Stars Turk

SOME STAR NAMES IN MODERN TURKIC LANGUAGES-II*
Yong-Sŏng LI**
5. Names for ‘the Great Bear/the Big Dipper’

Ursa Major (the Great Bear) is the most widely known and oldest of the
astronomical constellations. It is a circumpolar group as viewed from the mid-
dle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. One part of the configuration, a
group of seven bright stars, which is pictured as the tail of the Great Bear, is
commonly known in the United States as the Big Dipper which it resembles.1
5.1 “seven + Noun/Suffix”
Many words comprised of the number ‘seven’ and a noun/suffix mean ‘the
Great Bear’ in the Turkic languages. These words must have meant originally
the seven bright stars of the Great Bear, i.e. the Big Dipper. As a matter of
fact, the Great Bear as a constellation was not known to the Turks as well as
to other peoples in many parts of the world in the past.
5.1.1 Yedigen (< *Yētigen)
“yéti:ge:n Den. N. in -ge:n, apparently a Sec. f. of -gü:n (Collective), fr.
yéti: (yétti:); lit. ‘seven together’; ‘the constellation Ursa Major, the Great
Bear’. Survives in NE yettegen and the like R III 365: SW Osm. yediger (sic);
Tkm. yedigen.” (ED 889b)
5.1.1.1 Yedigen (< *Yė̄tigen)
This word is found in the following languages:

*
For first part s. Vol. 62, Nr. 1; yazının ilk bölümü için bk. Cilt: 62, S. 2
**
Dr., Department of Asian Languages and Civilizations, College of Humanities, Seoul
National University, Seoul, [email protected]
1 For this paragraph see MEA 484b.
2014, 62 - 2 157
Some Star Names in Modern Turkic Languages-II
Yedigen: Trk. (dial.) (DS XI 4221a)

Tkm. (TmRSa 138b; TmDS 287a)
Yetegen: Nog. (NRS 107b)
Yĕtĕgen: Bash. (BTH I 332b)
Žetigen: Kaz. (QTS 235b)
J̌ etigen: (KgRS 252a), ‘Great Bear; Little Bear’ (ME I 346)
Četigen: Khak. (Shor dial.)2
Čēdigen3: Chul. (M) (LČTJ 73)
Yitiγen: Sal. ‘Big Dipper’ (SHHSC 78a, 117b)
Čitĭgen: Khak. (XRSa 317b; XRSb 972b; RXS 366a; XRIS 218a)
Čidĭgen4: Khak. (XRSa 316a)
Šitĭgen: Khak. (Kacha dial., Koibal subdial. of Kacha dial.)5
Žitĕyen: Bash. (dial.) (BTDH 88a)
J̌ etiǰegen: Krch.-Blk. (KBRS 245b)
This word is also used together with yuldïz ‘star’:
Yetegen (yuldïz): Nog. (RNS 298a)
Yetegen yuldïz: Nog. (NRS 447b)
Yĕtĕgen yŏndŏẕ: Bash. (BTH I 332b; RBS I 98a)
Yĕtĕgen yŏndŏẕŏ: Bash. (BRSb 231a)
Yetʂigen yultus: Sal. (SSJ 356, 365)
Yetʂʰigen yultus: Sal. (SSJ 356, 365)
J̌ idĕgen yŏldïz: Tat. (TtRS 187b, 761a; TTAS III 763b)
5.1.1.2 “big Yedigen”
The word Yedigen is also used together with a word meaning ‘big’.
2 The informant was Oleg Petrovič Šulbajev. See Kim et al. (2011), pp. 232-233 and
http://altaireal.snu.ac.kr/askreal_v25/fieldresearch/m_viewphotothumb_full.asp?r-
code=rid0063&ccode=c07&ecomment=Hakas+consultant,+Oleg+Petrovich+SHULBA-
JEV (2013-02-02).
3 The long vowel is due to the elongated pronunciation of e in the open syllable.
4 Il’ja Prokop’jevič Topojev, the informant for Sagay dialect, also pronounced so. See Kim
et al. (2011), pp. 231-232 and http://altaireal.snu.ac.kr/askreal_v25/fieldresearch/m_view
photothumb_full.asp?rcode=rid0063&ccode=c06&ecomment=Hakas+consultant,+Il`-
ja+Prokop`jevich+TOPOJEV (2013-02-02).
5 The informant for Kacha dialect was Aleksej Ivanovič Kotožekov. See Kim et al. (2011),
pp. 239-240.
The informant for Koibal subdialect of Kacha dialect was Jekaterina Nikolajevna Tolma-
čeva. See Kim et al. (2011), pp. 233-234.
158 2014, 62 - 2
Yong-Sŏng LI
5.1.1.2.1 Ulï yedigen (< *Uluγ yė̄tigen)

This word is analyzed as ulï ‘big’ + yedigen ‘Great Bear [correctly, seven
stars]’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘big Yedigen’. This word is found in
the following languages:
Ulï yedigen: Tkm. (TmRSb 302a; BRTmS I 549b)
Ŏlŏ yĕtĕgen: Bash. (BRSb 187b; BTH I 332b; BTDH 251a)
Ŏlï ǰidĕgen (yŏldïz): Tat. (TtRS 761a)
5.1.1.2.2 Čoŋ ǰetigen
This word is analyzed as čoŋ ‘big’ (< Chin. 重 zhòng ‘heavy; weighty’)
+ ǰetigen (< *yė̄tigen) ‘Great Bear [correctly, seven stars]’. Thus, it has the
literal meaning ‘big J̌ etigen’. This word is found in Kyrgyz (RKgS 348a; ME
I 346).
5.1.1.2.3 Katta ǰetigen
This word is analyzed as katta ‘big’ + ǰetigen (< *yė̄tigen) ‘Great Bear
[correctly, seven stars]’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘big J̌ etigen’. This
word is found in Kyrgyz (Ichkilik subdial. of southern dial.)6
5.1.2 “seven brothers”
In a few Turkic languages, there are words with the literal meaning ‘sev-
en brothers’ which must be a loan translation from Per. haft birādarān ‘the
seven brothers, i.e. seven stars in the Great Bear’ (PED 1502a). However, the
Azerbaijani word Yeddiġardaš ‘Pleiades’ seems to be of different origin.
5.1.2.1 Yedi kardeş
This word is analyzed as yedi ‘seven’ + kardeş ‘brother’. Thus, it has the
literal meaning ‘seven brothers’. This word is found in the following two lan-
guages:
Yedi kardeş: Trk. (dial.) (TSa 1614b; TEDb 1249b; RÇTİS 433b7)
Yedikardeş: Trk. (dial.) (TSb 2564b; DS XI 4221a)
Yedikardaş: Trk. (dial.) (DS XI 4221a)
Yedigardaş: Trk. (dial.) (DS XI 4221a)
Yeddigardaş: Trk. (dial.) (DS XII 4817b)8
Yėddiġardaš: Az. ‘Pleiades’ (ARS 190a; RAS II 471b; ADIL IV 568a)
Yedikardeşler: Trk. (dial.) (DS XI 4221a, 4221b)
Yedikardaşlar: Trk. (dial.) (DS XI 4221a, 4221b)
6 The informant was Karamat (Xamid kïzï) Xamidova. See Kim et al. (2011), pp. 188-189.
7 The information is not given here that this is a dialectal form.
8 This word is from Iğdır. Therefore, it is an Azerbaijani word.
2014, 62 - 2 159
Yeddigardaşlar: Trk. (dial.) (DS XI 4221a)9

This word is also used together with ulduz ‘star’:
Yėddiġardaš ulduzu: Az. ‘Pleiades’ (ADIL III 598b)
The Pleiades is a group of stars resembling a little dipper in the constella-
tion of Taurus and early accounts refer to the Pleiades in terms of seven stars.10
Perhaps for this reason, Yeddiġardaš means ‘the Pleiades’ in Azerbaijani,
whereas its counterparts mean ‘the Great Bear’ in the Turkish dialects.
5.1.2.2 Yėtti åγayni
This word is analyzed as yėtti ‘seven’ + åγayni ‘brother’. Thus, it has the
literal meaning ‘seven brothers’. This word is found in Uzbek:
Yėtti åγayni (URS 140b; UED 33b; ÖTIL I 251b; ÖTIL II 556c)
Yėttiåγayni (RUS 357a)
5.1.2.3 Yiē ̣ti lālalar
This word is analyzed as yiē ̣ti ‘seven’ + lāla ‘brother’ + -lar ‘plural suffix’.
Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘seven brothers’. This word is found in Khalaj
(WCh 224b).
5.1.3 Yetti yulduz (< *Yė̄ti yultuz)
In 五體淸文鑑 Wu-ti-qing-wen-jian, the Uyghur word for ‘the Big Dipper’
is given as Yetti yulduz (WQ No. 65), which is analyzed as yetti ‘seven’ + yul-
duz ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘seven stars’. This word is found in
Yetti yulduz: Kum. (KmRS 134b; RKmS 397a)
Čitĭ čïltïs: Khak. (XRSa 326b; XRSb 1020b)
Šeti šïltïs: Khak. (Kyzyl dial.)11
Čedi-sïldïs: Tuv. (TvRSb 525b)
This word can be compared with Mong. Doluγan odun ‘Great Bear’ (MED
260a) and Chin. 七星 qī-xīng ‘Big Dipper’ (“seven stars”).
5.1.4 Yėtti qaråqči (< *Yė̄ti qaraqčï)
This word is analyzed as yetti ‘seven’ + qaråqči ‘robber’. Thus, it has the
literal meaning ‘seven robbers’. This word is found in the following languag-
es12:
9 This word is from Iğdır. Therefore, it is an Azerbaijani word.

10 See MEA 333b.
11 The informant was Jefrosinija Vasilijevna Itigečeva. See Kim et al. (2011), pp. 237-238.
12 Uyghur also has a word Yette qaraqči ‘the Great Bear’ according to the internet informa-
tion. But, there is no such word in the dictionaries.
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Yong-Sŏng LI
Yėtti qaråqči: Uzb. (URS 140b; UED 33b; ÖTIL I 251b; ÖTIL II 556c)
J̌ eti qaraqčï: Kyr. (KgRS 252a, 347b)
Žeti qaraqšï: Kaz. (KRSb 482b)
Kkp. (RKkS 418b)
Žetiqaraqšï: Kaz. (QTS 236a)
This word is also used together with žuldïz ‘star’:
Žeti qaraqšï žuldïz: Kaz. (KED 102a)
Kkp. (KkRS 260b)
5.1.5 Déti qān (< *Yė̄ti qaγan)
This word is analyzed as déti ‘seven’ + qān ‘khan’. Thus, it has the literal
meaning ‘seven khans’. This word is found in the following three languages
in Southern Siberia:
Déti qān: Alt.13 (RAlS 290a)
Déti-qān: Alt. (ORS 54a)
Čedi-xān: Tuv. (TvRSa 503b; TvRSb 525b; RTvSa 265a; RTvSb 250a14)
Čédi-qan: Tof. (TfRS 120b, 178a)
5.1.6 Yediger (< *Yė̄tiger)
This word is found in the following two languages:
Yediger: Trk. (TEDb 1249b), (dial.) (DS XI 4221a)
Yedigir: Trk. (TSa 1614b; TSb 2564b; RÇTİS 433b; TEDa 506b; TRS
920a; ETD 44a)
Yediker: Trk. (dial.) (DS XI 4221a, 4221b)
Yedikör: Trk. (dial.) (DS XI 4221a, 4221b)
Žitĕger: Bash. (dial.) (BTDH 88a)
5.1.7 Yedi yarlar
This word is analyzed as yedi ‘seven’ + yar ‘friend; lover’ (< Per. yār ‘a
friend, lover, companion, comrade; an assistant, defender; … ’ (PED 1525a))
+ -lar ‘plural suffix’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘seven friends/lovers’.
This word is found in Turkish:
Yedi yarlar (TEDb 1249b; RÇTİS 433b)
Yediyarlar (dial.) (DS XI 4221a, 4221b, 4222a)
Yediyar (dial.) (DS XI 4221a, 4221b, 4222a)
13 Tamara Jemel’janovna Orsulova and her husband Trifon Dmitrijevič Belejev, the infor-
mants for Telengit dialect, also pronounced so. See Kim et al. (2011), pp. 252-253, 259-260.
14 In the form of Čedi-xāŋ due to an editorial error.
2014, 62 - 2 161
5.1.8 J̌ eti arqar

This word is analyzed as ǰeti ‘seven’ + arqar ‘argali’.15 Thus, it has the
literal meaning ‘seven argalis’. This word is found in the following two lan-
guages:
Uyg. Yette arxar (UjRSb 29a)
Kyr. J̌eti arqar (KgRS 68b, 252a; RKgS 348a)
In Kyrgyz, there are two more star names with arqar:
Altï arqar ‘Little Bear’ (KgRS 52b, 68b; RKgS 348a; “six argalis”)
Üč arqar ‘Libra’ (KgRS 68b; “three argalis”).
5.1.9 J̌ etemen yïldïz üyüri
See 4.13.
5.1.10 J̌ etegeyli
This word is found in Karachay-Balkar16:
J̌ etegeyli (KBRS 244a; RKBS 48a, 267a)
J̌ etegeyle (KBRS 244a)
5.1.11 Čedi burxan
This word is analyzed as čedi ‘seven’ + burxan ‘god’.17 Thus, it has the
literal meaning ‘seven gods’. It is found in Tuvan (Uriankhai dial.)18. It is
certainly a loan translation from Mong. Doluγan burqan ‘Great Bear’ (MED
260a; “seven gods”).
5.1.12 Yette tiken
In 五體淸文鑑 Wu-ti-qing-wen-jian, the Uyghur word for ‘the Big Dipper’
is given as Yetti tiken (WQ No. 66), which is analyzed as yetti ‘seven’ + tiken
15 “arka:r prob. always ‘the mountain sheep, Ovis argali’, although the Ar. words used by
Kaş. normally mean ‘mountain goat, chamois’ (it is likely that the animal was exotic to Ar-
abs and had no specific name in Ar.) S.i.s.m.l., see Shcherbak, p. 117, usually as a generic
term without indication of sex. The Mong. synonym arğali is perhaps a l.-w. fr. this word.”
(ED 216b).
16 This word is found as žetigelle for Balkar in Pröhle 1915: 276. This form is certainly devel-
oped from žetigenle < žetigen ‘Great Bear’ + -le ‘plural suffix’ (< -ler). Therefore, it should
be the original form of J̌ etegeyli.
17 “burxan compound of Chinese fu (Giles 3,589 [佛]) and presumably xan. The Chinese
character was the one choosen to transcribe Buddha, and was pronounced approximately
bur in NW China in VII-VIII.” (ED 360b)
Cf. Mong. burqan ‘Buddha, god, deity; image of Buddha’ (MED 139b; < Turkic). See Do-
erfer 1965: 283.
18 The informant was Baasanjab. See Kim et al. (2008), pp. 326-327.
162 2014, 62 - 2
Yong-Sŏng LI
‘thorn’.19 Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘seven thorns’. This word is found as
Yette tiken ‘Big Dipper’ (UyXL 616a; XUyL 28b) in modern Uyghur.
5.1.13 Yette qozuq
This word is analyzed as yette ‘seven’ + qozuq ‘stake’. Thus, it has the
literal meaning ‘seven stakes’. This word is found in modern Uyghur (UyXL
616a; UjRSb 783b).
5.1.14 Čediber
This word is found in Shor:
Čediber (ŠRRŠS 61b)
Čettiber20 (ŠRRŠS 104a)
5.1.15 Yitelčin
This word is found in Western Yugur:
Yetʰelčin ‘Big Dipper, Great Bear’ (XYHC 258b)
Yitelčin ‘Big Dipper, Great Bear’ (XYHC 264b)
Yiteltʂïn ‘Big Dipper, Great Bear’ (XYHC 264b)
5.2 “big bear”
The words with the literal meaning ‘big bear’ found in several modern
Turkic languages are certainly the loan translations from the non-Turkic lan-
guages. The words with this literal meaning are also found in other languages,
e.g. Eng. Great Bear, Ger. Großer Bär, Fr. Grande Ourse, Russ. Большая
Медведица ‘Great Bear’ (“big bear”), Lat. Ursa Maior, Sp. Osa Mayor, Per.
dubbi akbar ‘Greater Bear’ (PED 502b), Ar. al-dubb al-akbar ‘Great Bear’
(DMWA 269b; “bigger bear”).
5.2.1 Büyük ayı
This word is analyzed as büyük ‘big’21 + ayı ‘bear’.22 Thus, it has the literal
meaning ‘big bear’. This word is found in the following languages:
Büyük ayı: Trk. (TSa 239a; TEDb 209b)
19 “tiken (d-) crasis of *tikge:n Dev. N./A. fr. tik-; ‘thorn’.” (ED 483b).
20 This should be an editorial error for Četiber or Čediber.
21 “beḏük N./A.S. fr. beḏü:-; ‘big, great’; practically syn. w. uluğ, q.v. If there is any dif-
ference between the meanings of the two words, it is perhaps that beḏük was originally
‘physically big’, while uluğ was ‘great’ in a wider sense.” (ED 302b)
“beḏü:- ‘to be, or become, big, great, etc.’ Survives only(?) in NE Tuv. bedi- and SW Osm.
büyü-.” (ED 299b).
22 “aḏığ ‘bear’ (animal). S.i.a.m.l.g. in various forms, usually ayı/ayu, cf. Shcherbak, p. 130;
sometimes also with metaph. meanings like ‘the constellation of the Great Bear’, and, in
Osm. ‘a clumsy fellow’.” (ED 45b).
2014, 62 - 2 163
Büyükayı: Trk. (TSb 427b; RÇTİS 65b; TEDa 89a; TRS 139a; ETD
233a; RTS 392a)
Büyük ayuv: Ur.23
Bǖk ayï: Gag.24
Böyük ayï bürǰü: Az. (ARS 72b; ADIL I 371b, 713b; ADIL I 371b,
713b; “the constellation of Big Bear”; bürǰü < bürǰ ‘constellation’
(< Ar. burj ‘tower; castle; sign of the zodiac’ (DMWA 50b)) + -ü
‘possessive suffix of the third person’)
5.2.2 Kȧttȧ ȧyïq
This word is analyzed as kȧttȧ ‘big’ + ȧyïq ‘bear’. Thus, it has the literal
meaning ‘big bear’. This word is found in Uzbek:
Kȧttȧ ȧyïq (ÖTIL I 251b)
Kȧttȧ ȧyïq yulduzi (RUS 357a; yulduzi < yulduz ‘star’ + -i ‘possessive
suffix of the third person’)
5.2.3 Čoŋ ayū
This word is analyzed as čoŋ ‘big’ (< Chin. 重 zhòng ‘heavy; weighty’) +
ayū ‘bear’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘big bear’. This word is found in
Čoŋ ayū: Kyr. (Talas subdial. of northern dial.)25
Čoŋ ėyiq yultuzlar türkümi: Uyg. (XUyL 143a; “the constellation of
Great Bear”; yultuzlar türkümi ‘constellation’ < yultuz ‘star’ + -lar
‘plural suffix’ + türküm ‘group, heap’ + -i ‘possessive suffix of the
third person’)
5.2.4 D´ān ayu
This word is analyzed as d´ān ‘big’26 + ayu ‘bear’. Thus, it has the literal
meaning ‘big bear’. This word is found in Altay Turkic:
23 The informant was Valerij Ivanovič Kior. See Kim et al. (2008), pp. 343-347.
24 The informant was Fedora Ivanovna Arnaut. See Kim et al. (2008), pp. 340-341 and
code=rid0027&ccode=c08&ecomment=Gagauz+consultant,+Fedora+Ivanovna+AR-
NAUT (2013-02-02).
25 The informant was Toktobübü (Biygazï kïzï) Akmatova. See Kim et al. (2011), pp. 186-
187.
26 “yağa:n ‘elephant’; cf. yaŋa:n; the fact that elephants were exotic to the early Turks, and
the alternative pronunciations, suggest that this is a l.-w. of unknown origin.” (ED 904a)
“yaŋa:n ‘elephant’; an obvious l.-w. of unknown origin, also spelt yağa:n, yaŋa:, q.v.” (ED 952a)
“yaŋa: ‘elephant’; pec. to Uyğ.; an obvious l.-w. of unknown origin, also spelt yağa:n,
yaŋa:n, qq.v.” (ED 943b)
For the semantic change ‘big’ < ‘elephant’ cf. Eng. mammoth ‘large kind of elephant now
164 2014, 62 - 2
Yong-Sŏng LI
D´ān ayu (Altay-kizhi dial.)27

Ñān ayu (Chalkandu dial.)28
5.2.5 Uluγ aba
This word is analyzed as uluγ ‘big’29 + aba ‘bear’.30 Thus, it has the literal
meaning ‘big bear’. This word is found in Khakas (Kyzyl dial.)31.
5.2.6 Dübb-i ekber
This loanword from Per. dubbi akbar ‘Greater Bear’ (PED 502b; < Ar.
al-dubb al-akbar ‘Great Bear’ (DMWA 269b; “bigger bear”)) is found in the
following two languages:
Dübbüekber: Trk. (TSa 416a; TSb 732a; TEDa 147b; RÇTİS 107b;
TRS 252b)
Dübb-i ekber: Trk. (TEDb 316a)
Az. (ADIL I 713b)
5.3 “dipper/ladle star”
The seven brightest stars of Ursa Major, which is pictured as the tail of
the Great Bear, is commonly known in the United States as the Big Dipper
which it resembles.32 These stars are called 北斗星 běi-dǒu-xīng “the star of
Northern Dipper” in Chinese (XHC 79b; XHD 63b). They are known as 북
두칠성(Bukdu chilseong) (< Chin. 北斗七星 běi-dǒu qī-xīng “Seven Stars
of the Northern Dipper”) or 북두성(Bukduseong) (< Chin. 北斗星 běi-dǒu-
xīng) in Korean. The words with the literal meaning ‘dipper/ladle star’ are
found in the following two languages.
5.3.1 Sovaqʰ yultus
This word is analyzed as sovaqʰ ‘soup ladle, water ladle’ + yultus ‘star’.
Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘ladle star’. This word is found in Western
Yugur:
extinct; (attrib) immense’ (Hornby 1975: 524a).

27 The informant was Ljudmila Mixajlovna Abyševa. See Kim et al. (2011), pp. 253-254.
28 The informant was Aleksej Angelejevič Sumačakov. Kim et al. (2011), pp. 255-256.
29 “uluğ ‘big, great’, physically and metaph., including such usages as ‘grand(father); eldest
(son)’.” (ED 136b).
30 “apa: ‘bear’ (animal); ‘bear’ is normally aḏiğ, but there is a good deal of folklore, mixed
up with an ancestor-cult, about bears in Siberia, and this word is prob. merely 1 apa: used
metaph.; survives in NE Kaç., Koib., Sag. R I 620 and Khak. aba, same meaning.” (ED 5b).
The form aḏiğ is an editorial error for aḏığ.
32 See MEA 484b.
2014, 62 - 2 165
‘Big Dipper, Great Bear’ (XYHC 275a, 331a)

5.3.2 Altăr śăltăr
This word is analyzed as altăr ‘scoop, dipper, ladle’ + śăltăr ‘star’. Thus,
it has the literal meaning ‘scoop/dipper/ladle star’. This word is found in
Chuvash:
‘Great Bear’ (ČRSa 30a, 352a; ČRSb 31c, 402a)
5.3.3 “big dipper/ladle (star)”
Apart from Eng. Big Dipper, the word with this literal meaning is also
found in Russian as Большой Ковш ‘Big Dipper’ (“big dipper”). These stars
are called Grande Casserole in French, which has the literal meaning ‘big
saucepan/pan’. The words with the literal meaning ‘big dipper/ladle’ are found
in the following two languages.
5.3.3.1 Uluγ omaš
This word is analyzed as uluγ ‘big’ + omaš ‘scoop, dipper, ladle’. Thus, it
has the literal meaning ‘big scoop/dipper/ladle’. This word is found in Shor:
‘Big Dipper’ (Mrass dial.)33
5.3.3.2 Pïsăk altăr śăltăr
This word is analyzed as pïsăk ‘big’ + altăr ‘scoop, dipper, ladle’ + śăltăr
‘star’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘big scoop/dipper/ladle star’. This word
is found in Chuvash:
‘Great Bear’ (RČS 336a)
5.4 Ürker
In 五體淸文鑑 Wu-ti-qing-wen-jian, the Uyghur word for ‘the seventh star
(Alkaid) of the Big Dipper’ is given as Üker yulduz (WQ No. 68). This word
is found as follows in modern Uyghur:
Ürker ‘Great Bear’ (UjRSb 121a)
Üker ‘Great Bear’ (UjRSb 131b34; UyXL 757b)
Hüke ‘(dial.) Great Bear’ (UjRSb 765c)
Ürkey ‘(dial.) Great Bear’ (UjRSb 121a)
This word is in the form of Ülker etc. and means ‘Pleiades’ in the other
Turkic languages. The Pleiades is a group of stars resembling a little dipper35
33 The informant was Vladimir Jegorovič Tannagašev. See Kim et al. (2008), pp. 315-318. He
said us that the literal translation of Russ. Большая Медведица is Uluγ apšaq in Shor.
34 This word is mentioned as a dialectal form.
35 See MEA 333b.
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Yong-Sŏng LI
and perhaps this is the reason why Ürker ~ Üker means ‘Great Bear’ in (mod-
ern) Uyghur.
See 7.1.
5.5 “the star of a corn chandler’s shop”
5.5.1 Araŋas sulus
This word is analyzed as araŋas ‘corn chandler’s shop’ (< Mong. araŋγa
‘platform; shed; an elevated platform or tower used in hunting wild animals;
oil derrick’ (MED 49a)) + sulus ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘the
star of a corn chandler’s shop’. This word is found in the following languages:
Yak. ‘Great Bear’ (JRS 45a), ‘Orion’ (JRS 341b)
Dol. ‘a star in the Dolgan Oloŋkos36’ (DW 36), ‘The expression araŋas
sulus means probably not only a star (DW 36), but rather the whole
constellation of the Great Bear (An. ÈS 360f.)’ (DWS 32)
5.5.2 Ulaxan araŋas sulus
This word is analyzed as ulaxan ‘big’ + araŋas ‘corn chandler’s shop’ (<
Mong.) + sulus ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘the big star of a corn
chandler’s shop’. This word is found in Yakut:
‘Great Bear’ (RJS 271b).
5.6 Čoban araba
This word is analyzed as čoban ‘shepherd’ + araba ‘cart’. Thus, it has the
literal meaning ‘shepherd cart’. It is found in Urum:
‘Great Bear’ (US 586b)
This word may be a wrong translation of Ukrainian Чумацький Віз ‘Great
Bear’ (“milky cart”).
5.7 Taraza žultuz
This word is analyzed as taraza ‘balance, scales; Libra’ (< Per. tarāzū ‘a
balance, scale, weight; ...’ (PED 291a)) + žultuz ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal
meaning ‘scales/balance star’. This word is found in modern Uyghur with the
meaning of ‘Great Bear’ (UjRSb 270c, 485a).
This word is given in the form of Tarazu yulduz ‘a generic term for Gamma
Ursae Minoris and Beta Ursae Minoris’ (WQ No. 63) and ‘Orion’s Belt’ (WQ
No. 110) in 五體淸文鑑 Wu-ti-qing-wen-jian.
36 Oloŋko means ‘tale, story’.
2014, 62 - 2 167
5.8 Üš šïltïs
This word is analyzed as üš ‘three’ + šïltïs ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal
meaning ‘three stars’. It is found in Khak. (Kyzyl dial.)37.
This word means almost certainly the three pairs of stars (ι and κ; λ and μ;
ν and ξ) at the sole parts of the Great Bear. These three pairs of stars are called
삼태성(三台星, Samtaeseong) in Korean. Per. se xʷāharān ‘three stars in the
Great Bear’ (PED 711a; “three sisters”), se duxtar ‘id.’ (PED 711a; “three
daughters/girls”).
This word can be compared with Uyg. Üč yultuz ‘Orion’s Belt [three bright
stars across Orion]’ (XUyL 708b), Chin. 三星 sān-xīng ‘id.’ (XHC 1654b-
1655a; XHD 1387a). Uyg. Üč yultuz must be a loan translation from Chin. 三
星 sān-xīng.
By the way, there are words Üçkardeş, Üçkardaş (DS XI 4056b), Üçgardaş
(DS XI 4056a, 4056b) ‘three stars in the sky which look as if they are on the
corners of a triangle’ (DS XII 4791a), Üçkardeş ‘three stars forming a triangle
shape in the sky’ (DS XII 4791a) in the dialects of Turkish, which are analyzed
as üç ‘three’ + kardeş/kardaş/gardaş ‘brother’. Thus, these words have the
literal meaning ‘three brothers’.
5.9 Sarayγanla
See 6.7.
6. Names for ‘the Little Bear’

Ursa Minor is the astronomical constellation Little Bear. It is a circumpolar
constellation whose brightest star, Polaris, is almost at the north celestial pole.
Seven of the eight stars appear to form a dipper, hence the constellation is
alternately known as the Little Dipper.38
6.1 “small bear”
The words with the literal meaning ‘small bear’ found in several modern
Turkic languages are certainly the loan translations from the non-Turkic lan-
guages. The words with this literal meaning are also found in other languag-
es, e.g. Eng. Little Bear, Ger. Kleiner Bär, Fr. Petite Ourse, Russ. Малая
Медведица ‘Little Bear’ (“small bear”), Lat. Ursa Minor, Sp. Osa Menor,
Per. dubbi aṣγar Lesser Bear’ (PED 502b), Ar. al-dubb al-aṣγar ‘Little Bear’
(DMWA 269b; “lesser bear”).
38 For this paragraph see MEA 484b-485a.
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6.1.1 Küçük ayı

This word is analyzed as küçük ‘small’39 + ayı ‘bear’. Thus, it has the literal
meaning ‘small bear’. This word is found in the following languages:
Küçük ayı: Trk. (TSa 943b, 944a; TEDb 693b; TRS 579b)
Küçükayı: Trk. (TSb 1553a; TEDa 315a; RÇTİS 244b; TRS 579b; RTS
392a)
Kičik ayï bürǰü “small bear constellation”: Az. (ADIL I 713b; bürǰü
< bürǰ ‘constellation’ (< Ar. burj ‘tower; castle; sign of the zodiac’
(DMWA 50b)) + -ü ‘possessive suffix of the third person’)
Kičik ȧyïq: Uzb. (ÖTIL I 251b)
Kičik ȧyïq yulduzi: Uzb. (RUS 349b, 357a; yulduzi < yulduz ‘star’ + -i
Kičik ėyiq yultuzlar türkümi: Uyg. (XUyL 929b; “the constellation of
Little Bear” ; yultuzlar türkümi ‘constellation’ < yultuz ‘star’ + -lar
‘plural suffix’ + türküm ‘group, heap’ + -i ‘possessive suffix of the
third person’)
6.1.2 Dübb-i esγer
This loanword from Per. dubbi aṣγar ‘Lesser Bear’ (PED 502b; < Ar. al-
dubb al-aṣγar ‘Little Bear’ (DMWA 269b; “lesser bear”) is found in the fol-
lowing two languages:
Dübbüasgar: Trk. (TSa 416a; TSb 732a; TEDa 147b; RÇTİS 107b;
TRS 252b)
Dübb-i asgar: Trk. (TEDb 316a)
Dübb-i esγer: Az. (ADIL I 713b)
6.2. “small + seven + Noun/Suffix”
Many words comprised of the word ‘small’, the number ‘seven’ and a noun
or suffix mean ‘the Little Bear’ in the Turkic languages. These words must
have meant originally the seven bright stars of the Little Bear, i.e. the Little
Dipper.
6.2.1 Kiči yedigen (< *Kičig yė̄tigen)
This word is analyzed as kiči ‘small’ + yedigen ‘Great Bear (correctly, sev-
en stars)’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘small Yedigen’. This word is found
in the following languages:
Kiči yedigen: Tkm. (TmRSb 302a; BRTmS I 549b)
Kiči ǰetigen: Kyr. (RKgS 341a, 348a; ME I 346)
39 kiçig ‘small’, with some extended meanings like ‘puppy’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with some phonetic
changes; SW Osm. alone has the form küçük; …” (ED 696a).
2014, 62 - 2 169
Kiškey yetegen: Nog. (RNS 298a)

Kĕčĕ ǰidĕgen (yŏldïz): Tat. (TtRS 761a)
Kĕsĕ yĕtĕgen: Bash. (BRSb 187b; BTH I 332b, 491b)
Kičine ǰetigen: Kyr. (Ichkilik subdial. of southern dial.)40
6.2.2 Kičik yėtti qaråqči
This word is analyzed as kičik ‘small’ + yetti ‘seven’ + qaråqči ‘robber’.
Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘small seven robbers’. This word is found in
the following two languages.
Kičik yėtti qaråqči: Uzb. (ÖTIL I 251b: ÖTIL II 556c)
Kiši žeti qaraqšï: Kkp. (RKkS 418b)
6.2.3 Kičik yėtti åγayni
This word is analyzed as kičik ‘small’ + yėtti ‘seven’ + åγayni ‘brother’.
Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘small seven brothers’. This word is found in
Uzbek (ÖTIL I 251b; ÖTIL II 556c; URS 140b; UED 33b).
6.2.4 Gičči yetti yulduz
This word is analyzed as gičči ‘small’ + yetti ‘seven’ + yulduz ‘star’. Thus,
it has the literal meaning ‘small seven stars’. This word is found in Kumyk
(RKmS 397a).
6.2.5 Biče čedi-xān “small seven khans”
This word is analyzed as biče ‘small’ + čedi ‘seven’ + xān ‘khan’. Thus,
it has the literal meaning ‘small seven khans’. This word is found in Tuvan
(RTvSb 250a).
6.2.6 Aday čitĭgenĭ
This word is analyzed as aday ‘dog’ + čitĭgen ‘Great Bear (correctly, seven
stars)’ + -ĭ ‘possessive suffix of the third person’. Thus, it has the literal mean-
ing ‘dog’s čitĭgen’. This word is found in Khakas (XRSb 972b; XRIS 218b).
In connection with this, there are following Altay Turkic (dialects of Altay-
kizhi, Teleut and Chalkandu) words in VW III 365:
yetteγen ‘seven stars’
at yetteγen ‘Great Bear’ (“horse41 yetteγen”)
it yetteγen ‘Little Bear’ (“dog yetteγen”).
Therefore, Aday čitĭgenĭ implies ‘small čitĭgen’.
40 The informant was Karamat (Xamid kïzï) Xamidova. See Kim et al. (2011), pp. 188-189.
41 Cf., Mong. mori(n) ‘horse, equine; (chiefly in names of plants and animals) great, big, large
(cf. üker); knight (in chess)’ (MED 543b).
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6.3 Pĕčĕk altăr śăltăr

This word is analyzed as pĕčĕk ‘small’ + altăr ‘scoop, dipper, ladle’ +
śăltăr ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘small scoop/dipper/ladle star’.
This word is found in Chuvash (RČS 336a).
6.4 Aččïgïy araŋas sulus
This word is analyzed as aččïgïy ‘small’ + araŋas ‘corn chandler’s shop’ (<
Mong. araŋγa ‘platform; shed; an elevated platform or tower used in hunting
wild animals; oil derrick’ (MED 49a)) + sulus ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal
meaning ‘the small star of a corn chandler’s shop’. This word is found in
Yakut (RJS 271b).
6.5 Altï arqar
This word is analyzed as altï ‘six’ + arqar ‘argali’. Thus, it has the literal
meaning ‘six argalis’. This word is found in Kyrgyz (KgRS 52b, 68b; RKgS
348a).
In Kyrgyz, there are two more star names with arqar:
J̌ eti arqar ‘Great Bear’ (KgRS 68b, 252a; RKgS 348a; “seven argalis”)
Üč arqar ‘Libra’ (KgRS 68b; “three argalis”).
6.6 Üč mïyγaq
This word is analyzed as üč ‘three’ + mïyγaq ‘female maral’. Thus it has the
literal meaning ‘three female marals’. It is found in Altay Turkic (RAlS 290a).
This word can be compared with Khak. Üs muyγax ‘Orion’ (XRSa 256b42;
XRSb 256b; “three female marals”), Mong. Γurban maral ‘Orion’s Belt’
(MED 529a; “three marals”), and Kyr. Üč arqar ‘Libra’ (KgRS 68b; “three
argalis”).
6.7 Sarayγanla43
This word is found in Karachay-Balkar:
Sarayγanla: Blk. ‘Great Bear’ (KBRS 542a)
Sarayγalla: Krch.-Blk. ‘Little Bear’ (RKBS 267a)
6.8 J̌ inaza žultuz
This word is analyzed as ǰinaza ‘bier’ (< Ar. ǰināza, ǰanāza ‘bier; funeral
procession’ (DMWA 141a)) + žultuz ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal meaning
‘bier star’. This word is found in modern Uyghur (UjRSb 377a, 485a).
42 This word is given as Üs muyγas due to an editorial error.

43 The meaning of this word must be ‘Little Bear’, not ‘Great Bear’. The last syllable -la must
be the plural suffix -la (< -lar).
2014, 62 - 2 171
In Arabic the Great Bear and the Little Bear are called banāt naʿš aṣ-kubrā
“the daughters of the greater bier” and banāt naʿš aṣ-ṣuḡrā “the daughters of
the lesser bier” (DMWA 979b) respectively. In connection with this, Allen
(1899) writes as follows:
“The Hebrew word ʿĀsh or ʿAyish in the Book of Job, ix, 9, and xxxviii,
32, supposed to refer to the Square in this constellation [Ursa Major] as a Bier,
not a Bear, was translated Arcturus by Saint Jerome in the Vulgate; and this
was adopted in the version of 1611 authorized by King James.” (p. 422)
“The Hebrew ʿĀsh, or ʿAyish, is reproduced by, or was derived from, the
Arabic Banāt Naʿash al Kubrā, the Daughters of the Great Bier, i.e. the
Mourners,— the Benenas, Benethasch, and Beneth As of Chilmead and
Christmannus,— applied to the three stars in the extreme end of the group, η
being Al Ḳāʾid, the Chief One; from this came Bayer’s El Keid for the whole
constellation.” (p. 432)
“The Arabians knew Ursa Minor as Al Dubb al Aṣghar, the Lesser Bear,
— Bayer’s Dhub Elezguar, and Chilmead’s Dub Alasgar,— although earlier
it was even more familiar to them as another Bier; and they called the three
stars in the tail of our figure Banāt al Naʿash al Ṣughrā, the Daughters of the
Lesser Bier.” (p. 449)
In PED 1411b, the entry of Arabic loanword naʿš is given as follows:
“naʻsh (v.n.), Lifting up; a bier with a dead body (when empty it is called
sarīr); a litter in which a sick person is carried; a catafalque whereon a royal
corpse is laid; —banāti naʻsh, The constellation of the Bear, or rather the three
stars out of seven which go in front of the other four, these being called naʻsh
“bier;” there are two constellations of the name, distinguished as kubrá “the
greater,” and ṣughrá “the lesser.””
6.9 Üger
This word is found in Tuvan:
‘Little Bear’ (TvRSa 427a), ‘Pleiades’ (TvRSb 443a)
This word is in the form of Ülker etc. and means ‘Pleiades’ in the other
Turkic languages. The Pleiades is a group of stars resembling a little dipper44
and perhaps this is the reason why Üger means ‘Little Bear’ (TvRSa 427a)
and ‘Pleiades’ (TvRSb 443a) in Tuvan.
See 7.1.
44 See MEA 333b.
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7. Names for ‘the Pleiades’

The Pleiades is a beautiful group of stars resembling a little dipper45, in
the constellation of Taurus, known since earliest records.46 In Greek mythol-
ogy, the Pleiades were the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione, who were
called Alcyone, Asterope, Celaeno, Electra, Merope, Maia and Taygete. These
names along with Atlas and Pleione, have been given to brighter stars in the
cluster.47 Though early accounts refer to the Pleiades in terms of seven stars,
only six are now conspicuous to the unaided eye, which raises a theory that
one, the lost Pleiad, has faded.48
7.1 Ülker
“ülker ‘the constellation of the Pleiades’; Kaş. alone gives a second mean-
ing, but since most Turkish star names are names of other objects (‘black
bird’, ‘white stallion’, etc.) used metaph. it is possible that this was the orig-
inal meaning. S.i.a.m.l.g. usually as ülker and the like. Forms like ürker in
some NC and SC languages are a fairly recent corruption.” (ED 143a)
In connection with this name, Clauson (1964: 363) writes as follows:
“Ülker the Pleiades is one of the commonest of these names [early Turkish
astronomical terms]. In one form or another (in Kazakh and Kirghiz as ürker)
it survives in most modern languages, in some side by side with forms of the
Arabic word ṯurayyā. … It seems probable that the word was originally a mil-
itary term meaning ‘ambush’, and was then used metaphorically for the small
group of stars which constitutes the Pleiades. … The earliest trace that I have
found of ürker is in Sanglakh 71 r. 19, where it is translated ‘the Pleiades’.”
Németh (1968: 5-6) regards Ürker as the original form and writes about its
etymology as follows:
“Wenn man nämlich diese Stellen liest, kann man sich des Gedankens
nicht erwehren, daß die Erklärung Bazins zu modifizieren ist: der Name ürk-
er, ülker usw. ist nicht mit dem Zeitwort üle- ’teilen’, sondern mit ür- ’bla-
45 Its resemblance to a little dipper seems to be the reason why the following forms of Ülker
have the meaning of ‘Great Bear’ or ‘Little Bear’:
Uyg. Ürker ‘Great Bear’ (UjRSb 121a, 131b)
Ürkey ‘(dial.) Great Bear’ (UjRSb 121a)
Üker ‘Great Bear’ (UyXL 757b)
Hüke ‘(dial.) Great Bear’ (UjRSb 765c)
Bash. Ö̆ lker ‘(dial.) Little Bear’ (BTDH 257b)
Tuv. Üger ‘Little Bear’ (TvRSa 427a).
46 MEA 333b.
47 Mitton 2007: 271-272.
48 MEA 333b.
2014, 62 - 2 173
sen’ zusammenzusetzen (’Luftloch’, ’der Blasende, der Wehende’: ürker). Ich

glaube, daß sich mit dieser Etymologie auch die Endung des Wortes (-ker)
erklären läßt. … Streng genommen ist der Vokal e in ürker allerdings unre-
gelmäßig. – Nicht unwesentlich ist die Bedeutung des Suffixes -γur. Es bildet
keine nomina actoris im gewöhnlichen Sinne, wie z. B. das Suffix -r, sondern
solche, in denen das Moment der Neigung, der Fähigkeit, der Gewohnheit
steckt; ürker ist also nicht ’der Blasende’, sondern ’der zu blasen pflegt.’”
This word is found in the form of Üker (兀格兒 wù-gé-ér in Pinyin, uˇ-
kjajˇ-rr̩ in Early Mandarin) as the Uyghur word for Chin. 攢昴 cuán-mǎo
‘Pleiades’ in 高昌館譯書 Gao-chang-guan-yi-shu.49
In 五體淸文鑑 Wu-ti-qing-wen-jian, the Uyghur word for ‘the seventh star
(Alkaid) of the Big Dipper’ is given as Üker yulduz (WQ No. 68), whereas the
Uyghur word for Chin. 勾陳 gōu-chén ‘Curved Array’50 is given as Hürger
yulduz “Hürger star” (WQ No. 113).51
This word is used in most modern Turkic languages as follows.
7.1.1 Ülker
Ülker: Trk. ‘Pleiades’ (TSa 1533a; TSb 2445a; TEDa 485b; TEDb
1207b; RÇTİS 413b; TRS 887b; ETD 408a)
Ülker: Tkm. ‘Pleiades’ (TmRSa 301a; TmRSb 671a; TmDS 683b)
CTat. ‘Pleiades’ (KtRSb 311a)
Kum. ‘Pleiades’ (KmRS 338a)
Ülger : Alt. ‘Pleiades’ (ORS 172a)
52
49 See Ligeti 1966: 276.

50 According to the traditional Chinese astronomy, 勾陳 (句陳 or 鉤陳) gōu-chén represents
the curved matters like a hook (鉤 ‘hook’), which is comprised of the following six stars:
α UMi, δ UMi, ε UMi, ζ UMi, 2 UMi, and HIP 113116. The first four stars are in the con-
stellation Ursa Minor, while the last two stars are in the constellation Cepheus. These stars
belong to the Purple Forbidden enclosure (紫微垣 Zǐ-wēi-yuán). On the last page of this
paper, one can see the Purple Forbidden enclosure map. The six stars of 勾陳 appears as 句
陳六 (六 liù ‘six’). I thank Dr. Hong-Jin YANG of the Korea Astronomy and Space Science
Institute for his information about the Purple Forbidden enclosure map. He scanned it for
me. This map is on the 470th page of the book entitled 諸家曆象集–天文類抄 Jegaryeok-
sangjip-Cheonmunryucho compiled by the Korean History of Science Society (韓國科學
史學會) in 1983. Both the original copy of 諸家曆象集 Jegaryeoksangjip and that of 天
文類抄 Cheonmunryucho were compiled in 1445 and perhaps about the same time respec-
tively by 李純之 YI Sun-Ji (1406–1465) under the order of King Sejong the Great (世宗大
王 1397–1450; r. 1418–1450), the fourth king of the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910).
51 This word is given as ‫ هوركريولدوز‬and its Manchu-transcribed form is hur ǵar yuldus. Per-
haps it is to be read as Hürker yulduz.
52 There are Turkish dialectal forms Ulger and Ülger in DS XI 4034a and 4063a. The meaning
of this forms is given as ‘Sabahyıldızı, Ülker’. Sabah yıldızı and Ülker mean ‘morning star’
174 2014, 62 - 2
Yong-Sŏng LI
Khak. ‘Pleiades’ (XRSa 254b), ‘(Sagay dial.) Pleiades; (Kacha

dial.) Orion’53 (XRSb 750a; XRIS 166b)
Ulkʰer: WYug. ‘Pleiades’ (XYHC 41b)
Hülkȧr: Uzb. ‘Pleiades’ (URS 663a; UED 176b; ÖTIL II 710c)
Ö̆ lker: Tat. ‘Pleiades’ (TtRS 739a; TTAS III 701b)
Bash. ‘Pleiades’ (BRSa 426a; BRSb 483b; BTH II 72a), ‘(dial.)
Little Bear’ (BTDH 257b)
Ilker: Krch.-Blk.54 ‘Pleiades’ (KBRS 301a)
This word is also used together with yŏndŏẕ ‘star’:
Ö̆ lker yŏndŏẕ: Bash. ‘Pleiades’ (BTH II 72a)
Ö̆ lker yŏndŏẕŏ: Bash. ‘Pleiades’ (BRSb 231a; BTH I 427a)
7.1.2 Ürker55
Ürker: Kaz. ‘Pleiades’ (KRSa 483b; KRSb 914b; KED 287b; QTS
698b)
Kkp. ‘Pleiades’ (KkRS 695a)
Uyg. ‘Great Bear’ (UjRSb 121a, 131b56)
Ürkör: Kyr. ‘Pleiades’ (KgRS 824a; ME II 505)
Üˀrhér: Tof. ‘Pleiades’ (TfRS 210a)
Ürkey: Uyg. ‘(dial.) Great Bear’ (UjRSb 121a)
7.1.3 Üker
Üker: Uyg. ‘Great Bear’ (UyXL 757b)
Üˀhér: Tof. ‘Pleiades’ (TfRS 81a, 210a)
Üger: Tuv. ‘Pleiades’ (TvRSb 443a), ‘Little Bear’ (TvRSa 427a)
Hüke: Uyg. (dial.) ‘Great Bear’ (UjRSb 765c)
7.1.4 Ürgel
Ürgel: Yak. ‘Pleiades’ (JRS 457a)
and ‘Pleiades’ respectively.

53 Cf. Khak. (Kyzyl dial.) Aday ülgerĭ ‘Orion’ (XRSb 750a; XRIS 166b; “dog’s Pleiades”).
54 This word is found as ülkörle for Balkar in Pröhle 1915: 266. This form is analyzed as ülkör
‘Pleiades’ + -le ‘plural suffix’ (< -ler).
55 There is a Turkish dialectal form Ürkeryıldızı from Niğde in DS XI 4063a and 4069b. This
word is analyzed as Ürker + yıldız ‘star’ + -ı ‘possessive suffix of the third person’. Thus, it
has the literal meaning ‘the star of Ürker’. This word is given once as Ürkeryıldızı and once
as Ülkeryıldızı in DS XI 4063a. Ülkeryıldızı is certainly an editorial error for Ürkeryıldızı.
The meaning of this form is given as ‘Sabahyıldızı, Ülker’. Sabah yıldızı and Ülker mean
‘morning star’ and ‘Pleiades’ respectively.
56 This word is mentioned as a dialectal form.
2014, 62 - 2 175
7.2 Süreyya
This loanword from Ar. ṯurayyā ‘Pleiades’ (DMWA 103a) is found in the
following languages.
Süreyya: Trk. (TSa 1357a: TSb 2184b; TEDa 435b; TEDb 1041a;
RÇTİS 355b; TRS 799a; ETD 408a)
Az. (ADIL III 598b; ADIL IV 172b, 424b)
CTat. (KtRSb 311a)
Sürȧyyå: Uzb. (ÖTIL II 85c, 710c)
7.3 Pervin
The loanword from Per. parwīn ‘Pleiades; one of the twenty-eight stations
of the moon; (met.) beast of burden’ (PED 246a) is found in the following
languages.
Pervin: Trk. (TSb 1916a; TEDb 929a)
Az. (ADIL III 598b; ADIL IV 172b)
Pȧrwin: Uzb. (URS 319a)
7.4 Elek ǰïldïz
This word is analyzed as elek ‘sieve’57 + ǰïldïz ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal
meaning ‘sieve star’. This word is found in the following languages:
Elek ǰïldïz: Kyr. (ME II 505)
Ilek yŏldïz: Tat. (TTAS I 382b)
Ilek yŏndŏẕŏ: Bash. (BRSb 231a; yŏndŏẕŏ < yŏndŏẕ ‘star’ + -ŏ ‘posses-
sive suffix of the third person’)
Ala śăltăr: Chuv. (ČRSa 27a, 352a; ČRSb 29c, 402a)
7.5 Yeddiġardaš
This word is analyzed as yeddi ‘seven’ + ġardaš ‘brother’. Thus, it has the
literal meaning ‘seven brothers’. This word is found in Azerbaijani:
Yeddiġardaš (ARS 190a; RAS II 471b; ADIL IV 568a)
Yeddiġardaš ulduzu (ADIL III 598b; < Yeddiġardaš + ulduz ‘star’ + -u
See 5.1.2.1 and 7.6.
7.6 Yedikızkardeş
This word is analyzed as yedi ‘seven’ + kız kardeş ‘sister’ (< kız ‘girl;
daughter; female-’ + kardeş ‘brother’). Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘seven
sisters’. This word is found only in Turkish (TSb 2564b). It can be compared
57 “*élgek Conc. N. fr. élge:-; ‘sieve’ (for solids, as opposed to süzgü: ‘strainer’ for liquids).
… S.i.a.m.l.g. in a wide variety of forms, usually elek, élek, ilek.” (ED 143a).
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with Eng. Seven Sisters, Ger. Sieben Schwestern, and Russ. Семь сестёр
which is the popular name for the Pleiades. This Turkish word is certainly a
literal translation of these words.
See 5.1.2.1 and 7.5.
7.7 J̌ ïyïn ǰulduz
This word is analyzed as ǰïyïn ‘crowd’58 + ǰulduz ‘star’. Thus, it has the
literal meaning ‘crowd star’.59 This word is found in Karachay-Balkar (KBRS
257a).
7.8 Köget ǰulduz
This word is analyzed as köget ‘fruit’ + ǰulduz ‘star’.60 Thus, it has the liter-
al meaning ‘fruit’s star’. This word is found in Balkar (KBRS 257a).
7.9 Suanmo yultus
This word is analyzed as Suanmo (< Chin. 攒昴 cuán-mǎo) + yultus ‘star’.
It is a literal translation of Chin. 攒昴星 cuán-mǎo-xīng ‘Pleiades’. This word
is used in Western Yugur (XYHC 275a, 332a).
7.10 Xoy čïltïs
This word is analyzed as xoy ‘sheep’61 + čïltïs ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal
meaning ‘sheep’s star’. This word is found in Khakas (XRSa 326b; XRSb
1020b).
7.11 Kürgen
This word is used in Khakas (Kacha dial.) with the meaning ‘January;
Pleiades’ (XRSb 217a; XRIS 56a62)
7.12 Kĭčĭg kürgen čïltïs
This word is analyzed as kĭčĭg ‘small’ + kürgen ‘Pleiades’ + čïltïs ‘star’.
Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘small star of kürgen (Pleiades)’. This word is
found in Khakas (XRIS 227b).
58 “yığın Intrans./Pass. N./A.S. fr. yığ-; s.i.s.m.l. w. the usual phonetic changes.” (ED 904a)
“yığ- (?yı:ğ-) ‘to collect, assemble (Trans.)’. S.i.a.m.l.g., w. the usual phonetic changes, in
this meaning, cf. té:r-, ük-.” (ED 897a). The correct reading of ük- is üg-.
59 “The Pleiades is an open cluster of stars in the constellation Taurus, clearly visible to the
naked eye. It is thought to contain about 1000 stars within a sphere 30 light years across,
and is 440 light years away.” (Mitton 2007: 271).
60 This word is found as kögöt-dulduz ‘a star which can be seen in the spring in the southern
sky’ for Balkar in Pröhle 1915: 230.
61 “ko:ñ generically ‘sheep’, and specifically ‘ewe’.” (ED 631a).
62 This word is not mentioned as a Kacha dialectal form.
2014, 62 - 2 177
7.13 Sōx čïltïs “cold star”

This word is analyzed as sōx ‘cold’63 + čïltïs ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal
meaning ‘cold star’. This word is found in Khakas (XRIS 227b).
8. Names for ‘comet’

8.1 “star having a tail”
8.1.1 quyruqlu yulduz
This compound is analyzed as quyruq ‘tail’64 + -lu ‘with, having’ + yulduz
‘star’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘star having a tail’, which is descriptive
of the flowing appearance of the tail of a bright comet.65 It should have been
named by the Turks themselves. The words with this literal meaning are also
found in other languages, e.g. Ar. najm ḏū ḏanab ‘comet’ (DMWA 945b; “star
having a tail”), Per. sitāra’i duṃbāla-dār ‘comet’ (PED 536b, 654b), sitāra’i
dum-dār ‘comet’66 (PED 535a, 654b; “star having a tail”), Mong. segültü odu
(MED 600b), segülteyi odu (MED 683b) ‘comet’ (“star having a tail”), Sp.
estrella de rabo ‘comet’ (“star having a tail”), Bulg. опаша̀та звезда ‘comet’
(“star having a tail”), Kor. 꼬리별 (kkoribyeol) ‘comet’ (< 꼬리 (kkori) ‘tail’
+ 별 (byeol) ‘star’; “star having a tail”).
The Uyghur word qudruqluγ yultuz ‘comet’ is found in 434/17 of Altun
Yaruq (= Suvarṇaprabhāsa).
In 五體淸文鑑 Wu-ti-qing-wen-jian, the Uyghur word for ‘comet’ is given
as quyruqluq67 yulduz (WQ No. 122).
The Ottoman word quyruqlu yïldïz ‘comet’ is given in VW II 892 and VW
III 491. There is also the Altay-kizhi word quyruqtū yïldïs ‘comet’ in VW III
490.
This word is used in most modern Turkic languages.
quyruqlu yulduz: Kum. (KmRS 204b; RKmS 343a)
quyruqluq yultuz: Uyg. (UyXL 722a; UjRSa 250b; XUyL 352b)
63 “soğık N./A.S. fr. soğı:-; ‘cold’. S.i.a.m.l.g.” (ED 808a)

“soğı:- ‘to be cold’; s.i.s.m.l. w. phonetic changes (so:-, su:-, sovu-, etc.); in others dis-
placed by der. f.s.” (ED 806a).
64 “kuḏruk ‘the tail of an animal’; morphologically Pass. Dev. N. fr. *kuḏur-, cf. kuḏurga:k,
kuḏurgu:n; the origin of Mong. kudurğa ‘crupper’ (Haenisch 70, Kow. 919). S.i.a.m.l.g.,
usually as kuyruk.” (ED 604a).
65 See p. 365a of the v. 7 of the Encyclopedia Americana (1994).
66 This word is found as sitarei dümdar ‘comet’ in TEDb 1023a. But, it is now an obsolete
word in Turkish.
67 This word is given as quyruγluq.
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quyruqli yulduz: Uzb. (URS 628b; RUS 301b)

quyruqlï yïldïz: CTat. (KtRSb 119a)
kuyruklu yïldïz: Gag. (GRMS 221b, 292b)
kuyruklu yıldız: Trk. (TSa 941b; TSb 1549b; TEDb 692b; TRS 927b;
ETD 100b)
kuyrukluyıldız: Trk. (TEDa 314a; RÇTİS 244a; RTS 334a)
kuyruklu yolduz: Kar. (h) (KRPS 344b)
qŏyrïqlï yŏldïz: Tat. (TtRS 187b, 269a, 273b; TTAS II 129a)
qŏyrŏqlŏ yŏndŏẕ: Bash. (BRSa 227a; BRSb 231a, 366a; BTH I 519b;
RBS I 477a)
quyruqluq žultuz: Uyg. (UjRSb 485a, 618c)
quyruqlu ǰulduz: Krch.-Blk.68 ‘comet’ (KBRS 257a), ‘comet, meteor’
(KBRS 421a)
quyrïqtï žuldïz: Kaz. (KRSb 317b; KED 278b; QTS 419a)
quyruqtū ǰïldïz: Kyr. (KgRS 280a, 439b; RKgS 292a)
xuryuxlu yïldïz: Ur. ‘comet, meteor’ (US 256a, 555b)
ġuyruġlu ulduz: Az. (ARS 112a; RAS I 552a; ADIL III 228a)
quduruqtuγ sïldïs: Tuv. (TvRSb 262b; RTvSa 224a; RTvSb 218a)
kuturuktāx sulus: Yak. (JRS 341b)
xuzuruxtïγ čïltïs: Khak. (XRSb 858b; XRIS 227b)
xürellĕ śăltăr: Chuv. (ČRSa 352a, 515b; ČRSb 402a, 571a)
8.1.2 quyruq yulduz
This compound is analyzed as quyruq ‘tail’ + yulduz ‘star’ and found in
modern Uyghur (ETEDD 160, 254).
8.1.3 quyruqtu čolmon
This compound is analyzed as quyruq ‘tail’ + -tu ‘with, having’ + čolmon
‘star’. Thus, it also has the same literal meaning as quyruqlu yulduz. This word
is found in Altay Turkic (RAlS 251b).
8.1.4 dümli yulduz
This compound is analyzed as düm ‘tail’ (< Per. dum ‘the tail; end, extrem-
ity; a rudder; dry dung used as fuel’ (PED 534b)) + -li ‘with, having’ + yulduz
‘star’. Thus, it also has the same literal meaning as quyruqlu yulduz. This word
is found in Uzbek (URS 134a, 628b; ÖTIL I 238c, 393c).
68 This word is found as qʰuyruqlu ǰulduz for Karachay in Pröhle 1909: 120.
2014, 62 - 2 179
8.2 kometa
This word comes from the Greek komētēs, meaning “hairy one,” a descrip-
tion that fits the bright comets noticed by the ancients.69
8.2.1 kometa
This word is used especially in the languages of the former Soviet Union
as a loanword from Russ. комета.
Az. (RAS I 552a; ADIL II 726a; ADIL III 228a)
Tkm. (TmRSa 181b; TmRSb 405a; BRTmS I 465b; TmDS 389a)
Uzb. (URS 217a; UED 56a; ÖTIL I 393c; RUS 301b)
Krch.-Blk. (RKBS 231b)
Kum. (RKmS 343a)
Kaz. (KRSb 383a)
Kkp. (KkRS 328a; RKkS 351b)
Nog. (RNS 257b)
Tat. (TtRS 273b; TTAS II 141a)
Bash. (BRSa 269b; BRSb 285b; BTH I 519a; RBS I 477a)
Kyr. (KgRS 399b; RKgS 292a)
Alt. (RAlS 251b)
Khak. (XRSa 82b; XRSb 183b; RXS 322b)
Tuv. (TvRSa 233b; TvRSb 248a; RTvSa 224a; RTvSb 218a)
Yak. (RJS 233b)
Chuv. (ČRSa 170a; RČS 288a)
8.2.2 komet
This loanword from Fr. comète is found in Turkish (RTS 334a).
8.3 saçlı yıldız
This compound is analyzed as saç ‘hair of the head’70 + -lı ‘with, having’
+ yıldız ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘a star having hair, a hairy star’
and reminds us of Eng. comet from the Greek komētēs, meaning “hairy one”
and Lat. stella crinita ‘comet’ (“a star having (long) hair”). This word is found
in Turkish:
saçlı yıldız (TEDb 969a71)
69 See p. 533a of the v. 27 of the New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia (2007).

70 “saç ‘hair’, apparently only the hair of the human head. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. phonetic changes
(s-/ş-/ç- ; -s/-ş/-ç); cf. tü:.” (ED 794a)
“saçlığ P.N./A. fr. saç; ‘hairy’ and the like. S.i.s.m.l. w. some phonetic changes.” (ED 797a).
71 This word is mentioned as archaic.
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Yong-Sŏng LI
saçlıyıldız (RTS 334a)

8.4 učxan ǰulduz
See 9.1.
8.5 oγur yultus
This word is analyzed as oγur ‘thief’72 + yultus ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal
meaning ‘thief star’ and is certainly a literal translation of Chin. 贼星 zéi-xīng
‘meteor’ (XHC 2400a; XHD 2042a; “thief star”), which is a popular name for
流星 liú-xīng ‘meteor’ (“flowing star”). This word is found in Western Yugur:
oγur yultus ‘comet’ (XYHC 34b)
oγïr yultus ‘comet’ (XYHC 275a)
8.6 yuldu·z tezmesi
This word ia analyzed as yuldu·z ‘star’ + tez- ‘to escape, to run (away)’73 +
-me ‘suffix making deverbal nouns’ + -si ‘possessive suffix of the third per-
son’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘the running/escape of a star’. This word
is found in Khalaj with the meaning of ‘comet, meteor’ (WCh 228b).
9. Names for ‘meteor/meteorite’

Meteor is the brief luminous trail observed as a particle of dust or a piece
of rock from space enters Earth’s upper atmosphere. The popular name for
a meteor is “shooting star” or “falling star”.74 The entering object is called
a meteoroid and, if any of it survives atmospheric passage, the remainder is
called a meteorite.75
9.1 “flying star”
The Uyghur word učar yultuz ‘meteor’ in 434/22 and 554/20 of Altun
Yaruq (= Suvarṇaprabhāsa) is analyzed as uč- ‘to fly’ + -ar ‘participle’ + yul-
tuz ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘flying star’.
The words with this literal meaning are found in a few of the modern
Turkic languages:76
72 “oğrı: ‘thief’; the Instr. case oğrın meaning ‘furtively’ also occurs, esp. in SW, and has
sometimes been regarded (falsely) as a separate word. S.i.a.m.l.g. with some phonetic vari-
ations.” (ED 90a).
73 “tez- ‘to run away, fly’, with some implication of ‘to succeed in running away, to escape’.
Survives as tez-/tes- only(?) in some NE dialects and SW Tkm., elsewhere displaced by
kaç-.” (ED 572a).
74 Mitton 2007: 223.
75 MEA 253a.
76 Cf. Trk. yıldız ak-/kay-/uç- ‘(for a star) to move rapidly in the sky’ (TSa 1631a; TSb 2592a),
‘(for a shooting star) to appear’ (TEDa 511b), ‘(for a shooting star) to fall’ (RÇTİS 439a),
2014, 62 - 2 181
učȧr yulduz: Uzb. ‘meteor’ (URS 565b; RUS 241a; ÖTIL I 460c; ÖTIL
II 286a; RUS 364a; < uč- ‘to fly’ + -ȧr ‘participle’ + yulduz ‘star’)
učȧr yulduzlȧr: Uzb. ‘meteors’ (RUS 524a; < učȧr yulduz + -lȧr ‘plural
suffix’)
ŏčar yŏldïz: Tat. ‘meteorite’ (TtRS 187b; < ŏč- ‘to fly’ + -ar ‘participle’
+ yŏldïz ‘star’)
učxan ǰulduz: Krch.-Blk. ‘comet, meteor’ (KBRS 257a), ‘comet’ (RKBS
231b), ‘meteor’ (RKBS 271a; < uč- ‘to fly’ + -xan ‘participle’ + ǰul-
duz ‘star’)
učaγan yulduz: Kum. ‘meteor’ (RKmS 403a; < uč- ‘to fly’ + -aγan ‘par-
ticiple’ + yulduz ‘star’)
učūču ǰïldïzdar: Kyr. ‘meteors’ (RKgS 520b; < uč- ‘to fly’ + -ūču ‘par-
ticiple’ + ǰïldïz ‘star’ + -dar ‘plural suffix’)
ïldïy učqan ǰïldïz: Kyr. ‘meteor’ (RKgS 233a; < ïldïy ‘down, down-
wards’ + uč- ‘to fly’ + -qan ‘participle’ + ǰïldïz ‘star’; “star flying
downwards”)
These words can be compared with Mong. niskü odu ‘shooting star’ (MED
600b) which means literally ‘flying star’.
9.2 “flowing star”
The words with this literal meaning are found in the following modern
Turkic languages:
akan yıldız: Trk. ‘meteor’ (TSa 32b-33a; TSb 59b; TEDa 13b; TEDb
32b; < ak- ‘to flow’ + -an ‘participle’ + yıldız ‘star’)
akanyıldız: Trk. ‘meteor’ (RÇTİS 10b; ETD 491a; TRS 35c; RTS 270b,
586a)
axan ulduz: Az. ‘meteor’ (RAS I 433a; RAS II 376a; < ax- ‘to flow’ +
-an ‘participle’ + ulduz ‘star’)
aqqan žuldïz: Kkp. ‘meteor’77 (RKkS 280b; < aq- ‘to flow’ + -qan ‘par-
ticiple’ + žuldïz ‘star’)
akar yıldız: Trk. ‘meteor’ (TEDb 32b; < ak- ‘to flow’ + -ar ‘participle’
+ yıldız ‘star’)
aqar yultuz: Uyg. ‘meteor’ (UyXL 35b, 608b; XUyL 522b; < aq- ‘to
flow’ + -ar ‘participle’ + yultuz ‘star’)
‘(for a star) to fall’ (TRS 927b; ak- ‘to flow’; kay- ‘to slip, to slide, to glide’; uç- ‘to fly’)
yıldız akması/kayması/uçması ‘flight of a shooting star, meteor’ (TEDb 1257b; -ma ‘suffix
making deverbal nouns’; -sı ‘possessive suffix of the third person’).
77 па́дающая звезда́ (метеорит) аққан жулдыз should be an editorial error for па́дающая
звезда́ (метеор) аққан жулдыз on this page. Because па́дающая звезда́ means ‘shooting/
falling star’, not ‘meteorite’.
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aγatuγïn žuldïzlar: Kkp. ‘meteors’ (RKkS 626a; < aq- ‘to flow’ + -atuγïn
‘participle’ + žuldïz ‘star’ + -lar ‘plural suffix’)
aqpa žuldïz: Kaz. ‘meteor’ (KRSb 39a, 317b; < aq- ‘to flow’ + -pa ‘suf-
fix making deverbal nouns’ + žuldïz ‘star’)
These words can be compared with Chin. 流星 liú-xīng ‘meteor’ which
means literally ‘flowing star’.
9.3 meteor
The term meteor is a loanword of the Medieval Latin meteorum, from the
Greek meteōron ‘thing in the air’ (< meteōros ‘high in the air’ < meta- ‘be-
yond’ + eōra ‘suspension’).78 It is used especially in the languages of the for-
mer Soviet Union as a loanword from Russ. метеор, whereas this word was
borrowed into Turkish from Fr. météore.
Trk. ‘meteorological phenomenon; meteor’ (TSa 1015b), ‘meteoro-
logical phenomenon; meteorite’ (TSb 1666b), ‘meteor; (?) weather,
atmospheric conditions’ (TEDa 337b), ‘meteor’ (TEDb 766a; ETD
339b; TRS 622a), ‘meteorological phenomenon’ (RÇTİS 263a)
Az. (ARS 241a; RAS II 75a; ADIL III 308b)
Tkm. (TmRSb 451a; BRTmS I 559a; TmDS 441b)
Uzb. (ÖTIL I 460c; RUS 241a, 364a)
Kum. (KmRS 229a; RKmS 403a)
Krch.-Blk. (KBRS 465b; RKBS 271a)
Kkp. (KkRS 458a; RKkS 425a)
Nog. (NRS 222a; RNS 301b)
Bash. (BRSa 383b; BRSb 429a; RBS I 562b; BTH I 799b)
Kyr. (RKgS 354b)
Alt. (RAlS 294b)
Khak. (XRSa 106a; XRSb 242a; RXS 370b)
Tuv. (TvRSa 281a; TvRSb 294a; RTvSb 253b)
Yak. (JRS 238a; RJS 275b)
Chuv. (ČRSa 233b; ČRSb 239c; RČS 341a)
9.4 meteorit
This word meaning ‘meteorite’ is used especially in the languages of the
former Soviet Union as a loanword from Russ. метеорит, whereas it was
borrowed into Turkish from Fr. météorite.
78 See p. 801c of the New International Webster’s Comprehensive Dictionary of the English
Language — Deluxe Encyclopedic Edition — (2003).
2014, 62 - 2 183
Trk. (TSa 1015b; TSb 1666b; TEDa 337b; TEDb 766a; TRS 622a; ETD
10a; RTS 398b)
Az. (RAS II 75a; ADIL III 308b)
Tkm. (TmRSb 451a; BRTmS I 559a; TmDS 441b)
Uzb. (ÖTIL I 460c; RUS 364a)
Uyg. (UyXL 243b; XUyL 1054b)
Kum. (KmRS 229a; RKmS 403a)
Krch.-Blk. (KBRS 465b; RKBS 271a)
Kaz. (KRSb 599b; QTS 461b)
Kkp. (KkRS 458a; RKkS 425a)
Nog. (NRS 222a; RNS 301b)
Bash. (BRSa 383b; BRSb 429a; RBS I 562b; BTH I 799b)
Kyr. (RKgS 354b)
Alt. (RAlS 294b)
Khak. (XRSa 106a; XRSb 242a; RXS 370b)
Tuv. (TvRSa 281a; TvRSb 294a; RTvSa 268b; RTvSb 253b)
Yak. (JRS 238a; RJS 275b)
Chuv. (ČRSa 234a; ČRSb 239c; RČS 341a)
9.5 atïlγan yŏldïz
This word is analyzed as atïl- ‘to be throw, shot’79 (< at- ‘to throw, shoot’ +
-ï- ‘connective vowel’ + -l- ‘suffix making passive verbs’) + -γan ‘participle’ +
yŏldïz ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘thrown star’. This word is found
in the following two languages in the Volga area:
atïlγan yŏldïz: Tat. ‘meteor’ (TTAS II 384a)
atïlγan yŏndŏẕ: Bash. ‘meteor’ (RBS I 562b)
9.6 meteor tašï
This word is analyzed as meteor ‘meteor’ + taš ‘stone’ + -ï ‘possessive
suffix of the third person’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘meteoric stone’.80
This word is found in the following two languages:
meteor tašï: Tat. ‘meteorite’ (TtRS 368b)
79 “atıl- Pass. F. of at-; ‘to be thrown, shot’, etc. S.i.a.m.l.g.; with a wide range of meanings in
Osm.” (ED 56a).
“at- basically ‘to thrown, to shoot’, with a very wide range of extended and metaph. mean-
ings.” (ED 36a).
80 Cf. Russ. метеорный камень ‘meteorite’ (“meteoric stone”).
184 2014, 62 - 2
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Trk. meteor taşı: ‘meteorite’ (TSa 1015b; TSb 1666b; TEDa 337b;
TEDb 766a)
meteortaşı:Trk. ‘meteorite’ (RÇTİS 263a; TRS 622a; RTS 398b)
9.7 čügürgen sïldïs
The Tuvan word čügürgen sïldïs ‘meteor’ (RTvSb 253b) is analyzed as
čügür- ‘to run’81 + -gen ‘participle’ + sïldïs ‘star’. Thus, it has the literal mean-
ing ‘running star’.
9.8 kayan yıldız
The Turkish word kayan yıldız ‘meteor’ (TEDa 280b; ETD 188a) is ana-
lyzed as kay- ‘to slip, to slide, to glide’ + -an ‘participle’ + yıldız ‘star’. Thus,
it has the literal meaning ‘slipping/sliding/gliding star’.
9.9 s̱ üynyǟn yïldïẕ
The Turkmen word s̱ üynyǟn yïldïẕ ‘meteor’ (BRTmS I 382a; TmDS 441b)
is analyzed as s̱ üyn- ‘to stretch out’ (< s̱ üyn- ‘to draw out, to stretch’ + -n- ‘suf-
fix making reflexive/passive verbs’) + -yǟn ‘participle’ + yïldïẕ ‘star’. Thus, it
has the literal meaning ‘stretched star’.
9.10 sïndï̄s
This word for ‘meteor’ is found in Yakut:
sïndï̄s (RJS 275b)
sïndï̄s sulus (JRS 359b; sulus ‘star’)
9.11 liušin
The Salar word liušin ‘meteor’ (SHHSC 54a, 177a) was borrowed from
Chin. 流星 liú-xīng ‘meteor’ (“flowing star”).
See 9.1.
9.12 şahap
The Turkish word şahap means ‘meteor’ (TSa 1366a; TSb 2196a; TEDa
438a; TEDb 1045a; RÇTİS 358a; ETD 339b, 491a; RTS 586a), ‘meteor; me-
teorit’ (TRS 802b). It was borrowed from Ar. šihāb ‘flame, blaze, fire; shoot-
ing star, luminous meteor; star’ (DMWA 488b).
9.13 yuldu·z tezmesi
81 “yügür- ‘to run fast’, of a man, horse, etc., and metaph. of other things.” (ED 914b).
2014, 62 - 2 185
See 8.6.
9.14 ağma
This Turkish word is analyzed as ağ- ‘to rise in the air’ + -ma ‘suffix mak-
ing deverbal nouns’. It means ‘meteor’ (TSa 28a; TSb 50b; RÇTİS 9b; RTS
586a; DS I 102a), ‘(shooting) star’ (TEDa 11b), ‘ascension, rise; star; shooting
star’ (TEDb 23b), ‘ascension, rise; star; shooting star, meteorite’ (TRS 32b).
9.15 ağan
The Turkish word ağan ‘meteor’ (RÇTİS 7a; RTS 270b, 586a) is analyzed
as ağ- ‘to rise in the air’ + -an ‘participle’. Thus, it has the literal meaning
‘(something) rising in the air’.
9.16 gök taşı
This Turkish word is analyzed as gök ‘sky’ + taş ‘stone’ + -ı ‘possessive
suffix of the third person’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘sky’s stone’, i.e.
‘stone from the sky’. It is found as follows:
gök taşı ‘meteorite’ (TSa 558b; TSb 958b), ‘meteor, meteorite’ (TEDb
406b)
göktaşı ‘meteor, meteorite’ (TEDa 196b; RÇTİS 143a; RTS 398b), ‘me-
teorite’ (TRS 344a; ETD 10a, 339b)
9.17 hava taşı
This Turkish word is analyzed as hava ‘air; atmosphere’ (< Ar. hawāʾ ‘air;
atmosphere; wind, draft; weather, climate’ (DMWA 1040ab)) + taş ‘stone’
+ -ı ‘possessive suffix of the third person’. Thus, it has the literal meaning
‘atmosphere’s stone’, i.e. ‘stone from the atmosphere’. It is found as follows:
hava taşı ‘meteorite’ (TSb 1065b), ‘aerolite’ (TEDb 463b)
havataşı ‘aerolite’ (RÇTİS 161a), ‘meteorite, bolide’ (TEDa 218a),
‘(stone) meteorite, aerolite’ (TRS 394a), ‘bolide’ (ETD 57a)
9.18 şimşek taşı
This Turkish word is analyzed as şimşek ‘lightning flash’ + taş ‘stone’ + -ı
‘possessive suffix of the third person’. Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘light-
ning flash’s stone’, i.e. ‘stone flashing like a lightning’. It is found as follows:
şimşek taşı ‘meteorite’ (TSb 2226a; TEDb 1063a), ‘meteor’ (TRS 811a)
şimşektaşı ‘meteorite’ (TEDa 443b; RÇTİS 364a)
9.19 uzay taşı
The Turkish word uzay taşı ‘meteorite’ (TSb 2436b) is analyzed uzay
‘space’ + taş ‘stone’ + -ı ‘possessive suffix of the third person’. Thus, it has
the literal meaning ‘space’s stone’, i.e. ‘stone from the space’.
186 2014, 62 - 2
Yong-Sŏng LI
9.20 sïldïs toγlančïzï

The Tuvan word sïldïs toγlančïzï ‘meteorite’ (RTvSa 268b) is analyzed
sïldïs ‘star’ + toγlančï ‘crumbs; small fragments’ (< toγla- ‘to crumble’ + -nčï
‘suffix making deverbal nouns’) + -zï ‘possessive suffix of the third person’.
Thus, it has the literal meaning ‘crumbs/small fragments of a star’.
III. Conclusion
As the result of this research, it was possible for us to find the following
points:
1. As is well known, yultuz is used as the word for ‘star’ practically in all of
the modern Turkic languages. As Clauson (1964) writes, this word mean both
‘fixed star’ and ‘planet’ (other than the sun and moon).
2. Various forms with the literal meaning of ‘full moon’ are used as the
word for ‘full moon’ practically in all of the modern Turkic languages.
3. Čolpan is most widely used as the word for ‘Venus’ in modern Turkic
languages. This word means also ‘star’ in several languages. It can be accept-
ed as a genuine Turkic one or a loanword from an unknown old language.
4. Čoban yïldïzï “the shepherd’s star” is also used as the word for ‘Venus’
in Turkey and its neighboring areas. Although, Čoban is regarded as the sec-
ondary form of Čolpan owing to a false etymology, it can be compared with
Fr. étoile du berger ‘Venus’ (“the shepherd’s star”).
5. Taŋ yïldïzï “the star of dawn/daybreak”, Taŋ čolpanï “Venus/the star
of dawn/daybreak”, Zühre, and Venera are also widely used as the word for
‘Venus’.
6. Kervankıran “breaker/killer/destroyer of a caravan” is found only in the
languages of Oghuz group as the word for ‘Venus’. But, this word does not
mean ‘Venus’, but a different star in Turkmen.
7. Temirqazïq “iron stake” ist most widely used as the word for ‘the Pole
Star’ in modern Turkic languages.
8. Altïn qazïq “gold stake” and Qutup yultuzi “pole star” are also used as
the word for ‘the Pole Star’ in several languages.
9. Many words comprised of the number ‘seven’ and a noun/suffix mean
‘the Great Bear’ in the Turkic languages. These words must have meant origi-
nally the seven bright stars of the Great Bear, i.e. the Big Dipper.
10. The words with the literal meaning ‘big bear’ are also widely used as
the word for ‘the Great Bear’.
2014, 62 - 2 187
11. Various forms comprised of a word meaning ‘small’ and a word mean-
ing ‘the Great Bear; the Big Dipper’ are used as the word for ‘the Little Bear’.
12. The forms with the literal meaning ‘small bear’ are found in a few lan-
guages as the word for ‘the Little Bear’.
13. Ülker is used as the word for ‘the Pleiades’ in most modern Turkic
languages.
14. Süreyya, Pervin, and Ilek yŏldïz are also used as the word for ‘the
Pleiades’ in a few languages.
15. Quyruqlu yulduz “star having a tail” is used as the word for ‘comet’ in
most of modern Turkic languages.
16. Kometa is also widely used as the word for ‘comet’ in modern Turkic
languages.
17. Meteor is widely used as the word for ‘meteor’ in modern Turkic lan-
guages.
18. Meteorit is widely used as the word for ‘meteorite’ in modern Turkic
languages.
19. Turkish has many words for ‘meteor’ and ‘meteorite’.
20. Not surprisingly, the languages of the same group or in adjacent areas
have common words:
Trk. Çoban yıldızı, CTat. Čoban yïldïzï, Ur. Čoban yïldïz(ï), Az. Čoban-
ulduzu ‘Venus’ (“the shepherd’s star”)
Trk. Sabah yıldızı, Gag. Sabaa yïldïzï ‘Venus’ (“the star of morning”)
Tat. Ĕŋgĕr yŏldïzï, Bash. Ĕŋĕr yŏndŏẕŏ ‘Venus’ (“the star of dusk”)
Khak. Īr solbanï, Chul. Iŋɪr šolbōnu, Iŋer šolbōnu ‘Venus’ (“the star of
evening”)
Trk. Kervankıran, Kervankıran yıldızı, Az. Karvanġïran, Gag. Kervan-
kïran
(yïldïzï) ‘Venus’, Tkm. Kerwenġïran ‘Jupiter’, ‘a star which rises one or
two hours earlier than the morning star’
Sal. Yārux yultus ‘the Pole Star’, Uyg. Yoruq yulduz ‘the Pole Star’
(“bright star”)
Tkm. Ömrüẕāya, Ömrüẕāya yïldïẕï ‘Venus’, Kaz. Ömirzaya ‘a star
which appears and falls towards dawn’, Kkp. Ömiri zaya žuldïz
‘Sirius’ (“its life is spoiled”; rather a Persian izāfa ‫عمرضائع‬ʿumr-i
ẓāʾiʿ or ‫ عمرضايع‬ʿumr-i ẓāyi ‘useless life’ (?))
Kyr., Alt. Altïn qazïq, Uzb. Åltinqåzïq, Uyg. Altun qėziq ‘the Pole Star’
(“gold stake”)
188 2014, 62 - 2
Yong-Sŏng LI
Shor. Qōšqar, Khak. Xosxar ‘the Pole Star’

Khak. Čitĭ čïltïs, (Kyzyl dial.) Šeti šïltïs, Tuv. Čedi-sïldïs ‘the Great
Bear’ (“seven stars”)
Uzb. Yėtti qaråqči, Kyr. J̌eti qaraqčï, Kaz., Kkp. Žeti qaraqšï ‘the
Great Bear’ (“seven robbers”)
Alt. Déti-qān, Tuv. Čedi-xān, Tof. Čédi-qan ‘the Great Bear’ (“seven
khans”)
Uzb. Kičik yėtti qaråqči, Kkp. Kiši žeti qaraqšï ‘the Little Bear’ (“small
seven robbers”)
Kaz., Kkp. Ürker, Kyr. Ürkör ‘the Pleiades’, Uyg. Ürker ‘the Great
Bear’
Trk., Az., CTat. Süreyya, Uzb. Sürȧyyå ‘the Pleiades’
Trk., Az. Pervin, Uzb. Pȧrwin ‘the Pleiades’
Tat. Ilek yŏldïz, Bash. Ilek yŏndŏẕŏ, Chuv. Ala śăltăr ‘the Pleiades’
(“sieve star”)
Trk. akan yıldız, Az. axan ulduz ‘meteor’ (“flowing star”)
Tat. atïlγan yŏldïz, Bash. atïlγan yŏndŏẕ ‘meteor’ (“thrown star”)
21. Some star names are borrowed from non-Turkic languages:
Trk. bedir, Az. bedir, bedr ‘full moon’
Trk. Zühre, Az. Zöhre, Tat., Bash. Zö̆hre, … ‘Venus’
Az., Tkm., Uzb. Venera, Uyg. Wenera, Trk. Venüs ‘Venus’
Tkm. Ömrüẕāya, Ömrüẕāya yïldïẕï ‘Venus’, Kaz. Ömirzaya ‘a star
which appears and falls towards dawn’, Kkp. Ömiri zaya žuldïz
‘Sirius’82
Trk. Dübbüekber, Az. Dübb-i ekber ‘the Great Bear’
Trk. Dübbüasgar, Az. Dübb-i esγer ‘the Little Bear’
Trk., Az., CTat. Süreyya, Uzb. Sürȧyyå ‘the Pleiades’
Trk., Az. Pervin, Uzb. Pȧrwin ‘the Pleiades’
Az., Tkm., Uzb., … kometa, Trk. komet ‘comet’
Trk., Az., Tkm., … meteor ‘meteor’
Trk., Az., Tkm., … meteorit ‘meteorite’
22. Some star names are apparently translated from non-Turkic languages:
Trk. Kervankıran, Kervankıran yıldızı, Az. Karvanġïran, Gag. Kervan-
kïran (yïldïzï) ‘Venus’, Tkm. Kerwenġïran ‘Jupiter’, ‘a star which
rises one or two hours earlier than the morning star’
82 Of course, yïldïẕï and žuldïz are Turkic words.
2014, 62 - 2 189
Trk. Kutup yıldızı, Az. Ġütb ulduzu, Uzb. Qutb yulduzi, Uyg. Qutup
yultuzi, Qutup žultuzi, Tat. Qŏtïp yŏldïzï, Kyr. Qut ǰıldız ‘the Pole
Star’
Tuv. Polyar sïldïzï, Polyar šolbanï ‘the Pole Star’
Trk. (dial.) Yedikardeş, Yedikardaş, Yedigardaş, Uzb. Yėtti åγayni, Khal.
Yiē ̣ti lālalar ‘the Great Bear’
Tuv. (Uriankhai dial.) Čedi burxan ‘the Great Bear’
Trk. Büyük ayı, Gag. Bǖk ayï, Az. Böyük ayï bürǰü, Ur. Büyük ayuv, Uz.
Kȧttȧ ȧyïq, Kyr. Čoŋ ayū, Uyg. Čoŋ ėyiq yultuzlar türkümi, Alt.
(Altay-kizhi dial.) D´ān ayu, Alt. (Chalkandu dial.) Ñān ayu ‘the
Great Bear’
Trk. Küçük ayı, Az. Kičik ayï bürǰü, Uzb. Kičik ȧyïq, Uyg. Kičik ėyiq
yultuzlar türkümi ‘the Little Bear’
Uyg. J̌inaza žultuz ‘the Little Bear’
Uyg. Üč yultuz ‘Orion’s Belt [three bright stars across Orion]’
WYug. Suanmo yultus ‘the Pleiades’
WYug. oγur yultus, oγïr yultus ‘comet’
23. The meaning of yaruq yulduzï in an ode to spring on p. 60 of Dīwān
Luγāt at-Turk is given as ‘Lichtstern’ in Németh 1968: 3, ‘the shining (al-
ṯāqib) star’ in ED 963a, and ‘Venus’ <: ‘the star of glamour [correctly, gleam]’>
in Gyarmati 2003: 81. However, yaruq is not a noun but an adjective here,
because this word is analyzed as yaruq ‘bright’ + yulduz ‘’ + -ï ‘possessive
suffix of the third person’ and this possessive suffix belongs certainly to the
spring. Therefore, the meaning of this word should be ‘its bright star’.
Moreover, it is not certain that this word means ‘Venus’.
Abbreviations and Bibliography

Alt. Altay Turkic Krch.-Blk. Karachay-Balkar
Ar. Arabic Khal. Khalaj
Az. Azerbaijani Kum. Kumyk
Bash. Bashkir Kyr. Kyrgyz
Bulg. Bulgarian Lat. Latin
Chin. Chinese Mong. Mongolian
Chul. Chulym Turkic Nog. Nogay
Chul. (L) Lower Chulym dialect Per. Persian
Chul. (M) Middle Chulym dialect Russ. Russian
Chuv. Chuvash Sal. Salar
CTat. Crimean Tatar Shor. Shor
190 2014, 62 - 2
Yong-Sŏng LI
Dol. Dolgan Skr. Sanskrit

Eng. English Sp. Spanish
Fr. French Tat. Tatar
Gag. Gagauz Tkm. Turkmen
Ger. German Tof. Tofa
Gr. Greek Trk. Turkish
Kar. (c) Karaim (Crimean dial.) Tuv. Tuvan
Kar. (h) Karaim (Halych-Lutsk dial.) Ur. Urum
Kar. (t) Karaim (Trakai dial.) Uyg. Modern Uyghur
Kaz. Kazakh Uzb. Uzbek
Khak. Khakas WYug. Western Yugur
Kkp. Karakalpak Yak. Yakut
Kor. Korean
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2014, 62 - 2 195
BQ Bilgä Qaγan Inscription

KT Kül Tegin Inscription
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The New International Webster’s Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language —
Deluxe Encyclopedic Edition —, Naples, FL 2003.
There are following articles according to DWS 7-15:

Anikin, A. Je., ‘K tipologii nazvanij Bol’šoj Medvedicy v jazykax Sibiri’,
Izvestija Sibirskogo otdelenija Akademii nauk SSSR. Serija istorii, filologii i filosofii 3
(1990), pp. 18-22.
Mándoki, L., ‘Asiatische Sternnamen’ in V. Diószegi (ed.), Glaubenswelt und Folklore der
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Zieme, P., ‘Hatte der Große Bär bei den Uiguren neun Sterne?’ in K. Röhrborn & W.
Veenker (eds.), Memoriae Munusculum [Gedenkband A. v. Gabain], Wiesbaden 1994,
pp. 149-154.
There are also the following articles according to the Abbreviations in Gyarmati (2003: 85):
Bazin, L., “Über die Sternkunde in alttürkischer Zeit”, Abhandlungen der Geistes- und
Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse / Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in
Mainz, Jahrgang 1963, Nr. 5, pp. 571-582.
Gyarmati, I, “Die Gestirnnamen des Zodiakus in den türkischen Sprachen”, Acta Orientalia
Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 40/1 (1986), pp. 53-106.
http://altaireal.snu.ac.kr/askreal_v25/ (2013-02-03)
code=rid0008&ccode=c07&ecomment=Short+Consultant,+Vladimir+Jegorovich+TAN-
NAGASHEV (2013-02-02) (Short is an editorial error for Shor.)
code=rid0020&ccode=c06&ecomment=Tuvan+(Tuwa)+Consultant,+Machigir (2013-02-02)
code=rid0020&ccode=c07&ecomment=Tuvan+(Tuwa)+Consultant,+QADYRKHAN
(2013-02-02)
code=rid0022&ccode=c19&ecomment=Tsaatan+Consultant,+Dagjiy (2013-02-02)
code=rid0024&ccode=c06&ecomment=West+Yugur+(Yugu)+Consultant,+An+Yuling
(2013-02-02)
code=rid0024&ccode=c07&ecomment=West+Yugur+(Yugu)+Consultant,+Tuo+Zirong
(2013-02-02)
code=rid0027&ccode=c08&ecomment=Gagauz+consultant,+Fedora+Ivanovna+AR-
NAUT (2013-02-02)
code=rid0027&ccode=c09&ecomment=Urum+consultant,+Valerij+Ivanovich+KIOR
(2013-02-02)
code=rid0037&ccode=c05&ecomment=Tatar+consultant,+Amina+Zakirovna+ABANE-
JEVA (2013-02-02)
c o d e = r i d 0 0 4 0 & c c o d e = c 1 9 & e c o m m e n t = Tu v a n + Ã œ Ã ¼ r i n + U r i a n h k a i + -
consultant,+BAASANZHAV (2013-02-02)
code=rid0046&ccode=c03&ecomment=Krygyz+consultant,+ToktobÃ¼bÃ¼+Akmato-
va (2013-02-02) (Krygyz is an editorial error for Kyrgyz.)
198 2014, 62 - 2
Yong-Sŏng LI
code=rid0046&ccode=c05&ecomment=Krygyz+consultant,+Karamat+KHAMIDOVA
(2013-02-02)
code=rid0046&ccode=c07&ecomment=Krygyz+consultant,+Dzhengish+Imanalijeva
(2013-02-02)
code=rid0046&ccode=c08&ecomment=Krygyz+consultant,+NazgÃ¼l+Mazekova
(2013-02-02)
code=rid0047&ccode=c06&ecomment=Dolgan+consultant,+Anna+Grigorèvna+CH-
UPRINA (2013-02-02)
code=rid0047&ccode=c07&ecomment=Dolgan+consultant,+Jelena+Polikarpovna+TI-
MOFEJEVA (2013-02-02)
code=rid0052&ccode=c05&ecomment=Karaim+consultant,+Lidia+MASZKIEWICZ
(2013-02-02)
code=rid0052&ccode=c06&ecomment=Karaim+consultant,+Szymon+JUKHNIEWICZ
(2013-02-02)
code=rid0052&ccode=c08&ecomment=Karaim+consultant,+Juzef+FIRKOWICZ
(2013-02-02)
code=rid0052&ccode=c09&ecomment=Karaim+consultant,+Marek+LAWRINOWICZ
(2013-02-02)
code=rid0054&ccode=c12&ecomment=Bashkir+consultant,+Buljak+Batyrgareje-
vna+SHAKUROVA (2013-02-02)
code=rid0063&ccode=c06&ecomment=Hakas+consultant,+Il`ja+Prokop`jevich+TOPO-
JEV (2013-02-02)
code=rid0063&ccode=c07&ecomment=Hakas+consultant,+Oleg+Petrovich+SHULBA-
JEV (2013-02-02)
code=rid0063&ccode=c08&ecomment=Hakas+consultant,+Jekaterina+Nikolaje-
vna+TOLMACHEVA (2013-02-02)
code=rid0063&ccode=c09&ecomment=Hakas+consultant,+Valentina+Petrovna+JAN-
GULOVA (2013-02-02)
code=rid0063&ccode=c11&ecomment=Hakas+consultant,+Jefrosinija+Vasilijevna+I-
TIGECHEVA+and+Jekaterina+Pavlovna+ULCHUGACHEVA (2013-02-02)
2014, 62 - 2 199
code=rid0063&ccode=c13&ecomment=Hakas+consultant,+Aleksej+Ivanovich+KO-
TOZHEKOV (2013-02-02)
code=rid0063&ccode=c14&ecomment=Hakas+consultant,+Rima+Konstantinovna+KO-
CHELOROVA (2013-02-02)
code=rid0066&ccode=c03&ecomment=Altai+consultant,+Tamara+Jemel`janovna+OR-
SULOVA (2013-02-02)
code=rid0066&ccode=c04&ecomment=Altai+consultant,+Ljudmila+Mixajlovna+ABY-
SHEVA (2013-02-02)
code=rid0066&ccode=c05&ecomment=Altai+consultant,+Raisa+Atvasovna+PALKI-
NA (2013-02-02)
code=rid0066&ccode=c06&ecomment=Altai+consultant,+Aleksej+Angelejevich+SU-
MACHAKOV (2013-02-02)
code=rid0066&ccode=c09&ecomment=Altai+consultant,+Anastasija+Semjonovna+T-
ODOZHOKOVA (2013-02-02)
code=rid0066&ccode=c10&ecomment=Altai+consultant,+Trifon+Dmitrijevich+BELE-
JEV (2013-02-02)
http://www.cld-korea.org/eng/archives/archives_1.php (2012-11-15)
http://www.geonames.de/planets.html (2012-10-23)
200 2014, 62 - 2
Yong-Sŏng LI
<The Purple Forbidden enclosure map83>
83 Korean History of Science Society (comp.) 1983: 470.
2014, 62 - 2 201

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SOME STAR NAMES IN MODERN TURKIC LANGUAGES-II*

5. Names for ‘the Great Bear/the Big Dipper’

Yedigen: Trk. (dial.) (DS XI 4221a)

5.1.1.2.1 Ulï yedigen (< *Uluγ yė̄tigen)

Yeddigardaşlar: Trk. (dial.) (DS XI 4221a)9

9 This word is from Iğdır. Therefore, it is an Azerbaijani word.

5.1.8 J̌ eti arqar

D´ān ayu (Altay-kizhi dial.)27

extinct; (attrib) immense’ (Hornby 1975: 524a).

‘Big Dipper, Great Bear’ (XYHC 275a, 331a)

36 Oloŋko means ‘tale, story’.

6. Names for ‘the Little Bear’

6.1.1 Küçük ayı

Kiškey yetegen: Nog. (RNS 298a)

6.3 Pĕčĕk altăr śăltăr

42 This word is given as Üs muyγas due to an editorial error.

44 See MEA 333b.

7. Names for ‘the Pleiades’

sen’ zusammenzusetzen (’Luftloch’, ’der Blasende, der Wehende’: ürker). Ich

49 See Ligeti 1966: 276.

Khak. ‘Pleiades’ (XRSa 254b), ‘(Sagay dial.) Pleiades; (Kacha

and ‘Pleiades’ respectively.

7.13 Sōx čïltïs “cold star”

8. Names for ‘comet’

63 “soğık N./A.S. fr. soğı:-; ‘cold’. S.i.a.m.l.g.” (ED 808a)

quyruqli yulduz: Uzb. (URS 628b; RUS 301b)

69 See p. 533a of the v. 27 of the New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia (2007).

saçlıyıldız (RTS 334a)

9. Names for ‘meteor/meteorite’

9.20 sïldïs toγlančïzï

Shor. Qōšqar, Khak. Xosxar ‘the Pole Star’

82 Of course, yïldïẕï and žuldïz are Turkic words.

Abbreviations and Bibliography

Dol. Dolgan Skr. Sanskrit

DWS Stachowski, Marek, Dolganischer Wortschatz, Supplementband,

LOQ Bang, W. & G. R. Rachmati, Die Legende von Oghuz Qaghan,

RKmS Bammatov, Z. Z. (ed.), Russko-kumykskij slovar’, Moskva 1960.

TTAS Maxmutova, L. T. et al. (eds.), Tatar tĕlĕnĕŋ aŋlatmalï süzlĕgĕ, I,

BQ Bilgä Qaγan Inscription

Pulleyblank, Edwin G., Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese,

The Encyclopedia Americana ‒ International Edition, Vol. 7, Danbury 1994.

There are following articles according to DWS 7-15:

<The Purple Forbidden enclosure map83>

83 Korean History of Science Society (comp.) 1983: 470.

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