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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

13th KM Stone, Bannur Road, Mysore - 570028

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS


ENGINEERING
(ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-19)

LABORATORY MANUAL

SUBJECT: RELAY AND HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY


SUB CODE: 15EEL77
SEMESTER: 7
INSTITUTIONAL VISION AND MISSION

VISION:
Development of academically excellent, culturally vibrant, socially responsible
and globally competent human resources.

MISSION:
To keep pace with advancements in knowledge and make the students competitive
and capable at the global level.

To create an environment for the students to acquire the right physical,


intellectual, emotional and moral foundations and shine as torchbearers of
tomorrow's society.

To strive to attain ever-higher benchmarks of educational excellence.

DEPARTMENT VISION AND MISSION

Vision of the Department

To create Electrical and Electronics Engineers who excel to be technically


competent and fulfill the cultural and social aspirations of the society.

Mission of the Department

To provide knowledge to students that builds a strong foundation in the basic


principles of electrical engineering, problem solving abilities, analytical skills,
soft skills and communication skills for their overall development.
To offer outcome based technical education.
To encourage faculty in training & development and to offer consultancy
through research & industry interaction

.
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES AND PROGRAMME
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

Program outcomes (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

PO1: Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering


fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PO2: Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3: Design / Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

PO4: Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based knowledge and


research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5: Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO6: The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO7: Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.

PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

PO9: Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the


engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
PO11: Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and
in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12: Life-Long Learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and lifelong learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)


PEO1: To produce Electrical and Electronics Engineers who will exhibit the technical and
managerial skills with professional ethics for the societal progress.

PEO2: To make students continuously acquire, enhance their technical and socio-
economic skills and also to be globally competent.

PEO3: To impart the experience of research and development to students so that they
develop abilities in offering solutions to relevant diverse career path.

PEO4: To produce quality engineers with a team leading capabilities, also show good
coordination to contribute towards real time application of projects

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)


The students will develop an ability to produce the following engineering traits:
PSO1: Understanding the performance analysis and real time application of Electrical &
Electronics systems with suitable design modifications.

PSO2: Developing algorithms for logical and automated systems under various
Engineering and Non-Engineering disciplines.

PSO3: Evaluate the feedback of engineering problems / solutions to society and


environment through professional ethics.

PSO4: Lifelong learning and to take part in team work, communicate effectively while
executing the projects under various schemes.
.
Relay and High Voltage Laboratory

Course Objective:

To conduct experiments to verify the characteristics of over current, over voltage, under
voltage relays both electromagnetic and static type.

To verify the operation of negative sequence relay.

To conduct experiments to verify the characteristics of microprocessor based over


current, over voltage, under voltage relays and distance relay.

To conduct experiments on generator, motor and feeder protection.

To conduct experiments to study the spark over characteristics for both uniform and non-
uniform configurations using High AC and DC voltages.

To measure high AC and DC voltages

To experimentally measure the breakdown strength of transformer oil.

To experimentally measure the capacitance of different electrode configuration models


using Electrolytic Tank

Course Outcomes:
At the end of the course the student will be able to:
1. Experimentally verify the characteristics of over current, over voltage, under voltage and
negative sequence relays.

2. Experimentally verify the characteristics of microprocessor based over current, over


voltage relays relay.

3. Show knowledge of protecting generator, motor.

4. Analyze the spark over characteristics for both uniform and non-uniform configurations
using High AC and DC voltages.

5. Measure high AC and DC voltages and breakdown strength of transformer oil.

6. Draw electric field and measure the capacitance of different electrode configuration
models.
Relay and High Voltage Laboratory
Subject Code : 15EEL77 I.A. Marks : 20
Number of Practical Hours/Week : 03 Exam Hours : 03
Total Number of Practical Hours : 42 Exam Marks : 80
Credits - 02

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Experiment on over current relay


(a) Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Non-Directional Characteristics
(b) Directional Features
(c) IDMT Directional
2. IDMT characteristics of over voltage relay (electromechanical type).
3. Operation of Negative sequence relay.
4. Operating characteristics of microprocessor based (numeric) over –current relay.
5. Operating characteristics of microprocessor based (numeric) over/under voltage relay.
6. Generator protection –Merz-Price- protection scheme
7. Motor Protection against Faults.
8. Spark Over Characteristics of Air subjected to High Voltage AC with Spark Voltage
Corrected to Standard Temperature and Pressure for Uniform and Non-uniform
configurations: Sphere – Sphere, Point –Plane, Point – Point and Plane – Plane

9. Spark over characteristics of air subjected to High voltage DC


10. Measurement of HVAC and HVDC using standard spheres.
11. Measurement of Breakdown Strength of Transformer Oil
12. Field Mapping using Electrolytic Tank for any one of the following Models: Cable/
Capacitor/ Transmission Line/ Sphere Gap

Text Book:
1. Department Relay And High Voltage Laboratory Manual
2. High Voltage Engineering, M.S.Naidu and Kamaraju- 4th Edition, THM, 2008.
3. High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals, E.Kuffel and W.S. Zaengl, 2nd Edition,
Elsevier Press, 2005.
4. High-Voltage Test and Measuring Techniques Wolfgang Hauschild, Eberhard
Lemke, Springer, 1st Edition 2014
5. Switchgear & Protection Sunil S.Rao, Khanna Publishers, 13th Edition, 2008.
6. Power System Protection & Switchgear, Badriram & Viswa Kharma, TMH, 1st
edition, 2001.

Reference Books:
1. High Voltage Engineering Theory and Practice, Mazen Abdel-Salam, Hussein Anis,
Ahdab El-Morshedy, Roshdy Radwan, 2nd Edn (Revised & Expanded) Marcel-
Dekker Publishers (Special Indian Edn.).
Sl
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS COs POs
No.
Experiment on over current relay
(a)Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Non-Directional Characteristics PO1, PO2,
1 (b) Directional Features
CO1
PO9, PO10
(c) IDMT Directional
PO1, PO2,
2 IDMT characteristics of over voltage relay (electromechanical type). CO1
PO9, PO10
3 PO1, PO2,
Operation of Negative sequence relay CO1
PO9, PO10
PO1, PO2,
4 Operating characteristics of microprocessor based (numeric) over –current relay CO2
PO9, PO10
Operating characteristics of microprocessor based (numeric) over/under voltage PO1, PO2,
5 CO2
relay. PO9, PO10
PO1, PO2,
6 Generator protection –Merz-Price- protection scheme CO3
PO9, PO10
PO1, PO2,
7 Motor Protection against Faults CO3
PO9, PO10
Spark Over Characteristics of Air subjected to High Voltage AC with Spark Voltage PO1, PO2,
8 Corrected to Standard Temperature and Pressure for Uniform and Non-uniform CO4 PO8, PO9,
configurations: Sphere – Sphere, Point –Plane, Point – Point and Plane – Plane PO10
PO1, PO2,
9 Spark over characteristics of air subjected to High voltage DC CO4 PO8, PO9,
PO10
PO1, PO2,
10 Measurement of HVAC and HVDC using standard spheres. CO5 PO8, PO9,
PO10
PO1, PO2,
11 Measurement of Breakdown Strength of Transformer Oil CO5 PO8, PO9,
PO10
Field Mapping using Electrolytic Tank for any one of the following Models: Cable/ PO1, PO2,
12 CO6
Capacitor/ Transmission Line/ Sphere Gap PO9, PO10
Relay and High Voltage Laboratory [15EEL77]

EXPERIMENT 1: Experiment on over current relay


(a) Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Non-Directional Characteristics
(b) Directional Features
(c) IDMT Directional
Objective:
To conduct experiments to verify the characteristics of over current Relay
Generic Skills / Outcomes:
Experimentally verify the characteristics of over current Relay
EXPERIMENT 2: IDMT Characteristics of Over Voltage or Under Voltage Relay.
Duration: 3 Hours
Objective:
To conduct experiments to verify the characteristics of over voltage relay
Generic Skills / Outcomes:
Experimentally verify the characteristics of over voltage relay
EXPERIMENT 3: Operation of Negative sequence relay Duration: 3 Hours
Objective:
To verify the operation of negative sequence relay
Generic Skills / Outcomes:
Experimentally verify the characteristics of negative sequence relay
EXPERIMENT 4: Operating characteristics of microprocessor based over current relay
Duration: 3 Hours
Objective:
To conduct experiments to verify the characteristics of microprocessor based over current relays
Generic Skills / Outcomes:
Experimentally verify the characteristics of microprocessor based over current relays
EXPERIMENT 5: Operating Characteristics of Microprocessor Based (Numeric) Over/Under
Voltage Relay Duration: 3 Hours
Objective:
To conduct experiments to verify the characteristics of microprocessor based over voltage/under
voltage relays
Generic Skills / Outcomes:
Experimentally verify the characteristics of microprocessor based over voltage/under voltage
relays
EXPERIMENT 6: Generator protection –Merz-Price- protection scheme
Duration: 3 Hours
Objective:
To conduct experiments on generator protection.
Generic Skills / Outcomes:
On completion of the experiment the student will Show knowledge of protecting generator
EXPERIMENT 7: Motor Protection against Faults. Duration: 3 Hours
Objective:
To conduct experiments on motor protection.
Generic Skills / Outcomes:
On completion of the experiment the student will Show knowledge of protecting Motor
EXPERIMENT 8: Spark Over Characteristics of Air subjected to High Voltage AC with Spark
Voltage Corrected to Standard Temperature and Pressure for Uniform and Non-uniform configurations:
Sphere – Sphere, Point –Plane, Point – Point and Plane – Plane Duration: 3 Hours
Objective:
To study the air breakdown characteristics with spark voltage corrected to standard temperature
and pressure for uniform and non-uniform configurations under high ac voltage.
Generic Skills / Outcomes:
Analyze the spark over characteristics for both uniform and non-uniform configurations under
High AC voltages
EXPERIMENT 9: Spark Over Characteristics of Air subjected to High voltage DC
Duration: 3 Hours
Objective:
To study the air breakdown characteristics subjected to High Voltage DC for positive and
negative polarity
Generic Skills / Outcomes:
Analyze the spark over characteristics for both uniform and non-uniform configurations under
High DC voltages
EXPERIMENT 10: Measurement of HVAC and HVDC using Standard Spheres
Duration: 3 Hours
Objective:
To Measure High voltages AC and High voltages DC using 6.25cm diameter sphere gap

Generic Skills / Outcomes:


Student Measure High AC and DC voltages using sphere gap and study the effects of atmospheric
conditions on the sphere gap measurement.
EXPERIMENT 11: Breakdown strength of transformer oil using oil-testing unit
Duration: 3 Hours
Objective:
To measure the breakdown strength of transformer oil
Generic Skills / Outcomes:
Measure breakdown strength of transformer oil
EXPERIMENT 12: Field Mapping using Electrolytic Tank for any one of the following Models:
Cable/ Capacitor/ Transmission Line/ Sphere Gap Duration: 3 Hours
Objective:
To experimentally measure the capacitance of different electrode configuration models using Electrolytic
Tank

Generic Skills / Outcomes:


Draw electric field and measure the capacitance of different electrode configuration models

Prerequisite:
This subject requires prerequisite of High voltage Engineering, Power System Protection, Power
System Analysis System
CONTENT LIST
Page
Sl No. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS
No.
Spark Over Characteristics of Air Insulation Subjected To High Voltage
1 AC with Spark Over Voltage Corrected To STP for uniform and non- 1-7
uniform field configuration
2 Spark Over Characteristics of Air Insulation Subjected To High Voltage 8-18
DC
Measurement of HVAC Using Standard Spheres 19-23
3
Measurement of HVDC using standard spheres 24-28

4 Estimation of Breakdown Strength of transformer oil using Oil-testing unit 29-32

Electromagnetic Over Current Relay Characteristics (Non-Directional)


5 33-41
Over Current Relay Characteristics (Directional)

6 Electromagnetic Over Voltage Relay Characteristics 42-44

7 Numeric Over / Under Voltage Relay Characteristics 45-49

8 Numeric over Current Relay Characteristics 50-54

9 Negative Sequence Relay 55-57

10 Generator Protection –Merz Price Protection Scheme. 58-59

11 Motor Protection against Faults. 60-67

12 Field Mapping using Electrolytic Tank 67-70


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Mysore - 570028
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR (2018-2019)

Subject: Relay and High Voltage Engineering Laboratory

Subject code: 15EEL77

Semester: 7th
CYCLE OF EXPERIMENTS
CYCLE 01

1. Experiment on Over current relay:


a. IDMT non-directional characteristics
b. Directional features
c. IDMT directional

2. Study of IDMT characteristics of over voltage relay


3. Operation of negative sequence relay
4. Spark over characteristics of Air subjected to High Voltage AC with spark over
Voltage corrected to Standard Temperature and Pressure for uniform and non-
uniform field configuration.

5. Spark over characteristics of Air subjected to High Voltage DC


6. Measurement of Breakdown Strength of Transformer Oil.

CYCLE 02

7. Operating characteristics of microprocessor based (numeric) over current relay.


8. Operating characteristics of microprocessor based (numeric) over/under voltage
relay
9. Measurement of HVAC and HVDC using standard spheres
10. Generator protection –Merz-Price- protection scheme
11. Motor Protection against Faults
12. Field Mapping using Electrolytic Tank
ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Experiment No 1

Spark over characteristics of air insulation subjected to High Voltage AC, with spark
over voltage corrected to Standard Temperature and Pressure for uniform and non-
uniform field configuration

AIM: To study the air breakdown characteristics with spark voltage corrected to standard
temperature and pressure for uniform and non-uniform configurations (Sphere – Sphere, Point –
Plane, Point – Point and Plane – Plane) under High AC voltages.

Equipment required:

1. High voltage transformer: Primary (0-230V, 50Hz), Secondary (0-50kV, 50mA,


50Hz).

2. Electrode used:
I.Plane – Plane
II.Point - Point
III.Point - Plane
IV.Sphere -Sphere

Circuit Diagrams

Case 1: Plane to Plane Electrode Configuration

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 1


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Case 2: Point to Point Electrode Configuration

Case3: Plane to Point Electrode Configuration

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 2


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Theory:

The breakdown in a gas, called spark breakdown is the transition of a non-sustaining


discharge into a self-sustaining discharge. The build-up of high currents in a breakdown is
due to the process known as ionization in which electrons and ions are created from neutral
atoms or molecules, and their migration to the anode and cathode respectively leads to high
currents. At present two types of theories (i) Townsend theory, and (ii) Streamer theory are
known which explain the mechanism for breakdown under different conditions. But in
practice the breakdown purely depends on gap distance between the electrodes, which was
discussed by Paschen‟s Law. The various physical conditions of gases, namely, pressure,
temperature, humidity, electrode field configuration, geometry of gap, nature of electrode
surfaces, waveform and the availability of initial conducting particles are known to govern
the ionization process, If the electric field is uniform, a gradual increase in voltage across a
gap produces a breakdown of the gap in the form of a spark without any preliminary
discharges. On the other hand, if the field is non-uniform, an increase in voltage will first
cause a discharge in the gas to appear at points with highest electric field intensity, namely at
sharp points or where the electrodes are curved or on transmission lines. This form of
discharge is called a corona discharge and can be observed as a bluish luminescence. This
phenomenon is always accompanied by a hissing noise, and the air surrounding the corona
region becomes converted into ozone. Corona is responsible for considerable loss of power
from high voltage transmission lines, and it leads to the deterioration of insulation due to the
combined action of the bombardment of ions and of the chemical compounds formed during
discharges. Corona also gives rise to radio interference.

Procedure:

1. The circuit diagram is shown is figure for experimental setup.

2. Gaps on which experimental investigation is done is mounted on the fiber reinforced


plastic (FRP) insulated support and care is taken to keep the axis of electrode is same
line.

3. One electrode is connected to high tension terminal and the other is grounded.

4. Main switch is closed, Press MAINS ON push button and HT ON push button in the
control panel

5. The voltage is increased by varying auto transformer slowly and steadily until the
breakdown occurs, observe the AC voltmeter reading.

6. When gap breakdown, the circuit breaker is tripped automatically and sample failed
indicator will glow.

7. Press the MEMORY push button and note down the break down voltage.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 3


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

8. The experiment is repeated for number of trails until constant breakdown voltage is
obtained between each flashover.

9. The experiment is repeated for various gap lengths say 15mm, 20mm, 25mm and
30mm etc.

10. The following precaution is taken while changing the gap distance of the electrodes.

 Bring back auto transformer to zero and press MAINS OFF in the control
panel.
 Switch off the power supply.
 Ground the high voltage terminals by means of grounding rod and minimum
time is allowed for the deionization of the gap.

11. Plot the graph for all the cases (Electrodes spacing (Gap distance) v/s spark over
voltage)

Tabular Column:

Case 1: Plane to Plane Electrode Configuration

Spark over
voltage in kV Average Average
Electrode RMS at RTP Spark over voltage Spark over voltage
SL
spacing Average in kV peak at Room in kV peak at Standard
No Number of trials
in cm Temperature Pressure Temperature Pressure
(RTP) (STP)
1 2 3

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 4


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Case 2: Point to Point Electrode Configuration

Spark over
voltage in kV Average Average
Electrode RMS at RTP Spark over voltage Spark over voltage
SL
spacing Average in kV peak at Room in kV peak at Standard
No Number of trials
in cm Temperature Pressure Temperature Pressure
(RTP) (STP)
1 2 3

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Case 3: Point to Plane Electrode Configuration

Spark over
voltage in kV Average Average
Electrode RMS at RTP Spark over voltage Spark over voltage
SL
spacing Average in kV peak at Room in kV peak at Standard
No Number of trials
in cm Temperature Pressure Temperature Pressure
(RTP) (STP)
1 2 3

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 5


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Case 3: Sphere – Sphere Electrode Configuration

Spark over
voltage in kV Average Average
Electrode RMS at RTP Spark over voltage Spark over voltage
SL
spacing Average in kV peak at Room in kV peak at Standard
No Number of trials
in cm Temperature Pressure Temperature Pressure
(RTP) (STP)
1 2 3

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Calculations:

Thermometer dry bulb temperature (t dry) = ____________________

Thermometer wet bulb temperature (t wet) =____________________

Average spark over voltage in kV peak at RTP = √2 X Breakdown voltage in kV RMS at


RTP. = _________________

Absolute humidity h= ___________g/m2 (obtained from the standard graph)

Correction factor for absolute humidity (H) = _________ (Obtained from the standard graph)

Air density correction factor δ = 0.38 * P / (273 + t dry) = ______________

Net correction factor = H / δ = _________________

Corrected spark over voltage to peak at STP = Net correction factor * Average spark over
voltage in kV peak at RTP = ___________________

Result:

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 6


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Outcome:

Analyze the spark over characteristics for both uniform and non-uniform configurations
under High AC voltages.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 7


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Experiment No 2
Spark Over Characteristics of Air subjected to High voltage DC.

AIM: To study the air breakdown characteristics subjected to High Voltage DC for positive
and negative polarity.

Equipment required:

1. High voltage transformer (0-230V, 50Hz), Secondary (0-50kV, 50Hz).


2. Rectifier unit (70kV)
3. Electrode used:
I. Plane - Plane
II. Point - Point
III. Point - Plane
IV. Square- Square

Circuit Diagrams

Case l: Point to Point Electrode Configuration +ve polarity

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 8


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Case 2: Point to Point Electrode Configuration -ve polarity

Case 3: Plane to Plane Electrode Configuration +ve polarity

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 9


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Case 4: Plane to Plane Electrode Configuration -ve polarity

Case 5: Point to Plane Electrode Configuration +ve polarity

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 10


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Case 6: Point to Plane Electrode Configuration -ve polarity

Theory:

The breakdown in a gas, called spark breakdown is the transition of a non-sustaining


discharge into a self-sustaining discharge. The build-up of high currents in a breakdown is
due to the process known as ionization in which electrons and ions are created from neutral
atoms or molecules, and their migration to the anode and cathode respectively leads to high
currents. At present two types of theories (i) Townsend theory, and (ii) Streamer theory are
known which explain the mechanism for breakdown under different conditions. But in
practice the breakdown purely depends on gap distance between the electrodes, which was
discussed by Paschen‟s Law. The various physical conditions of gases, namely, pressure,
temperature, humidity, electrode field configuration, geometry of gap, nature of electrode
surfaces, waveform and the availability of initial conducting particles are known to govern
the ionization process, If the electric field is uniform, a gradual increase in voltage across a
gap produces a breakdown of the gap in the form of a spark without any preliminary
discharges. On the other hand, if the field is non-uniform, an increase in voltage will first
cause a discharge in the gas to appear at points with highest electric field intensity, namely at
sharp points or where the electrodes are curved or on transmission lines. This form of
discharge is called a corona discharge and can be observed as a bluish luminescence. This
phenomenon is always accompanied by a hissing noise, and the air surrounding the corona
region becomes converted into ozone. Corona is responsible for considerable loss of power
from high voltage transmission lines, and it leads to the deterioration of insulation due to the
combined action of the bombardment of ions and of the chemical compounds formed during
discharges. Corona also gives rise to radio interference.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 11
ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Procedure:

1. The circuit diagram is shown is figure for experimental setup.

2. Gaps on which experimental investigation is done is mounted on the fiber reinforced


plastic (FRP) insulated support and care is taken to keep the axis of electrode is same
line.

3. One electrode is connected to high tension terminal and the other is grounded.

4. DC rectifier is adjusted for desired polarity. The polarity which on the control panel
and the rectifier unit is also seek for the same polarity

5. Main switch is closed, Press MAINS ON push button and HT ON push button in the
control panel

6. The voltage is increased by varying autotransformer slowly and steadily until the
breakdown occurs, observe the DC voltmeter reading.

7. When gap breakdown, the circuit breaker is tripped automatically and sample failed
indicator will glow, note down the break down voltage instantly.

8. The experiment is repeated for number of trails until constant breakdown voltage is
obtained between each flashover.

9. The experiment is repeated for various gap lengths say 15mm, 20mm, 25mm and
30mm etc.

10. The following precaution is taken while reversing the Diode position and changing
the gap distance of the electrodes.

 Bring back auto transformer to zero and press MAINS OFF in the control
panel.
 Switch off the power supply.
 Ground the high voltage terminals by means of grounding rod and minimum
time is allowed for the deionization of the gap

11. Plot the graph for all the cases (Electrodes spacing (Gap distance) v/s spark over
voltage)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 12


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Tabular Columns:

Case 1: Point to Point +ve polarity

Spark over voltage in kV


SL Electrode spacing
Number of trials Average
No in cm
1 2 3

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Case 2: Point to Point -ve polarity

Spark over voltage in kV


SL Electrode spacing
Number of trials Average
No in cm
1 2 3

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 13


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Case 3: Plane to Plane +ve polarity

Spark over voltage in kV


SL Electrode spacing
Number of trials Average
No in cm
1 2 3

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Case 4: Plane to Plane -ve polarity

Spark over voltage in kV


SL Electrode spacing
Number of trials Average
No in cm
1 2 3

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 14


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Case 5: Plane to Point +ve polarity

Spark over voltage in kV


SL Electrode spacing
Number of trials Average
No in cm
1 2 3

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Case 6: Plane to Point -ve polarity

Spark over voltage in kV


SL Electrode spacing
Number of trials Average
No in cm
1 2 3

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 15


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Case 7: Square - Square +ve polarity

Spark over voltage in kV


SL Electrode spacing
Number of trials Average
No in cm
1 2 3

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Case 8: Square - Square -ve polarity

Spark over voltage in kV


SL Electrode spacing
Number of trials Average
No in cm
1 2 3

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 16


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Result:

Outcome:

Analyze the spark over characteristics for both uniform and non-uniform configurations
under High DC voltages.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 17


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 18


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Experiment No 3(A)

Measurement of HVAC Using Standard Spheres

AIM: To Measure High AC voltages using 6.25cm diameter sphere gap assembly.

Equipment required:

1. High voltage transformer (0-230V, 50Hz). Secondary (0-50kV, 50 mA, 50Hz)

2. Electrode used- 6.25cm diameter of spheres.

Circuit Diagram

Theory: Sphere gap can be arranged either

 Vertically with lower spheres grounded, or

 Horizontally with both spheres connected to source voltage or one sphere grounded.

A resistance is usually connected between the source and the sphere gap to limit the
breakdown current and to suppress unwanted oscillations in the source voltage.

Measurement of low voltages can be done using various instruments such as


voltmeters, But as the value of voltage increases, measuring such high voltages with normal
instruments is of not possible, one of the solution is extension of instrument ranges. Another
method of measuring high voltage is using standard spheres. The principle behind the

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

working is that, the voltage increases with the increase in the gap between the spheres.
Hence, to measure a particular voltage, at a particular gap or distance is set and the moment
the air gap breaks down, it would mean that the magnitude of voltage has reached that value.
The gap distance between the spheres for various values of diameter can be obtained from
the standard table. The spacing between the spheres is called the gap distance and the voltage
at which the air gap breaks down is called the spark over voltage. The spheres used should be
of identical shape and size. Their surfaces must he smooth and the curvature must be
uniform.

Procedure:

1. Connection for HVAC measurement using a sphere of 6.25cms diameter are made as
shown in the circuit diagram

2. Both the spheres are cleaned and polished sufficient care is to be taken to avoid dirt
on the sphere surface.

3. The electrode gap distance that is the distance between spheres is adjusted to a known
value

4. Main switch is closed and circuit breaker is also closed. The input voltage to the high
voltage transformer is increased with the help of auto transformer.

5. If the spark over takes place between the sphere gap at this voltage, the high voltage
is switched off and the set vale of the gap distance will be tabulated.

6. If the spark over does not takes place at this voltage then HT will be turned off then
the gap between spheres is reduced a bit

7. Again step 4 and 5 are followed. If the spark over takes place earlier than the previous
trails voltage selection, then switch off HT, later gap between the spheres is increased
a bit.

8. For the three application of the same voltage find the gap distance at which spark
over takes place and record them.

9. Repeat the procedure for different value of voltage selection.

10. Determine the critical gap distance causing the spark over.

11. Plot the variation of gap spacing verses sphere gap spark over voltage based on the
values provided in table for 6.25cm dia of sphere.

12. From the plot, obtain the value of voltage for each of critical gap distance is obtained.
Thus HVAC impressed between the test spheres is measured. This voltage is the
applied voltage of STP. This is then converted to voltage at RTP.

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

13. The following precaution is taken while changing the gap distance of the electrodes.

 Switch off the power supply


 Ground the high voltage terminal by means of grounding rod.
 Care is taken to see that voltage regulation is in zero position before staring
the experiment.
14. Plot the graph for all the cases (Electrodes spacing (Gap distance) v/s spark over
voltage)

Tabular Columns:

Breakdown Magnitude of voltage in KV


SI Withstand Gap Critical spark over measured, based on the breakdown.
gap distance
No distance in cm gap distance in cm
in cm
At STP in KV At RTP in KV

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Calculations:

Thermometer dry bulb temperature (t dry) = ____________________

Thermometer wet bulb temperature (t wet) =____________________

Absolute humidity h= ___________g/m2 (obtained from the standard graph)

Correction factor for absolute humidity (H) = _________ (Obtained from the standard graph)

Air density correction factor δ = 0.38 * P / (273 + t dry) = ______________

Net correction factor = H / δ = _________________

Spark over voltage to peak at RTP = Net correction factor X spark over voltage in KV peak
at STP = ___________________

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Result:

Outcome: At the end of the experiment Student will Measure HVAC using standard spheres
and study the effects of atmospheric conditions on the sphere gap measurement.

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Experiment No 3(B)
Measurement of HVDC using standard spheres

AIM: To Measure High AC voltages using 6.25cm diameter sphere gap.

Circuit Diagram

Case l: for +ve polarity

Case 2: for -ve polarity

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Equipment required:

1. High voltage transformer (0-230V, 50Hz). Secondary (0-50kV, 50 mA, 50Hz)


2. Rectifier unit (70kV).
3. Electrode used- 6.25cm dia of spheres.

Theory: Sphere gap can be arranged either

 Vertically with lower spheres grounded, or

 Horizontally with both spheres connected to source voltage or one sphere grounded.

A resistance is usually connected between the source and the sphere gap to limit the
breakdown current and to suppress unwanted oscillations in the source voltage.

Measurement of low voltages can be done using various instruments such as


voltmeters, But as the value of voltage increases, measuring such high voltages with normal
instruments is of not possible, one of the solution is extension of instrument ranges. Another
method of measuring high voltage is using standard spheres. The principle behind the
working is that, the voltage increases with the increase in the gap between the spheres.
Hence, to measure a particular voltage, at a particular gap or distance is set and the moment
the air gap breaks down, it would mean that the magnitude of voltage has reached that value.
The gap distance between the spheres for various values of diameter can be obtained from
the standard table. The spacing between the spheres is called the gap distance and the voltage
at which the air gap breaks down is called the spark over voltage. The spheres used should be
of identical shape and size. Their surfaces must he smooth and the curvature must be
uniform.

Procedure:

1. Connection for HVDC measurement using a sphere of 6.25cms diameter are made as
shown in the circuit diagram

2. Both the spheres are cleaned and polished sufficient care is to be taken to avoid dirt
on the sphere surface.

3. DC rectifier is adjusted for desired polarity. The polarity switch on the control panel
and the rectifier is also set for the same polarity

4. The electrode gap distance that is the distance between spheres is adjusted to a known
value

5. Main switch is closed and circuit breaker is also closed. The input voltage to the high
voltage transformer is increased with the help of auto transformer.

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

6. If the spark over takes place between the sphere gap at this voltage, the high voltage
is switched off and the set vale of the gap distance will be tabulated.

7. If the spark over does not takes place at this voltage then HT will be turned off then
the gap between spheres is reduced a bit

8. Again step 4 and 5 are followed. If the spark over takes place earlier than the previous
trails voltage selection, then switch off HT, later gap between the spheres is increased
a bit.

9. For the three application of the same voltage find the gap distance at which spark
over takes place and record them.

10. Repeat the procedure for different value of voltage selection.

11. Determine the critical gap distance causing the spark over.

12. Plot the variation of gap spacing verses sphere gap spark over voltage based on the
values provided in table for 6.25cm dia of sphere.

13. From the plot, obtain the value of voltage for each of critical gap distance is obtained.
Thus HVDC impressed between the test spheres is measured. This voltage is the
applied voltage of STP. This is then converted to voltage at RTP.

14. The following precaution is taken while changing the gap distance of the electrodes.

 Switch off the power supply


 Ground the high voltage terminal by means of grounding rod.
 Care is taken to see that voltage regulation is in zero position before staring the
experiment.

15. Plot the graph for all the cases (Electrodes spacing (Gap distance) v/s spark over
voltage)

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Tabular Columns:

Case l: for +ve polarity

Breakdown Magnitude of voltage in KV


SI Withstand Gap Critical spark over measured, based on the breakdown.
gap distance
No distance in cm gap distance in cm
in cm
At STP in KV At RTP in KV
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Case 2: for -ve polarity

Breakdown Magnitude of voltage in KV


SI Withstand Gap Critical spark over measured, based on the breakdown.
gap distance
No distance in cm gap distance in cm
in cm
At STP in KV At RTP in KV
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Calculations:

Thermometer dry bulb temperature (t dry) = ____________________

Thermometer wet bulb temperature (t wet) =____________________

Absolute humidity h= ___________g/m2 (obtained from the standard graph)

Correction factor for absolute humidity (H) = _________ (Obtained from the standard graph)

Air density correction factor δ = 0.38 * P / (273 + t dry) = ______________

Net correction factor = H / δ = _________________

Spark over voltage to peak at RTP = Net correction factor X spark over voltage in KV peak
at STP = ___________________

Result:

Outcome: At the end of the experiment Student will Measure HVDC using standard spheres
and study the effects of atmospheric conditions on the sphere gap measurement

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 28


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Experiment No 4

Measurement of Breakdown Strength of Transformer Oil

AIM: To experimentally measure the breakdown strength of transformer oil.

Circuit Diagram

Equipment required:

1. High voltage transformer Primary (0-230V), Secondary (0-60kV).


2. Auto Transformer (0-230V, 0-2 Amps).
3. Transformer Oil.

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Theory: The basic raw material to get the transformer oil is a low viscosity lube, called as
transformer oil base stock (TOBS). This is obtained by fractional distillation & series
treatment of crude petroleum. In order to produce good insulating oil, TOBS characteristics
are kept within permissible limits.

TOBS is further refined by acid treatment to get good transformer oil. Transformer oil
provides the required dielectric strength and insulation and also cools the transformer by
circulating itself through the core and the coil structure. The transformer oil, therefore should
be in liquid state over the complete operating range of temperature between -40° C and +50°
C. The fresh dielectric oil has pale clear yellow color. The dielectric should never have
suspended particles, water soluble acids and bases, active sulphur or colloidal carbon these
impurities accelerate deterioration of the insulating properties of the transformer oil resulting
in internal flashovers. The oil gets oxidized when exposed to oxygen at high temperatures
and the oxidation results in the formation of peroxides, water, organic acids sulphur, and
sludge. These products cause chemical deterioration of the paper insulation, metal parts and
the sludge reduces the heat transfer capabilities of the oil and also forms as a heat insulating
layer on the coil structure, core and tank walls. The transformer has to be periodically tested
for the desired qualities & corrective measures are taken for evolving smooth functioning of
the transformer / circuit breaker.

Test Cell for Transformer Oil: the test cell and electrode should be as follows.

 The cell made of plastic shell be transparent and non-absorb. It shall have an effective
volume between 300 & 500.m1 it should be preferably be closed.

 The copper, brass or bronze or stainless steel polished electrodes shall be spherical
surfaced of the electrode and dimensions as shown. The electrode shall be mounted
on a horizontal unit and shall be mounted on a 2.5mm apart. The axis of the
electrodes shall be immersed at a depth of 40mm.

Precaution during sampling:

 The utmost care should be taken to avoid contamination of the sample with of
external impurities such as dust and moisture the hands should not come into contact
the sample.

 Test should not be carried out on the sample until it is at least as warm as the
surrounding air.

 Only glass or plastic sample containers should be used.

 Cotton waste or other fibrous material should not be used to wipe containers or test
cell.

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Procedure:

1. The experimental circuit diagram is as shown.

2. The gap distance between the electrodes is adjusted for 2.5mm using GO &NOGO
gauge & oil is filled above the electrode level.

3. Close the top door, ensure that auto transformer in zero position, switch on the supply
and press HT push button: HT ON indicator will glow.

4. Input voltage to the high voltage transformer is increased with the help of
autotransformer. The rate of rise of voltage is kept uniform at about 1KV/sec starting
from zero up to value producing the breakdown.

5. When the gap between the electrodes break down, the CB is tripped and sample failed
indicator will glow.
6. Pres the MEMORY push button read the break down voltage and note down

7. After each breakdown the oil is generally stirred between the electrodes by means of
clean dry glass rod and as for as possible air bubbles formation is avoided.

8. Experiment is repeated for above four trails.

Tabular column:

Sample 1. Transformer oil

Sl. Gap Break down voltage (kV) in Break down Break down
No. Distance RMS voltage (kV) strength (Peak)
(In mm) in Peak E = ( Break down
voltage (kV) in
Peak / gap distance )

(kV/mm)

Avg
1 2 3 4
in KV

1. d=

2. d=

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Sample 2. Transformer oil

Sl. Gap Break down voltage (kV) in Break down Break down
No. Distance RMS voltage (kV) strength (Peak)
(In mm) in Peak E = ( Break down
voltage (kV) in
Peak / gap distance )

(kV/mm)

Avg
1 2 3 4
in KV

1. d=

2. d=

Result:

Outcome: Student Measure breakdown strength of given transformer oil.

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Experiment No 5 (A)

Electromagnetic Over Current Relay Characteristics

Aim: To determine and Plot the Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) characteristics of a
Non-Directional Electromagnetic over current relay.

Circuit diagram:

Theory: An over current relay is a protective device having the following settings:
1. Plug current settings to choose any current level for its operation.
2. Time settings to choose the desired tripping or operating time.
Relays are devices which detect abnormal conditions in electrical circuits by
constantly measuring the electrical quantities which are different under normal and fault
conditions. The basic electrical quantities which may change during fault conditions are
voltage, current, phase angle and frequency. Having detected the fault the relay operates to
complete the trip circuit which results in the opening of the CB and therefore disconnection
of the faulty circuit.
In electromagnetic relays, there is a coil which energizes an electromagnet. When the
operating current becomes large, the magnetic field produced by an electromagnet will
increase and attract the armature or plunger, making contact with the trip circuit contacts.

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Non-directional induction type over current Relay:

An over current relay operates when the current in the circuit exceeds a certain value.
The basic construction of the relay consists of two electromagnets, an upper E-shaped and a
lower U-shaped magnet and an aluminum disc in between these magnets which is free to
rotate. The spindle of the disc carries moving contacts. When a high current flows through
the circuit, the electromagnet gets energized and induces a force which makes the aluminum
disc to rotate, when the disc rotates, the moving contacts come in contact with the terminals
of a trip circuit thus tripping and isolating the circuit from the fault.

Directional induction type OC Relay


This relay uses two relay elements mounted on a common case.
 Directional element
 Non-Directional element
1. The directional element is basically a directional power relay which operates when
power in the circuit flows in an undesired direction.
2. The non-directional element is the same as the non-directional OC relay as explained
in the previous section. This is connected in series with the current coil of the
directional element to form a directional induction type OC relay.

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the Plug setting Current level by changing the plug position in plug setting bridge
relay (Range 0.5A to2A).
The plug setting refers to the magnitude of current at which the relay starts to operate.
The plug setting bridge comprises connections tapped from relay coil. By inserting
the plug, in a particular gap in the bridge, a certain number of turns of the relay coil
are brought into circuit
3. Set the TMS (Time multiplier setting) to required value (Range 0.1 to 1).
The Time setting can be obtained by changing the relative position of contacts by
adjusting the length (Angular Length) of travel of moving contacts

Time multiplier setting is generally in the form of an adjustable back-stop which decides
the arc-length through which the disc travels, by reducing the length of travel, the time is
reduced. The time multiplier setting is marked from about 0.1 to 1, with major divisions
marked in between. If relay takes a certain time, say S seconds with time multiplier setting 1,
the same relay will take time equal to T x S seconds for time multiplier setting T, other
conditions remaining the same

4. Switch on the source of the control panel.

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

5. Move the control knob to position 1(Set mode) in control panel and switch on the
mains.
6. Adjust 1Φ Variac such that the Ammeter reads current greater than 'Relay setting
current' for the operation of over current relay.
7. Move the control knob to position off, reset Relay.
8. Move the control knob to position 2, record the Relay tripping time.
9. Repeat steps 6 to 9 for different values of fault current.
10. Repeat the experiment for different TMS.
11. Plot the graph for TMS Vs PSM.
Note:

PSM (Plug Setting Multiplier) = Current injected in relay coil (secondary current of (CT)) /
Plug setting

= (I/Is), where I is the fault current (current injected in relay coil) and „Is‟ is the „Plug setting
Current
OR

PSM=Primary fault current / (Relay Setting Current* C.T ratio)

Actual Operating Time of Relay = Time multiplier setting x Trip Time (Time required to
close the contacts)

Tabulation: TSM=____________ Is=___________

Sl. No. I in Amps PSM Relay Trip time in Actual Operating


secs Time in sec
(Current injected
in relay coil)

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Expected Normal Inverse time Characteristics:


11

10

7
t-secs

2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
PSM

Outcome: Ability to set Plug Setting Multiplier and Time Multiplier Setting for non
directional over current relay for a given load current.

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Experiment No 5 (B)
Directional over Current Relay
Aim: To determine and plot the IDMT characteristics of a Directional over current
relay.

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

1. Switch on the power supply

2. Set the toggle switch „S6‟ to Directional relay operation

3. Set the desired relay operation characteristic, Using toggle switch S3&S4

S3 S4 Operation characteristic
0 0 3.0s Normal Inverse
0 1 1.3s Normal Inverse
1 0 Very Inverse
1 1 Extremely Inverse

4. Set TMS Value using toggle switch on front panel of relay

Time multiplier setting for inverse time over current element

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

The TMS has a calibration setting range of 0.05 to 1 in steps of 0.01 although the switches can be set
to other values. Two DIP switches are provided to enable this setting.

DIP Switches E is used to set a minimum of 0.01 and maximum of 0.09.

Example:

a) To set 0.01 : (0+0+0+1)*0.01 = 0.01


b) To set 0.09 : (8+0+0+1)*0.01 = 0.09

Even though the switch can be set for a value more than 0.09, the relay takes a value of 1.0 for any
setting higher than 0.9. Hence, the switch setting should be limited to 0.09.

DIP Switch D is used to set a value of 0.1 to 1.

Example:

a) To set 0.1 : (0+0+0+1)*0.1=0.1


b) To set 1.0 : (8+0+2+0)*0.1=1.0

Even through this switch can be set for a value more than 1.0, the relay takes a value of 1.0 for any
setting higher than 1.0

Thus, the TMS for over current element can be set by using the two DIP switches D&E to the
required value.

Examples:

a) To set 0.05 : {[0+0+0+0]*0.1}+[0+4+0+1]*0.01=0.05


b) To set 0.11 : {[0+0+0+1]*0.1}+[0+0+0+1]*0.01=0.11
c) To set 0.40 : {[0+4+0+0]*0.1}+[0+0+0+0]*0.01=0.40
d) To set 1.00 : {[8+0+2+0]*0.1}+[0+0+0+0]*0.01=1.00

5. Set the pick up current ‟Is‟ using current setting toggle switch

Current setting for inverse time over current element:

The setting range is form 50 to200% in steps of 10%. The minimum setting is 50% and maximum
setting is 200%.

Examples:

a) To set 50% : 50+[0+0+0+0] = 50%


b) To set 100% : 50+[0+40+0+10] = 100%
c) To set 200% :50+[80+40+20+10] = 200%

6. Set the directional characteristic angle using toggle switch „S7&S8‟

The relay has lead characteristics angle of 30 deg, 45deg, and 60deg for over current element

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

S7 S8 Phase angle between voltage and current


1 0 Lead 30º
0 1 Lead 45º
0 0 Lead 60º
7. Set the relay input current using the value provide on the directional over current relay test kit, if
the current if above the set value, the “START LED” turns on.
8. Vary the phase angle potentiometers till the “Directional unit operated “Turn ON”, Now the relay
is operating zone.

9. Put the switch to “Start” position, this allows the current to pass through the relay & the timer if
activated simultaneously. If the relay in non-operating zone, the relay will not trip even if current
exceeds the set current.

10. If the current if above the set value, the relay trip after the set time & “Trip Led” on the relay
turns ON, the timer indicates the time taken for the operation, Note down the time of operation. Reset
timer on control panel as well as on the relay manually.

11. For different input currents, note down the corresponding relay operating time without changing
the current setting and time setting.

12. Repeat steps 1 to 11 for different value of TMS.

13. Repeat the experiment for different value of “Set current (PSM)”.

14. Plot the time-current characteristic for different TMS value.

15. Repeat for different trip time characteristic.

GRAPH: A graph of the operating characteristics of the relay is drawn. The plug setting multiplier is
plotted on the x-axis and the time of operation on y-axis. Curves are drawn for different time setting
multipliers. The curves are plotted for Normal inverse, Very inverse and extremely inverse
characteristics.

Normal Inverse 3.0, operating time =

Normal Inverse 1.3, operating time =

Normal Inverse 0.6, operating time =

Very Inverse, operating time =

Extremely Inverse, operating time =

I: Injected Current

Is: Pickup Set Level

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

ti: TMS for Inverse Characteristic

t: Definite delay in DEFT Characteristic

Curve Extremely Inverse:

To select TMS=1

Put switch at 8and 2 at 0-1 in ON position it will become 8+2=10 & 10*0.1=1=TMS

TMS=1; Is=5A=PICK-UP SET LEVEL by putting all switches in OFF position (current settings)

Is=50% more of rated value I.e, 5times rated current which is 1; therefore Is=5A

Is(A) Set current in


Trip Time(Sec)
Amps

5
6
7
8
9
10

Select Curve-Extremely Inverse

Sample Calculation:

I=7A

Is=5A

Ti=1(Selectable)

Operating time =

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Outcome: Ability to set Plug Setting Multiplier and Time Multiplier Setting for directional
over current relay for a given load current

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 41


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Experiment No 6

Electromagnetic Over Voltage Relay Characteristics


Aim: To determine and Plot the IDMT characteristics of an Electromagnetic over voltage
Relay.

Circuit Diagram

Theory: An over voltage relay is a protective device having the following settings:
1. Plug current settings to choose any voltage level for its operation.
2. Time settings to choose the desired tripping or operating time.
When the voltage in a circuit or part of it is raised above its upper design limit, this is
known as overvoltage. Electronic or electrical devices are designed to operate at a certain
maximum supply voltage and considerable damage can be caused by voltage that is higher
than that for which the devices are rated. In electromagnetic relays, there is a coil which
energizes an electromagnet. When the operating voltage becomes larger, the magnetic field
produced by an electromagnet will increases and attracts the armature or plunger, making
contact with the trip circuit

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the Plug setting voltage level by changing the plug position in relay (Range 121V
to187V).
3. Set the TMS to required value (Range 0.1 to 1).
4. Switch on the source of the control panel and relay panel.
5. Set toggle switch of control panel for 500V for the operation of over voltage relay.
6. Move the control knob to position 1(Set mode) in control panel and switch on the
mains.
7. Adjust 1Φ Variac such that the Voltmeter reads voltage greater than 'Plug setting
Voltage' for the operation of over voltage relay.
8. Move the control knob to position off, reset timer in control panel.
9. Move the control knob to position 2 and reset Relay, record the Relay tripping time.
10. Repeat steps 6 to 9 for different values of fault voltages.
11. Repeat the experiment for different TMS.
12. Plot the graph for TMS Vs PSM.

Note: Voltmeter reads the Primary voltage of the PT having ratio 2:1
PSM (Plug Setting Multiplier) = (Vsec / Vs). Where „Vsec‟ is secondary Voltage of
PT (i.e. Voltage applied to Relay Coil and „Vs‟ is the Plug setting voltage level
Voltage'
OR
PSM = Primary fault Voltage/ (Relay Setting Voltage* P.T ratio)

Actual Operating Time of Relay = Time multiplier setting x Trip Time (Time required
to close the contacts)

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Tabulation: TSM=____________ Vs=___________

Sl. No. Vsec PSM Relay Trip time in Actual Operating


secs Time in sec

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Expected Normal Inverse time Characteristics:

11

10

7
t-secs

2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
PSM

Outcome: On completion of the experiment the student will understand the characteristics of
electromagnetic over voltage relay for various Plug Setting Multiplier and Time Multiplier
Setting

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 44


ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Experiment No 7

Operating Characteristics of Microprocessor Based (Numeric)


Over/Under Voltage Relay.

Aim: To determine and Plot the characteristics of Microprocessor Based over / under
Voltage Relay Characteristics.

Circuit Diagram

Theory: An over / under voltage relay is a protective device having the following settings:
1. Plug current settings to choose any voltage level for its operation.
2. Time settings to choose the desired tripping or operating time

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Figure shows a simple block diagram of µp based relay. In µp based relay the whole
system including opening and closing of CB is controlled by µp

When the voltage in a circuit or part of it is raised above its upper design limit, this is
known as overvoltage. Similarly, if it goes below the lower design limit, it is known as under
Voltage, Electronic and electrical devices are designed to operate at a certain maximum
supply voltage and considerable damage can be caused by voltage that is higher than that for
which the devices are rated.

The output of line CT is given to the input receiver block where signal is processed.
This signal is an analog signal. The A/D converter convertor converts this signal to a digital
signal which is accepted by the µp. The µp is the decision making block. The digital signal
received is compared with the reference to generate proper tripping signal. This is a digital
signal which has to be converted to an analog signal which has to be converted to an analog
signal for the CB to comprehend. The tripping coil then gets activated.

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Relay Setting:

Table-1: Position of the toggle switches to get the desired Trip Time characteristic curve for
Over Voltage Mode.

Trip Time characteristic 1 2 3 4

Normal inverse(3.5 sec) 1 0 0 0

Definite time(1 sec) 1 0 1 0

Definite time(10 sec) 1 1 0 0

Definite time(100 sec) 1 1 1 0

Table-1

Table-2: Position of the toggle switches to get the desired Trip Time characteristic curve for
Under Voltage Mode.

Trip Time characteristic 1 2 3 4

Normal inverse(3.5 sec) 0 0 0 0

Definite time(1 sec) 0 0 1 0

Definite time(10 sec) 0 1 0 0

Definite time(100 sec) 0 1 1 0

Table-2

Table-3: Take K value depending on the IDMT Characteristics as follows:


Trip Time characteristic K in sec

Normal inverse(3.5 sec) 3.5sec

Definite time(1 sec) 1sec

Definite time(10 sec) 10sec

Definite time(100 sec) 100sec

Table: 3

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Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the toggle switches to get the desired characteristic for the relay as per table-1 for
over voltage and Table 2 for under voltage.
3. Set the TMS to required value. Take time TMS = K (0.1+Σ t), where„t‟ is the weight
of toggle switch in on position and select K value from table -3.
4. Adjust the relay voltage range “Vn” to 110V in case over voltage relay, while in case
of under voltage relay operation „Vn to 110V or 240V by using voltage range knob.
5. Relay set voltage Vs = [1+(0.05+Σa)]Vn for over voltage characteristic and
Vs = [1- (0.05+Σa)]Vn for under voltage characteristic, where 'a' is the weight of
Toggle switch in on position
6. Switch on the source of the control panel and relay panel.
7. Set toggle switch of control panel for 500V for the operation of over voltage relay or
100V for operation of under voltage relay
8. Move the control knob to position 1.
9. Adjust 1Φ Variac such that the Voltmeter reads voltage greater than 'Vs' for the
operation of over voltage relay , while in case of under voltage relay operation Adjust
1Φ Variac such that the Voltmeter reads voltage less than „Vs‟
10. Move the control knob to position off, reset timer and relay.
11. Move the control knob to position 2 and see the relay tripping and record the time for
tripping.
12. Repeat steps 9 to 11 for different values of fault voltages.
13. Repeat the experiment for different relay Vs and TMS
14.
Note: Voltmeter reads the Primary voltage of the PT having ratio 2:1
PSM = Vsec / Vs, where Vsec is secondary Voltage of PT

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Tabulation: TSM=____________ Vn=___________

Sl. No. Vsec PSM Trip time in secs Actual Operating


Time in sec

Expected Normal Inverse time Characteristics:

11

10

7
t-secs

2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
PSM

Outcome: On completion of the experiment the student will understand the configuration
and functioning of Microprocessor based over/under voltage relay for various Plug Setting
Multiplier and Time Multiplier Setting

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

Experiment No 8

Numeric over Current Relay Characteristics


Aim: To determine and Plot the characteristics of Microprocessor based an over current
relay.

Circuit Diagram

Theory: An OCR is a protective device having the following settings:


1. Plug current settings to choose any current for its operation.
2. Time settings to choose the desired tripping or operating time.
The relay has an inverse time-current characteristic i.e., greater the fault current quicker is
the action and smaller is the operating time.

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Figure shows a simple block diagram of pp based relay. In µp based relay the whole
system including opening and closing of CB is controlled by µp.

W
hen the value of current exceeds the limit, it results in over current. This may be caused due
to a short circuit or any such faults. An over current relay protects the device in case of any
such fault.

The output of line CT is given to the input receiver block where signal is processed.
This signal is an analog signal. The A/D converter convertor converts this signal to a digital
signal which is accepted by the pp. The pp is the decision making block. The digital signal
received is compared with the reference to generate proper tripping signal. This is a digital
signal which has to be converted to an analog signal which has to be converted to an analog
signal for the CB to comprehend. The tripping coil then gets activated.

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Relay Setting:

Table-1: Position of the toggle switches to get the desired characteristic for the relay.

IDMT Characteristic 1 2 3 4

Normal inverse(1.3 sec) 0 0 0 0

Normal inverse(3.0 sec) 0 0 1 0

Very inverse(1.5 sec) 0 1 0 0

Extremely inverse(0.8 sec) 0 1 1 0

Definite time(1 sec) 1 0 0 0

Definite time(10 sec) 1 0 1 0

Definite time(100 sec) 1 1 0 0


Table-1

Table-2: Take R = Constant depending on the setting range as follows:

Setting Range R
10% to 40% 1
20% to 80% 2
50% to200% 5
Table-2

Table-3: Take K value depending on the IDMT Characteristics as follows:

IDMT Characteristic K in sec


Normal inverse(1.3sec) 1.3sec
Normal inverse(3.0 sec) 3 sec
Definite time(1,10,100 sec) 1,10,100 sec
Very Inverse 1.5 sec
Extremely Inverse 0.8 sec
Table-3

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Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the toggle switches to get the desired characteristic for the relay as per table-1.
3. Set the TMS to required value. Take time T =k( 0.1+Σ t), where „t‟ is the weight
of toggle switch in on position and select K value from table -3.
4. Adjust the relay plug current setting to 10% - 40%
5. „In‟ is CT sec rating which is also the relay coil rating = 1A.
6. Relay set current 'Is' = (0.1R+RΣa)In, where 'a' is the weight of switch in on
position and select R value from table-2
7. Switch on the source of the control panel and relay panel.
8. Move the control knob to position 1.
9. Adjust 1Φ Variac such that the ammeter reads current greater than 'Is'
10. Move the control knob to position off, reset timer and relay.
11. Move the control knob to position 2 and see the relay tripping and record the time
for tripping.
12. Repeat steps 8 to 11 for increasing values of currents.
13. Repeat the experiment for different relay Is and TMS
14.
Note: Ammeter reads the primary current ' Ipri „of the CT having ratio 10:1
PSM = Isec / Is, where Isec is secondary current of CT

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Tabulation: TSM=________ Is=______

Sl. No. Ipri Isec PSM Trip time in Actual


secs „t‟ secs Operating
Time in sec

Expected Normal Inverse time Characteristics:

11

10

7
t-secs

2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
PSM

Outcome: at the end of the experiment

On completion of the experiment the student will understand the configuration and
functioning of numeric over current relay for Various Plug Setting Multiplier and Time
Multiplier Setting

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Experiment No 9

Operation of Negative Sequence Relay

Aim: To study the operation of negative sequence relay.

Theory: The negative sequence relay provide protection against the unbalanced loading that
may result from phase to phase fault resulting in circulation of negative phase sequence
currents in the alternator stator winding which gives rise to a rotating magnetic field. This
field rotates at double the synchronous speed with respect to the rotor and induces a voltage
of double the frequency in the rotor conductor. If the degree of unbalance is large these
currents will over-heat the rotor stamping and the field winding.

Overloading of the stator will over-heat the stator winding which may damage its
insulation depending upon the degree of overloading

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Procedure:
3Phase Unbalance condition
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Mains switch ON.
3. Push CB ON button. Note down the Ammeter readings. (Rheostat should be in
zero (cut) position.
4. Adjust the Rheostat to create Negative sequence(Unbalance)
5. Adjust the trip time for desired value (3, 6, 9 sec) by using time knob.
6. Move the control knob to OFF position, Reset timer and relay unit.
7. Move the control knob to position 2 to create and negative sequence relay gets
“TRIP”. Note down the ammeter reading and corresponding tripping time.
8. Push “CB OFF/RESET”.

Tabulation:

Table-1 Balanced condition:

Sl. No. Current in Phase Current in Phase Current in Phase Set Trip time in
R Y B secs

Table-2 Unbalanced condition:

Sl. No. Current in Phase Current in Phase Current in Phase Trip time in secs
R Y B

1.

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Procedure:
Single Phasing fault
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Mains switch ON.
3. Push CB ON button. Note down the Ammeter readings. (Rheostat should be in zero
(cut) position).
4. Adjust the trip time for desired value (3, 6, 9 sec) by using time knob.
5. Move the control knob to OFF position, Reset timer and relay unit.
6. Move the control knob to position 1to create single phasing (Open circuited Phase)
7. Negative sequence relay gets “TRIP”. Note down the Ammeter reading and tripping
time.
8. Move the control knob to OFF position & Push “CB OFF/RESET”.

Tabulation:

Table-1 Balanced condition:

Sl. No. Current in Phase Current in Phase Current in Phase Set Trip time in
R Y B secs

1.

Table-2 Single Phase condition:

Sl. No. Current in Phase Current in Phase Current in Phase Trip time in secs
R Y B

1.

Outcome: at the end of the experiment


On completion of the experiment the student will understand the functioning of negative
sequence relay for unsymmetrical fault like single phasing (Open circuited Phase) and for
unbalanced loading of 3-phase induction motor

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Experiment No 10

Generator Protection –Merz Price Protection Scheme


Aim: To conduct experiments on generator Protection.

Circuit Diagram

Procedure

1. Connect 3 phase supply motor & alternator RPM sensor & Temperature sensor to
panel.
2. Keep all relay auxiliary & meter auxiliary ON/OFF switch at off position.
3. Switch On MCB, power indicator glows
4. Switch ON meter ON/OFF switch
5. Switch On VFD ON switch, VFD display will be ON
6. Vary the speed potentiometer to set the required rpm
7. Switch on field supply switch
8. Vary the field voltage potentiometer to set rated voltage

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9. Switch ON current relay the parameter are already set


10. Now connect the phase & ground to fault simulator terminals keeping switch at OFF
position (single phase fault)
11. Switch ON fault simulator switch & differential relay trips followed by field
contactor & indicated by trip ON indicator, time will not work in the mode since trip
time set is very low.
12. Reset the relay by pressing reset button
13. Repeat the same procedure for external faults over current protection and short circuit
protection up to the point 9
14. Then connect 3 phase load to output terminals switch on load terminals, relay trips &
fault is occurred.
15. For external faults like short circuit protection Connect R phase output terminal &
ground terminal to fault simulator switch
16. Switch ON the supply relay trips & fault is occurred & next reset the circuit
17. In case of over voltage & over frequency protection carry the same procedure but
hence vary generator voltage by varying the field voltage till the voltage exceeds the
set voltage
18. The relay trips if it exceeds the set voltage
19. Reset the relay & repeat all protection faults for different voltage & time
20. After completing the above bring the circuit parameters to initial position & turn OFF
the supply

Result:

Outcome: on completion of the experiment the student will Show knowledge of


Protecting generator against faults & abnormal conditions

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Experiment No 11

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Outcome: On completion of the experiment the student will Show knowledge of Protecting Motor
against faults & abnormal conditions.

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Appendix

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Relay and High Voltage Laboratory


Model Question

1. Conduct an experiment to determine Spark over characteristics of air


insulation subjected to HVAC, with spark over voltage corrected to STP for
non-uniform field configuration. On the following electrode
Plane-point configuration
Square-Point configuration

2. Conduct an experiment to determine Spark over characteristics of air


insulation subjected to HVDC Positive Polarity, on the following electrode
configuration.
Plane- plane configuration
Point-point configuration

3. Conduct an experiment to determine Spark over characteristics of air


insulation subjected to HVDC Positive Polarity, on the following electrode
configuration.
Plane- point configuration
Square-point configuration

4. Conduct an experiment to determine Spark over characteristics of air


insulation subjected to HVDC Negative Polarity, on the following electrode
configuration.
Plane- plane configuration
Point-point configuration

5. Conduct an experiment to determine Spark over characteristics of air insulation


subjected to HVDC Negative Polarity, on the following electrode configuration.
Plane- point configuration
Point-Square configuration

6. Conduct an experiment for Measurement of HVAC using standard spheres,


Taking Reference voltage as 18kV

7. Conduct an experiment for Measurement of HVDC Negative Polarity using


standard spheres, Taking Reference voltage as 37kV

8. Conduct an experiment for Measurement of HVDC Positive Polarity using


standard spheres, Taking Reference voltage as 37kV

9. Conduct an experiment to determine Breakdown strength of transformer oil using


oil- testing unit for 2.5mm gap distance

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10. Conduct an experiment to determine IDMT characteristics of


Electromechanical type over voltage for
TSM = 0.8, Plug Setting=110%
TSM = 0.5, Plug Setting=150%

11. Conduct an experiment to determine IDMT characteristics of


electromechanical type over current relay for
TMS =-0.8sec and Is=1A
TMS = 0.4sec and Is=1.75A

12. Conduct an experiment to determine operation of negative sequence relay in


3Phase unbalance condition by setting Trip time to 6sec and VR=190V, also making
1ØPhasing (R phase) by setting Trip time to 3sec.

13. Conduct an experiment to determine IDMT Operating characteristics for


Normal Inverse (3 sec) & definite time (10 sec) of microprocessor based over
current relay for
TMS = 3.9sec, Is=0.34A.
TMS = 3.3sec, Is=0.28A

14. Conduct an experiment to determine IDMT Operating characteristics for Normal


Inverse (3.5 sec) & definite time (10 sec) of microprocessor based overvoltage relay
for
TMS = 4.55sec, Vs=181v.
TMS = 3.85sec, Vs=143v.

15. Conduct an experiment on Motor for following fault for both inverse and
definite characteristics Phase failure, Ground fault, Winding open fault, Phase
reversal.

16. Conduct an experiment to determine IDMT characteristics of Direction over current


relay for Set Current =6amps, TMS=0.8sec, Very inverse Characteristic.

18. Conduct an experiment on Generators for external faults and abnormal conditions,

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Relay and High Voltage Engineering Laboratory

Viva Questions
1. What are the functions of protective relays
To detect the fault and initiate the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective
element from the rest of the system, thereby protecting the system from damages consequent
to the fault.

2. Give the consequences of short circuit.


Whenever a short-circuit occurs, the current flowing through the coil increases to an
enormous value. If protective relays are present, a heavy current also flows through the relay
coil, causing it to operate by closing its contacts. The trip circuit is then closed, the circuit
breaker opens and the fault is isolated from the rest of the system. Also, a low voltage may be
created which may damage systems connected to the supply.

3. Define protected zone.


Are those which are directly protected by a protective system such as relays,
Fuses or switchgears. If a fault occurring in a zone can be immediately detected and or
isolated by a protection scheme dedicated to that particular zone.

4. What are unit system and non unit system?


A unit protective system is one in which only faults occurring within its protected zone are
isolated. Faults occurring elsewhere in the system have no influence on the operation of a
unit system. A non unit system is a protective system which is activated even when the faults
are external to its protected zone.

5. What is primary protection?


Is the protection in which the fault occurring in a line will be cleared by its own relay and
circuit breaker. It serves as the first line of defence.

6. What is back up protection?


Is the second line of defence, which operates if the primary protection
Fails to activate within a definite time delay.

7. Name the different kinds of over current relays.


Induction type non-directional over current relay, Induction type directional
Over current relay & current differential relay.

8. Define energizing quantity.


It refers to the current or voltage which is used to activate the relay into operation.

9. Define operating time of a relay.


It is defined as the time period extended from the occurrence of the fault through the relay
detecting the fault to the operation of the relay.

10. Define resetting time of a relay.

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It is defined as the time taken by the relay from the instant of isolating the fault to the
moment when the fault is removed and the relay can be reset.

11. What are over and under current relays?


Over current relays are those that operate when the current in a line exceeds a predetermined
value. (eg: Induction type non-directional/directional over current relay, differential over
current relay)whereas undercurrent relays are those which operate whenever the current in a
circuit/line drops below a predetermined value.(eg: differential over-voltage relay)

12. Mention any two applications of differential relay.


Protection of generator & generator transformer unit; protection of large motors and busbars.

13. What is biased differential bus zone reduction?


The biased beam relay is designed to respond to the differential current in terms of its
fractional relation to the current flowing through the protected zone. It is essentially an over-
current balanced beam relay type with an additional restraining coil. The restraining coil
produces a bias force in the opposite direction to the operating force.

14. What is the need of relay coordination?


The operation of a relay should be fast and selective, ie, it should isolate the fault in the
shortest possible time causing minimum disturbance to the system. Also, if a relay fails to
operate, there should be sufficiently quick backup protection so that the rest of the system is
protected. By coordinating relays, faults can always be isolated quickly without serious
disturbance to the rest of the system.

15. Mention the short comings of Merz Price scheme of protection applied to a power
transformer.
In a power transformer, currents in the primary and secondary are to be compared. As these
two currents are usually different, the use of identical transformers will give differential
current, and operate the relay under no-load condition. Also, there is usually a phase
difference between the primary and secondary currents of three phase transformers. Even
CT‟s of proper turn-ratio are used, the differential current may flow through the relay under
normal condition.

16. What are the various faults to which a turbo alternator is likely to be subjected?
Failure of steam supply; failure of speed; over current; over voltage; unbalanced loading;
stator winding fault .

17. What is an under frequency relay?


An under frequency relay is one which operates when the frequency of the system (usually
an alternator or transformer) falls below a certain value.

18. Define the term pilot with reference to power line protection.
Pilot wires refer to the wires that connect the CT‟s placed at the ends of a power transmission
line as part of its protection scheme. The resistance of the pilot wires is usually less than 500
ohms.

19. Mention any two disadvantage of carrier current scheme for transmission line only.

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The program time (ie, the time taken by the carrier to reach the other end-upto.1% mile); the
response time of band pass filter; capacitance phase-shift of the transmission line .

20. What are the features of directional relay?


High speed operation; high sensitivity; ability to operate at low voltages; adequate short-time
thermal ratio; burden must not be excessive.

21. What are the causes of over speed and how alternators are protected from it?
Sudden loss of all or major part of the load causes over-speeding in alternators. Modern
alternators are provided with mechanical centrifugal devices mounted on their driving shafts
to trip the main valve of the prime mover when a dangerous over-speed occurs.

22. What are the main types of stator winding faults?


Fault between phase and ground; fault between phases and inter-turn fault
involving turns of the same phase winding.

23. Give the limitations of Merz Price protection.


Since neutral earthing resistances are often used to protect circuit from earth-fault currents, it
becomes impossible to protect the whole of a star-connected alternator. If an earth-fault
occurs near the neutral point, the voltage may be insufficient to operate the relay. Also it is
extremely difficult to find two identical CT‟s. In addition to this, there always an inherent
phase difference between the primary and the secondary quantities and a possibility of
current through the relay even when there is no fault.

24. What are the uses of Buchholz‟s relay?


Buchholz relay is used to give an alarm in case of incipient( slow-developing)
Faults in the transformer and to connect the transformer from the supply in the event of
severe internal faults. It is usually used in oil immersion transformers with a rating over
750KVA.

25. What are the types of graded used in line of radial relay feeder?
Definite time relay and inverse-definite time relay.

26. What are the various faults that would affect an alternator?
(a)
Stator faults
1, Phase to phase faults
2, Phase to earth faults
3, Inter turn faults
(b)
1, Earth faults
2, Fault between turns
3, Loss of excitation due to fuel failure
(c)
1, over speed
2, Loss of drive
3, Vacuum failure resulting in condenser pressure rise, resulting in shattering of the turbine
low pressure casing

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(d)
1, Fault on lines
2, Fault on busbars

27. Why neutral resistor is added between neutral and earth of an alternator?
In order to limit the flow of current through neutral and earth a resistor is introduced between
them.

28. What is the backup protection available for an alternator?


Over current and earth fault protection is the backup protections.

29. What are faults associated with an alternator?


(a) External fault or through fault
(b) Internal fault
1, Short circuit in transformer winding and connection
2, Incipient or slow developing faults

30. What are the main safety devices available with transformer?
Oil level gauge, sudden pressure delay, oil temperature indicator, winding temperature
indicator.

31. What are the limitations of Buchholz relay?


(a) Only fault below the oil level are detected.
(b) Mercury switch setting should be very accurate, otherwise even for
Vibration, there can be a false operation.
(c) The relay is of slow operating type, which is unsatisfactory.

32. What are the problems arising in differential protection in power transformer and how
are they overcome?
1. Difference in lengths of pilot wires on either sides of the relay. This is overcome by
connecting adjustable resistors to pilot wires to get equipotential points on the pilot wires.
2. Difference in CT ratio error difference at high values of short circuit currents that makes
the relay to operate even for external or through faults. This is overcome by introducing bias
coil.
3. Tap changing alters the ratio of voltage and currents between HV and LV sides and the
relay will sense this and act. Bias coil will solve this.
4. Magnetizing inrush current appears wherever a transformer is energized on its primary
side producing harmonics. No current will be seen by the secondary .CT‟s as there is no load
in the circuit. This difference in current will actuate the differential relay. A harmonic
restraining unit is added to the relay which will block it when the transformer is energized.

33. What is REF relay?


It is restricted earth fault relay. When the fault occurs very near to the neutral point of the
transformer, the voltage available to drive the earth circuit is very small, which may not be
sufficient to activate the relay, unless the relay is set for a very low current. Hence the zone
of protection in the winding of the transformer is restricted to cover only around 85%. Hence
the relay is called REF relay.

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34. What is over fluxing protection in transformer?


If the turns ratio of the transformer is more than 1:1, there will be higher core loss and the
capability of the transformer to withstand this is limited to a few minutes only. This
phenomenon is called over fluxing.

35. Why busbar protection is needed?


(a) Fault level at busbar is high
(b) The stability of the system is affected by the faults in the bus zone.
(c) A fault in the bus bar causes interruption of supply to a large portion of the
system network.

36. What are the merits of carrier current protection?


Fast operation, auto re-closing possible, easy discrimination of simultaneous
faults .

37. What are the errors in CT?


(a) Ratio error
Percentage ratio error = [(Nominal ratio – Actual ratio)/Actual ratio] x 100
The value of transformation ratio is not equal to the turns ratio.
(b) Phase angle error:
Phase angle =180/[(Im Cos -I1Sin )/nIs]

38. What is field suppression?


When a fault occurs in an alternator winding even though the generator circuit
breaker is tripped, the fault continues to fed because EMF is induced in the generator itself.
Hence the field circuit breaker is opened and stored energy in the field winding is discharged
through another resistor. This method is known as field suppression.

39. What are the causes of bus zone faults?


_ Failure of support insulator resulting in earth fault
_ Flashover across support insulator during over voltage
_ heavily polluted insulator causing flashover
_ Earthquake, mechanical damage etc.

40. What are the problems in bus zone differential protection?


_ large number of circuits, different current levels for different circuits for
External faults.
_ Saturation of CT cores due to dc component and ac component in short
Circuit currents. The saturation introduces ratio error.
_ Sectionalizing of the bus makes circuit complicated.
_ setting of relays need a change with large load changes.

41. What is static relay?


It is a relay in which measurement or comparison of electrical quantities is made in a static
network which is designed to give an output signal when a threshold condition is passed
which operates a tripping device.

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42. What is power swing?


During switching of lines or wrong synchronization surges of real and reactive power
flowing in transmission line causes severe oscillations in the voltage and current vectors. It is
represented by curves originating in load regions and traveling towards relay characteristics.

43. What is a programmable relay?


A static relay may have one or more programmable units such as microprocessors or
microcomputers in its circuit.

44. What is CPMC?


It is combined protection, monitoring and control system incorporated in the static system.

45. What are the advantages of static relay over electromagnetic relay?
1) Low power consumption as low as 1mW
2) No moving contacts; hence associated problems of arcing, contact bounce, erosion,
replacement of contacts
3) No gravity effect on operation of static relays. Hence can be used in vessels ie, ships,
aircrafts etc.
4) A single relay can perform several functions like over current, under voltage, single
phasing protection by incorporating respective functional blocks. This is not possible in
electromagnetic relays
5) Static relay is compact
6) Superior operating characteristics and accuracy
7) Static relay can think , programmable operation is possible with static relay
8) Effect of vibration is nil, hence can be used in earthquake-prone areas
9) Simplified testing and servicing. Can convert even non-electrical quantities to electrical in
conjunction with transducers.

46. What is resistance switching?


It is the method of connecting a resistance in parallel with the contact space (arc). The
resistance reduces the restriking voltage frequency and it diverts part of the arc current. It
assists the circuit breaker in interrupting the magnetizing current and capacity Current.

47. What do you mean by current chopping?


When interrupting low inductive currents such as magnetizing currents of the transformer
shunt reactor, the rapid deionization of the contact space and blast effect may cause the
current to be interrupted before the natural current zero. This phenomenon of interruption of
the current before its natural zero is called current chopping.

48. What are the methods of capacitive switching?


Opening of single capacitor bank
Closing of one capacitor bank against another

49. What is an arc?


Arc is a phenomenon occurring when the two contacts of a circuit breaker
Separate under heavy load or fault or short circuit condition.

50. Give the two methods of arc interruption?

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

_ High resistance interruption:-the arc resistance is increased by elongating, and splitting the
arc so that the arc is fully extinguished
_ Current zero method:-The arc is interrupted at current zero position that
Occurs100 times a second in case of 50Hz power system frequency in ac.

51. What is restriking voltage?


It is the transient voltage appearing across the breaker contacts at the instant of arc being
extinguished.

52. What is meant by recovery voltage?


The power frequency rms voltage appearing across the breaker contacts after the arc is
extinguished and transient oscillations die out is called recovery voltage.

53. What is RRRV?


It is the rate of rise of restriking voltage, expressed in volts per microsecond. It is closely
associated with natural frequency of oscillation.

54. What is circuit breaker?


It is a piece of equipment used to break a circuit automatically under fault
Conditions. It breaks a circuit either manually or by remote control under normal conditions
and under fault conditions.

55. Write the classification of circuit breakers based on the medium used for arc extinction?
_ Air break circuit breaker
_ Oil circuit breaker
_ Minimum oil circuit breaker
_ Air blast circuit breaker
_ SF6 circuit breaker
_ Vacuum circuit breaker

56. What is the main problem of the circuit breaker?


When the contacts of the breaker are separated, an arc is struck between them.This arc delays
the current interruption process and also generates enormous heat which may cause damage
to the system or to the breaker itself. This is the main problem.

57. What are demerits of MOCB?


_ Short contact life
_ frequent maintenance
_ Possibility of explosion
_ larger arcing time for small currents
_ Prone to restrict

58. What are the advantages of oil as arc quenching medium?


1)It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases, which have excellent cooling
properties
2)t acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between line conductors and earthed
components

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ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Relay and High Voltage Lab 15EEL77

59. What are the hazards imposed by oil when it is used as an arc quenching medium?
There is a risk of fire since it is inflammable. It may form an explosive mixture with arc. So
oil is preferred as an arc quenching medium.

60. What are the advantages of MOCB over a bulk oil circuit breaker?
It requires lesser quantity of oil
It requires smaller space
There is a reduced risk of fire
Maintenance problem are reduced

61. What are the disadvantages of MOCB over a bulk oil circuit breaker?
1) The degree of carbonization is increased due to smaller quantity of oil
2) There is difficulty of removing the gases from the contact space in time
3) The dielectric strength of the oil deteriorates rapidly due to high degree of
Carbonization.

62. What are the types of air blast circuit breaker?


_ Arial-blast type
_ Cross blast
_ Radial-blast

63. What are the advantages of air blast circuit breaker over oil circuit breaker?
1) The risk of fire is diminished
2)The arcing time is very small due to rapid build up of dielectric strength between contacts
3) The arcing products are completely removed by the blast whereas oil deteriorates with
successive operations

64. What are the demerits of using oil as an arc quenching medium?
1) The air has relatively inferior arc quenching properties
2) The air blast circuit breakers are very sensitive to variations in the rate of rise of restriking
voltage
3) Maintenance is required for the compression plant which supplies the air blast

65. What is meant by electro negativity of SF6 gas?


SF6 has high affinity for electrons. When a free electron comes and collides with a neutral
gas molecule, the electron is absorbed by the neutral gas molecule and negative ion is
formed. This is called as electro negativity of SF6 gas.

66. What are the characteristic of SF6 gas?


It has good dielectric strength and excellent arc quenching property. It is inert,
non-toxic, non inflammable and heavy. At atmospheric pressure, its dielectric strength is 2.5
times that of air. At three times atmospheric pressure, its dielectric strength is equal to that of
the transformer oil.

67. Write the classifications of test conducted on circuit breakers.


_ Type test
_ Routine test
_ Reliability test

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_ Commissioning test

68. What are the indirect methods of circuit breaker testing?


Unit test
Synthetic test
Substitution testing
Compensation testing
Capacitance testing

69. What are the advantages of synthetic testing methods?


The breaker can be tested for desired transient recovery voltage and RRRV.Both test current
and test voltage can be independently varied. This gives flexibility to the test The method is
simple .With this method a breaker capacity (MVA) of five time of that of the capacity of the
test plant can be tested.

70. How does the over voltage surge affect the power system?
The over voltage of the power system leads to insulation breakdown of the equipments. It
causes the line insulation to flash over and may also damage the nearby transformer,
generators and the other equipment connected to the line.

71. What is pick up value?


It is the minimum current in the relay coil at which the relay starts to operate.

72. Define target.


It is the indicator used for showing the operation of the relay.

73. Define reach.


It is the distance upto which the relay will cover for protection.

74. Define blocking.


It means preventing the relay from tripping due to its own characteristics or due to additional
relays.

75. Define a over current relay.


Relay which operates when the current ia a line exceeds a predetermined value.

76. Define an under current relay?


Relays which operates whenever the current in a circuit drops below a predetermined value.

77. Mention any 2 applications of differential relays.


Protection of generator and generator-transformer unit: protection of large motors and bus
bars

78. Mention the various tests carried out in a circuit breaker at HV labs.
Short circuit tests, Synthetic tests& direct tests.

78. Mention the advantages of field tests.

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The circuit breaker is tested under actual conditions like those that occur in the network.
Special occasions like breaking of charging currents of long lines ,very short line faults
,interruption of small inductive currents etc… can be tested by direct testing only.

79. State the disadvantages of field tests.


The circuit breaker can be tested at only a given rated voltage and network
Capacity. The necessity to interrupt the normal services and to test only at light load
conditions. Extra inconvenience and expenses in installation of controlling and measuring
equipment in the field.

80. Define composite testing of a circuit breaker.


In this method the breaker is first tested for its rated breaking capacity at a reduced voltage
and afterwards for rated voltage at a low current. This method does not give a proper
estimate of the breaker performance.

81. State the various types of earthing.


Solid earthing, resistance earthing , reactance earthing , voltage transformer earthing and zig-
zag transformer earthing.

82. What are arcing grounds?


The presence of inductive and capacitive currents in the isolated neutral system leads to
formation of arcs called as arcing grounds.

83. What is arc suppression coil?


A method of reactance grounding used to suppress the arc due to arcing grounds.

84. State the significance of single line to ground fault.


In single line to ground fault all the sequence networks are connected in series. All the
sequence currents are equal and the fault current magnitude is three times its sequence
currents.

85. What are symmetrical components?


It is a mathematical tool to resolve unbalanced components into balanced components.

86. State the three sequence components.


Positive sequence components, negative sequence components and zero sequence
components.

87. Define positive sequence component.


-has 3 vectors equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by an angle 120 degrees and
having the phase sequence as original vectors.

88. Define zero sequence components.


3 vectors having equal magnitudes and displaced from each other by an angle zero degrees.

89. State the significance of double line fault.


It has no zero sequence component and the positive and negative sequence networks are
connected in parallel.

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90. Define negative sequence component.


It has 3 vectors equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by an angle 120 degrees
and has the phase sequence in opposite to its original phasor.

91. State the different types of faults.


Symmetrical faults and unsymmetrical faults and open conductor faults.

92. State the various types of unsymmetrical faults.


Line to ground, line to line and double line to ground faults

93. Mention the withstanding current in our human body.


9mA

94. State the different types of circuit breakers.


Air, oil, vacuum circuit breakers.

95. Define per unit value.


It is defined as the ratio of actual value to its base value.

96. Differentiate between a fuse and a circuit breaker.


Fuse is a low current interrupting device. It is a copper or an aluminium wire. Circuit breaker
is a high current interrupting device and it act as a switch under normal operating conditions.

97. How direct tests are conducted in circuit breakers?


Using a short circuit generator as the source.
Using the power utility system or network as the source.

98. What is dielectric test of a circuit breaker?


It consists of overvoltage withstand test of power frequency
Lightning and impulse voltages Test are done for both internal and external insulation with
switch in both open and closed conditions.

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