Electrical Machine - II

Module – VII
• INTRODUCTION

• DOUBLE REVOLVING FIELD THEORY

• CROSSFIELD THEORY

• TORQUE SPEED CHARACTERISTIC

• EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODLE

• STARTING METHOD

• APPLICATION

INTRODUCTION
Single phase induction motor is an AC motor were
electrical energy is converted to mechanical energy to
perform some physical task. This induction motor
requires only one power phase for their proper
operation. They are commonly used in low power
applications, in domestic and industrial use. Simple
construction, cheap cost, better reliability, eases to
repair and better maintenance are some of its mark able
advantages.
Construction of Single Phase Induction Motor

The main components of the Single Phase induction motor are

stator and rotor. Stator is known to be the stationary part.
Usually, the single phase alternating supply is given to the
stator winding. Rotor is the rotating part of the motor. Rotor is
connected to the mechanical load with the help of a shaft. A
squirrel cage rotor is used here. It has a laminated iron core
with many slots. Rotor slots are closed or semi-closed type. The
rotor windings are symmetrical and at the same type it is short
circuited. An air gap is there between the rotor and the stator.
The most practical applications of this motor are in
refrigerators, clocks, drills, pumps, washing machines etc. The
stator winding in the 1Ø induction motor has two parts: Main
Winding and Auxiliary Winding. Usually, the Auxiliary winding is
perpendicular to the main winding. In 1Ø induction motor the
winding with more turns is known as main winding. While the
other wire is called as auxiliary winding.
The performance of the single phase induction motor is
analysed by the two theories. One is known as the Double
Revolving Field Theory, and the other is Cross Field Theory.
Both the theories are similar and explain the reason for the
production of torque when the rotor is rotating.

DOUBLE REVOLVING FIELD THEORY

The double revolving field theory of a single phase

induction motor states that a pulsating magnetic field is
resolved into two rotating magnetic fields. They are
equal in magnitude but opposite in directions. The
induction motor responds to each of the magnetic fields
separately. The net torque in the motor is equal to the
sum of the torque due to each of the two magnetic fields
Let Øm be the pulsating field in the motor which has two
components with a magnitude of Øm/2. Both rotate at
the speed ω rad/sec and in opposite direction. This is
shown in the figure below. Alternating flux produced by
the stator is represented by Ø1 and Ø2. Each of the
fluxes is equal to half the maximum value of alternating
flux and they rotate at synchronous speed in opposite
directions. The flux Ø1 will result in the torque T1 in the
anticlockwise direction and flux Ø2 will produce a torque
T2 in the clockwise direction. When the rotor is in rest
condition, torques T1 and T2 are equal and opposite and
the net torque developed will be zero. Therefore, the
single – phase induction motor is not self – starting. This
fact is illustrated in the figure below.
CROSS FIELD THEORY

Consider a single phase induction motor with standstill

rotor as shown in the Fig. 1. The stator winding is excited
by the single phase a.c. supply. This supply produces an
alternating flux Φs which acts along the axis of the stator
winding. Due to this flux, e.m.f., gets induced in the rotor
conductors due to transformer action. As rotor is closed
one, this e.m.f. circulates current through the rotor
conductors. The direction of the rotor current is as
shown in the Fig. 1. The direction of rotor current is so as
to oppose the cause producing it, which is stator flux Φs.

Fig. 1

Now Fleming's left hand rule can be used to find the

direction of the force experienced by the rotor
conductors. It can be seen that when Φs acts in upward
direction and increasing positively, the conductors on left
experience force from left to right while conductors on
right experience force from right to left. Thus overall, the
force experienced by the rotor is zero. Hence no torque
exists on the rotor and rotor can not start rotating.
We have seen that there must exist two fluxes
separated by some angle so as to produce rotating
magnetic field. According to cross field theory, the stator
flux can be resolved into two components which are
mutually perpendicular. One acts along axis of the stator
winding and other acts perpendicular to it.
Assume now that an initial push is given to the rotor
anticlockwise direction. Due to the rotation, rotor
physically cuts the stator flux and dynamically e.m.f. gets
induced in the rotor. This is called speed e.m.f. or
rotational e.m.f. The direction of such e.m.f. can be
obtained by Flemung's right hand rule and this e.m.f. in
phase with the stator flux Φs. The direction of e.m.f. is
shown in the Fig. 2. This e.m.f. us denoted as E2N. This
e.m.f. circulates current through rotor which is I2N. This
current produces its own flux called rotor flux Φr. This
axis of Φr is at 90o to the axis of stator flux hence this
rotor flux is called cross-field.
 Fig. 2

Due to very high rotor reactance, the rotor current

I2N and Φr lags the rotational e.m.f. by almost 90o .
Thus Φr is in quadrature with Φs in space and lags
Φs by 90o in time phase. Such two fluxes produce the
rotating magnetic field.
The direction of this rotating magnetic field will be
same as the direction of the initial push given. Thus rotor
experiences a torque in the same direction as that of
rotating magnetic field i.e. the direction of initial push. So
rotor accelerates in the anticlockwise direction under the
case considered and attains a subsynchronous speed in
the steady state.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODLE

The Equivalent circuit of a Single Phase Induction Motor
can be obtained by two methods named as the Double
Revolving Field Theory and Cross Field Theory. Firstly the
equivalent circuit is developed on the basis of double
revolving field theory when only its main winding is
energized.

r1m x1m
X’2/2
R’2/2
Xm/2
X’2/2

vm

R’2/2

Xm/2

X’2/2

In the above circuit diagram, the air gap portion is split

into two parts. The first part shows the effect of forward
rotating flux and the second parts shows the effect of the
backward rotating flux. The effective rotor resistance
with respect to the forward rotating flux is R’2/2S and
with respect to the backward rotating flux is R’2/2 (2-s).

When both forward and backward slips are taken into

account, the equivalent circuit shown below is formed. In
this condition, the motor is running on the main winding
alone.
The rotor impedance representing the effect of the
forward field referred to the stator winding m is given by
an impedance shown below.

The rotor impedance of a single phase induction motor

representing the effect of the backward field referred to
the stator winding m is given by an impedance shown
below.
Here,

The above equation (3) is the equation of the current in

the stator winding.

STARTING METHOD
There are 5 method for starting of single phase induction
motor are :-

• Split Phase Induction Motor.

 • Capacitor Start Motor.

• Capacitor-start and capacitor–run motor.

• Permanent split capacitor (PSC) type motor.

• Shaded pole motor.

We discuss one by one the above starting method of

single phase induction motor.

SPLIT PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Also known as resistance start motor. The main winding

and the auxiliary winding are displaced by 90 degree.
Centrifugal switch is used here. Some of its
characteristics include: Power rating from 60W – 250W,
constant speed and high starting current. Due to the low
cost of the motor it is very popular in the market.
Domestic applications make use of this motor effectively.
Due its low starting torque, it cannot drive more than
1kW.
CAPICITOR START MOTOR

Here the auxiliary winding has more turns. An electrolytic

capacitor is placed in serially with the auxiliary winding. A
centrifugal switch is also connected and the two windings
are placed 90 degree. Some of its characteristics are cost
is high, power rating from 120 W – 7 kW etc. Capacitor
start motor are commonly used in those applications
were high starting torque is required.
CAPACITOR-START AND CAPACITOR-RUN
MOTOR

Cage rotor and the stator windings are the two main
parts of the motor. The stator windings are placed 90
degree. This uses two capacitors in parallel. Here also a
centrifugal switch is used. Starting large loads, simple
operation, better efficiency are some of its
characteristics. Domestic and industrial applications
make use of this motor effectively.
PERMENANT SPLIT CAPACITOR TYPE
MOTOR

Cage rotor and stator winding are the two parts of the
motor. This has only one capacitor in series with the
auxiliary winding. Here the capacitor works in running
and starting conditions. No centrifugal switch is used
here. Some characteristics of this motor are good
efficiency, low start current, no centrifugal switch, large
torque, use of simple capacitors etc. Fans, blowers etc.
makes use of this motor widely.

SHADED POLE MOTOR

Cage rotor and stator are the main parts of this motor.
Here the stator consists of salient poles with an exciting
coil. Each pole is wrapped by a shading coil. The poles are
called as shaded pole. Simple construction, no centrifugal
switch, power rating of about 30W are some of its
characteristics. Low power applications make use of this
motor widely.
APPLICATION OF SIGLE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR

There are so many applications of single phase induction

motor some of them are :
• Air-conditioner and refrigerator
• Ceiling Fan and Blowers
• Machine Tool Drive
• Pump Drive
NAME: MANVENDRA SINGH
ROLL NUMBER: BE/25091/16
YEAR: 3rd year 5th semester
SUBBIMETED TO: Mr.deepak kumar verma