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Cambridge Assessment International Education

Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

BIOLOGY 9700/22
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions March 2018
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 60

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the March 2018 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.

® IGCSE is a registered trademark.

This document consists of 13 printed pages.

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9700/22 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme March 2018
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Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the
specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the
scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the
question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level
descriptors.

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GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may
be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or
grade descriptors in mind.

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Mark scheme abbreviations:

; separates marking points

/ alternative answers for the same marking point
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or by additional guidance)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
ora or reverse argument
mp marking point (with relevant number)
ecf error carried forward
I ignore

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Question Answer Marks
1(a) assume in context of transmission electron micrograph unless otherwise stated 1

any one from:

idea that can see internal structures ;

cannot see surface contours / AW ;
A not 3-D appearance
AVP ; e.g. ref. to small(er) depth of field ;
1(b) any two from: 2

(flattened) sacs have layered appearance / no connection between membranes / AW / ora ;

not, connected to / contiguous with / continuous with, (outer membrane of) nuclear envelope / ora ;
swellings at end of sacs (for vesicle formation) / vesicles at ends of sacs ;
no ribosomes / ora ;
1(c) actual diameter = image length / magnification ; 2

at 11 mm for X–Y:

234 nm ;
A 213 nm (for 10 mm)
A 255 nm (for 12 mm)
A 223 nm (for 10.5 mm)
A 245 nm (for 11.5 mm)

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Question Answer Marks
1(d)(i) I glycocalyx 3
I glyco / carbohydrate chains
A points from labelled diagram

1 phospholipid bilayer ;

plus any two from:

2 fatty acid core / fatty acid tails orientated inwards ;

3 protein ;
4 further detail of proteins ;
e.g. integral and peripheral / AW
scattered (in phospholipid bilayer)
5 cholesterol ;
1(d)(ii) any one relevant suggestion: 1

reduced gaps between membrane molecules ;

higher proportion of phospholipids with saturated fatty acids / ora ;
fewer unsaturated fatty acids so, fewer ‘kinks’ in tails / closer packing ;
higher proportion of cholesterol molecules ;
fewer, channel / carrier / transport, proteins ;
smaller diameter of channels in non-specific channel proteins ;
fewer types of (specific), transport / carrier, proteins ;
AVP ; e.g. fewer, aquaporins / channels for water

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Question Answer Marks
2(a)(i) bone marrow ; 1
2(a)(ii) accept points from a diagram 3

max three from:

1 detection / recognition ;
e.g. detects (named type of) pathogen
recognises, (foreign) antigens / antibodies complexed to antigens
has receptors (for antigens)
2 engulfs / envelops, pathogen / bacterium / AW ;
A phagocytosis occurs
A endocytosis occurs
A pseudopodia form
3 forms, vacuole / vesicle / phagosome ;
4 ref. to lysosome fusion ;
5 ref. to hydrolytic / digestive, enzymes ;
A named examples
A hydrolases
6 ref. to antigen presentation ;
7 AVP ; e.g. (response is) non-specific / innate
2(a)(iii) any one valid suggestion from: 1

produces inhibitors for / deactivates, lysosomal enzymes ;

escapes out of phagosome ;
forms resistant spore / is resistant to digestive enzymes ;
AVP ; e.g. suggestion of macrophage malfunction

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Question Answer Marks
2(b) any three from: 3

1 production of mucus by, mucous glands / goblet cells ;

2 sticky / AW, mucus
or
mucus traps, pathogens / bacteria / microorganisms ;
3 mucus acts as a barrier (to prevent entry) ;
4 mucus increases distance to reach cells ;
5 cilia on ciliated epithelial cells ;
A ciliated epithelium
6 cilia, waft / move, mucus / AW ;
7 idea that (contaminated) mucus is moved, away from alveoli / away from lung tissue / towards back of mouth / AW ;
2(c) any one suggestion from: 1

blood / plasma / circulatory system ;
lymph / lymph system ;
within, neutrophils / macrophages / phagocytes ;
A white blood cells / leucocytes
2(d) any one from: 1

from infected, cows / cattle ;

eating contaminated, meat / beef (from infected cattle) ;
drinking, raw / unpasteurised, milk (from infected cows) ;
2(e) any two from: 2

increases chances of, killing / AW, all bacteria ;

I will kill all bacteria (unqualified)
A will kill all bacteria if bacteria are, susceptible / not resistant
if bacteria are resistant to one antibiotic, then still susceptible to other antibiotics / AW ;
reduces chance of mutations arising / (if bacteria susceptible) mutations unlikely to occur against all antibiotics ;
AVP ; e.g. antibiotic can be stopped because of side effects
idea that more effective because different antibiotics will work on different targets (in the bacteria)

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Question Answer Marks
2(f) any two from: 2

overall trend for both is increase ;

rate of increase in cases of MDR-TB greater than rate of increase in cases of TB / AW / ora ;
ref. to fluctuations / detail of fluctuations / periods of decrease ;
2(g) any three from: 3

overall increase in TB cases:

1 ref. to problems with people living in, poorly ventilated accommodation / close proximity to each other / AW ;
2 vaccination programmes not able to prevent increase / herd immunity insufficient / AW ;

decrease / numbers fairly constant:

3 ref. to (some) success of, prevention / treatment programme ;
A described examples

increase in MDR-TB:
4 people fail to finish course of treatment for normal TB / AW ;
5 ref. to ease of transmission of TB means easy to transmit MDR-TB ;

decrease in 2014 for MDR-TB:

6 suggestion for decrease ;
e.g. better, surveillance / cooperation, in completion of drug therapy
more successful antibiotics used
people better educated about preventing spread

for either increase in TB cases or increase in MDR-TB:

7 qualified ref. to link between, HIV / HIV/AIDS, and TB ;
8 less money available for, longer drug treatment / vaccination, by, health authorities / governments ;

9 AVP ; e.g. balance between new cases and successfully treated cases means problem still exists in prevention
ref. to changes in population size
ref. to improvements in data collection
ref. to immigration

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Question Answer Marks
3(a) any four from: 4

1 disaccharide to monosaccharides ;
2 R is water / water required ;
3 hydrolysis reaction ;
4 glycosidic bond broken ;
5 S is α-glucose ;
6 detail of enzyme action ; e.g. induced fit or lock and key hypothesis described
7 AVP ; e.g. (β-)1,4(-glycosidic) bond broken
3(b)(i) intracellular advantage: 2
idea of control / maintaining balance / efficient metabolism ;
e.g. if, (enough) glucose / galactose / monosaccharides, present then no need for, uptake / breakdown, of lactose
avoids osmotic problems as no build-up of monosaccharides
high quantities of product means no requirement for use in respiration by cell

disadvantage:
loss of product / reduced productivity / product required continuously / slows rate of reaction / ref. to enzyme needing to
remain active ;
3(b)(ii) any one from: 1

products and enzyme kept separated / AW ;

product removed immediately ;
3(b)(iii) any one from: 1

inert / unreactive / cannot be digested by lactase / AW ;

non-toxic ;
insoluble ;
long shelf-life ;
AVP ; e.g. can create small mesh size
suggestion of enzyme attachment to fibres

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Question Answer Marks
3(c) any three from: 3

1 ref. to controlled variables ;

e.g. constant, pH / temperature
2 take samples at timed intervals ;
A regular intervals
3 determine, substrate concentration / product concentration ;
4 plot graph of, dependent variable (y-axis) against time (x-axis) ;
5 ref. to rate of disappearance of substrate
or
ref. to rate of appearance of product ;
6 determine initial rate ;

Question Answer Marks

4(a) I any part of the pathway beyond cortical cells 4
I incorrect mechanisms

any four from:

1 correct ref. to, apoplastic pathway and symplastic pathway / apoplast and symplast ;
2 cell wall route ;
3 further detail ; e.g. between, cellulose fibres / spaces between cells
does not cross (cell) membranes
4 entry into, root hair cell by, crossing (partially permeable) cell surface membrane / osmosis ;
5 (then) cytoplasmic route / within cytoplasm ;
6 from cell to cell via plasmodesmata ;
7 vacuolar route ;
A crosses, tonoplast / vacuolar membrane
4(b) any one from: 1

for active transport of mineral ions ;

A for mineral ion uptake against a concentration gradient
for, ATP / energy, for active transport ;

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Question Answer Marks
5(a) any three across both sections: 3

SAN (max two):

1 pacemaker / sets rate of heart beat / responsible for rhythmic contraction ;
2 sends out, impulses / waves of excitation / waves of depolarisation ;
3 initiates / brings about / AW, heart beat / contraction of the heart / atrial contraction / atrial systole ;

AVN (max two):

4 acts to relay impulses / described ;
5 introduces delay to ventricular, systole / contraction(s) / prevents simultaneous contraction of atria and ventricles / AW
;
A allows time for, atria to empty / ventricles to fill
6 conducts, waves of excitation / impulses, to, bundle of His / Purkyne fibres ;
5(b)(i) D = vein / veins 1
E = artery / arteries ;
F = capillary / capillaries
5(b)(ii) any two from: 2

single layer / one cell thick ;

flattened / thin, cells ;
A squamous / pavement, cells / epithelia
smooth surface (facing lumen) ;

Question Answer Marks

6(a) 1 adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine ; 6
2 DNA polymerase ;
3 nucleotides ;
4 complementary base pairing ;
5 (DNA) ligase ;
6 semi-conservative (replication) ;

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Question Answer Marks
6(b)(i) J metaphase ; 3
K prophase ;
L telophase ;
A anaphase
6(b)(ii) large size / same size as cells in mitosis / ora ; 1
6(b)(iii) 1 chromosomes, orientated / arranged / AW, at, (spindle) equator / metaphase plate ; 2

plus any one from:

2 chromosomes attached to, spindle / spindle fibres, at centromere / kinetochore ;

3 spindle fully formed ;
4 nucleolus has disappeared ;
5 nuclear envelope, has disassembled / broken down / AW ;

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