A

SEMINAR TRAINING
REPORT
ON
[ UPPTCL 132 KV SUB-STATION]
HUSAINABAD ,JAUNPUR

PRASAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

JAUNPUR

SUBMITTED TO - SUBMITTED BY-

Executive Engineer Rohit Kumar
Tulsi Ram B.Tech (E.E.) 4th Year
ETD Jaunpur Roll No. -1614420014

Under Guidance of-

HARIKESH KUMAR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Summer training has an important role in exposing the real life situation
in an industry. It was a great experience for me to work on training at
UTTAR PRADESH POWER TRANSMISSION CORPORATION
LIMITED through which I could learn how to work in a professional
challenging environment. Now, I would like to thank the people who
guided me and have been a constant source of inspiration throughout the
tenure of my summer training.

I am sincerely able guidance which made this training actually possible.

I wish my deep sense of gratitude to MR. HARIKESH KUMAR
(Junior Engineer) whose affectionate guidance has enabled me to
complete this training successfully.
Description of Sub- Station

Type:-
Outdoor Grid Sub-Station

Incoming Line Voltage:-

220 KV Naigang Jaunpur
132 KV Shahgung

Outgoing Feeder Voltage:-

33 KV
Mothara Pump Canal
Jaunpur Twon
Kabiruddinpur
Shahbadepur
Jalalpur
Naiganj
Kuddupur
District Court
District Hospital
33 KV Transformer 1
33 KV Transformer 2

Contents

1.132 KV SUB-STATION

Definition
Introduction
About the substation
Selection & Layout
Site
Equipment in a 132KV Sub-station
Bus-bar
Insulators
Isolating Switches
Circuit breaker
Protective relay
Instrument Transformer
Current Transformer
Voltage Transformer
Metering and Indicating Instrument
Miscellaneous equipment
Transformer
Lightening arrestors
Line isolator
Wave trap
Capacitor Bank
Control Panal
Battery Room
Detail of Register
Conclusion

Definition of sub-station:
“The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. Voltage ac to dc freq.
pf. etc) of electric supply is called sub-station”
.Introduction:
The present day electrical power system is ac i.e. electric power is generated, transmitted, and
distributed in the form of Alternating current. The electric power is produce at the power station,
which are located at favorable places, generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to
the consumer through a large network of transmission and distribution. At many place in the line
of power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g. Voltage,
ac to dc, frequency pf etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called
sub-station for example, generation voltage (11KV or 6.6KV) at the power station is stepped up
to high voltage (Say 220KV to 132KV) for transmission of electric Power. Similarly,
near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be
stepped down to utilization level. Suitable apparatus called sub-station again accomplishes this
job

About the substation:

The substation in Husainabad Jaunpur is one of the important power grids in the district of
Jaunpur l. The most important of any substation is the grounding (Earthing System) of the
instruments, transformers etc. used in the substation for the safety of the operation personnel as
well as for proper system operation and performance of the protective devices. An earthen
system comprising of an earthing mat buried at a suitable depth below ground and supplemented
with ground rods at suitable points is provided in the substations. These ground the extra
high voltage to the ground. As it is dangerous to us to go near the instrument without proper
earth. If the instruments are not ground properly, they may give a huge shock to anyone who
would stay near it and also it is dangerous for the costly Instrument as they may be damaged by
this high voltage

Site Selection & Layout 132 KV Substation:

132KVSub-Station forms an important link between Transmission network and Distribution
network. It has
a vital Influence of reliability of service. Apart from ensuring efficienttransmission and
Distribution of power, the sub-station configuration should be such that it enables easy
maintenance of equipment and minimum interruptions in power Supply. Sub-Station is
constructed as near as possible to the load center. The voltage level of power transmission is
decided on the quantum of power to be transmitted to the load center. Transmission is decided on
the quantum of power to be transmitted to the load center.

Selection of site:
Main points to be considered while selecting the site for Grid Sub-Station areas follows:
i)The site chosen should be as near to the load center as possible.
ii)It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of equipments.
iii)Land should be fairly leveled to minimize development cost.
iv)Source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is becausewater is required for
various construction activities (especially civil works),earthing and for drinking purposes etc.
v)The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be clearof public places,
aerodromes, and Military / police installations.
vi)The land should have sufficient ground area to accommodate substationequipments, buildings,
staff quarters, space for storage Of material, such asstore yards and store sheds etc. with roads
and space for future expansion.
vii)Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways, State Highways should be
observed as per the regulations in force.
viii)While selecting the land for the Substation preference to be given to the Govt. land over
private land.
ix)The land should not have water logging problem.
x)Far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safe approach /termination of high voltage
overhead transmission lines.

Equipments in a 132KV Sub-Station:

The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub-Station,
Service requirement and the degree of protection desired. 132KV EHV Sub-Station has the
following major equipments:-

Bus-bar :-
When a no. of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected electrically, bus-
bar are used, it is made up of copper or aluminum bars (generally of rectangular X-Section) and
operate at constant voltage. The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get
into the instruments for further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the
incoming feeders in LA single line. There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault
occurs in the one, the other can still have the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines
in the bus are separated by a little distance by a Conductor having a connector between
them. This is so that one can work at a time and the other works only if the first is having any
fault.

Insulators :-
The insulator serves two purpose. They support the conductor(or bus bar) and confine the current
to the conductor. The most commonly used material for the manufactures of insulators is
porcelain. There are several type of insulator (i.e. pine type, suspension type etc.) and their use in
Sub-Station will depend upon the service requirement. Post insulators are used for the
bus bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap,
&flanged cast iron base. The whole cap is threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted to the
cap. When the line is subjected to a greater tension, strain insulators are used. When tension in
line is exceedingly high, two or more strings are used in parallel.

Isolating Switches:-
In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and
repairs. This is accomplished by an isolating switch or isolator. An isolator is essentially a knife
Switch and is design to often open a circuit under no load, in other words, isolator switches are
operate only when the line is which they are connected carry no load. For example, consider that
the isolator are connected on both side of a cut breaker, if the isolators are to be opened, the C.B.
must be opened first. If an isolator is opened carelessly, when carrying high current the resulting
arc easily door. The interrupter chambers should be stored on raised ground to avoid rain water
in storage.

Circuit breaker :-
A circuit breaker is a equipment, which can open or close a circuit under normal as well as fault
condition. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the
station. It is so designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote control) under normal
conditions and automatically under fault condition. A circuit breaker consists of fixed & moving
contacts which are touching each other under normal condition i.e. when breaker is closed.
Whenever a fault occurs trip coil gets energized, the moving contacts are pulled by some
mechanism & therefore the circuit is opened or circuit breaks. When circuit breaks an arc is stack
between contacts, the production of arc not only interrupts the current but generates enormous
amount of heat which may cause damage to the system or the breaker itself. Therefore the main
problem in a circuit breaker is to extinguish the arc within the shortest possible time so that the
heat generated by it may not reach a dangerous value. The medium used for arc extinction is
usually
Oil, Air, Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) or vacuum.
Circuit breakers can be classified on the basis of medium used for arc extinction:
Oil Circuit Breakers:-
These are the oldest type of circuit breakers & have the virtues of reliability, simplicity of
construction & relative cheapness. These are mainly of two types:
Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers:-
using large quantity of oil are also called the d e a d t a n k because the tank is held at earth
potential. Such circuit breakers may further be classified as:-
.Plain Break Oil Circuit Breakers:-
are very simple in construction & widely used in low voltage dc & ac circuits. For use on higher
voltages, they become unduly large in size & need huge of transformer oil. In addition, such
breakers are not suitable for high-speed interruption; therefore, these cannot be used in auto-
closing.
Self Generated Pressure Oil Circuit Breakers:-
These are of three types viz.
Plain explosion pot having limited breaking capacity, c r o s s j e t e x p l o s i o n
p o t
suitable for interrupting heavy current high voltage (66kV) & self compensated explosion pot
suitable for operation both at heavy currents as well as low currents. Plain explosion pot cannot
be used either for very low currents because of increased arcing time or for very heavy currents
because of risk of bursting of pot due to high pressure.

Impulse Type Oil circuit Breakers:- Have the main advantage, over other conventional design, of
reduced requirement of oil (roughly one-fourth).The possibility of current chopping can also be
avoided by using resistance switching.
Low oil or Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers: These are also called the live tank circuit breakers
because the oil tank is insulated from the ground. Such circuit breakers are now available for all
type of voltages(3.6,7.2,12,36,72.5,145,245 & 420 kV) & for the highest breaking capacities.
The MOCB with rated voltage of 12 kV has a single interrupter per phase without extra support
insulator.
Low Voltage Air Circuit Breakers:-
These breakers are designed for use on dc circuits & low voltage ac circuits for the protection of
general lighting & motor circuits. These breakers are usually provided with an over current
tripping mechanism which may be of instantaneous or time delay type or combination of both.
Trip devices may be set over a range from about 80 to 160 percent of rating. The breakers may
also be provided with over tripping ranges & arrangements such as low voltage trip, shunt trip
connected to ever voltage, reverse current or over current relays. Such breakers are of rating of
two & including 6,000 A ac & 12,000 A dc voltage ratings are 250 to 600 V ac & 250 to 750 V
dc Special breakers available up to 3,000 V for dc services.
Air Blast Circuit Breakers:
The air blast circuit breakers employs compressed air (at a pressure of 20kg/cm) for arc
extinction & are finding their best application in systems operating 132 kV & above (up to
400kV) with breaking capacity up to 7,500MVA (during short circuit fault) & above although
such breakers have also been designed to cover the voltage range of 6,600 Volts to 132,000
Volts. These breakers have the advantages of less burning of contacts because of less arc energy,
little maintenance , facility of high speed re closure no risk of explosion& fire hazard &
suitability for duties requiring frequent operations. The drawbacks of such breakers are
additional need of compressor plant for supplying compressed air, current chopping,
sensitivity restriking voltage & air leakage at the pipe line fittings.

Vacuum Circuit Breakers:

The idea behind the vacuum circuit breakers is to eliminate the medium between the contacts-
vacuum. The dielectric strength of vacuum is 1000 times more than that of any medium. In
construction it is very simple circuit breaking comparison to an air, or oil circuit breakers. These
breakers are used for reactor switching transformer switching, capacitor bank switching where
the voltages are high & the current to be interrupted is low.
Specification of 132 kV Vacuum Circuit Breaker:
Type=ELFSF2-1 (r) Rated Voltage=145 kV Rated Frequency=50 Hz Rated Normal
current=3150 Amps at 40
ac Rated Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage=650 KV Rated Short Circuit Breaking
Current=31.5 k Amps Rated Short Time Withstand Current & Duration=31.3 k Amps for 3 sec
Line Charging Breaking Current=50 k Amps First Pole To Clear Factor=1.5Rated Gas Pressure
SF6/20
ac(abs) =7.0 bar Closing & Opening Devices Supply Voltage=220 v (dc)Auxiliary Supply
Voltage=One Phase, 240v ac &Three Phase, 415v ac Air Pressure=22 bar Total Mass=1750 kg
(approx)
Closing Time ≤ 130 m sec Maker= M/S ABB It is used for transformer-1
Sulphur Hex-fluoride Circuit Breakers:
SF6 gas has unique properties such as very high dielectric strength, non-reactive to the other
components of circuit breakers, high time constant & faster combination property after removal
of the source energizing the spark, which proves it superior to the other mediums (such as oil or
air) for use in circuit breakers.SF6 circuit breakers have the advantages of very much reduced
electrical clearances, performance independent of ambient conditions, noise less operation,
reduce moisture problem, minimum current chopping, small arcing time, no reduction in
dielectric strength of SF6 , low maintenance, reduced installation time & increased safety. Such
as circuit breakers are used for rated voltages in the ranges of 3.6 to 760 kV .For the later
operation a relay wt. is used with a C.B. generally bulk oil C.B. are used for voltage up to 66 KV
while for high voltage low oil & SF6 C.B. are used. For still higher voltage, air blast vacuum or
SF6 cut breaker are used. The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are
having high input KV input, say above
132kv
And more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force i.e. under high pressure. When if
the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts
operating if the gas went lower than
Bar
There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas goes low. The
circuit breaker uses theSF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault in the line. The
circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the station, when any fault occur alarm
bell rings

Specification of 132kV SF6

Circuit Breaker:
Type=120-SFM-32B (3 Pole) STD. Rated Voltage=145 kV Rated Frequency=50 Hz Rated
Normal Current=1600 Amps Rated Making Current=80 k Amps Rated Short Circuit Breaking
Current=31.5 k Amps Rated Short Time Current=31.5 k Amps for 3 Sec Rated Lightning
Impulse Withstand Voltage=650 KV p First Pole To Clear Factor=1.5Rated Gas Pressure=6
kg/cm
2-gm at 20oc tem Gas Weight=7.5 kg Total Weight=1450 kg Rated Coil Voltage Closing=220 v
(dc) Tripping=230 v (dc) Motor Voltage=230 v (ac)Auxiliary Voltage=1 phase 230 v (a.c)Rated
Closing Time<130 m Sec Rated Operating Time<130 m Sec Maker=M/S CG l This breaker is
used in 132 kV, Mohaddipur Sub-Station 132 kV Transformer-II protection

Protective relay :-
A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the C.B. is to
isolate the defective element from the
rest of the system”. The
relay detects the abnormal condition in the electrical circuit by constantly measuring the
electrical quantities, which are different under normal and fault condition. The electrical
quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, current, frequency and phase
angle. Having detected the fault, the relay operate to close the trip circuit of C.B. There are two
principle reason for this firstly if the fault is not cleared quickly, it may cause unnecessary
interruption of service to the customer. Secondly, rapid disconnection of faulty apparatus limits
the amount of damage to it and a prevent the effects from speeding into the system. A protective
relay is a device that detects the fault & initiates the operation of circuit breaker to isolate the
defective element from the rest of the system. Most of the relays operate on the principle
of electromagnetic attraction or electromagnetic induction. The following important types of
relays are generally used in electrical distribution & transmission line:
1.Induction Type Over Current Relay
2.Induction Type Over Voltage Relay
3.Distance Relay
4.Differential Relay
5.Earth Fault Relay
Induction Type Over Current Relay:
This type of relay operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction initiates corrective
measures when current in the circuit exceeds a predetermined value. The actuating source is a
current in the circuit supplied to the relay by a current transformer .These relays are used on ac
circuits only and can operate for fault flow in either direction. Under normal condition the
resulting torque is greater than the driving torque produced by the relay coil current. Hence the
Aluminium disc remains stationary, by during fault current in the protective circuit exceeds the
set value. The driving torque becomes greater than the starting torque & the disc starts to rotate,
hence moving contact bridges are fixed contact when the disc rotates to a preset value. Trip
circuit operates the circuit breaker, which isolates the faulty section.2.
Induction Type Over Voltage Relay:
This type of relay operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction &initiates corrective
measures when current in the circuit exceeds a predetermined value. Under normal condition the
aluminium disc remains stationary. However if the voltage increases at any cost the disc starts to
rotate, hence moving contact bridges to the fixed contact when the disc rotates through a preset
angle. Trip circuit operates the circuit breaker, which isolates the faultysection.3.
Distance Relay:
Under normal operating condition, the pull is due to the voltage element. Therefore the relay
contacts remains open. However when a fault occurs in the protected zone the applied voltage to
the relay decreases where the current increases. The ratio of voltage to current faults is below
the predetermined value. Therefore, the pull of the current element will exceed that due to
voltage element & this causes the beam to tilt in direction to close the tripcircuit.4.
Differential Relay:
It compensates the phase difference between the power transformers primary &secondary. The
C.T.s on the two sides are connected by pilot wires at both ends are same & no current flows
through the relays. If a ground or phase-to-phase fault occurs, the currents in the C.T.s no longer
will be the same & the differential current flowing through the relay circuit will clear the breaker
on both sides of transformers. The protected zone is limited to the C.T.s on the low voltage side
& C.T.s on the high voltage side of the transformer. This scheme also provides protection for
short circuits between turns of the same phase winding. During a short circuit, the turn ratio of
power transformer is altered & cause unbalance in the system which cause the relay to operate.
However, such sorts are better taken care by Buchholz relay.
Earth Fault Relay:
This scheme provides no protection against phase to phase faults unless & until they develop
into earth faults. A relay is connected across transformer secondary. The protections against
earth faults are limited to the region between the neutral & line current transformer. Under
normal operating condition, no differential current flows through the relay. When earth fault
occurs in the protected zone, the differential current flows through the operating coil of the relay.
The relay then closes its contacts to disconnect the equipment from the system.
Instrument Transformers :-
The line in Sub-Station operate at high voltage and carry current of thousands of amperes. The
measuring instrument and protective devices are designed for low voltage (generally 110V) and
current (about 5A). Therefore, they will not work satisfactory if mounted directly on the power
lines. This difficulty is overcome by installing Instrument transformer on the power lines. There
are two types of instrument transformer.

Current Transformer :-
A current transformer is essentially a step-down transformer. It steps-down the current in a
known ratio, the primary of this transformer consist of one or more turn of thick wire connected
in series with the line. The secondary consist of thick wire connected in series with line having
large number of turn of fine wire and provides for measuring instrument, and relay a current,
which is a constant faction of the current in the line. Current transformers are basically used to
take the readings of the currents entering the substation. This transformer steps down the current
from 800 ampsto1amp. This is done because we have no instrument for measuring of such a
large current. The main use of his transformer is-
(a)distance protection;
(b) backup protection;
Voltage Transformer or Potential Transformer :-
It is essentially a step down transformer and step down the voltage in known ratio. The primary
of these transformer consist of a large number of turn of fine wire connected across the line. The
secondary winding consist of a few turns, provides for measuring instruments, and relay a
voltage that is known fraction of the line voltage. In Mohaddipur Substation.
Specification of 132 kV P.T.:
Line voltage=132 KVA/Phase=750Phase=1Class=B Frequency=50 Hz* Neutrally Earthed
Voltage=Primary-73200VSecondary-63.5V\

Transformer :-
There are two transformers in the incoming feeders so that the three lines are step down at the
same time. In case of a 220KV or more Auto transformers are used. While in case of lower KV
line such as less than 132KV line double winding transformers are used of lower KV line such as
less than 132KV line double winding transformers are used Transformer is static equipment,
which converts electrical energy from one voltage to another. As the system voltage goes up, the
techniques to be used for the Design, Construction, Installation, Operation and Maintenance also
become more and more critical. If proper are is exercised in the installation, maintenance and
condition monitoring of the transformer, it can give the user trouble free service throughout the
expected life of equipment which of the order of 25-35 years. Hence, it is very essential that the
personnel associated with the installation, operation or maintenance of the transformer is through
with the Instructions provided by the manufacture.
Basic Principle:
The transformer is based on two principles; firstly, that an electric current can produce a
magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of
wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction).Charging the
current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic
flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil. The two circuits are electrically isolated
but magnetically linked through a low reluctance path. If one coil is connected to ac supply, an
ac is setup in both of these circuits. This helps to transfer the voltage from one side to another.
We have observed five at KLSD along with two station transformers. Out of these five, two are
132/33kV in y-d mode & others are 33/11 kV in d-Y mode.
Accessories of transformers: Core & Winding:
It may be of various shape i.e. core, shell. It is made of cold-rolled-grain-oriented Silicon-steel
of varnish insulation on the lamination. The core is laminated to reduce the core loss. The
laminations are made in steps & try to give circular cross section. Bolts 7 nuts secure the
lamination. The coreis placed at the bottom of the tank. The tanks are constructed from sheet
steel

63MVA/40MVA Transformer :-
For small tank & boiler sheet for large tank.. There are thermometer pockets, radiator tubes for
increasing cooling surfaces. A 3-phase transformer has six separate windings, three primary &
three secondary wound iron cores. Name led copper with insulation is used for winding.
Insulated papers are used for interlayer insulation. Paper in the form of tape may be utilized for
tapping winding leads and other parts. Pressboards are used for insulation between windings &
core. Pressboards are also used to separate HV windings from LV windings inputs nearer the
core.
Transformer Oil:
The tank is filled with transformer oil; & sealed. It is a mineral oil obtained by refining crude
petroleum. It serves the following purposes:-
1.Provides additional insulation
II. Carries away the heat generated in the core & oils Good transformer oil should have:-High
dielectric strength. Low viscosity to provide good heat transformation. High flash/fire point Free
from inorganic acid, alkali & corrosive Sulfur Free from under normal operating condition. It is
Important to check the oil in regular intervals.
Conservator:
It consists of an airtight metal drum fixed above the level of the top of the tank& connected with
the tank is completely filled with oil. The conservator is partially is filled with oil. The function
of conservator is to take up construction& expansion of oil without allowing it to come in contact
without sideair. Transformer oil will expand due to the heat generated because of losses.
Breather:
When the temperature changes, expansion of contacts & there is a displacement of air . When
the transformer cools the oil level goes down 7 air is drawn in. The oil should not be allowed to
come in contact with the atmospheric air as it may take moisture which may spoil its insulating
properties. Air may cause acidity or slugging of oil, so, the air coming in is passed through an
apparatus called breather for extracting moisture. The breather consists of a small vessel, which
contains a drying agent like Silica gel crystal.
Diverter tank:
It is a drum like structure mounted on a transformer wall &filled with transformer oil &
connected to conservator. It reduces arcing during tap changing operation.
Radiator:
It is of small thickness & large diameter plates & used for heat dissipation during operation.
Large diameter means large surface area 7 better cooling.
Temperature Indicator:
 There are two temperature indicators on the transformer tank one for oil temperature
measurement & another for core temperature measurement. In 31.5MVA Transformers when oil
temperature reaches 65 o c cooling fans starts automatically but when the oil temperature rises at
75 ac or winding temperature rises at 85oc the alarm circuit will be closed. Further increase in oil
or winding temp the circuit will trip automatically. Cooling fans are placed beside the radiator
tube, which are used for oil cooling. Generally the cooling fans start automatically but when
needed it can be started manually.
Bushing:
it is fixed on the transformer tank and these connections is made to the external circuits.
Ordinary porcelain insulators can be used as bushing up to voltage of33 kV. Above 33 KV oil
filled type bushings are used. In filled bushings, the conductor is passed through the hollow
porcelain insulator which is filled with oil.
Buchholz relay:
It Is a gas actuated relay installed in oil immersed transformers for protection against all kinds of
faults. Any fault produces heat& forces the evolution of gas. It mainly consists of two float
switches 7 placed in the connecting pipe between the main tank & conservator. Under normal
condition they main tank and
Buchholz relay is completely filled up with oil &the conservator tank is about that full. When the fault
occurs, produces gas &collect in the container so the oil level gradually falls & closing the alarm circuit. I
f no attention is paid to it, the gas collection will be more & closes another circuit which will cut out the
transformer from the line. Explosion Vent/ Pressure Release Vent:

When the gas pressure on the container is heavy, explosion vent is released. Alarm circuit & trip
circuit will close by Buchholz Relay, before opening the explosion vent it is used now a days.

Tap Changing:

Mainly 132/33 kV transformer uses on-load tap changing &33/11 kV transformer is used of load
off-load tap changing. The tap changer is generally done on H.V side because current flow is less
than lv side. Which reduces the flashing during the tap changing. Here tap changed in 132/33 kV
transformer
63 MVA Transformer Specification:-
Transformer spec. IS-2026_81 Type of cooling ON AN/ON AN
Maker Sr. No. KVA 50400/63000 Frequency 50 Hz
Volt at no load HV 132000 Impedance Tap1 14.33%
LV 33000 voltage Normal 12.97%
Amperes HV 220.44/275.5 Tap17 9.13%
LV 881.77/1102.2 Vector groupe ref. Ynyno
Phase HV 3 Core & winding 47000kg
LV 3 Weight of copper 12500kg
Temp.- rise in oil 45oc Weight of CRGO 31200kg
WDG 50oc Tank & fitting 21000kg
Oil weight 18000kg
Year of manufacture 2014 Total weight 86000kg
Oil volume(total) 20571ltr.
Losses 75oc & normal tap Guranteed value (maximum) Measured value
No load loss (KW) 20.0
Load loss (KW) 180.0
Auxilliary loss(KW) 2.0
40 MVA Transformer Specification:-
Transformer spec. IS-2026
Type of cooling ON AN ON AN
Frequency 50 hz
Volt at no load HV 132000 132000 Impedance Tap1 15.40%
LV 33000 33000 voltage Tap5 13.75%
Amperes HV 104.97 174.96 Tap17 9.63%
LV 416.89 699.82 Vector groupe ref. YNyno
Phase HV 3 Core & winding 37800kg
LV 3 Weight of copper 11500kg
Temp.- rise in oil 50oc Weight of CRGO 21000kg
WDG 55oc Tank & fitting 14000kg
Oil weight 15660kg
Year of manufacture 2014 Total weight 87460kg
Oil volume(total) 18000ltr.
Losses 75oc & normal tap Guranteed value (maximum) Measured value
No load loss (kw) 17
Load loss (kw) 125
Auxilliary loss (kw) 2

Protection Against Lightning:

Transients or Surges on the power system may originate from switching or other causes, but the
most important& dangerous surges are those which caused by lightning. The lightning surges
may cause serious damage to the expensive equipments or strokes on transmission lines that
reach the equipments travelling as a wave. Thus it is necessary to provide a protection against
lightning surges, They are:-
1.Earth Screen.
2.Overhead Ground Wire.
3.Lightning Arrestor
Earth Screen:
The power stations & the substations are generally have much expensive equipments. These
stations can be protected from direct lightning strikes by providing earthing screens. It consists
of a network of Copper conductors mounted all over the electrical equipments in the substation
or Power station. The screen is properly connected to earth on at least two points through low
impedance. On the current ac of direct stroke on the station the screen provides a low resistance
path by which lightning surges are connected to the ground. In this way station equipments are
protected against lightning.
Overhead Ground Wires:
The most effective method of providing protection against direct lightning strokes is by the use
of overhead ground wires. The ground wires are placed over line conductors at such position that
practically all lightning strokes are intercepted by them. The ground wire is ground at each tower
or pole through as low resistance as possible. When the direct lightning strokes occur on the
transmission line will be taken u by the ground wire. The heavy current flows to the ground
through the ground wire, so it protects the line from harmful effects of lightning.
Lightening Arrestors:
Firstly, we can see lightning arrestors. These lightning arrestors can resist or ground the
lightning, if falls on the incoming feeders. The lightning work in an angle of 30 degrees around
them. They are mostly used for protection of the instruments used in the substation. As the cost
of the instruments in the substation are very high to protect them from high voltage lightning
these arrestors are used. It is a device used in Electrical Power systems the insulation o the
system fromthe damaging effect of lightning. Metal Oxide (MOVs) have been used for power
system protection the mid 70s.The typical lightning arrestor is also known surge arrestor has a
high voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge or switching surge travels
down the power system to the arrestor, the current from the surge is diverted around the
protected insulation in most cases to earth. Light nine arrestors with earth switch are used after
the current transformers to protect it from lightning i.e. from high voltage entering into it. This
lightning arrestor has an earth switch that can directly earth the lightning. The arrestor works
at30o to 45o angle of the lightning making a cone. The earth switch can be operated manually, by
pulling the switch towards the ground. This also helps in breaking the line entering the station.
By doing so maintenance repair of any instrument could be performed.

Types of lightning arrestors:-

There are several types of lightning arrestors are in use, differs only in their constructional detail
but they are electrically identical & operate on the same principle. They are-
a. Rod gap arrestor
b. Horn gap arrestor
c. Valve type arrestor
.Rod type arrestor:
It consists of two rods which are bent in right angles with a gap in between them. One rod is
connected to the line circuit & the other one is connected to the earth. They are usually
connected across the string of insulators & bushings of various transformers. The rod gap should
be set to breakdown at about 20% below the impulse spark over voltage of insulation at the point
where it is installed. To protect the insulator it should be one 3rd of the rod gap. Under the
normal condition the gap remains non conductive. On the occurrence of high voltage surge on
the line, the gap sparks over & the surge current is connected to earth.
Horn gap arrestor:
It consists of two horn shaped metals rods separated by a small air gap. The horns are so
constructed that distance between them gradually increase towards the top. The horns are
mounted on the porcelain insulators. On end of the hornes connected to the line & other end is
efficiently grounded. Under normal condition the gap is non conductive. On the occurrence of
high voltage, spark takes place across the gap & the arc to travel up the gap. At some position of
arc, the distance may be for the voltage to maintain the arc. Consequently, the arc is
extinguished, & the excess charge on the line is thus conducted to ground through arrestor.
Valve type arrestors:
It consists of a no. of flat disc of a porous material stacked one above the other& separated by
a thin mica rings. porous material is made of specially prepared clay with a small add mixture of
powdered conducting substance. The discs are arranged in such a way that the normal voltage
may not cause the discharge to occur. The mica rings provide insulations during normal
operation. At time of over voltage, the glow discharge occurs in the capillaries of the material&
the voltage drops to about 350 volts per unit.

Specification of Lightning Arrestors In 132 KV System:

Style= SMX Type= ZOBIVER Rated Voltage=102 k v Long duration Discharge=3Frequency=50HzPressure
Relief Current = 40 KA Normal Discharge Current= 10 KA

Capacitor bank attached to the bus:-

The capacitor banks are used across the
bus so that the voltage does not get down below the required voltage. When the inductive
property of the line increases then the voltage lags behind current & causes loss of money, so to
raise the voltage up &prevent loss of money capacitor banks are used. It raises the voltage and
raises power factor.

Wave trap :-
Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap is that it traps
the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to
the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the
instruments here in the substation. Low pass filter when power frequency currents are passed to
switch yard and high frequency signals are blocked. Line Isolator with EB To isolate the line
from Sub Station and earth, it under shut down.

THE FIRE PROTECTION:-

The fire protection device should be kept in store yard for safety of equipments during storage.
It can be useful in the time of danger. This includes fire extinguishers, constant supply of water
etc.

Storage of equipments for the sub station :

All the substation equipments/materials received on site should be stored properly, either in the
outdoor yard or in the stores shade depending on the storage requirement of that particular
equipment. The material received should be properly counted and checked for any
damages/breakages etc. The storage procedure for main equipment is as follows:

.EHV C.T.s and P.T.s Normally, 220KV are packed in iron structures for extra supports with cross beams to avo
horizontal position. C.Ts and P.Ts. packed in wood enc rates should not be stored for longer
period as the packing may deteriorate. The wooden packages should be stored on a cement
platform or on MS Channels to avoid faster deterioration of the wooden crates. C.Ts and P.Ts
packed in iron cases stored in horizontal position should be placed on stable ground. No CTs and
P.Ts. should be unpacked in horizontal position.

L.A. are packed in sturdy wooden case as the porcelain portion is very fragile. Care should be
taken while unpacking, handling and storage due to this reason.

.Batteries, Acid, Battery charger C & R panel, A.C.D.B s copper piping, clamp connectors,
hardware etc. should be stored indoor.
Power transformers
:The main Tank -The transformer is transported on trailer to substation site and as far as possible
directly unloaded on the plinth. Transformer tanks up to 25MVA capacity are generally oil filled,
and those of higher capacity are transported with N2 gas filled in them +ve pressure of N2 is
maintained in transformer tank to avoid the ingress of moisture. This pressure should be
maintained during storage; if necessary by filling N2 Bushings –generally transported in wooden
cases in horizontal position and should be stored in that position. There being more of Fragile
material, care should be taken while handling them. These should be stored with ends duly
blanked with gaskets and end plates to avoid in gross of moisture, dust, and any foreign materials
inside. The care should be taken to protect the fins of radiators while unloading and storage to
avoid further oil leakages. The radiators should be stored on raised ground keeping the fins
intact. Oil piping. The Oil piping should also be blanked at the ends with gasket and
blanking plates to avoid in gross of moisture, dust, and foreign All other accessories
like temperature meters, oil flow indicators, PRVs, Buchholz relay; oil surge relays; Gas kit O ‘
rings etc. should be properly packed and stored indoor in stores head. Oil is received in sealed oil
barrels . The oil barrels should be stored in horizontal position with the lids on either side in
horizontal position to maintain oil pressure on them from inside and subsequently avoiding
moisture and water ingress into oil. The transformers are received on site with loose accessories
hence the materials should be checked as per bills of materials.

CONTROL AND RELAY PARTS:

These are used to control the operations of breakers, isolates, through protective relays installed
on these panels various protection schemes for transformers, lines etc, are provided on these
panels.

CAPACITOR BANK
Capacitor bank accomplishes following operation I. To supply reactive power II.
Increase terminal voltage III. Improve power factor Practically the voltage inside the
capacitor bank in the 132KV substation is of 33KV.When the voltage inside the
capacitor bank is bellow from 33.5KV the capacitor bank operated and increased the
voltage unto the desired level. If the voltage is greater than 36.1KV the capacitor bank is
of. It is important to have power factor is closed as close to unity as possible. In order to
improve the power factor some device taking leading power factor should be connected
parallel with the load. One of such device can be a capacitor bank. The capacitor draws
a leading current and partly or completely neutralizes the lagging reactive component of
load current. The load on the power is varying, being high during morning and evening
and low at other times. During low load period, supply voltage is increased which
increases the magnetization current, this result in the decreased power factor. The low
power factor is mainly due to the fact that most of the load power factor is highly
undesirable as it causes an increases in current, resulting in additional losses. :

CONTROL PANEL:
This is the main part of the substation. We plant it outside the switchyard. All the
equipment which is install inside the switchyard is connected to the control panel by a
underground cable. These cable are connected to the measuring devices like as
voltmeter and ammeter of high rating. This control panel also consists a different type of
relays like as differential, earth fault, auxiliary etc. control panel gives all the correct
reading for example when a line is come in switch yard is connected to CVT. This CVT
gives an exact value of incoming voltage on the control panel, If any fault is occurs, the
relay is trip and we can see it on control panel and except it control panel gives the
rating of all feeders and temperature of oil and winding in the transformer.

BATTERY ROOM :
This is the room, which consist DC batteries. There are 55 DC cell of 2 Volt each.
These cells are connected in series, so it will give total of 110V. This 110V DC Supply is
used for operating the control panel, when the AC supply is off. This 110V DC voltage is
also supplied to circuit breakers for operating; this supply is used when AC is off. We
use this supply as a secondary supply. It means that this DC voltage is used when the
AC is interrupted. .

Detail of Register:
1. Attendance Register-Attendance registers are a helpful tool that allow you to
record students' presence at or participation in course-related sessions. They allow you to add
information such as class lists and events in order to quickly and easily record
student attendance.
2. Testing Register-This report describes about the various testing that are required to be
done before commissioning of 66/33 KV substation. Primary goal of this report is to provide
in a simple and more of conventional way of conducting the testing of various switchgears
and the system.
3. Energy Count Resister-This resister is use to make a record of used energy.
4. Defect Resister-This resister use to make a record of generated fault in substation.
5. Shutdown Register-De-energizing a substation for maintenance is typically not done
because the load served by the substation must remain in service. When maintenance is required,
only those parts of the substation that require service are taken off-line by the operation of
opening circuit breakers and isolation switches.
6. Stoppage Register-This register is use to make a record of shut down or restart of panal.
7. Inspection Register-An electrical inspector is an authorized person from the government
and municipality who is responsible for checking the electrical connections to ensure they comply
with the law codes and requirements in the area.
8. Message Register-This register use to make a record of message on governmental register
and messages are type of instruction to shutdown the panal.
9. Battery Register-Battery register contain the record of its damage, maintenance and
plantation time.
10. Tripping Register- This register is use to make a record of fault in phase line.
11. Minimum and Maximum load Register- This register use to make a record of less and
large use of current per month.
 CONCLUSION
Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important
role in our life. We are made aware of how the transmission of electricity is
done. We too came to know about the various parts of the Substation
system as well as the grid and its interconnections.

The Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited has got

radio communication in microwave range in order to transmit and receive
data with various Substations in Uttar Pradesh to get reliable transmission
and distribution of electricity in the state.