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What is data science? How can I become a data scientist?

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DEFINITIONS AND RESOURCES TO LEARN DATA SCIENCE:
to work for?

I. Definitions of data science: Where is the science in data science?

1. Definition from Wikipedia:

 Ask New Question
Data science is a multi-disciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, More Related Questions
algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and insights from data in various forms,
both structured and unstructured,[1][2] similar to data mining.
In Other Languages
Data science is a "concept to unify statistics, data analysis, machine learning and
their related methods" in order to "understand and analyze actual phenomena" with En español: ¿Qué es la ciencia de datos?
data.[3] It employs techniques and theories drawn from many fields within the
context of mathematics, statistics, information science, and computer science. In italiano: Cos'è la scienza dei dati?

Dalam bahasa Indonesia: Apa itu data sains?

2. Definition from datarobot .com

Data science is the field of study that combines domain expertise, programming
skills, and knowledge of math and statistics to extract meaningful insights from data.
Data science practitioners apply machine learning algorithms to numbers, text,
images, video, audio, and more to produce artificial intelligence (AI) systems that
perform tasks which ordinarily require human intelligence. In turn, these systems
generate insights that analysts and business users translate into tangible business
value.

II. Useful resources from Quora:

1. Top 8 books to learn data science

2. Best 7 data science courses

3. How do I learn data science by myself?

4. What are good ways to get started with data science for a complete novice?

5. What are some of the best data science courses?

6. What are some good data science certificate programs?

7. Is data science a good career option?

8. How can I become a data scientist?

9. What is data science?

100+ Answers

Ji Li, data scientist

Updated Mar 22, 2015 · Upvoted by Rishabh Agnihotri, Masters Candidate, Masters of
Data Science and Shlomo Argamon, Director of the Master of Data Science Program at

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Illinois Institute of Technology 3 21
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I have been a data scientist for about two years. Here are some quick thoughts
on what I think data science is. Or, why don't we start with what data science is
not.

First, data science is not a software engineering piece of work. That is, data
science is not about building products or product features or systems or any
related fancy things.

Second, data science is not a visualization piece of work. Creating the cool visual
is neither the end goal nor the beginning part of how a data scientist works.
Needless to say, data science is not about creating visually impactful
infographics.

Third, data science is not a scientific piece of work. In particular, data scientists
don't work in the academia. It is the industry's particular requirements and the
business markets' call that makes the job of data scientist needed. Data
scientists usually don't publish papers, and neither is the paper or book
publishing business part of any data scientists' daily concerns.

Last but not least, I don't agree with the public view that data science is, at least
mostly, statistics. Just to cite a quick story of myself. Once I was asked to hire
someone to assist my work and ended up interviewing lots of applicants through
phone. Many of the applicants came from the filed of statistical analysis and
most of these applicants tended to sound really confident that he or she would
be more than qualified for the role. However, I didn't end up calling any of them
on-site. One thing I realized at that time was that statistical knowledge alone
doesn't make a person qualified for assisting me effectively on the kind of data
science work that I needed to do, for reasons I'll mention in a short while.

Now, we are ready to talk about what data science is. It's a thing that
encapsulates some programming skills, some statistical readiness, some
visualization techniques, and, last but not least, a lot of business senses. The
kind of business sense that I in particular care about is the ability and
willingness, sometimes eagerness, to translate any business questions into
questions answerable using currently or forthcomingly available data within
one's reach. In fact, it takes a special way of connecting all the dots in the
random world full of data most of which you may not find immediately useful to
make a working data scientist.

A data scientist, based on my current understanding, is the person who

connects the dots between the business world and the data world. Similarly,
data science is the craft that a data scientist utilizes to make this happen.

I'm going to share a favorite analogue of mine about data science. Doing data
science is like preparing a meal. One starts with data munging, which includes
but is not restricted to ETL (extract, transform, and load), data cleansing, data
debugging, etc. This is the step similar to preparing the food source, where you
rinse cleans the vegetables, the meat, and the rice, chop the food source into
reasonably sized pieces, and put them aside. After that is done, you are ready to

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cook the food source, which corresponds

3 to data exploration, feature
21
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construction, feature reduction, running and ensembling the algorithms, etc.
This is when you cook the vegetable and meat in a step-by-step fashion, adding
ingredients and sources on particularly calculated timing, and watching the raw
material turn into edible pieces. The last step is to serve the food, when you
arrange the cooked food in artistic ways and serve them in a particular sequence
of first course, second course, etc, to customers who ordered the food to begin
with. This is when you prepare your data mining results in artistic visualization
and create reports or data stories to send to the business users who wanted this
piece of data science work to be done on the first place.

Summarizing the above, the process of data science consists of data munging,
data mining, and delivering actionable insights. Based on my own experience, a
common toolset to get all or part of these done include Python, R, Tableau, SQL,
etc.

Python is particularly handy as an all-purpose tool especially great for data

munging. It can also be used for data mining, thanks to the almighty scikit-learn
package, and even insight delivering based on its fast growing graphing abilities.

R is a bit shy on data munging compared to Python. However, because of its

nature of being "statistically complete" - a word I just made up, meaning that
any statistical thingie you have ever heard of is most likely already represented
by a R package, or two - R is great for exploring the data and running algorithms
on different parameter settings. This makes R a great tool for prototyping data
science - for example, to identify the key feature set as well as a good enough
machine learning algorithm with parameter setting, before you start to write
complicated production code for "real". In addition to the above, R is also
powerful with its visualization packages and can be used to turn a repeatable
data mining piece into a shiny report.
Talking about data visualization, Tableau is one of the best commercial software
for visually explore your data. It is also handy for creating interactive
visualization reports or data stories.

Besides Python, R, Tableau, there's one more data science tool that I want to
mention before finishing this post. SQL is the language of English in the world of
data munging, or at least have been so for a very long time. It is powerful in
integrating different data sources, and handy for data exploration and data
debugging.

These are just my two cents on what data science is. I hope it make sense to you
so far. I'm still a learner, and merely a beginner in this field, and I expect to pick
up a lot more and deeper understanding on this subject matter in the near
future.
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Luis Otavio Martins, Entrepreneur, Engineer and Data Scientist

Updated Jan 9

(As of 22 July, 2016) I’ve just left an interview where they asked me the same
question. After reading the other 41 answers, I’ll try to address a simpler and
correct one.

WHAT IS DATA SCIENCE?

The first time that I heard about the term “Data Science” was in Toronto, 2015.
Back then, I really though that Machine Learning and Data Science were some
kind of universal panacea for the world’s biggest problems. OMG, I was so
fuc&^*%% wrong.

Our endeavor on this post will be to define and understand Data Science, so let’s
get some perspective. I have a background in mechatronics and mechanical
engineering. Mechatronics is basically an attempt to understand every
engineering piece, from electronics to robotics, from mechanical to computing
and so on. You can imagine that I’m familiar to the struggles of Data Science.
However, with Mechatronics I have a more intimate and older story. Everything
started with my technical course on 2007. I thought that it was the universal
panacea too. I’ll leave up to you to guess if I was right or not.

DS vs Mecha (Nicknames = s2) Data Science versus Mechatronics

Ref.: Google trends

From this graph you can see in a glimpse that Data Science (red line) was not
that famous on 2007, but surprisingly: “It was there! Wow!”. Yeah, I know.

First conclusion, Data Science on it’s own it’s older than what they are
trying to make you believe.

Stay with my train of thought towards our second conclusion.

 

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Now you know that the term “Data

3 Science” is coined before 2004.
21
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(unfortunately I just have Google Trends data after 2004 and it’s a post on its
own to discover when happened the first mention or meaningful number of
searches).

Now you may be wondering:

How could people live 30 years ago without Data Science ?

The answer is siple: they lived.

And here it goes:

Second conclusion, Data Science was always there but without all the
buzz, officially coined term and rebranding. (I say always because we’re
not talking about cavemen here, ok?)

After these two main conclusions. Let’s get something more dynamic. A picture
is worth a thousand words (think in Data Visualizations).

What about a video? Take one minute of your life and watch the video
below (I promise that will worth it).

Convolutional Network Demo from 1993

Yann LeCun was recognizing hand written digits in 1993 (I was 2 years old by
then lol). This was not only about Machine Learning , it was required to have a
specific database (MNIST ) to train the model (not going to be technical here,
more at: LeCun’s Demos ).

Nowadays, if you need to create MNIST again from the NIST Special Database
and a model to recognize digits, prototype the whole process into a product and
present to C-suite executives, you would be probably considering to hire a Data
Scientist.

Data Scientists work with data. That’s why we have Data Science. Simple
enough.

What is Data Science?

1. It is a little bit of a misnomer and a buzz word that media is using to

describe everything. However, it’s good to have this dicussion to come
into an agreement;

2. The question is about Data science. So I will not talk about Data
Scientists. Go to What is a data scientist? if you are interested in that
answer;
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3 21
3. The biggest error that IAnswer
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a. “Data Science is when you are dealing with Big Data, large ammounts
of data”.

b. That is not true, Data Science can be applied to a data set with one
thousand lines, there is no problem with this.

4. Another misconception:

a. “Data Science only exists coupled with Machine Learning”.

b. That is not true. What about decades of statistical and mathematical

modeling? It’s true that Machine Learning empowers and automate
Data Science, but it’s not 100% necessary on 100% of use cases.

5. If we are going to call it “science” we need to consider the Science and

Scientific Method definition. According to this, Data Science is not
only about the practical or empirical methods, it needs scientific
foundations;

6. No one talked about the difference between Data and Information.

a. Data is a raw, unorganized set o things that need to be processed to

have a meaning;

b. That’s why I agree with the article Data Is Not The New Oil

c. Raw data is like Raw intelligence, Useless.

d. Information is when data is processed, organized, structured or

presented in a given context so as to make it useful;

e. Based on this, we would have Data science and Information Science.

Right now, people have a bias to talk about Data Science including
Information Science.

f. “Information Science” seems to be more appropriate term, but it’s

too far to go back.

7. It was clearly being used in a lot of fields for the past years:

a. Statistics/Mathematics

b. Data mining

c. Business intelligence - Market intelligence

d. Strategy Consulting

e. Many others…

f. The craziest part is that you see professionals of these areas updating
their resumes with something like “I worked with Data Science back
then in 199X”

8. The creation of Data Science in simple words: two sides that were not
totally connected, but with the new fast paced and technological world
would have to merge together.

a. Statistics/mathematics: formulate proper models to generate

insights;

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b. Computer
Homescience:Answer
make the bridge between the
Spaces models and the
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data in a feasible time to come with the result;

c. Only two sides because Machine Learning is all based on math and
stats;

d. Theoretical computer science could be considered a branch of

mathematics;

9. Topics/tools that a person need to understand or have some knowledge

when working with Data Science:

a. Linear algebra

b. Non-linear systems, dynamic systems

c. Analytical geometry

d. Optimization

e. Calculus

f. Statistics and probability

g. Programming language (R, Python, SAS, Javascript)

h. Softwares: Excel, IBM SPSS, SAS Enterprise Miner

i. General DS & MLasS platforms:

i. IBM Watson Studio & Analytics

ii. Azure Machine Learning,

iii. Google Cloud Machine Learning,

iv. H2O

v. Big ML

vi. Rapidminer and KMINE

vii. Amazon SageMaker

j. Data visualizations: Power BI, Tableau, R/Python using

plotly/ggplot/highcharts

k. Machine Learning (supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement

learning)

l. Big Data (MapR, RedShift, Snowflake, Big Query, Cassandra, Hadoop,

Spark)

m. Hardware (CPU, GPU, TPU, FPGA, ASIC)

10. The Drew Conway’s Data Science Venn Diagram . The Substantive
expertise (or Domain expertise) is the specific knowledge of the area
that you are applying Data Science. To know more about the lack of
substantive expertise in data science: What's Missing in Data Science
Talks - As Risky As It Gets

11. [2018, Update] I used to believe in the Danger Zone, but I don’t think
that it makes sense now. Think in a business analyst that create all the
SQL queries to get simple KPIs and update a company-wide dashboard.

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He would use some insignificant

3 math knowledge and most21of the work
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would be business logic + computer science (aka as Hacking Skills on
the diagram). I’ll create my own diagram on the next update to reflect
this new mindset.

WHAT IS NOT

1. Machine Learning is not a branch of Data science. Machine Learning

originated from Artificial Intelligence. Data science is only using ML as
a tool. The reason is that it produces amazing and autonomous results
for specific tasks;

2. It’s not the salvation of companies that never measured anything and
now want to get insights from their data. “Garbage in, garbage out” Data
science will be as good as the data generated on the following years
after the initial Data Science efforts. This can be mitigated by a legacy
data migration;

3. Just present data using some Excel charts without any insight about the
data. This would be descriptive analytics;

Finishing my answer with all types of analytics that together get closer to
encompass the Data Science definition:

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3 21
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Ref.: Descriptive Diagnostic Predictive Prescriptive Analytics

Have a safe journey!

[Update: 2018–02–17] I’ll be going through these +101 answers (which 18 are
collapsed) to update my answer someday. There are some really good answers
on this question, but I personally don’t recommend to take advises from people
that aren’t researchers, professors or professionals. This people are also known
as aficionados, enthusiasts, 190+ IQ etc.
[Curiosity] If you analyse the most famous diagram that defines mechatronics,
you are probably going to see some similarities. Humans when faced with
complex problems, tend to be predictable (e.g. create diagrams to explain to
others).

Ref.: Wikipedia

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You can know more about me on my

3 personal site. Follow me if you
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receive notifications about answers related to Data Science, Machine Learning,
Artificial Intelligence and Engineering.

Always upvote answers that you find useful. Everyone can be wrong so be
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Jared Thompson, Sr. Machine Learning Engineer (2018-present)

Updated Oct 19, 2018

I have trained dozens of data scientists and have consulted on or completed

hundreds of data science projects in dozens of subfields, so I think I’m pretty
qualified to give a correct answer here.

Most people are confused about the distinction between the terms:

statistician

software engineer

machine learning engineer

data engineer

data scientist

Each of these overlap each other quite a bit, but rest assured that they each have
a reason to exist.

A data scientist can do most of the tasks encompassed by any one of the above
jobs. However they are not distinguished from their peers by what they can d...
(more)

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Michael Hochster, Director of Data Science at Stitch Fix

Answered Jan 16, 2014 · Upvoted by Alex Blocker, Staff Statistician at GRAIL, Xoogler,
statistics PhD and William Chen, Former Data Science Manager at Quora

Data Scientists are people with some mix of coding and statistical skills who
work on making data useful in various ways. In my world, there are two main
types:

Type A Data Scientist: The A is for Analysis. This type is primarily concerned
with making sense of data or working with it in a fairly static way.The Type A

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Data Scientist is very similar to a 3statistician (and may be one) but

21 knows all the
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practical details of working with data that aren't taught in the statistics
curriculum:  data cleaning, methods for dealing with very large data sets,
visualization, deep knowledge of a particu... (more)

Upvote · 832 Share · 4

Alex Blocker, Staff Statistician at GRAIL, Xoogler, statistics PhD

I like this classification, but I would emphasize "Many Data Scientists are some mix …

Kapil Nakra, Data Analytics Training Expert

Answered Jan 18, 2018

“Data” – the “digital gold” is the all pervading commodity in today’s electronic
world. We have data streaming in from different sources for organizations with
different needs. For example, there is data pertaining to weather, stock prices,
home prices, disease outbreaks and so on. For example, look at the data set
below:

It is very hard to understand the numbers above and draw any conclusions from
it. Which department and which store is doing well? Which is the best quarter
for sales in store 101? It is extremely difficult to draw inferences or any insights
into this raw data with our naked eyes. This is where “data science” steps in.

What we do with this data and what conclusions will we draw to improve our
business goals forms the basis of “Data science”. As such, data scientists are
made up of a blend of skills relating to mathematics, statistics,
programming and some business logic. The marvellous fusion of these skills
in a professional leads them to give amazing conclusions based on which
businesses can grow and improve their profits.

From the days to “Enterprise Data warehouses (EDW)” to “Data science” we have
come a long way. Diving deep into data into its lowest granularity, every
organization likes to understand user habits and tweak their news feeds and
develop new products appropriately.

This is possible only by master “Data scientists” who improve the productivity
and ROI of the organization. Wanna know more about data science? Attend a

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free demo session on data analytics

3 career where we would share
21 all step by
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step process to start your career in this industry.

Hope this helps!

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Drew Conway, PhD student in Politics at NYU; studying networks,

terrorism, conflict and technology
Answered Aug 22, 2010 · Upvoted by William Chen, Former Data Science Manager at
Quora

First, the term "data science" is a misnomer with respect to what most people
consider endeavors classified as such.  Fundamentally, "science" is about
formalizing a hypothesis given a reasonable set of observations and
assumptions, designing an experiment around that hypothesis, testings it and
analyzing the data generated through that process to either confirm or falsify
the hypothesis.  Therefore, "data" is simply a natural byproduct of science.  Very
(very) rarely are things labeled as data science actually scientific.

Rather, data science most often refers to the tools and methods use... (more)

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Arpit Kharbanda, Student at Allen Career Institute

Answered Oct 1, 2017

Data science is a term used to refer to all the procedures and methodologies that
are used to procure, organize, package, and present data in an easily
understandable format. There are different kinds of data that might be available
in different fields, and this data could be either in a structured or unstructured
format.

This term refers to assimilating all available data into an easily available format
that can be utilized in various spheres of human activity. With the emergence of
the concept of Big Data in today’s IT-enhanced world, the need for data science
is on the rise. By extrapolat... (more)

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Claudia Gold, Data Scientist at Good Eggs; Formerly at Airbnb, MIT

Answered Jan 14, 2017

It is a bit like digging in Excel, on some level, but yes much bigger and also more
rigorous. Excel is limited to a few million rows, and even then it’s very slow.
Overall Excel offers a tiny subset of the things you can do to manipulate and
analyze data.

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In general data science and analytics

3 are about looking for trends
21 in data. The
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problem is, sometimes the datasets are too large (too many observations and/or
too many pieces of information - variables - about each observation). Also, our
brains want to find patterns naturally, so it’s easy to think we’ve found a pattern
when it’s really ju... (more)

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Adarsh Maurya, Data Science Intern. Former Django Developer

Answered Aug 12, 2017

What is it not?

A Data Scientist is not someone who studies data and interpret various
results out of it. This can be done by Data Analyst.

A Data Scientist is not someone who knows programming and can

write efficient codes. We know that there exists a very thick line of
difference b/w a Programmer & a Data Scientist.

A Data Scientist is not a Machine Learning Engineer(MLE). An MLE

devotes most of his/her time in solving a particular problem with
efficiency. In general, most of the time is spent in optimising the
problem that is already been solved.

A Data Scientist is not a Business minded per...

(more)

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Jasmini Vinarkar, works at Imarticus (2015-present)

Answered Apr 29

Hi,
 
Data science is a field of Big Data geared toward providing meaningful
information based on large amounts of complex data. Data science, or data-
driven science, combine different fields of work in statistics and computation in
order to interpret data for the purpose of decision making.

Data is drawn from different sectors and platforms including cell phones, social
media, e-commerce sites, healthcare surveys, internet searches, etc. The
increase in the amount of data available opened the door to a new field of study
called Big Data — or the extremely large data sets that can help produ... (more)

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Chinmay Sashittal, Data Scientist (2018-present)

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Answered Sep 10, 2018 3 21
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Imagine this scenario, where Starbuck’s CEO is intrigued by this question!

How many cocoa beans should Starbucks order, if Africa experiences a

drought?

Keeping the complexity aside,solving these type of questions can be really

POWERFUL and PROFITABLE for these multi-million dollar companies, where
the competition is cut-throat.

Let's understand Data Science with a simple process of cooking.

1. First Step-Getting the groceries! (getting the datasets)

2. Second Step-Clean the veggies! (clean,organize,structure the data-set)

3. Third Step-Cook the food! (Applying machine learning and stats

models,analysing)

4. ...

(more)

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Tair Miterany, worked at Reskill

Answered Aug 24, 2015

Data scientist performs research and analysis on data and helps companies to
improve business by predicting growth, trends and business insights based on
huge amounts of data.

Armed with data and analytical results, a top-tier data scientist will then
communicate informed conclusions and recommendations across an
organizations leadership structure.

Successful big data scientists will be in high demand and will be able to earn
very nice salaries. But in order to be successful, big data scientists need to have a

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wide range of skills that until now3 did not even fit into one department.
21
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Le... (more)

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December 2018, and created several trend me a better job. A dream job actually - one plan.
reports based on the question view trends where I could code and at the same time 2. Smallest of saving should be sta...
and other measures. Stackoverflow is talk to the clients directly. Not forgetting a
pragmatic in theRead
sense that people ask decent pay. Years agoInI... (more) (more)
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