MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

Unit Instructions
8A Review of Exponential Functions
Read and complete pgs 8-A-1 to 18-A-5
8B Logarithmic Functions
Read and complete pgs 9-B-1 to 9-B-5
8C Estimating Logarithms
Read and complete pg 8-C-1
8D Common and Natural Logarithms
Read and complete pgs 8-D-1 to 8-D-2
9A Laws of Logarithms
Read and complete pgs 9-A-1 to 9-A-3
Text pg 125-126 # 1 - 10
9B Graphing Logarithmic Functions
Read and complete pgs 9-B-1 to 9-B-6
9C Solving Exponential & Logarithmic Equations
Read and complete pgs 9-C-1 to 9-C-3
9D Exponential Growth and Decay
Complete pg 9-D-1

Evaluation

Unit TEST 100%

 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

REVIEW OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

1. Use graphing software to graph each of the following exponential

equations.

2. Complete the table below.

Function Domain Range Y-intercept

y = (¼)x

y = (1/3)x

y = (½)x

y  1x
. y = 2x

y = 3x

y = 4x

For graphs of equations in the form y  a x , where a > 0

y increases as x increases for values of a _____________________________

y decreases as x increases for values of a ______________________________

8-A-1
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

REVIEW OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (cont)

Exponential functions are defined by exponential equations; for example:

y = 3x, y = 10x, y = ax

To study exponential functions, let's concentrate on one exponential function y =

10x. To construct a graph of this function without a computer or calculator, you
would have had to form a table of values such as the one below.

x ... -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 ...
y ... 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 101 102 103 104 105 ...

1 1
Recall that 102  2

10 100

From the table, the following graph can be drawn.

10

x (1,10)
y = 10
5

(0, 1)

-1 1 x

8-A-2
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

REVIEW OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (cont)

Use the graph of y = 10x from the previous page to answer the following
questions.

(i) Does the value of the function increase or decrease as x increases?

(ii) As x gets smaller and smaller, the value of the function (y) approaches the
___ whose equation is _____________

(iii) The x-axis is said to be an ______ of the function.

(iv) What is the y intercept of the function y = 10x?

(v) From your graphs (computer lab) what is the y intercept of all exponential
functions?

(vi) What is the domain of y = 10x?

(vii) From your graphs on the previous page what is the domain of all the
exponential functions?

D={x }

(viii) From your graphs on the previous page what is the range of all the
exponential functions?

R={y }

(ix) Consider the function y = (½)x

(a) What is happening to the value of y as the value of x decreases? For

example: x = -1, -2, -3, ......

(b) What is happening to the value of y as the values of x increase? For

example: x = 1, 2, 3, 4, .....

8-A-3
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

REVIEW OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (cont)

x
1
Complete the table and sketch the graph y =   on the following axis.
2

x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y = (½)x 16 0.125

x
x 1
Compare the graphs of y = 2 and y =  
2

What transformation has taken place?

1 x
In general, the graph of y = ( ) or y = (a-x) is a of the graph
a
y = ax , a > 0 in the -axis.

8-A-4
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

SUMMARY

1. y = ax ___________ function.

2. The domain on this function is { x }

3. The range of this function is { y }

4. If a > 1 the function is continuously increasing or decreasing.

(Circle only one)

5. If 0 < a < 1 the function is continuously increasing or decreasing.

(Circle only one)

8-A-5
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

We have seen that the exponential function is very useful in describing

mathematically, many scientific phenomena such as growth and decay.

Once the exponential is function is drawn, what if the inverse is drawn? The

result is the graph of the logarithmic function, which has a rich history in the

study of mathematics.

Many people have played a role in the development of mathematics. One

such person was John Napier (1550-1617) who was born in Scotland and

discovered logarithms. His discovery reduced the countless hours of tedious

calculations so that astronomers could more readily attend to the study of

astronomy. With the advent of calculators and computer, the application of

logarithms and logarithmic functions became important in the study of

earthquakes and other such geological phenomena and in the study of

acoustics, medicine and so on.

We have looked at the exponential function through the study of bacterial

population growth. The question can be asked, “how many bacteria are there at

some real time, x ?” Since the bacteria double the function can be described as

y = 2x, an exponential function. Let’s ask the opposite question, “at what time will

the bacteria be a certain number?” The answer lies in working with the inverse of

the exponential function defined by y = 2x.

8-B-1
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS (cont)

Exponential function Inverse of exponential function

“how many bacteria will there “at what time will the bacteria be a certain
at some given time?” number?”

y = 2x x = 2y

Time -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 Count 1 1 1 1 2 4
(x) (x) 8 4 2
Count 1 1 1 1 2 4 Time -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
(y) 8 4 2 (y)

Graph of f Graph of f-1

f  x = 2 x f  x = 2 x
g  x = x
h  y = 2 y
4
4
Y y
2
2

-5 5
-15 -10 -5 5 10 15

-2
-2

-4

-4

Domain = { x Є R} Domain = {x Є R / x ≥ 0}
Range = { y Є R / y ≥ 0} Range = { y Є R}
Asymptote is the x-axis Asymptote is the y-axis

We can now use the graph of the inverse function to determine the time at which the
bacterial count was 2.5 for example. The time for the number of bacteria to reach 2.5
times its initial value cannot be determined from the table. The time however can be
read, approximately from the graph of f-1 f-1(2.5) = 1.3

8-B-2
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

The logarithmic function is the INVERSE of the exponential function. To

determine the inverse of a function, we exchange the x and y and then we isolate
the y value.

EXAMPLE

STEP 1 - Interchange x and y

If f(x) = 2x determine f 1 (x).

f(x) = 2x or we can write this as y = 2x

then switching x and y give us x  2y

STEP 2 - Isolate y

In order to isolate y, we need a new definition. In order to solve this problem the
mathematician John Napier developed the logarithm function y  log 2 x

In English this means:

log 2 x  y

What is the The

exponent? must answer is
That have y
base to
2 give x

IN GENERAL

If y = logax then x = ay > 0, a ≠

1

This means that the is the exponent y

to which
The base “a” must be raised to equal the
number “x”

8-B-3
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS (cont)

EXAMPLE 1

Write 102 = 100 in log form.

SOLUTION

If 102 = 100 then log10 100 = 2

Exponential form logarithmic form

EXERCISE

Fill in the blanks

Exponential form Logarithmic Form

8  23

4  log 2 16

3  log 1000

1
22  2

1
 3  log 2
8

1
 1
25 2

5

1 1
log 4 
2 2

40  1

log 3 27  3

8-B-4
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

Evaluating logarithms

Example

Evaluate the following

1
a) log5 25 b) log 2 16 c) log 3  
9

Solution

1
a) let x = log5 25 b) let x = log 2 16 c) let x = log 3  
9
rewrite in exponential form
1
5x  25 2x  16 3x 
9
1
5x  52 2 x  24 3x  2
3
x=2 x=4 3  32
x

x = -2

Evaluate the following

a) log 3 81=x b) log8 1 = x c) log 2 22 = x

4
d) log 2 x =4 e) log x 81 = f) log 3 3 3  x
3

8-B-5
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

ESTIMATING LOGARITHMS

Problem:

Consider log3 29. At this point we do not have the tools to evaluate log3 29
algebraically because we cannot solve by rewriting in exponential form. We
cannot express 29 as base 3.

We can determine the approximate logarithm of log3 29 either graphically or with

technology by using systematic trial with our calculator.

Solution:

log3 29 can be rewritten in exponential form as 3x = 29

We know that log3 27 = 3 since 33 = 27

We also know that log3 81 = 4 since 34 = 81

Since 29 is closer to 27 than 81, we can make the assumption that log3 29 is
closer to 3 than 4.

Using systematic trial: 33.1 = 30.1353 too large

33.05 = 28.5246 too small

33.06 = 28.8397 still too small but closer

33.07 = 29.158 a good approximation!

Therefore we can conclude that log3 29 is approximately 3.07

Questions: Approximate the following using systematic trial

a) log7 95 b) log5 145 c) log3 585

8-C-1
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

COMMON LOGARITHMS AND NATURAL LOGARITHMS

There are two kinds of logarithms that are used frequently. The first are the ones
with base 10 called COMMON LOGARITHMS. The notation for common
logarithms is:

log 10 x or log x

the 10 is understood

The log key on a calculator can be used to find common logarithms of a number.

EXAMPLE

Use a calculator to find the common log of:

a) log 234

SOLUTION

a) Press 234 log or log 234 (depending on your calculator). The display
will show 2.369215857.

This means that 102.36921587 ≈ 234 " ≈ means "approximately equal to"

Complete the following

b) log 0.456 c) log 8 000 456

8-D-1
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

COMMON LOGARITHMS AND NATURAL LOGARITHMS (cont)

The second kind have base "e" (e = 2.7182818). These logarithms are called
NATURAL LOGARITHMS. This type of logarithm is written as:

loge x or ln x
the e is understood, ln x is read
as “lawn x”

Natural logarithms can also be found on most calculators.

EXAMPLE
Use a calculator to find the natural logarithms of:

a) ln 45.4

SOLUTION

a) Press 45.4 1n or ln 45.4. The display will show 3.815512105

This means that e3.815512105 ≈ 45.4

Complete the following

b) ln 233 c) ln 0.445

8-D-2
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

LAWS OF LOGARITHMS

LAW 1 – LOGARITHM OF A PRODUCT

The purpose of this law is to be able to evaluate the logarithm of the product of
numbers: For Example: logA (P x Q) = ?

EXAMPLE

log10 (100 x 10000) = log10 (102 x 104)

= log10 (102+4) using the exponent laws
= log10 106
= 6
and

log10 100 + log10 10000 = 2 + 4

= 6

therefore we can conclude that log10 (100 x 10000) = log10 100 + log10 1000

GENERALLY

loga (P  Q)  log a P  log a Q

This rule can be useful to evaluate the following situation: log6 9  log 6 4
loga P  loga Q  loga (P  Q)
log6 9  log 6 4 = log 6 (9  4)
= log 6 (36)
= log 6 62
=2

Evaluate the following using the above law

EXERCISE

Evaluate the following logarithms using the Law 1.

a) log2 (16  4) b) log3 [(9) (81)] c) log10 50  log10 2

9-A-1
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

LAWS OF LOGARITHMS (cont)

LAW 2 - LOGARITHM OF A QUOTIENT

The purpose of this law is to be able to evaluate the logarithm of the quotient of
numbers; For Example: logA (P ÷ Q) = ?

EXAMPLE

log10 (100 ÷ 10000) = log10 (102 ÷ 104) and log10 100 - log10
10000
= log10 (102-4) = 2–4
= log10 10-2 = -2
= -2
from the above we can conclude that

log10 (100 ÷ 10000) = log10 100 - log10 10000

GENERALLY
P
log a    log a P  log a Q
Q

This rule can be useful to evaluate the following situation: log5 50  log5 2
loga P  loga Q  loga (P  Q)
log5 50  log5 2 = log5 (50  2)
= log5 (25)
= log 5 52
=2

EXERCISE

Evaluate the following logarithms using the Law 2.

 35   24 
a) log 3  3  b) log 2  3  c) log 2 48  log 2 3
3  2 

9-A-2
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

LAWS OF LOGARITHMS (cont)

LAW 3 - LOGARITHM OF A POWER

The purpose of this law is to be able to evaluate the logarithm of a power; For
Example; logA (P)n = ?

EXAMPLE

log5 (52)3 = log5 (52x3)

= 2x3

=6

and

3 log5 (52) = 3(2)

= 6

we can conclude from the above that log5 (52)3 = 3 log5 (52)

GENERALLY

loga (P)n  n log a P

EXERCISE

Evaluate the following logarithms using Law 3.

a) log4 (42)3 b) log3 (81)3 c) log25 53

9-A-3
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

GRAPHING LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

We have seen that the logarithmic function y = log x can be defined as the
inverse of the exponential function y = 10x. This suggests that other logarithmic
functions can be defined as inverses of exponential functions with bases other
than 10. In fact, for each choice of base for the exponential function y = a,
a > 0 there is an associated logarithmic function.

The logarithmic function y = loga x (a > 0, a ≠ 0) is the

inverse of the exponential function y = ax

Recall that we can graph the inverse of any function by reflecting its graph in the
line y = x. This is equivalent to interchanging the ordered pairs in the table of
values of the function. For example, the graph below shows the function y = 2 x
and its inverse y = log2 x.

y = 2x y = log2 x

x y x y f  x = 2 x
4
g  x = x
-3 0.13 0.13 -3 h  y = 2 y
-2 0.25 0.25 -2 3

-1 0.50 0.50 -1
2
-0.5 0.71 0.71 -0.5
0 1.00 1.00 0 1

0.5 1.41 1.41 0.5

1 2.00 2.00 1 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6

1.5 2.83 2.83 1.5 -1

2 4.00 4.00 2
2 -2

-3

-4

9-B-1
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

GRAPHING LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS (cont)

The graph illustrates the following properties of the function y = log2 x. These
properties are consequences of the corresponding properties of y = 2x

y-intercept x-intercept
there is no y-intercept since the the x-intercept is 1, since the
function y = 2x has no x-intercept y-intercept of y = 2x is 1. Hence
log2 1 = 0

Domain Range
The domain of y = log2 x is the set the range of y = log2 x is the set
of positive real numbers, since this of all real numbers, since this is
is the range of y = 2x the domain of y = 2x

If any exponential function is given, we can sketch its graph. The graph of the
inverse is then the graph of the corresponding logarithmic function.

9-B-2
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

GRAPHING LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS (cont)

Sketch the following logarithmic functions on the same grid by

a) creating a table of values for the exponential function

b) interchange the ordered pairs and create a new table of values for the
logarithmic function

c) plot the points to graph the logarithmic function

Exponential function Inverse function (logarithm)

y = 3x y = log3 x

y = 5x

x
1
y=  
2
x
1
y=  
3

9-B-3
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

GRAPHING LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS (cont)

y = 3x y = log3 x y = 5x y = log5 x

x y x y x y x y
-2.5 -2.5 -2.5 -2.5
-2 -2 -2 -2
-1 -1 -1 -1
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
x
x 1
y=8 y = log8 x y=   y = log 1 x
2 2

x y x y x y x y
-2.5 -2.5 -2.5 -2.5
-2 -2 -2 -2
-1 -1 -1 -1
0 0 0 0
0.5 0.5 1 1
1 1 2 2
1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5

x x
1 1
y=   y = log 1 x y=   y = log 1 x
3 3 8 8

x y x y x y x y
-2.5 -2.5 -2.5 -2.5
-2 -2 -2 -2
-1 -1 -1 -1
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

9-B-4
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

GRAPHING LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS (cont)

VERIFY your graphs using Graphing Software.

9-B-5
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

GRAPHING LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS (cont)

PROPERTIES OF THE FUNCTION y = loga x

Using the graphs from the previous investigation, answer the following questions.

(i) y increases as x increases for values of a __________________________

(ii) y decreases as x increases for values of a ________________________

(iii) as x gets smaller and smaller, the value of the function (y) approaches the
_____________ whose equation is _________________

(iv) the y-axis is said to be an ___________________ of the function

(v) what is the y-intercept of the function y = loga x ? __________________

(vi) what is the x-intercept of the function y = loga x? __________________

(vii) what is the domain of y = loga x? _______________________________

(viii) what is the range of y = loga x? ____________________

Properties of the function y = loga x

y-intercept: none
g  y = 2 y
1y
x-intercept: 1 h  y =
2 4

Domain: all positive real numbers

2

Range: all real numbers

5 10

-2

-4

9-B-6
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

SOLVING EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

The most useful application of logarithms is in solving exponential equations.

There are many applications of exponents and logarithms. For example:
- finding bacteria count
- calculating PH in chemistry
- using the Richter Scale to grade earthquakes
- finding the acidity of acid rain

SOLVING OF EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

There are two basic methods of solving these equations:

1. Changing to the same base

2. Using logarithms and your calculator

METHOD 1 - CHANGING TO THE SAME BASE (grade 11 Review)

EXAMPLE Calculate x

a) 3x = 1 b) 25x = 125 c) 4x = 0

SOLUTION

a) 3x = 1 b) 25x = 125 c) 4x = 0
3x = 3 0 52x = 53
x=0 2x = 3 "Not possible
3
x= because there is no
2
exponent that you can
raise a base to in order to
equal zero."

9-C-1
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

METHOD 2 - USING LOGARITHMS

In the following example it is not possible to rewrite the equation in terms of the
same base.
3x  7
For this type of equation, you take the logarithm of both sides of the equation.
You can use either common logarithms or natural logarithms.
3x  7
log 3x  log 7 take logs of both sides
x log3  log 7 use the power law of logarithms
log 7
x= isolate x
log 3
x = 1.77 evaluate using a scientific calculator

CHANGE OF BASE OF LOGARITHM

How would you evaluate log3 4 with your calculator?

Your calculator will calculate common logs (log), base "10" and natural logs (1n),
base "e" but not base "3". To evaluate this, we must convert log3 4 to either base
"10" or base "e".

Base 10 Base e

Let y = log3 4 Let y = log3 4

3 4
y
3y  4 write in exponential form
log10 3y  log10 4 ln 3y  ln 4 take logs of both sides
y log10 3  log10 4 y ln 3 = ln 4 use the power law
log10 4 ln 4
y y
log 10 3 ln 3

then
log10 4 ln 4
log3 4  log3 4  use a scientificcalculator
log 10 3 ln 3
= 1.26 = 1.26

These last two solutions can be shortened by using the CHANGE OF BASE
FORMULA WHICH SHOULD BE MEMORIZED.
log a b
log c b 
log a c
9-C-2
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

SOLVING EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

Logarithmic equation example:

Solve log 8 2  x   log 8 4  x   1

log 8 2  x 4  x   1 logarithm of a product

 
log 8 8  6 x  x 2  1

(8  6 x  x 2 )  81
switch to exponential form

8  6x  x 2  8

 6x  x 2  0

x( x  6)  0 factor

x = 0 or x = 6 however 6 is not a valid solution therefore x = 0

Practice Questions:

1. Solve for :

a) log 3 3x  7  2 b) log 5 2 x  1  1  log 5 ( x  2)

2. Express as a quotient of single logarithms, using the laws, then evaluate

correct to 4 decimal places:

a) 23 x2  5 x1 b) 3(5) 2 x  4(7) x3

9-C-3
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

APPLICATIONS

Exponential Models are of the form:

Where

Exponential Decay Example

The value of the Canadian dollar is decreasing by 11.5% each year. How many
years will it take until the dollar is worth 50% of its original value?
The value of the dollar is decreasing by 11.5%, which means it retains 88.5% of
its value. The base is

Practice Questions:

1. How long will it take a population to quadruple if the growth rate is %/a?

2. A doctor puts a 98 kg man on a strict diet. He loses 3% of his mass each

week. How many weeks must he diet to reduce his mass to 83 kg?

3. The population of a species of animal in a nature reserve grows by 12.2%

each year. Initially, there are 200 of that species.

a) Write an equation for the population of the species as a function of

time, in years.

b) What will the population be after 20 years?

c) How long does it take the population to double?

9-D-1
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

ANSWER PAGE

8-A-1
Function Domain Range Y-intercept
y = (¼)x xЄR y Є R/ y > 0 (0, 1)

y = (1/3)x xЄR y Є R/ y > 0 (0, 1)

y = (½)x xЄR y Є R/ y > 0 (0, 1)

y  1x xЄR y Є R/ y = 1 (0, 1)
. y = 2x xЄR y Є R/ y > 0 (0, 1)

y = 3x xЄR y Є R/ y > 0 (0, 1)

y = 4x xЄR y Є R/ y > 0 (0, 1)

y increases as x increases for values of a > 1

y decreases as x increases for values of 0 < a < 1

8-A-3

i) increase (vi) x Є R
ii) x- axis, y = 0 (vii) D = {x Є R}
iii) asymptote (viii) R = { y Є R/ y > 0}
iv) (0, 1) (ix) a) y increases
v) (0, 1) (b) y decreases

8-A-4

x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

y = (½)x 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125

 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

ANSWER PAGE (cont)

8-A-4
1 x
f  x =
2 3

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6

-1

-2

-3

1 x
In general, the graph of y = ( ) or y = (a-x) is a reflection of the graph y = ax , a >
a
0 in the y -axis.

8-A-5

1. exponential
2. x Є R
3. y Є R / y > 0
4. increasing
5. decreasing
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

ANSWER PAGE (cont)

8-B-4
8  23 3  log 2 8

2 4  16 4  log 2 16

3  log 1000

1 1
2  2
2 log 2 2 
2

1 1
2 3   3  log 2
8 8


1
1 1 1
25 2
 log 25    
5 5 2


1
1 1 1
4 2
 log 4 
2 2 2

40  1 log 4 1  0

33  27 log 3 27  3

8-B-5
3
a) x = 4 (b) x = 0 (c) x = 2 (d) x = 16 (e) x = 27 (f) x =
2

8-C-1

a) log7 95 b) log5 145 c) log3 585

7 2.34  96.8 53.09  144.5 35.8  585.2

 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

ANSWER PAGE (cont)

8-D-1

b) 0.456 = 10 0.3410 c) 8 000 456 = 10 6.9

8-D-2

b) ln 233 = 5.45 c) ln 0.445 = -0.8097

9-A-1

a) log2 (16  4) = 6 b) log3 [(9) (81)] = 6 c) log10 50  log10 2 = 2

9-A-2

 35   24 
a) log 3  3  = 2 b) log 2  3  = 7 c) log 2 48  log 2 3 = 4
3  2 
9-A-3

a) log4 (42)3 = 6 b) log3 (81)3 = 12 c) log25 53 = 1.5

9-B-3

Exponential function Inverse function (logarithm)

x
y=3 y = log3 x

y = 5x y  log 5 x

1
x
y  log 1 x
y=   2
2

1
x
y  log 1 x
y=   3
3
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

ANSWER PAGE (cont)

9-B-3

Exponential function Inverse function (logarithm)

x
y=3 y = log3 x

x
y=5 y  log5 x

1
x
y  log 1 x
y=   2
2

1
x
y  log 1 x
y=   3
3

9-B-4

y = 3x y = log3 x y = 5x y = log5 x

x y x y x y x y
-2.5 0.064 0.64 -2.5 -2.5 0.018 0.018 -2.5
-2 1/9 1/9 -2 -2 1/25 1/25 -2
-1 1/3 1/3 -1 -1 1/5 1/5 -1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 3 3 1 1 5 5 1
2 9 9 2 2 25 25 2
2.5 15.6 15.6 2.5 2.5 55.9 55.9 2.5
x
x 1
y=8 y = log8 x y=   y = log 1 x
2 2

x y x y x y x y
-2.5 0.006 0.006 -2.5 -2.5 5.66 5.66 -2.5
-2 1/64 1/64 -2 -2 4 4 -2
-1 1/8 1/8 -1 -1 2 2 -1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
0.5 2.83 2.83 0.5 1 ½ ½ 1
1 8 8 1 2 ¼ ¼ 2
1.5 22.6 22.6 1.5 2.5 0.18 0.18 2.5
 MHF4U EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS UNIT 8/9

ANSWER PAGE (cont)

x x
1 1
y=   y = log 1 x y=   y = log 1 x
3 3 8 8

x y x y x y x y
-2.5 15.6 15.6 -2.5 -2.5 181 181 -2.5
-2 9 9 -2 -2 64 64 -2
-1 3 3 -1 -1 8 8 -1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1/3 1/3 1 1 1/8 1/8 1
2 1/9 1/9 2 2 1/64 1/64 2
2.5 0.064 0.064 2.5 2.5 .006 .006 2.5

9-B-6

i) a > 1
ii) 0 < a < 1
iii) y-axis, x = 0
iv) asymptote
v) none
vi) (1, 0)
vii) x Є R / x >0
viii) y Є R

9-C-3
 1372 
log  
1 a) x 
2
b) x 
1
2a)
log 20
 6.3738 b)  3 
 4.8119
3 2 8  25 
log  log  
5  7 

9-D-1

1. approx. 74.6 years 2. approx. 5.5 weeks

3a) P  20091.122) t b) 1999 c) approx. 6 years