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Fourier Transform
Fourier series representation of x(t)
/
x(t)= ∑ ck ck = /
x(t) dt
x(t)=x(t) for < /2 and x(t) =0 outside this interval then ck can be rewritten
/
ck = /
x(t) dt = x(t) dt
The envelope ( ) for T ckis ( )= x(t) dt
Now Fourier series coefficient ck would be ck = (! ")
Writing x(t) in terms of envelope ( ! ")
x(t)= ∑ ( ! ") =∑ (! ")
#
As T approaches to infinite, x(t) approaches x(t). Consequently " approaches
to 0 and summation converts to integral.
$
x(t) = ( ) '
%&

Fourier Transform
Fourier transform pair
x(t) = ( ) ( Inverse Fourier Transform
#
(synthesis equation)
( )= x(t) dt Fourier transform or Fourier integral of x(t)
(Analysis Equation )
Dirichlet conditions for Fourier Transform of signal x(t)
1. Absolutely integrable x(t) dt < ∞
2. x(t) have a finite number of maxima & minima with any finite interval.
3. x(t) have a finite number of discontinuities within any finite interval.
(Each discontinuity must be finite.)
1. x(t) = * u(t); a>0 3. x(t)= " 5. ( ) = , (*+ )
*
2. x(t)= ; a>0 4. ( )=
*+

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x(t) = * u(t) x(t) = * u(-t)

/ (*+ )
( )= / (*+ )
dt ( )= dt
( )= ;0+ >0 ( )= ;0+ <0
*+ *+

x(t) = * u(t) Find Fourier Transform of .( )= -( )

( *+ )
( )= / x(t) 1
dt 1

( )= ; −0 + >0
* -T0 0 T0 0

x(t) = * u(-t) Find Inverse Fourier Transform of

/ ( *+ ) ( ) = -(
( )=
)
dt ( ) 1

( )= ; −0 +
1
<0
*
-W 0 W 0

CTFT
The Fourier Transform of Periodic Signal:
Let consider a signal x(t) with Fourier Transform X(j ) that is a single impulse
of area 23 at = " ; that is
X(j ) = 235( − " )
To determine the signal x(t) for which this is the Fourier transform, Applying
the inverse transform relation
x(t) = 235( − " ) ( =
#

X(j ) is the form of a linear combination of impulses equally spaced in

frequency.
X(j ) = ∑ 230 5( − ! " )
Then x(t) = ∑7 67 7 8
This equation corresponds to the Fourier series representation of a periodic
signal.

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CTFT
Find Fourier transform of periodic signal
1. ak = sin(! " T1)/(3 k)
X(j ) = ∑ [2sin! " T1/( k) ]5( − ! ")

2. x(t)= cos " t

Fourier series coefficients for this signal are a1=a-1=0.5

3. x(t) =1

CTFT
Properties of Continuous Time Fourier Transform
The Fourier transform of x(t) are denoted by X(j ) with notation
x(t) FT X(j )
and the Fourier transform of y(t) are denoted by Y(j ) with notation
y(t) FT Y(j )
Linearity:
z(t) = Ax(t) +By(t) Z(j )= A X(j ) +B Y(j )

Time Shifting: When time shifting is applied to a signal x(t), Fourier transform
of the resulting signal y(t) = x(t-to) may be expressed

x(t-to) FT X(j )

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CTFT
Frequency Shifting:
x(t) FT X(j( − " ))

Time Reversal: let y(t) = x(-t)

x(-t) FT X(−j )

Differentiation & Integration (in Time)

dx(t)/dt F
j X(j )

x(t)dt F
X(j ) + 3 (0)5( )
j

Differentiation in frequency
@
t x(t) F j X(j )
@

CTFT
Time and Frequency Scaling: For signal x(t) scaled signal is x(0t), where A is
a positive real number.

x 0 F X(j )
* *

Multiplication: signal x(t) and y(t).

x(t) FS X(j )
y(t) FS Y(j )
x(t) y(t) [X(j ) * Y(j ) ]
#

Convolution: signal x(t) and y(t).

x(t)*y(t) X(j ) Y(j )

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CTFT
Conjugate & Conjugate symmetry: signal x(t) is has conjugate x*(t)

x(t) F X(j )
x*(t) F X*(-j )
if x(t) is real x(t) = x*(t) then X*(j ) = X(-j )
Re {X(j )} = Re {X(-j )}
Im {X(j )} = - Im {X(-j )}

Parseval’s Relation for CT signals: energy per unit frequency & integrating
over all frequencies. X(j ) is referred to as energy density spectrum of the
signal x(t).
Total average power in one period of periodic signal x(t) equals the sum of
average powers in all of its harmonic component.
D( ) dt = X(j ) d
#

CTFT
Duality: signal f(t) is has FT F(j ). The signal F(t) has FT 2π f(-j ).

f(t) F F(j )
F(t) F 2π f(-j )
x(t)
D( )= 5( ) 1 F X(j ) = sin( T0)
1
F
X(j ) =1 -T0 0 T0 t

0
( )= 2π5( ) ( )
F 1 1
F
X(t)= 1 X(t) = sin(It)
#
-W 0 W
0

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LTI Systems Characterized by Linear Constant Coefficient Differential

Equation

A class of continuous time system for which the input and output are related
through a Liner Constant Coefficient differential Equation.
K L M( ) K L P( )
∑N /0 = ∑Q / O
K L K L
K L M( ) K L P( )
Taking Fourier transform at both sides ∑N /0 R = ∑Q / O R
K L K L
N Q

S T0 = TO
/ /
V ∑Y XL L
Frequency response for LTI system U = = ∑\LZ[ L
W LZ[ *L

1. a) Find frequency response for LTI system characterized by differential

equation
K , M( ) KM( ) KP( )
+4 + 3_ = + 2D
K , K K
b) Find the impulse response
c) Find the response y(t) of system for input D = `( )

2. Causal LTI system with frequency response U = . For particular

+a
input x(t) this system is observed to produce the output
_ = a ` − b `( ). Determine x(t)