basic principles, chemical shift, factors affecting
chemical shift, prediction of chemical shifts, coupling constants, Karplus curve,
advanced 1D NMR experiments such as NOE, DEPT etc.
8. 2D NMR: H- H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY experiments: Their use in structure
elucidation.
9. Structure elucidation:Examples from alkaloids, flavaonoids, and sterols.
10. Structure elucidation - examples from coumarins, triterpenes, and xanthones.

Recommended books:

1. Spectroscopy by Pavia, Lampman, Kriz, Vyvyan

2. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds by RM Silverstein
3. Organic Spectroscopy by William Kemp
4. Spectral Data for Structure Elucidation

PC-611
Pharmacological Screening and Assays (1 credit)

1. Role of pharmacology in drug discovery

2. General principles of pharmacological screening.

3. Animal ethics, regulations for conducting animal experimentation.

4. 3 R’s concept, alternatives to animal experimentations, Organs-on-chips

5. Pharmacological screening models

6. Correlations between various animal models and human situations.

7. Correlation between in-vitro and in-vivo screens.

8. Cell- based assay, CaCo-2 cell permeability assay. Single cell gel electrophoresis assay
(COMET) assay.

9. Zebrafish model to screen pharmaceutical molecules.

NIPER-Guwahati
10. Biochemical assays.

11. Introduction to cell culture, role of genomic and proteomic techniques in the process of
target identification in drug discovery, MALdiTof., microarray.

12. High throughput screening and high content screening, transgenic animal model for drug
screening.

13. Specific use of reference drugs

14. Interpretation of results.

15. Pharmacogenomics and Personal medicine

Recommended book/journals:

1) Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays by Vogel & Vogel

2) CPCSEA guidelines (http://cpcsea.nic.in)
3) Scientific journals in the area of pharmacology

PE-630
Pharmaceutical Product Development – I (1 Credit)

1. Development of dosage forms: Four stage development including preformulation,

prototype development, scale up studies and commercialization.

2. Design of materials and product specifications: Creation and optimization of material

and product specifications. In-process, product release and regulatory specifications.

3. Quality by design (QbD): Fundamentals of pharmaceutical quality by design,

identification of critical quality attributes, critical material attributes, critical process
parameters and quality risk management. 4. Methods of optimization – OVAT and Design
of experiments (DOE).Experimental designs, screening designs, factorial designs, composite
designs, mixture designs, response surface methodology. Applications of systematic
optimization techniques.

5. Process analytical technology (PAT) and other control strategies for QbD.

6. Pharmaceutical Packaging: Pack types for different dosage forms, packaging materials
like glass and plastic, selection of proper material, labelling, preformulation screening of
package components; barrier, child resistance and temper evident packaging systems;
regulatory perspectives.

7. Testing of packaging materials – equipment used, extractable and leachable.

8. Documentation protocols: Forms and maintenance of records in product development

department including clinical batches.

9. Case studies or regulatory guidelines related to above topics shall be discussed after each
topic.
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PE-660
Solid State Pharmaceutics (1 credit)
1. Levels of solid state properties: Molecular / particle / bulk level properties,
interdependence of various levels on each other, role of different levels during
pharmaceutical development and process development

2. Molecular level: Crystalline form, definition, concept of long range order, supramolecular
arrangements, building blocks of crystals, unit cell, basic types of unit cells, demonstration of
unit cells using crystal visualization softwares.

3. Polymorphism: Definition, significance of polymorphism in drug product performance,

packing / conformational polymorphism, thermodynamics of polymorphs, enatiotropy /
monotropy, concept of transition temperature, Burger and Ramberger rule.

4. Crystallization process: Molecular aggregation events in crystallization, energetic of

crystallization, enthalpy entropy balance, types of nucleation, Ostwald's step rule,
experimental protocols for polymorph screening.

5. Implications of polymorphism in pharmaceutical development: Regulatory concerns

related to polymorphism, introduction to latest regulatory position on polymorphism.

6. Amorphous state: Definition, long range order versus short range order, disorder in the
amorphous state, concept of glass transition temperature (Tg), thermodynamic necessity for
Tg, entropy crisis.

7. Role of amorphous state in drug delivery: Solubility advantage, spring parachute effect
during solubility studies, physical instability of the amorphous form, techniques for
stabilization of amorphous form, amorphous solid dispersions.

8. Co-crystals: Introduction, synthons used for formation of co-crystals and applications in

drug delivery

9. Particulate level properties: Crystal habit, generation of different crystal habits,

implications of crystal habit on product performance and processing.

10. Bulk level: Bulk density, compressibility, flow properties, cohesivity,

electrostatics,aggregation, agglomeration, role in formulation development and processing.

Recommended books:

1. Polymorphism in Pharmaceutical Solids Edited by Harry Brittain

2. Solid State Characterization of Pharmaceuticals Edited by Angeline and Mark Zarkrzewski
3. Crystal Engineering: A textbook, Edited by G. R. Desiraju, J. J.Vittal and A. Ramanan

GE-611
Seminar (1 credit)

Students are required to submit written record and present details of the project to be pursued
in semester-III & IV. This should include the purpose and basis of the project, stating aims,
objectives and probable outcomes, be able to supplement these with necessary information,
literature review towards it and process forthe project itself.
NIPER-Guwahati
LS-610
General LaboratoryExperience-10hours/week (2 credits)

Practicals in lab:

1. Analysis of a drug sample by a pharmacopoeial method and preparation of its certificate of

analysis.

2. Determination of viscosity of given samples using Ostwald viscometer and rotoviscometer.

3. Estimation of the given drug in urine and blood samples using HPLC and identification of
metabolites.

4. Stress study of a drug sample in proposed conditions and establishment of a stability

indicating assay using HPLC.

5. Separation of an impurity in a sample on a preparative HPLC.

6. Establishment of dissolution characteristics of a given controlled release preparation using

an automated dissolution tester.

7. Particle size and shape analysis using of an automated particle size analyzer.

8. Determination of tapped and bulk density.

9. Study of different packaging materials and their evaluation.

10. Determination of osmolality of given solutions.

11. Moisture determination of given substances using infrared moisture balance.

practical’s in CIL:

1. Determination of instrument calibration, melting behaviour and polymorphic beheviour of

various compounds by DSC.

2. Spectrofluorimetric analysis of a given sample.

3. Study of hydrate forms of ampicillin trihydrate using TGA.

4. Study of the given sample by AAS.

5. Freeze drying of a sample.

6. Separation of impurities of betamethasone velerate on LC-MS using BP method and study

the mass values of impurities.

7. Study of a given mixture by GC-MS.

8. Study of given sample on polarimeter.

9. ATR analysis of a given drug sample.

10. Conduct of a titration using an autotitrator.

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NIPER-Guwahati
PhD
PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
SEMESTER-I

Course Code Course Name Credits

PA-710 Impurity and Metabolite Profiling 2

SEMESTER-I
PA-710
Impurity and Metabolite Profiling (2 credits)

1. Introduction: Basics of impurity and metabolite profiling.

2. Impurity profiling: Practical approach.
3. Metabolite identification: In-vitro / in-vivo approaches and sample preparation.
4. Regulatory perspectives.
5. Basics of Instrumentation techniques: HPLC, LC-MS, LC-NMR, LC-IR and
metabolite identification using radioligand techniques
6. Case studies: Impurity profiling, isolation and characterization.
7. Case studies: Metabolite profiling, isolation and characterization.

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