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Theme - 7
Changing Cultural Traditions
The phenomenon that mark the change of cultural Traditions in Europe is

Renaissance

Meaning Causes Effects

m
co
Rebirth / Revival of the
ancientGreek and Latin
Culture
y.
da
Contact of the Rise of the new Downfall of Rise of national
east and middle class feudalism states
to

the west
es

Rise of new
towns & trade
di

Fall of Crusades
tu

Constantinople
to the Ottoman
.s

Turks
w
w

Beginning of Reformation
modern age movement
w

Humanism Rationalism Scientific Meaning Causes Results

view point

Autocracy Protestant
Rationa list Development of of the Movement
Rationalist
art Literuture Science Church by Martin
Hamanistic Humanistic Luther
art literature Academy of Science
Humanities Copernicus
Galileo
stream Kepler
Harvey
Newton
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From the fourteenth to the end of the seventeenth century towns were growing in many
countries of Europe. A distinct ' Urban Culture' also developed.
Florence, Venice and Rome became centers of art and learning. The invention of printing at t h e
same time made books and prints available to many people. A sense of history also developed in
Europe.
Religion came to be se en as something which each individual should choose for himself. The
church's belief was overturned by Scientists.

The revival of Italian cities

Western Europe was being reshaped by feudal bonds and unified under the Latin Church and
eastern Europe under the Byzantine Empire, and Islam was Creating a common civilisation further
west, Italy was weak and fragmented. The ports on the Italian coast revived.

m
Independent City States - Florence and Venice

co
- Rich merchants and bankers actively participated in governing the city .

Univercities and Humanism y.

da
The universities of Padua and Bologna had been centers of legal studies.
Increased demand for lawyers and notaries
to

By the early fifteenth century, the term 'humanist' was used for masters who taught grammar,
rhetoric, poetry, history and moral philosophy. The Latin word humanitas, from which 'humanities'
es

was derived, had been used many centuries ago by the Roman lawyer and essayist Cicero. The
term ' Renaissance Man' is often used to describe a person with many interests and skills.
di
tu

Periodisation used by humanists

5th - 14th Century - The Middle Ages
.s

5th - 9th Century - The Dark Ages

w

9th - 11th Century - The Early Middle Ages

w

11th - 14th Century - The Late Middle Ages

15th Century onwards - The Modern Age
w

Science and Philosophy :

The Arab's Contribution. In the fourteenth century, many scholars began to read translated
works of greek writers Plato and Aristotle.
- These were works on Natural science, Mathematics, astronomy, medicine and chemistry.
Muslim writers were regarded as men of wisdom in the Italian world, were Ibn Sin a and al-Razi.
Humanist Subjects began to be introduced in Schools.

Artists and Realism

Knowledge of geometry helped them understand perspective and that by noting the changing
quality of light, their pictures acquired a three - dimensional quality.

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Anatomy, Geometry, physics, as well as a strong sense of what was beautiful, gave a new quality
to Italian art, which was to be called realism'
Aspirations of women -
The first printed book - A new concept of human beings the Copernican Revolution.
Sources :
Cathedral of Florence, Ptolemy's Almagest, The Pieta ' by Michelangelo, The Prince by
Machiavell ; The Courtier by Bathasar Castiglione
Time Line
The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries - Refer to page No. 155 of Text Book
The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries - refer to page No. -165 of Text Book

Key Words

m
Humanism-
The Latin word humanists from which 'humanities' was derived, had been used many centuries

co
ago by the Roman lawyer and essayist Cicero. It is not drawn from or connected with religion.
The New Testament -

y.
The New Testament is the section of the Bible dealing with the life and teachings of Christ and his
da
early followers.
The Renaissance Man -
to

The term ' Renaissance Man' is often used to describe a person with many interests and skills.
They were scholar - diplomat - theologian - artist combined in one.
es

Model Questions
di

2 Marks questions :
tu

1. What is 'humanism' ?
2. What do you mean by the Renaissance Man ?
.s

3. Write the names of two muslim writers of this period ?

w

4. What do you understand by 'realism' ?

5. Who is Martin Luther ?
w
w

5 Marks Question
1. Write about the new concept of human beings ?
2. Describe about the architectural developments in this period.
3. What were the contribution of Arabs towards Science and Philosophy ?
4. How t he Italian cities were revived ?
5. Write about the City - States

10 Marks Question
1. Describe about the changes within Christinity during this period ?
2. Write about the Copernican Revolution ?
3. Was there a European 'Renaissance' in the Fourteenth Century' ?
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Model Answer
2 Marks Questions :
Q. What do you mean by the Renaissance Man ?
Ans. The term 'Renaissance Man' is often used to describe a person with many interests and
skills. They were scholar - diplomat - theologian - artist combined in one .

5 Marks Questions :
1 What were t he contribution of Arabs towards science and Philosophy ?
Ans. i) In the fourteenth century, many scholars began to read translated works of greek writers like
Plato and Aristotle
ii) Translated works of Arabic and Persian Scholars for further transmission to other
Europeans.

m
iii) These were works on natural science, mathematics, astronomy, medicine and chemistry.
iv) Muslim writers regarded as men of wisdom in the Italian world were Ibn Sina and al- Razi.

co
v) Humanist subject began to be introduced in schools.

10 Marks Questions : y.
da
1. Describe about the changes within Christianity during their period ?
Ans. i) Trade and travel, Military Conquest and diplomatic contacts linked Italian towns with the
to

world beyond.
ii) Christian humanists like Thomas More and Erasmus felt that the church had become an
es

institution marked by greed.

iii) Sell of 'indulgence'
di

iv) Peasants began to rebel against the taxes imposed by the Church.
tu

v) Martin Luther launched a campaign against the Catholic Church.

vi) A person did not need priests to establish contact with God.
.s

vii) The Protestant Reformation led to the Churches breaking their connection with the Pope
w

and the Catholic Church.

viii) Luther's ideas were popularised by Ulrich Zwingli and Jean Calvin.
w

ix) German reformer Anabaptists blended the idea of salvation with the end of all forms of
w

social oppression.
x) Luther did not support radicalism.

Passage based Question

The City - State

Cardinal Gasparo Contarini ........... right of government. ( Page - 154) of text book
1. Write the name of the book written by Cardinal Gasparo Contarini ?
Ans. 'The commonwealth and government of Venice'. [2]
2. Contarini has written the book about which aspect of the City - State ?
Ans. About the democratic government of his city - state. [2]

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 Ans.
4.
Ans.
3.
THOMAS MORE'S UTOPIA PUBLISED

1516
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The honest citizens and those that are liberally brought up, often fall to poverty
Who very often fell to poverty ?
All the gentlemen of the city being once past the age of 25 years are admitted
Who are admitted into the Council ?
MARTIN LUTHER WRITES THE NINETY FIVE THESES

1517
LUTHER TRANSLATES THE BIBLE INTO GERMAN

w
1522

w
PEASANT UP RISING IN GERMANY

w
1525

Road Map of Cultural Change

.s
ANDREAS VESALIUS WRITES ON ANATOMY

tu
1543

di
ANGLI CAN CLTURE ESTABLISHED IN ENGLAND WITH KINGS AND QUEENS AS HEAD
1559

----
es
46

to
GERHARDUS PREPARES SYLINDRAL MAP OF THE EARTH
1569

da
GREGARIAN CALENDAR INTRODUCED BY POPE-GREGORY -XII
1582

y.
co
HARVEY LINKS HEART WITH BLOOD CIRCULATION
1628

m
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES SET UP IN PARIS
1673

ISAAC NEWTON'S PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICS PUBLISHED

1687

[2]

[2]