10- A two way communication link has a receiver with a minimum detectable signal of -55

dBm. The receiver antenna gain is 35 dB and the transmitter antenna gain is 40 dB. The
carrier frequency is 24 GHz, and the distance between the transmitter and the receiver is 60
km. Suppose that it starts raining and the attenuation through the atmosphere is 0.2 dB/km.
What should the minimum transmitter power be so that the signal can be detected by the
receiver?

Pr = −55 dBm = 3.16 nW,Gr = 35 dB = 3162,Gt = 40 dB = 10000,

λ = 0.0125 m, d = 60 km, Loss = (60km)(0.2dB km) = 12 dB
−1
Pt ′ = Pr GrGt ( 4λπd )  = 0.364 W = 25.6 dBm → Pt = Pt ′ + 12 dB = 37.6 dBm
2
 

1- A hypothetical isotropic antenna is radiating in free-space. At a distance of 100 m from the

antenna, the total electric field ( E θ ) is measured to be 5 V/m. Find the power density and
power radiated.

2
E
Sav = 1
2 ( E × H ) = 2η∗
aˆr = 0.03315 aˆr W m 2
0
2π π 2π π
Prad = ∫ ∫ Savr sin θd θd φ = 0.03315 ∫ ∫ sin θ d θd φ = 4166.7 W
2
0 0 0 0

3- An antenna has its far field (electric field) in the free space given below where r is the
distance of the observation point from the antenna.
a) Find the total radiated power of the antenna.
b) Find the radiation resistance if the feeding current for the antenna I in is 0.01 A.
e − jkr
E(θ) = cos θ aˆθ (V m)
r
2 2
Eθ 1 cos θ
Sav = =
2η 0 2η 0 r 2
2π π 1 2π π 2π π
Prad = ∫ ∫ Savr 2 sin θd θd φ = ∫ ∫ cos 2
θ sin θ d θd φ = ∫ cos2 θ sin θ d θ = 0.0056 W
0 0 2η 0 0 0 2η 0 0

1 2 2P
Prad = I in Rr → Rr = rad2 = 112 Ω
2 I in
2- An RFID reader device transmits at 30 dBm. This signal is received by the tag antenna and
reradiated back to RFID antenna with 5 dB loss (The tag has a reflected power loss of -5 dB.)
The RFID device needs a power level of at least -90 dBm to properly detect the signal
reflected from a tag. The frequency of operation is 928 MHz. Both the reader and the tag
have gains of 1.64 dB. Determine the maximum range that the reader can support.

2- Bir RFID cihazının anteni 30 dBm ile yayın yapmaktadır. Bu sinyal TAG alıcısıyla
alındıktan sonra gücü 5 dB azalarak RFID cihazına geri yansıtılmaktadır. RFID ve TAG
antenlerinin kazancı 1.64 dB’dir. RFID cihazı geri yansıyan sinyali algılamak için enaz -90
dBm sinyal seviyesine ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bu durumda aradaki mesafe en fazla ne kadar
olmalıdır? Sinyalin frekansı 928 MHz.

Power received by tag : P1(dBm) = Pt (dBm) − αF

Loss αF (dB) = −Gt (dB) − Gr (dB) − 147.6 + 20 log f + 20 log(R) = 28.5 + 20 log(R)
Power reflected by tag : P2 (dBm) = P1 − 5 = Pt − αF − 5 = −3.5 − 20 log(R)
Power received by receiver : Pr (dBm)=P2 − αF = Pt − αF − 5 − αF = −32 − 40 log(R)
90 − 32
Pr (dBm)= − 32 − 40 log(R) > −90 ⇒ log(R) < ⇒ R < 28.2 m
40

2- An RFID reader device transmits at 30 dBm. This signal is received by the tag antenna and
reradiated back to RFID antenna with 5 dB loss (The tag has a reflected power loss of -5 dB.)
The RFID device needs a power level of at least -90 dBm to properly detect the signal
reflected from a tag. The frequency of operation is 928 MHz. Both the reader and the tag
have gains of 1.64 dB. R= 10 meter.
a) Determine the power received by the tag antenna.
b) Determine the power reradiated back to RFID antenna.
c) Determine the power received by the RFID antenna.

Loss αF (dB) = −Gt (dB) − Gr (dB) − 147.6 + 20 log f + 20 log(R) = 28.5 + 20 log(R) = 48.5 dB
a) Power received by tag : P1 (dBm) = Pt (dBm) − αF = 30 − 48.5 = −18.5 dBm
b) Power reflected by tag : P2 (dBm) = P1 − 5 = −23.5 dBm
c) Power received by receiver : Pr (dBm)=P2 − αF = −72 dBm
2- Serbest uzaydaki bir antenden yayılan uzak elektrik alan ifadesi aşağıdaki gibidir.
Radyasyon yoğunluğu U (θ, φ) ’yi W/sr olarak hesaplayın. 1 km ötede ve φ = 90° ve θ = 60°
iken radyasyon yoğunluğunu (W/m2) olarak hesaplayın
2- In the far-field, the time harmonic electric field of an antenna system operating in free
space is given below. Determine the radiation intensity (in W/sr). Find the radiation intensity
(in W/m2) at a distance of 1 km when φ = 90°and θ = 60° .

100 sin θ − jkr 200 sin θ − jkr

E = aˆθ e + aˆφ e (V m)
4πr 4πr

r2 2 r 2 1002 sin2 θ 2002 sin2 θ

U = E = 2 2
+ 2 2
= 0.420228117 sin2 θ W sr
2η 2η (4π) r (4π) r
U 0.420228117 sin2 60°
Wrad = 2 = 2
= 3.1517 × 10−7 W m 2
r (1000)

4- 100MHz ve 1000 W monostatik bir radar anteninin kazancı 75 olup alınan güç 0.01 W’tır.
Buna göre 700 m ötedeki hedefin radar kesitini bulun..
4- Consider that we want to determine the radar cross section of an unknown target that is
700m away from our radar. Our radar system transmits a 100 MHz signal. The total
transmitted power is 1000 W and the total received power 0.01 W. Consider that the radar
antenna has a gain of 75. What is the RCS of the target? (assume that the signals are
polarization matched and the PLF=1)

0.01(4π)  4π(700)(700) 
2
 4πR1R2 
2
3 × 108 Pr 4π
λ= = 3 m, σ =   =   = 94114.5
1 × 10 8
Pt (G 0t )(G 0r )  λ  1000(75)(75)  3 

2- Terminal akımı I0, input direnci 50 ohm olan kayıpsız bir antenin belirli bir yöndeki
maksimum uzak elektrik alan ifadesi aşağıdadır. Bu antenin maksimum efektif alanını (Ae)
dalga boyu cinsinden hesaplayın.
2- Suppose a transmitting antenna produces a maximum far-zone electric field in a certain
direction given below where I0 is the peak value of the terminal current. The input resistance
of the lossless antenna is 50 ohms. Find the maximum effective aperture of the antenna, Aem.
Hint: your answer will be a number times wavelength squared.
e − jkr
E max = 90I 0 (V m)
r

2 2 2
(90)
λ2 λ 2 4πU max r 2 η1 E max 2 r 2 η1 r 2 I 0 2 2 × (90)2 2
Aem = D0 = = 2 λ = 2 λ = λ = 0.86λ 2
4π 4π Pr ad 1
2 I0 R
1
2 I0 R
Rη
1- The radiated field from an antenna is given below. Find the total radiated power.
A
E = aˆθ sin θ (V m)
r
2
Eθ 1 A2 A2 2π π A2
= aˆr = sin θ aˆr → U (θ) = sin2 θ → Prad = ∫ ∫
2
Wrad 2
sin2 θ sin θd θd φ
2η 2η r 2η 0 0 2η
2 2
A 2π π πA 4
=
2η ∫ ∫
0 0
sin 3 θ d θd φ =
η 3
W → D(θ)=1.5sin2θ

2- Aşağıda uzak elektrik alanı verilen bir dipol antenin radyasyon yoğunluğunu, yaydığı
A
toplam gücü ve directivity’sini (D0) hesaplayın. E = aˆθ sin θ e − jkr (V m)
r
2- Calculate the directivity D0 for small dipole antenna given that the radiated electric field is
A
given by E = aˆθ sin θ e − jkr (V m) .
r
2
E sin2 θ
W = θ aˆr = B 2 aˆr → U (θ) = r 2W = B sin2 θ
2η r
2π π 4 4πU (θ)
Prad = ∫ ∫ B sin 3 θ d θd φ = 2πB W → D(θ) = = 1.5 sin2 θ
0 0 3 Prad

3- f=10 GHz’te çalışan Pt=200W’lık bir antenin kazancı G0t=30dB’dir. 36000 km ötede
G0r=40dB kazancı olan alıcı bir antende elde edilen maksimum güç dB olarak ne kadardır?
3- Calculate the power received by an antenna in dB with Pt=200W, G0t=30dB, R=36000km,
G0r=40dB, f=10GHz for the earth station.

2  λ 
 D0t D0r PLF = Pt  λ  G0tG0r
2 2
Pr = Pt ecdtecdr (1 − Γt )(1 − Γr ) 
2

 4πR   4πR 
 λ 
2
 3 × 10−2 

Pr = Pt (dB) + G0t (dB) + G 0r (dB) + 10 log   = 10 log 200 + 30 + 40 + 20 log 
 
 4πR   4π × 36000 × 103 
23 dB + 30 dB + 40 dB − 203 dB = −110dB

5- A lossless resonant half-wavelength dipole antenna with input impedance of 73 ohm is to

be connected to a transmission line whose characteristic impedance is 50 ohm. Find overall
gain of this antenna assuming that U = B0 sin 3 θ .

4πU max 4 πB 0 4 π0 2
D0 = = 2π π = π = = 1.69
Prad B0 ∫ ∫ sin 3 θ sin θd θd φ 2π ∫ sin θd θ 3π 8
4

0 0 0

23 2
Γ= → er = 1 − Γ = 0.965, ecd = 1 → e0 = erecd = 0.965 → G 0 = e0D0 = 1.64 = 2.14 dB
123
3- The radiation intensity of an antenna (95% efficient at 8 GHz) is given below. Find the
HPBW (degrees), total radiated power (W), directivity (dBi), gain (dBi), and maximum
possible effective area (m2) at 8 GHz.
0.1cos4 θ W sr, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2 and 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π
U (θ, φ) = 
0, elsewhere.


U (θ, φ) 0.1cos4 θ
HPBW = → 0.5 = ⇒ θ = cos−1(0.50.25 ) = 32.7651°
U max 0.1
U max = 0 @ θ = 0, HPBW = 2(32.7651°) = 65.5302°
2π π2
Prad = ∫∫ Ω
Ud Ω = ∫ ∫
0 0
0.1 cos 4 θ sin θd θd φ = 0.04π = 0.125664 W
4πU (θ, φ) 4π(0.1cos4 θ)
D(θ, φ) = = = 10 cos4 θ → D0 = 10 = 10 dBi @ θ = 0
Prad 0.04π
G (θ, φ) = ecd D(θ, φ) = 0.95(10 cos4 θ) = 9.5 cos4 θ → G 0 = 9.5 = 9.777 dBi
λ2
Aem = ecd D0 = 1.06169 × 10−3 m2
4π

2- An antenna in free space has an input power of 20 W and radiates 19.0608 W. Determine
the radiated power density (in W/m2), the radiation intensity (in W/sr), the directivity and
maximum directivity (in dBi), and the radiation efficiency if its phasor far-zone electric and
magnetic fields are given by
e − j 8r e − j 8r
E = a φ 50
ˆ sin θ (V m), H = −a θ 0.13272
3
ˆ sin 3 θ (A m) .
r r

1 3.318 sin6 θ E 3.318 sin6 θ

Pave = Re {E × H∗ } = aˆr W m 2
, Pave = = W m2
2 r2 2η r2
4πU (θ, φ)
U (θ, φ) = r 2 Pave = 3.318 sin 6 θ W sr, D(θ, φ) = = 2.1875 sin6 θ
Prad
P
D0 = 2.1875 = 3.39945 dBi, e = rad = 95.3%
Pin

2-Uzak alan ortalama güç yoğunluğu aşağıda verilen bir antenin direktif kazancını
hesaplayın.
2- Calculate the directive gain and directivity of an antenna that produces at far field the time
average vector power density given below.
2 sin θ cos φ π
Pavg = 2
ˆr (W/m2 ), 0 < θ < π, 0 < φ <
r 2

2
U (θ, φ) r Pavg r 2Pavg 8π sin θ cos φ
D(θ, φ) = = = = π π2 = 8 sin θ cos φ → D0 = 8
U avg U avg Prad 4π
∫ ∫
0 0
2 sin θ cos φ sin θd θd φ
4- The far-zone, time harmonic, electric field of an antenna operating in free space is given
below. Determine the radiation intensity U(θ,φ) (in W/sr). What is the maximum radiation
intensity (in W/sr)? Find the time average power radiated by the antenna. Then find the
directivity D(θ,φ). What is the maximum directivity?
 e − jkr
aˆθ 80 cos θ (V m) θ ≤ 90°
 4πr
E(θ, φ) = 
 e − jkr
aˆθ 20 cos θ (V m) 90° ≤ θ ≤ 180°
 4πr

 400
 cos2 θ θ ≤ 90° 
0.05379 cos θ θ ≤ 90°
2
 2ηπ
2
r  2
2
2 

U (θ, φ) =  E θ + E φ  =  = W sr
2η    25 0.003362 cos2 θ 90° ≤ θ ≤ 180°

 2
cos θ 90° ≤ θ ≤ 180° 
2

 2ηπ
2π  π2 π 
Prad = ∫  ∫ 0.05379 cos2 θ sin θ d θ = ∫ 0.003362 cos2 θ sin θ d θ  d φ = 0.1197 W,
0  0 
 π2

4πU 5.647 cos2 θ θ ≤ 90°

D(θ, φ) = = 104.98U (θ, φ) =  → Dmax = 5.647 = 7.518 dBi
Prad 0.3529 cos2 θ 90° ≤ θ ≤ 180°


Balanis 2.10. The radiation intensity of an antenna is represented by

1 0° ≤ θ ≤ 30°

0.5 30° ≤ θ ≤ 60°
U =
0.1 60° ≤ θ ≤ 90°

0 90° ≤ θ ≤ 180°


(a) What is the directivity (above isotropic) of the antenna (in dB)?

 π 6 
0.1 sin θ d θ = 0.734π
2π π π3 π2
Prad =∫0 ∫0 U sin θ d θ d φ = 2 π  ∫
 0
sin θ d θ + ∫π6
0.5 sin θ d θ + ∫π3 
5.4496 = 7.3636 dB 0° ≤ θ ≤ 30°

2.7250 = 4.3530 dB 30° ≤ θ ≤ 60°
4πU max U max 
D0 = = = D(θ) = 
Prad U0 0.54496 = −2.636 dB 60° ≤ θ ≤ 90°

0.0000 = −∞ dB 90° ≤ θ ≤ 180°


(b) What is the directivity (above infinitesimal dipole) of the antenna (in dB)?
 − jkr
e
1- The far electric field of a certain antenna is given by E(θ, φ) = θˆ Ε0 cos(2φ) .
r
Determine the power radiated by the antenna and the directivity. Would this antenna be
potentially useful as a broadcast antenna? Why or why not?

1 2 2 1 2
U (θ, φ) =  E θ + Eφ  r =
2
E 0 cos2 (2φ)

2η  2η
2π π E 2 2π π E 2 2π πE 02
Pr = ∫ ∫ U (θ, φ) sin θ d θ d φ = 0 ∫ cos2 (2φ)d φ ∫ sin θ d θ = 0 ∫ cos2 (2φ)d φ =
0 0 2η 0 0 η 0 η
U max U max 4πU max
D0 = = = = 2, Since D is small, the antenna could be useful as a
U avg Pr 4π Pr
broadcast antenna except that the pattern has nulls.

e − jkr jφ
2- The far E- field of an antenna is given by E(θ, φ) = θˆE 0 e . Determine the power
r
radiated by the antenna and the directivity.
2 2 2
1 2π π E 2π π e − jkr 2π E 0
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
2
Pr = Eθ r 2 sin θ d θ d φ = 0 e jφ
r sin θ d θ d φ =
2

2η 0 0 2η 0 0 r η
U max 1  1  2 1 
D0 = = max   E 0 2  r 2  = 1
Pr 4π Pr 4π  2η  r  

− jkr
ˆ ηI e
3- Akim kaynağı I 0 olan bir antenin uzak elektrik alanı E(r , θ) = θ (1 − cos θ) V/m
0
r
ise bu antenin yaydığı toplam gücü ve bu antenin radyasyon direncini hesaplayın.
.
2
2π π 2 ηI 8πηI 02 2P 16πη
Prad = ∫ ∫ 0
(1 − cos θ)2 sin θ d θ d φ = W, Rrad = rad
2
= Ω
0 0 2 3 I0 3

4- An antenna, with input impedance of 73 ohm, is to be connected to a transmission line

whose characteristic impedance is 50 ohm. Assume that the pattern of the antenna is given by
U (θ, φ) = B0 sin 3 θ . Find the directivity and the overall maximum gain of the antenna.

2π π 2π π 3π 2 U 16
Pr = ∫ ∫
0 0
U (θ, φ) sin θ d θ d φ = ∫
0 ∫ 0
B0 sin 3 θ sin θd θ d φ = B0
4
→ D0 = 4π max =
Pr ad 3π
= 1.698

73 − 50 2
Γ= = 0.186 → er = 1 − Γ = 0.965 → G 0 = er D = 0.965 × 1.698 = 1.639 = 2.14 dB
73 + 50
5- The far E-field of a short vertical current element Idl located at the origin of a spherical
coordinate system in free space is given below. Find the total average power radiated by this
60 πI dl e − j βr
current element. E(r , θ) = j sin θ θˆ (V/m).
λ r

1 E (r, θ) ˆ Idl
H(r, θ) = rˆ × E(r, θ) = θ φ = j sin θ e − j βr φˆ A m
η0 η0 2λr
 Idl 
2
1
Pav (r , θ) = Re {E × H∗ } = 15π   sin2 θ rˆ
2  λr 
 Idl   Idl 
2 2
2π π
Pr = ∫ P(r , θ) ⋅ d s = 15π ∫ ∫   sin2 θ r 2 sin θ d θ d φ = 40π 2   W
S 0 0  λr   λ 

6- Compute the radiation resistance of an antenna whose far-zone electric field of in free
ηI 0 e − jkr
space with input current I 0 is given by E = θ
ˆ (1 − cos θ) V/m .
10 r

1 I e − jkr
H= ˆr × E = φˆ 0 (1 − cos θ), S = 21 Re {E × H∗ }
η 10 r
2π π ηI 02 2π π 2πηI 02
Prad = lim ∫ ∫ 200 ∫0 ∫0
S ⋅ ˆr r 2 sin θ d θ d φ = (1 − cos θ )2
sin θ d θ d φ =
r →∞ 0 0 75
2Prad η 4π
Rrad = =
I 02 75
j ωµ0I 0L e − jkr sin [kL cos θ ]
7- The far E- field of an antenna is given by E(r) = aˆθ sin θ .
4π r kL cos θ
Determine the power radiated, the maximum directivity and the radiation resistance of the
π sin2 (π cos θ )
antenna if kL = π . Hint: ∫ sin 3 θd θ ≃ 0.8 .
(π cos θ )
2
0

2π  ωµ0I 0L  sin2 [π cos θ ] 3 0.8π  ωµ0I 0L 

2 2
1 2π π π

∫ ∫  ∫ 
2
Prad = E θ r 2 sin θ d θ d φ =  sin θd θ = 
2η  4π  (π cos θ ) η  4π 
2
2η 0 0 0

1.6π  ωµ0L 
2
U max 2P
D= = 2.5 at θ = 900, Rrad = rad =  
Prad 4π 2
I0 η  4π 
 e − jkr
1- Bir antenin uzak elektrik alanı E (r, θ) = 100I 0 cos4 θ V/m, 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90° olsun.
r
a) Bu antenin radyasyon yoğunluğunu ve yaydığı toplam gücü hesaplayın.
b) Bu antenin radyasyon direncini ve directivity’sini hesaplayın.
c) Bu antenin maksimum efektif alanını hesaplayın.

e − jkr
1- The far E-field of an antenna is E (r, θ) = 100I 0 cos4 θ V/m, 0°≤ θ ≤ 90° .
r
a) Find the radiation intensity and the total power radiated.
b) What is the radiation resistance and the directivity of this antenna?
c) What is the maximum effective area of this antenna in square wavelengths?
r2  4
2 cos θ, 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°
E = 13.263 I 0 
2
a ) U (θ, φ) =
2η 0 0, elsewhere

2
2π π 2π(100)2 I 0 π 2 2
Prad = ∫ ∫ U (θ, φ)sin θd θd φ = ∫ cos8 θ sin θd θ = 9.259 I 0 W
0 0 2η 0 0

 2  2
2Prad 4πU max (100)2 I 0   π(100)2 I 0 
b) Rrad = = 18.5 Ω, D0 = = 4π     = 18 = 12.5 dB
2
P  2 η   9 η 
I0 rad  0   0 
λ2
c) Aem = D0 = 1.432λ 2
4π

2- The radiation intensity of an antenna is given below for. Determine the maximum effective
aperture (in m2) of the antenna if its frequency is 10GHz. Assume that the antenna is lossless,
the polarization loss PLF = −1.4 dB, the input impedance of the antenna is ZA = 55 + j8 Ω and
that the antenna terminals are connected to a load of ZL=50 Ω.

cos 3 θ, 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°
U (θ, φ) = 
0, 90° ≤ θ ≤ 180°


U max 1 4π
D0 = 4 π 2π π2 = 4π π2 = =8
2π 14
∫ ∫
0 0
cos 3 θ sin θd θd φ 2π ∫
0
cos 3 θ sin θd θ
λ = 0.03 m, ecd = 1, PLF = −1.4 dB = 10−0.14 = 0.7244
4RARL λ2
erecd PLFD0 = 4.1175 × 10−4 m2
2
er = 1 − Γ = = 0.992, A =
(RA + RL ) + X A
2 2 em
4π
4- An antenna over ground is driven by a terminal current of I0 resulting in a radiation
intensity function defined by
U (θ, φ) = 4I 02 sin2 θ cos2 φ (W rad2 ), 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2, 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π.
(a) Determine the total radiated power.
(b) Determine the antenna radiation resistance and the directivity.
(c) Determine the power density in the direction of maximum radiation at a distance of 1 km
from the antenna when I0 =2A.
(d) Determine the magnitude of the magnetic field at the point(s) defined in part (d).

2π π2 2π π2 8 2
(a) Prad = ∫ ∫ 0 0
U (θ, φ)sin θd θd φ = 4I 02 ∫
0 ∫ 0
sin 3 θ cos2 φ d θd φ =
3
πI 0 = 8.38I 02 W
2Prad 4πU max
(b) Rrad =
I0
2 = 16.8 Ω, D0 =
Prad
= 4π 4 I 0
2
( )( 8
3 π I0
2
)=6
2
U (θ, φ) [U (θ, φ)]max 4 I0
(c) Pavg = 2
→ (Pavg )max = 2
= 2
= 16 mW m2
r r (1000)
1 2Pavg
(d) Pavg = η 0H 2 → H = = 291mA m
2 η0

2- Radyasyon yoğunluğu U (θ, φ) = 1.5 cos θ, 0 < θ < π 2 , 0 < φ < 2π , olan bir anten için
toplam radyasyon gücünü ve directivity’yi hesaplayın.

2π π2 3π U max 1.5
Prad = ∫ ∫
0 0
U (θ, φ)sin θ d θ d φ =
2
W, D0 = =
Prad 4π 1.5π 4π
= 4 (θ = 0)

3- An antenna has a pattern solid angle of π/4 and a radiation efficiency of 70%. The input
power to the antenna is 100 W. At a range of 10 km, what is the maximum power density?

4π GP
D= = 16 → Gt = 0.7 × 16 = 11.2, S max = t t2 = 8.9 × 10−7 W m2 = −60.5 dBm
Ω 4πr

1- A satellite S transmits an electromagnetic wave at 10 GHz via its transmitting antenna. The
characteristics of the satellite-based transmitter are: (a) the power radiated away by the
satellite antenna is 10 W, (b) the distance between the satellite antenna and a point A on the
earth’s surface is 37,000 km, and (c) the satellite transmitting antenna’s maximum directivity
in the direction SA is 50 dB. Ignoring ground effects and assuming free space propagation
determine the magnitude of the E-field at point A.

2
4πU max E 2ηPrad D0
D0 = = 105 ,U max = r 2 max → E max = 2
= 2.09 × 10−4 V m
Prad 2η 4πr
4- A low earth orbit satellite system at a radius of 1200 km transmits at 10.2 GHz using a 31
dB gain antenna. Determine the required receive antenna gain if the transmit power is 10 W,
and the received power must be at least -100 dBm. Assume that transmit and receive antennas
are directed towards each other.

 λ 
Gr (dB) = Pr (dB) − Pt (dB) − Gt (dB) − 20 log 
 4πr 
 0.029 
= −130 − 10 − 31 − 20 log  3
= 3.32 dB = 2.148
 4π × 1200 × 10 

2- Two scouts communicate using identical FRS walkie-talkies operating at 462.6375 MHz
with linearly polarized antennas with gains of 2.15 dBi. The walkie-talkies are specified to
have a maximum range of 12.872 km (8 miles) under ideal conditions with a transmit power
of 1 W. Assuming the antennas are matched to their transceiver electronics and are both
vertically-oriented, what is the minimum received power necessary for operation? When one
scout sits down, the walkie-talkie is at an angle of 35 degrees with respect to vertical, what is
the new maximum range? If the scouts were 9 km apart at the time, can they still
communicate?

c
λ= = 0.648 m, R = 12.872 × 103 m, Pt = 1 W, Γ = 0, PLF = 1,G = 1.6406 = ecd Dt = ecd Dr
f
2  λ 
2
Pr = Pt ecdtecdr (1 − Γt )(1 − Γr ) 
2
 D (θ , φ )D (θ , φ ) PLF = 43.19573 pW
 4πR  t t t r r r
2
PLF = ρ
ˆt i ρ 2
ˆr = cos Ψ = cos 35° = 0.6701
 0.648 
2

43.19573 × 10−12 = (1 W)(1)(1)   10 10 (0.671) → Rmax,sit = 10, 544.1 m

0.215 0.215

 4πRmax,sit 
1- Two vertical half-wavelength dipoles are used in a communication link at f = 400 MHz.
The distance between the transmitter and receiver is 5 Km. The transmitter antenna is
connected to a source with 2 W of maximum available power via a transmission line with
characteristic impedance 50 Ω. The receiver has an input impedance of 50 Ω and is
connected to the receiver antenna. The antennas are assumed lossless.

a) Find the power received by the receiver.

 73 − 50 
2

er = 1 − Γ = 1 − 
2
 = 0.965, λ = c f = 0.75 m, G1 = G2 = 1.64
 73 + 50 
 λ 
2
 0.75 
2
Prec 
= Pt   
G1G2er 1er 2 = 2   (1.64)2 (0.965)2 = 7.14 × 10−10 W

 4πR   4π × 5000 

b) Calculate the received power if the receiver antenna is a short dipole of length l = 7.5 cm.

 7.9 − 50 
2
 l 
2

Rr = 80π   = 7.9 Ω → er 2 = 1 − 

 2
 = 0.471, G2 = 1.5
λ   7.9 + 50 
 0.75 
2
= 2  (1.64)(1.5)(0.965)(0.471) = 3.19 × 10−10 W
 4π × 5000 
Prec

c) What will be the reduction in the received power if the receive antenna is rotated by 30o in
a plane perpendicular to the direction of incidence.

1
2
Prec ∼ Erec ∼ (Ein cos θ)2 → Prec (30°) = Pmax
2

2- The maximum far-field electric field intensity of a transmitting antenna in a certain

direction is given below where I is the peak value of antenna current. The radiation resistance
(or input resistance) of the lossless antenna is 50 ohm. Find the maximum gain and the
90I j ωt −jkr
maximum effective aperture of the antenna. E = e V/m
r
2
U max 1
E r2 λ 2G
G= = 1
2
2 = 5.4, Ae = = 0.43λ 2 ,
Pin 4π 2 I R 4π 4π
1- Two antennas are located 1 km apart. One is a dipole antenna with gain of 1.64. The other
is a horn with gain of 12. the losses in the transmitter circuitry are 5 dB, and the losses in the
receiver circuitry are 4 dB. The transmitter sends 1 W of power at 915 MHz.
a) What is the free space path loss in dB?
b) What are antenna gains in dB?
c) How much power is received in dB and in watts?

 3 × 108 915 × 106 

2
 λ 
2
   = 6.807 × 10−10 = −91.67 dB
a )   = 
 
 4πd   × 
3
 4 π 10
b)Gdipole = 10 log10 (1.64) = 2.14 dB, Ghorn = 10 log10 (12) = 10.79 dB
81.74
−
c) PR = 0 dBW + 2.14 + 10.79 − 91.67 − 5 − 4 = − 81.74 dBW=10 10
= 1.68 × 10−9 W

9- For a lossy antenna it is found that the G = 0.8 D. Find the ratio of the antenna’s loss
resistance to its radiation resistance.

S (r, θ, φ) S (r, θ, φ) G P 1 2 1 2
D(θ, φ) = 2
,G = 2
, Pin = Pr + PL ⇒ = r , Pr = I Rr , PL = I RL
Pr 4πr Pin 4πr D Pin 2 2
G Rr R 1
= = 0.8 → 1 + L = = 1.25 → RL = 0.25Rr
D Rr + RL Rr 0.8

1- A low orbit (LEO) satellite system transmits at 1.62 GHz using a 29 dB gain antenna with
spot beams directed toward users on the earth that are a maximum of 1500 km away. Find the
required satellite transmit power in order for the power received by a user at the maximum
distance be at least -100 dBm if the user has a 1 dB gain antenna directed toward the satellite.

f = 1.62GHz → λ = 0.185 m,Gt = 29dB, r = 1500 km, Pr ≥ −100 dBm, Gr = 1 dB

 λ 
2
Pt (dBm) = Pr (dBm) − Gt (dB) − Gr (dB) − 10 log  = 30 dBm = 1 W
 4π r 

2- A radio link has 20 Watt transmitter connected to an antenna of 0.5 m2 effective aperture at
9 GHz. The receiving antenna has an effective aperture 2.0 m2 and is located 20 km line of
sight from the transmitting antenna. Assuming the antennas have efficiencies equal to unity,
find the power delivered to the receiver.

Pt Aet Aer
Pr = = 45 µW
λ 2r 2
2- For the following communication link the aperture efficiency is 60%. Calculate the
received power by the load. And the power reradiated from the horn.
Pt = 1 W,Gt = 10 dBci, R = 10 m, Za = 80 Ω, Z L = 50 Ω, Aa = 300 cm2
y
Aa
y
x
Gt Aperture efficiency
Pt R Za
RHCP Rx horn
Tx antenna y-polarized ZL

 λ 
2
2
Pr = Pt ecdt (1 − Γt ) Dt (θt , φt ) 
2 2
e (1 − Γr )Dr (θr , φr ) ρ
ˆt i ρ
ˆr
 4πR  cdr
2
PG 2 PG  xˆ ± ˆy 
2
Pr = t t2 (Aa × 0.6)(1 − Γr ) ρ ˆt i ρ
2
ˆr = t t2 (Aa × 0.6)(1 − Γr ) 
 2  ⋅ y
ˆ
4πR 4πR
10 80
Pr = (0.03 × 0.6)× (1 − 0.23 ) × 0.5 = 6.78 × 10−5 W, Pscat = Pr = 10.9 × 10−5 W
2

4π × (10)2
50

4- A receiving antenna with a loss resistance of 7 Ω, er = 0.9 and reactance XA =35 Ω has its
terminals connected to a load of ZL = 50 Ω. If the open circuit voltage is Voc = j0.5 V :
a) Draw the equivalent circuit. Determine the values of all the circuit.
b) Determine the average power delivered to the load (in W)
c) Assuming the average power density of the incident field at the antenna is 0.06 W/m2,
determine the effective area Aeff, (in m2 ).

Rr
a ) er = = 0.9 → Rr = 63 Ω → Z A = Rr + Rloss + jX A = 70 + j 35 Ω
Rr + Rloss
2
1 2 j 0.5 j 0.5 1 j 0.5
b) PL = I L 50 → I L = = → PL = 50 = 0.4 mW
2 50 + Z A 120 + j 35 2 120 + j 35
P 0.4 × 10−3
c) Aeff = L = = 6.67 × 10−3 m2
Si 0.06
1- Three measurements are made at 10 GHz in free space with antennas A and B oriented for
maximum response and located 15m apart. Calculate the measured received power for the
last measurement.
1- Birbirinden farklı A ve B antenleriyle 10 GHz’te aşağıdaki 3 ayrı deney yapılıyor. Bütün
deneylerde antenler birbirinden 15 m uzaklıkta olup konumları maksimum alış gücü için
ayarlanmıştır. Buna göre aşağıdaki 3. deneyde alış gücü kaç dBm’dir? (Prec=? dBm)

Pin = 0 dBm → (A ← − − − − 15 m − − − − → A) → Prec = −22 dBm

Pin = 0 dBm → (B ← − − − − 15 m − − − − → B) → Prec = −34 dBm
Pin = 0 dBm → (A ← − − − − 15 m − − − − → B) → Prec = − ?? dBm

 λ 
2
Pr 4πr Pr c
= Gd2  
 → Gd = , λ = = 0.03 m
Pt  4πr  λ Pt f
4π × 15 −22 10 1 2 4π × 15 −34 10 1 2
Gd 1 =
0.03
( 10 ) = 499, Gd 2 = (
0.03
10 ) = 125.4

 λ 
2
 0.03 
2
Pr
= Gd 1 Gd 2  
 = 499 × 125.4   = 1.59 × 10−3 = −28 dB
Pt  4πr   4π × 15 

4- f = 1 GHz ’te kazançları 20 dB ve 15 dB olan alıcı ve verici antenlerin arasındaki mesafe

1 Km’dir. Verici antenin gücü 150 W iken alıcı antenin yükünde oluşan gücü hesaplayın.

Gt = 20 dB = 100, Gr = 15 dB = 31.623, f = 1GHz → λ = 0.3 m

 λ 
2
 0.3 
2
Pr =  =  (100)(31.6)(150) = 270.344 µW = −5.68 dB
 4πR  t t r  4π × 103 
PG G

5- Pt = 100W,Gt = 10 dB,Gr = 2 dB, f = 150 MHz, e0 = 1, R = 30 km : ise alıcı antenin

efektif açıklık alanını ve alıcı antendeki gücü hesaplayın.
5- Given Pt = 100W,Gt = 10 dB,Gr = 2 dB, f = 150 MHz, e0 = 1, R = 30 km : What is the
effective aperture area of the receiving antenna? What is the received power?

3 × 108 λ2 2 10 2
2
f = 150 MHz → λ = = 2 m, A = D 0 = 10 = 0.5044 m 2 (D0 = 1.5849 = 2 dB)
150 × 10 6 e
4π 4π
−6
PG 10 10 10
Pr = t t2 Ae = (100)(10 ) (0.5044) = 0.04460 µW (2.112 mV to 50Ω)
4 πR 4π × 302
Pr (dB) = −73.51dBW = −43.51dBm = 10 log10 (Pr 1W )for dBW
7- An antenna with a radiation resistance of 64 Ω, a loss resistance of 4 Ω and a reactance of -
65 Ω is connected to a generator with open-circuit voltage of 20 V (peak) and internal
impedance of Zg=55+j10 Ω via a λ/4 long lossless transmission line with characteristic
impedance of 50 Ω . Determine the average power supplied by the generator, the power
radiated and power dissipated by the antenna.

Zg λ 4

Voc Z0 , β ZL

Z in

Voc = 20V , Z g = 55 + j 10Ω, Rr = 64Ω, RL = 4Ω, X A =− 65Ω,

βl = π 2, Z in (λ / 4) = Z 02 Z A = 19.2 + j 18.6 Ω

1 ∗ 1 Voc Voc∗ 1 2 Re(Z g + Z in ) 200 × 74.211

Ps = RL (Voc I g ) = Re( ∗ ∗
) = Voc 2 = = 2.35 W
2 2 Z g + Z in 2 Z g + Z in (74.211)2 + (28.264)2
Pr 64 1 2 1 Re(Z in )
, Pin = I g Re {Z in } = Voc
2
er = = 2 = 0.6087 W → Pr = Pin er = 0.5729 W
Pin 68 2 2 Z g + Z in
PL = Pin − Prad = 0.0358 W
1- Radyasyon direnci Rrad = 48 Ω kayıp direnci Rloss = 2 Ω ve reaktif empedansı
+j X = j 50 Ω olan bir anten varsayalım. Voltajı Vg = 10 V ve empedansı Z g = 50 Ω olan
bir de voltaj kaynağı olsun. Bu anten ile voltaj kaynağı, karakteristik empedansı Z 0 = 100 Ω
ve uzunluğu λ 4 olan kayıpsız bir iletim hattı ile birbirine bağlanmıştır. Buna göre:

a) Eşdeğer devreyi çizin (radyasyon, kayıp direnci, reaktif empedansı seri bağlı varsayın).

50 Ω λ/4

10 V Z 0 = 100 Ω Z L = 2 + 48 + j 50 Ω

Zin
b) Determine the power supplied by the generator (power input to the line).

Z 02 (100)2 200 Z − 50 1 − 2 j
Z in = = = = 100(1 − j ), Γin = in =
Zant 50 + j 50 1 + j Z in + 50 2 − 2 j
102 1 2
Pav = = W, Pin = Pav (1 − Γin ) = 0.25(1 − 5 13) = 0.154 W
8 × 50 4

c) Antenin radyasyon gücünü bulun.

Rrad
Prad = Pin = 0.148 W
Rrad + Rloss

3- Consider an earth station.

a) What is the required EIRP of the earth station if necessary S/N is 12 dB (in dBW)?

Prec = k Tsys B = 1.38 x 10-23 x 132 x 107 = 1.82 x 10-14 W = -137 dBW
Ps req = -137 + 12 = -12.5 dBW
EIRP = Ps req + LS + Gr = -125 +214 -34 = 55 dBW

b) What is the desired EIRP of the earth station if you want to allow 6 dB circuit margin (in
dBW)?

EIRP (desired) = EIRP (required) + Margin (dB)= 55 + 6 = 61 dBW

Balanis 2.3. The maximum radiation intensity of a 90% efficient antenna is 200 mW/unit
solid angle.

a) Find the directivity and gain (in dB) when the input power is 125.66 mW

b) Find the directivity and gain (in dB) when the radiated power is 125.66 mW

Balanis 2.4. The power radiated by a lossless antenna is 10 W. The antenna are represented
by the following radiation intensity: U = B0 cos3 θ W sr, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2, 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π

a) Find the maximum power density (in W/m2) at a distance of 1000 m (assume far field
distance). Specify the angle where this occurs.

b) Find the directivity (max) of the antenna (in dB)

c) Find the gain of the antenna (in dB)

Balanis 2.11. The radiation intensity of an antenna is given by U (θ, φ) = cos 4 θ sin2 φ for
0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2 and 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π (i.e., in the upper half-space). It is zero in the lower half-space.

a) Find the directivity.

2π π 2π π2
π
Prad = ∫ ∫ U (θ) sin θ d θ d φ = 2π ∫ sin φ d φ ∫ cos4 θ sin θ d θ =
2

0 0 0 0
5
U max = U (θ = 0 , φ = π 2) = 1, Dmax = 4πU max Prad = 20 = 13 dB
o

b) Find the elevation plane half-power beamwidth (in degrees).

elevation plane φ = constant , choose φ = π 2

U = cos4 θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2 → cos4 (HPBW 2) = 1 2 ⇒ HPBW = 2 cos−1( 0.5) = 65.5o

Balanis 2.12. The normalized radiation intensity of an antenna is symmetric, can be

approximated by
 1 0° ≤ θ ≤ 30°
 cos(θ )

U (θ ) =  30° ≤ θ ≤ 90°
 0.866
 0 90° ≤ θ ≤ 180°

(a) Find the exact directivity by integrating the function

2π π  π6 π 2 cos θ 
Prad = ∫ ∫
0 0
U (θ)sin θ d θ d φ = 2π  ∫ sin θ d θ + ∫
 0 π 6 0.866
sin θ d θ  = 3.63 W

4πU max
Dmax = = 3.53 = 5.47 dB
3.563

(b) Find the approximate directivity using Kraus’ formula

Balanis 2.41. An antenna with radiation a resistance of 48 ohms, loss resistance 2 ohms, and
reactance of 50 ohms is connected to a generator with an open circuit voltage of 10 V and
internal impedance of 50 ohms via λ 4 long transmission line with a characteristic
impedance of 100 ohms.

a) Draw the equivalent circuit

b) Determine the power supplied by the generator

PS = 12 Re {Vg I g∗ } = 21 × 10 × 0.05546 × cos(33.7°) = 0.231 W

c) Determine the power radiated by the antenna

(100)2 2
Z in = 50+ j 50 = 100 − j 100 Ω → PA = 1
2 I g Re {Z in } = 21 × (0.05546)2 × 100 = 0.1538 W
Prad = ecd PA = 0.96 × 0.1538 = 0.148 W

Balanis 2.58. Two lossless, polarization matched antennas are aligned for maximum radiation
between them, and are separated by a distance of 50λ. The antennas are matched to their
transmission lines and have directivities of 20 dB. Assuming that the power at the input
terminals of the transmitting antenna is 10 W, find the power at the terminals of the receiving
antenna.
Balanis 2.45. The E-field pattern of an antenna, independent of φ, varies as follows;

 1 0≤θ≤π 4


E =0 π 4≤θ ≤π 2

1 2 π 2 ≤ θ ≤ π


a) What is the directivity of this antenna?

b) What is the radiation resistance of the antenna at 200 m from it if the field is equal to 10
V/m (rms) for θ = 0° at that distance and the terminal current is 5 A (rms)?

When the field is equal to 10 V/m (rms) for θ = 0°

Balanis 2.48. An antenna has a maximum effective aperture of 2.147 m2 at 100 MHz. It has
no conduction, dielectric or polarization losses. The input impedance of the antenna is 75
ohm and is connected to a 50 ohm transmission line. Find the maximum directivity of the
antenna including the reflection due to mismatch between the antenna and transmission line.

75 − 50 3 × 108
ec = 1 , ed = 1 , PLF = 1, Γ = = 0.2, λ = = 3 m, Aem = 2.147
75 + 50 100 × 106
 λ2  2.147
Aem =  eced PLF (1− | Γ |2 ) Dmax → Dmax = 32 = 3.125
 4π  
4π 1 − (0.2)2



Balanis 2.49. An incoming wave with a uniform power density of 10−3 W/m 2 is incident
upon an antenna whose directivity is 20 dB. Determine the maximum possible power that can
be delivered to a load connected to this antenna at 10 GHz. Assume that there are no losses
between the antenna and the receiver or load.

c 3 × 108
Dmax = 20 dB = 100, λ = = = 0.03 m
f 10 × 109
, ,
λ2 (0.03)2
Aem = Dmax = 100 = 7.16 × 10−3 → Prec = 10−3 Aem = 7.16 × 10−6 W
4π 4π

Balanis 2.68. Transmitting and receiving antennas operating at 1 GHz with gains (over
isotropic) of 20 and 15 dB, respectively, are separated by a distance of 1 km. The input power
is 150 miliwatt. Find the maximum power delivered to the load when the

a) antennas are polarization matched.

2
Gt = 20 dB = 100, Gr = 15 dB = 31.623, λ = 0.3 m, R = 1000 m, PLF = ρ
ˆt i ρ
ˆr =1
 λ 
2
 0.3 
2 2
Pr = Pt ρ
ˆt i ρ
ˆr  G G = (100)(31.623)(150 × 10−3 ) = 270.3 μW = −5.68 dBm
 4πR  0t 0r  4π × 103 

b) transmitting antenna is circularly polarized and the receiving antenna is linearly polarized.
2
2  xˆ ± ˆy  1
PLF = ρ
ˆt i ρ
ˆr =   i xˆ = ⇒ Pr = 135.2 μW = −8.68 dBm
 2  2
1- Birbirine uzaklığı 25 mil (1 mil =1.61 km) ve özellikleri birbirinin aynı olan iki tane anten
ile bir radyo-link hattı oluşturulmuştur. Pt Gt = 8 Watt olup alış gücü Pr = -70 dBm’dir.
a) Antenlerin açıklık verimi (aperture efficiency) 0.8 ise antenin fiziksel alanı kaç m2 dir?
b) Antenler için ΩΑ = 0.04 sr ise çalışma frekansı ne olmalıdır?
c) Verici gücü sabit olup frekans iki katına çıktığında alış gücü kaç dBm olur?

1- A microwave link is formed by two similar horn antennas separated by 25 miles (1 mile
=1.61 km). The effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP = Pt Gt ) is equal to 8, and the
received power is -70 dBm.

a) Assuming matched horn antennas with an aperture efficiency of 0.8, what is the physical
aperture size (m2) of the antennas?

PG EIRP
−70 dBm=10−10 W, Pr = t t
2
Aer = Aer ⇒ Aer = 0.2545 m2 = 0.8Aphys ⇒ Aphys = 0.32 m2
4 πR 4πR 2

b) Find the frequency of operation if the beam solid angles of the antennas are 0.04 sr.

4π λ 2 c
ΩA = = → λ 2 = ΩAAe → f = = 3 GHz
D Ae ΩAAe

c) Assume that the frequency is doubled, while keeping the same transmitted power, what
would be received power in dBm?

 A 2  f 2
Pr = Pt  er    doubling f ⇒ Pr = 4 × 10−10 W = −64 dBm .
 R  c 

Note that if EIRP was kept constant ⇒ no change in received power as frequency changes.

d) Assuming that the horns has circular aperture with diameter d and unity aperture
efficiency, derive the following approximate expression for the half power beam width (in
degrees): θr = 65λ d . (Assume symmetric narrow major lobe with negligible minor lobes)
1- The Voyager satellite transmitted some spectacular pictures back to Earth from a distance
of about 4 light-hours. The data link involved a 12 Watt transmitter at 8.4 GHz and an
antenna with HPBW= 1° .

a) Calculate the beam solid angle and gain for this antenna.

 π 2 −4
Ω = 1°  = 3.05 × 10 sr → G = 4π Ω = 41253 ≅ 46 dB
 180° 

b) Calculate the power density at Earth.

Prad (12)(52600)
S= G= = 2.11 × 10−21 W m2
4πr 2
4π(4.32 × 10 )
12 2

c) The Earth receiving station used parabolic dish antennas with diameters of 60m. Assuming
the effective area is about half the physical area, how much power is received?

 60 
2
1
Aphys = π   = 2827 m2 , Aeff = Aphys = 1414 m2 → Prec = PAeff = 2.98 × 10−18 W
2 2

d) The effective noise temperature of the receiving system was about 30 K. What bandwidth
of data transmission would this allow in order to maintain a SNR of at least 10?

Pnoise ≅ kT ∆f = (1.38 × 10−23 )(30K )(∆f ) = 4.14 × 10−22 ∆f

2.98 × 10−19
S N ≥ 10 → N ≤ 2.98 × 10−19 → ∆f = ≅ 720 Hz
4.14 × 10−22

e) A typical low-loss optical fiber transmission system can have an attenuation rate as low as
0.1 dB/km. Compare this loss with the transmission loss of the satellite link.

Fiber Loss = (0.1 dB km) × 4.32 × 109 km = 4.32 × 108 dB

 12 W 
Link Loss = 10 log   = 186 dB or 4.2 × 10−8 dB km
 2.98 × 10−18 
2) In a "cellular" phone system, a transmitter transmits 100 watts into a beam pattern that has
a maximum antenna gain G=5 horizontally in any direction.

a) What is the maximum horizontal distance at which the average radiated power density is
greater than 10-7 watts/m2 and the corresponding amplitude of the electric field?
2
PG 100 × 5 E
S = SisotrpoicG = t
2
= 2
≥ 10−7 → r ≤ 20 km → S = → E = 2ηS = 8.7 × 10−3 V m
4πr 4πr 2η

b) Estimate the vertical beamwidth (in degrees).

4π 4π 4π 2
∆φ = 2π, ∆θ = ? → ∆Ω ≃ ∆φ∆θ sr, G = = 5 → ∆Ω = → ∆θ ≃ = rad = 23°
∆Ω 5 10π 5
π ∆θ
1 2π − ∆θ 4π
Formally d Ω = (r sin θd φrd θ) 2 → ∆Ω = ∫ ∫ π2 ∆θ2 sin θ d θ d φ = 4π sin = ⇒ ∆θ ≃ 0.403
r 0 +
2 2
2 5

2- If the Earth appears as a uniform 300 K disk in the lunar sky, what is the antenna
temperature, TA, of the lunar antenna (in Kelvin)? Earth radius is 6400 km and the moon
distance is 400,000 km.

ΩE  
ψ=
12800
= 3.2 × 10−2
rad = 1.8 °, small wrt β use T = T + 1 − ΩE 
 ΩP 
1 2
4 × 105 ΩP
A earth

ψ 2
4π 4π
ΩE = π   = 8.04 × 10−4 sr, ΩP = = = 5.32 × 10−3 sr → TA = 45 + 3 = 48 K
2 D0 2.36 × 103

d) What is Tsys of the lunar receiving system (in Kelvin)?

TLNA = (1.26 − 1)290 = 75K ,TEtl = (Ltl − 1)290 = (1.58 − 1)290 = 170K ,TErec = (2.51 − 1)290 = 438K
T T
TE = TLNA + Etl + Erec = 84K , Tsys = TA′ + TE ;TA′ = TA = 48K → Tsys = 48 + 84 = 132K
GLNA GLNAGtl
2- A school friend of mine called one day and complained that he and his father bought the
same TV. His father used the rabbit-ear antenna and received 30 channels, while he bought
an excellent Yagi-Uda/log-periodic antenna (with a gain of 13) and received only 12
channels! They both live on adjacent flats in the same building. Why? Just think.

The issue is directivities. Lower directivity allows more spatial coverage.

1- An antenna has a radiation efficiency of 80% and a directivity of 7.3 dB. What is the gain
of the antenna in dB?

D = 7.3 dB (5.37 numeric), G = eD = 0.8*5.37 = 4.3 (6.3 dB)

2- An antenna has pattern solid angle of π/4 (sr) and a radiation efficiency of 70%. The input
power to the antenna is 100 W. What is the max power density at a range of 10 km?

D = 4π/Ωp = 16, G = eD = 11.2, Smax = PtG / 4πR2 = 8.9 x 10-7 W/m2 (60.5 dBW/m2)

3- a) A uniformly illuminated aperture has a length of lx=50 λ and ly =100 λ. What is the
beamwidth between first nulls in the x-z and y-z planes?

b) What is the antenna directivity if the physical efficiency (the ratio between max effective
area, Aem, to the physical are. Aphys) is 80%?
1- The far-zone magnetic field of an antenna (located at the origin) is given by
e − j βr
{
H = I in φˆ cos θ (1 + sin 2φ) + j θˆ 3 sin θ (2 3 + cos2 2φ)
4πr
} (A m)

a) Determine the effective height.

e − j βr e − j βr
{
E = η H × ˆr = I in η θˆ cos θ (1 + sin 2φ) + j φˆ 3 sin θ (2 3 + cos2 2φ)
4πr
} = j ωµI in h
4πr
→h=
1 ˆ
jβ
{
θ cos θ (1 + sin 2φ) + j φˆ 3 sin θ (2 3 + cos2 2φ) }
b) Determine the radiation intensity.

2 2

{ }
ˆr E I η
Sav = = ˆr in 2 2 cos2 θ (1 + sin 2φ)2 + 3 sin2 θ (2 3 + cos2 2φ)2
2η 32π r
2

{ }
I η
U (θ, φ) = in 2 cos2 θ (1 + sin 2φ)2 + 3 sin2 θ (2 3 + cos2 2φ)2
32π

c) Determine the polarization vector of the antenna in the direction θ = π 3 , φ = π 4 . Is it

linear, RCP, LCP, REP or LEP?
9- A lossless antenna is completely specified by its vector effective length as hφ = 0 ,
hθ = h0 cos 2 θ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2 , hθ = 0 for π 2 ≤ θ ≤ π .

a) Find the radiated electric field vector as distance r, when it is excited with current I0.
Integrate the associated Poynting flux (over the hemisphere), to find the total radiated power.
∫ cos θ sin θ d θ = − cosn +1 θ (n + 1) .
n

c) Give an expression for its radiation resistance in terms of η, h0, and λ.

b) Write an expression for its gain G(θ). Describe and/or sketch its beam shape and calculate
its beam width (at half maximum gain).
7- Determine the directivity of the antenna with the radiation pattern given below. Specify
your result on a linear scale, in dB relative to an isotropic radiator (i.e. dBi). Sketch the
horizontal and vertical radiation patterns on a linear scale in polar coordinates.

 sin θ π 9 < φ < 5π 9

F (θ, φ) = 
4π
D0 = = 6.75 = 8.293 dBi
0 elsewhere. π 5π 9

∫ ∫
2
 0 π9
sin θ sin θd θd φ
5- Given that an antenna has a directivity of 40 in a certain direction and that its loss
resistance is one fifth of its radiation resistance, find its gain in the same direction.
5- Bir anten için D = 40 olsun. Bu antenin kayıp direnci radyasyon direncin beste biri ise
( Rloss Rrad = 1 5 ) antenin kazancı nedir(G = ? )

1 2
S S G Prad 2 I Rrad 1 5
G (θ, φ) = , D (θ, φ) = → = = = =
2 I (Rrad + Rloss ) 1 + Rloss Rrad
2 2 1 2
Pin 4πr Pr 4πr D Pin 6
5
G= × 40 = 33.3 = 15.2 dB
6

1- Consider the antenna pattern for a lossless antenna.

a) What is the value of the peak sidelobe level? 25 dB

b) Mark the half power points on the plot.
c) How many sidelobes are shown in the plot? 28
d) How many grating lobes are shown in the plot? 0
f) What is difference in gain between the pattern maximum and first sidelobe in dB? 25 dB
g) What is the difference in gain between the pattern maximum and first sidelobe, as a ratio
of field intensities?
1- A 1 km radio link operates in free-space at 10 GHz. The transmitting and receiving
antennas are identical, lossless, polarization and impedance matched. The transmitter delivers
10 mW to its antenna and the receiving antenna must deliver 1 µW to the receiver. Find the
minimum gain in (dBi) required for the antennas when they are perfectly aligned. Find also
the capture area (in m2) of the receiving antenna when it is misaligned by half the 3 dB
beamwidth.

Pt Pt λ2 PG 2
Pr
Pr = G A
t r = Gt G r = t 0
⇒ G0 = 4πr λ = 4.19 × 103 = 36.2 dBi
4πr 2 4πr 2 4π (4πr λ)2 Pt
λ2
G = G 0 − 3 = 33.2 dBi → Aeff = G = 0.15 m2
4π

2- You are designing a 3 GHZ communications station for a lunar base. The distance from
the Moon to Earth is 4x105 km and the Earth’s diameter is 12800 km. Your lunar antenna is a
lossless, 2 m diameter dish with an aperture efficiency of η=0.6. Immediately behind the
antenna, you mount an LNA whose noise figure and gain are 1 dB and 20 dB, respectively.
The LNA is connected to a receiver in the lunar base by a coaxial cable whose total loss is 2
dB. The receiver has noise figure of 4 dB. The physical temperatures of the receiver, coax,
and LNA are all 290 K. Assume that video and data from the Earth to the moon requires a
bandwidth of 10 MHz and 12 dB S/N ratio.

a) What is the free space link loss?

r = 4 x 108 m, λ = 0.1 m, L = (4πr/λ)2 = 2.53 x 1021 = 214 dB

b) You wish to point the receiving antenna within its 3 dB points. What is the pointing
accuracy requirement (in degrees)?
5- A handheld wireless telephone using an antenna with a gain of 2 dBi is to be used for
communication with a satellite at a distance of 36000 km. It is given that the gain of the
transmitting antenna in the satellite at 2.4 GHz is 8500 and the transmitting antenna is
radiating a power of 100 W.
a) Calculate the power density of the incoming signal from the satellite.
b) Calculate the power received by the antenna of the handheld wireless telephone.
c) Calculate the open-circuit voltage developed at the terminals of the receiving antenna
given that the impedance of the antenna of the handheld telephone is ZA = 75 + j100 ohms.
d) Calculate the effective areas Ae for both the transmitting and the receiving antennas.

Gt Pt 100
a) S max = = 8500 = 52.19 × 10−12 W m2
4πr 2
4π(3.6 × 107 )2
b) Pr = Pt (dBm) +Gt (dB) +Gr (dB) − 20 log(36000) − 20 log(2400) − 32.44 =− 99.9 dBm = 0.103 pW

c)Voc = 8Ra Pr = 8 × 75 × 0.103 × 10-12 = 7.86 µ W

 30  1.585
2
λ2 λ2
d) Aet = Gt = 10.57 m , Aer =
2
Gr =  
 = 19.7 cm2
4π 4π  240  4π

1- Consider a pair of identical (lossless) parabolic dish antennas of 2 meter diameter,

configured for a horizontal microwave link at 15 GHz. They are pointed toward each other at
a separation of 50 km. The first antenna transmits a power of 1 watt. Calculate the power
received in the second antenna given the following. The aperture efficiency of each antenna
is 70%. Antennas are polarization matched to each other and impedance matched to receiver.
If the same calculation were done at a lower frequency, you should predict a decrease in the
power received; give a physical explanation for this power reduction.

c 4πA 4π 0.7π
Ae = At = 0.7Aphys = 0.7π m2 , λ = = 0.02 m, Gt = 2 t = = 6.91 × 104
f λ λ2
If we
PG 1W (6.91 × 104 ) −6
Prec = Sinc Ae = t t
Ae = 0.7 π = 4.84 × 10 W
4πR 2 4π(50 × 103 )2
lower the frequency, the wavelength increases resulting a decrease in the antenna gain.
1- The antenna for the base-station of a cell phone system have a horizontal (φ-direction)
beamwidth of 120o and a vertical (θ-direction) beamwidth of 5o at 1 GHz.
a) Estimate its maximum gain.
b) The radiated electric field strength is specified to be a minimum of 10 millivolts/m at
ranges of up to 30 km from the base-station - in directions covered by the maximum gain.
What is the minimum power that should be transmitted?
c) The typical mobile user has a handset with a dipole antenna which we can model as having
a gain G=1 in a typical orientation. What is the maximum power available from his receiving
antenna when the conditions of (a) & (b) apply for a user at 30 km range?
d) What other factors might reduce the actual power received below the value from part (c)?

2π π 4π 36 × 3 × 4π 216
a) ∆φ = 120° = rad, ∆θ = 5° = rad → G max = = = = 68.75
3 36 ∆θ∆φ 2π 2 π
2
E PG
b) E = 0.01 V m → S = = 1.33 × 10−7 W m2 = t t2 → Pt ≥ 21.7 W
2η 4πr
4πAe λ2 −7 λ2
c) λ = 0.3 m, G = = 1 → Ae = , Prec = SAe = 1.33 × 10 × = 9.5 × 10−10 W = −60 dBm
λ2 4π 4π
d) Polarization mismatch, impedance mismatch, and possible ohmic losses in antenna.
4- A 150 kW monostatic x-band radar (f=10 GHz) uses an antenna with a directive gain of
30dB. The radar is tracking a target with a radar cross section of 2m2 at a range of 25 km.

a) Determine the power density of the incident field at the target.

b) Determine the magnitude of the incident electric field intensity at the target.

c) Determine the total power intercepted by the target.

d) Determine the power density of the scattered field at the radar.

e) Determine the magnitude of the scattered electric field intensity at the radar.

f) Determine the total power received by the radar.

1- The impedance of a short antenna is modeled by a resistance Rrad in series with a

capacitance Cant; its vector effective length h is known. Draw the equivalent circuit for the
antenna receiving an incident electric field given by a complex vector Einc (arriving from the
direction in which h is given). Label the circuit components.
2- The sketch below shows a portable phone in three different positions (A,B&C) relative to
its base unit, which is at the origin of the coordinate system. All three positions are in the
horizontal plane (z=0); B & C are 10 times further than A; A & B are oriented parallel to the
z-axis; C is oriented along the φ-axis (user lying on couch watching TV). Given that the
portable antenna is linearly polarized of effective length ho parallel to its antenna and the
e − jkr
vector E-field radiated from the base unit is Erad = j ωµI sin θ h0 (θˆ + φˆj 0.2) .
4πr

a) Draw an equivalent circuit for the portable phone receiver and antenna. Give an expression
for the power (PA) received in case A assuming the receiver is impedance matched to its
antenna impedance Ra.

b) Find the ratio of the powers received by the portable phone PB/PA and PC/PA. If these cases
cover the best and worst conditions, what dynamic range in dB is needed for the receiver
amplifier? (The power level would be stabilized by an automatic gain control circuit that
must function over this dynamic range).
1- A circularly polarized wave, traveling in the +z direction, is received by an elliptically
polarized antenna whose polarization is given by ρˆa = (3xˆ + jyˆ) 10 .
a) Find the polarization mismatch factor (p) (in dB) when the incident wave is LCP.
2
3xˆ + jyˆ xˆ + jyˆ
p = eˆa ⋅ eˆw = ⋅ = 0.2 = −6.99 dB
10 2

b) Find the polarization mismatch factor (p) (in dB) when the incident wave is RCP.
2
3xˆ + jyˆ xˆ − jyˆ
p = eˆa ⋅ eˆw = ⋅ = 0.8 = −0.969 dB
10 2

2- A linearly polarized wave traveling in the negative z-direction has a tilt angle of +55o
with respect to the x-axis. It is incident upon an antenna whose polarization is given by
ρˆa = (xˆ − j 4yˆ) 17 . Find the polarization mistmatch factor (p) in dB.

3- Verici bir antenin elektrik alanı Ei = xˆ E0 ( x, y ) e − jkz olsun. Aşağıda polarizasyonları

verilen alıcı antenler kullanıldığında antenlerin polarizasyonlarının kaynaklanan güç kaybı ne
kadar olacaktır?

a) Ea ≅ xˆ E (r ,θ , φ ) güç kaybı olmaz

b) Ea ≅ yˆ E (r ,θ , φ ) güç tamamen kaybolur
c) Ea ≅ (xˆ + yˆ ) E (r ,θ , φ ) gücün %50’si kaybolur
1- When the US fleet came to Beirut in 1983, they anchored 20 kms off-shore. The American
University of Beirut had some really dumb students. They took 1 W X-band klystron (10
GHz) from the microwave lab, and shined it with a 20 dB gain horn on the US fleet. This
made the captain really mad, and he sent his helicopters to check out the source. Finally, after
several hide and seek games, the US command met with the AUB-EE department and took
the X-band source. Nowadays, a big ship is vulnerable to a torpedo/mine or an air attack. (To
study the torpedo/mine problem, take an acoustic course.) The radar system is the backbone
of the ship air defense system. Its modulation and frequency hopping procedure are classified
information. However, let us use some typical numbers for the US fleet radar.

f=10GHz, Pt=100kW, BW=100MHz (10 ns Pulse), Pulse Repetition Rate=10KHz,

Averaging=10 (1 msec integration time-update), Antenna Gain= 45 dB (εap=70%), System
Noise temp=300K (3 dB Noise Figure).

The system temperature is a measure of the noise of the radar system. The noise is given by
Pn =kTB, where k is Boltzman Constant k=1.38x10-23 J/K, T is the system temperature in
Kelvins, and B is the bandwidth of the radar receiver. In order to have a high probability of
detectivity, the received signal should be 4 times higher than the noise level of the radar
(S/N=0.6 dB). The main threat in this area is an attacking Syrian airplane for example, a
MIG23. This plane can fly at Mach-2 (2000 ft/sec). When loaded with firepower, it has a
radar cross section of 2 m2 (approximately.)

a) Calculate the range of the US radar without the AUB microwave source. Find the warning
time the US fleet has against an attacking MIG23.

b) The attacking plane has an antenna with a gain of 32 dB at 10 GHz and a noise
temperature of 1000K. Calculate the distance the plane will hear the radar. Compare with the
radar range in (a). Assume PLF=0.5.

c) Calculate the power received by the US radar where the AUB source is turned on. Assume
antennas are aligned for maximum gain and the PLF is equal to 0.5.

d) The amount in (2) becomes the new noise power of the US radar. Calculate the new range
and warning time of the US fleet.

e) Think of some ECM (Electronic Counter Measure) that you could use if you were the
Captain.

Use frequency hopping techniques.

1- Consider two TV transmitting stations, Channel 2 (54-60 MHz) and Channel 12 (204-210
MHz). Both stations are located in Detroit, 40 miles away from Ann Arbor.

a) Determine the maximum ERP that these stations can use knowing that their transmitters
are located 500 ft. above ground. The gain of the transmitting antenna is 2.8 relative to a half-
wave dipole. Determine the power sent by the TV stations.

b) Determine the signal strength that these stations produce in Ann Arbor at a receiving
antenna 30 ft. above ground (typical roof-mounted antenna). It is assumed that the ground
roughness is 50 m between Detroit and Ann Arbor. Use the table of 29-2 for the correction
factor of channel 2.

c) Determine the rms voltage across a matched 75 Ω load when a Yagi-Uda antenna with a
gain of 12 dB over isotropic is used. Derive equation 29-2 in handouts.

d) Determine the antenna noise voltage for Channels 2 and 12 (which is delivered to a
matched impedance). Use table 29-3 for the galactic noise component.

e) Calculate S/N ratio (in dB) at the input antenna terminals when the antenna is connected
with a 40 ft. cable of RG-59/U to the TV. The noise figure of the TV receiver is 3 dB
(T=290K) at both channels.

f) Calculate the maximum range for a "passable" picture quality for Stations 2 and 12 (S/N =
30 dB).

Max passable range found from Fig 29-1: we have dropped 20 dB after moving 25 miles
more. Total range to get 30 dB S/N=65 mil
1- The Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) is a digital version of the analog-TV located above
the U.S. It is placed at 36,000 km above the equator, at the geostationary orbit. It can transmit
up to 75 channels, each 6 MHz wide in the allocated bandwidth (there are actually two
satellites covering around 150 channels). The receiver is an 12” (30 cm) dish with an aperture
efficiency of 80% and a noise figure of 1 dB (noise temperature of 75 K). The frequency of
operation is 11.7 GHz-12.2 GHz (500 MHz) and the total radiated power is 100 W from the
satellite.

a) Calculate the gain of the receiver antenna in dB. Estimate the half power beamwidth.
b) Calculate the space loss factor between the satellite and the earth receiver.
c) Calculate the received S/N ratio if the transmitting antenna has a gain of 33 dB. What is its
size (εap=85%)? What is approximately the footprint of this antenna on earth?
d) Can we use an antenna on the satellite with a gain of 43 dB?
1- Quick Answers, Write one or two words for each item.

a) What is the graphical depiction of the variation of the field strength of an antenna as a
function of angle more normally called? What are the typical units for the horizontal axis?
What are the typical units of the vertical axis? Pattern plot, angle, dB
c) Name the three different regions that describe the type of fields around an antenna as a
function of distance from the antenna. reactive near field, radiating near field, far field
d) At what distance r, does the far-field of antenna start? Remember to write your answer in
terms of an antenna dimension and the wavelength of the frequency of operation. 2D2/λ
f) What is the type of polarization of most antenna systems that must communicate between
space and earth? Circular
g) What are the units of Radiation Intensity Watts/steradian
h) What are the units of Radiation density Watt/m2
k) Gain = kD, what is k? antenna efficiency
e) What field component determines the polarization of the antenna? E-field
b) Which antenna has higher directivity, an omni directional antenna or a dipole? dipole
n) For circularly polarized waves the phase difference between Ex and Ey is +π/2 or -π/2.
o) What is the polarization of a wave is its Axial Ratio is infinite? Linear
c) What is the total solid angle of a sphere? 4π
x) The pattern solid angle of an isotropic radiator is ΩA = 4π. True False
a) The directivity of an isotropic source. D = 4π/ΩA, ΩA = 4π, so D = 1
c) What does it mean to express Directivity in dBi? Decibels over isotropic

j) The HPBW of an antenna radiation pattern is the angle where the normalized E-field
En(θ) = 0.707
l) The relative BW of an antenna with large abrupt discontinuities like a dipole or monopole
is typically narrow
m) The relative BW of an antenna with small and gradual discontinuities like a spiral or log
periodic antenna is typically wide
p) A vertical linearly polarized antenna transmits to a linearly polarized receive antenna tilted
45 degrees from vertical. The polarization loss equals ½ or -3 dB
r) EIRP can be kept constant while reducing transmitted power by a factor of 4 if antenna
gain is increased by 6 dB. True False
s) Free space loss for a fixed wireless link in vacuum is less at 3 GHz than at 1 GHz. True
False

t) 10 W/m2 is an acceptable power density for human exposure at all frequencies between the
AM broadcast band and millimeter waves. True False

u) The electric polarization of a medium is a measure of the medium’s adjustment to an

imposed electric field. True False

v) If the electric field at time t is zero, then the electric polarization of a medium at time t
must also be zero. True False

y) For any integer n, the main lobe of a dipole antenna of length n*(λ/2) is normal to the axis
of the antenna. True False
2- An antenna located at the origin of a coordinate system has a far-zone radiation pattern
given by (f=25 MHz and Iin is the terminal current)
e − j βr
Ea = I in η {θˆ10 cos φ(1 − cos θ) + φˆj 15 sin φ(1 + cos2 θ)} Vm
r

a) Determine the vector effective height h(θ,φ)

b) Find the open circuit voltage (magnitude and phase) for this antenna when it is in the
receiving mode. Assume that the field incident (f= 25 MHz) from the direction θ = π /4, φ =
π/3 is a plane wave whose magnetic field at the antenna location is given by

c) Find the effective area (in dB) for part (b). Assume the antenna is lossless, has an input
impedance of ZA=58+j10 Ω and a load of ZL=50 Ω is connected directly to its terminals.