MMU Harvard Referencing

7th edition

Hetal Patel, Lecturer

in conjunction with
The MMU Harvard referencing team
September 2019
Acknowledgements

In constructing this guide, a number of handbooks from various institutions were consulted.
Permission to use information from these institutions has been granted. The authors would like to
thank and acknowledge the following people or departments:

David Rudd – University of Bolton

Geoffrey Ward – University of Essex

Information Literacy Team – University of Leeds

Learning and Information Services (LIS) – University of Wolverhampton

Skills for Learning – Leeds Metropolitan University

Sue Taylor – University of Gloucestershire

Virginia Bell – Queen Margaret University

Academic Services – Bournemouth University

The authors would also like to thank members of staff from the Faculties of Education and Health,
Psychology and Social Care for their advice and recommendations.

Special thanks to Janet Rooney for the design of this handbook.

Disclaimer

This Harvard referencing handbook is designed to be used specifically by undergraduate students

studying at Manchester Metropolitan University. However, all students are advised to check with
their programme team as to which style of referencing is required as a few departments do not use
the Harvard system.

Postgraduate students and those who are submitting material for publication should adhere strictly
to guidelines or specifications provided by their supervisor or publishers of the relevant journal.

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Contents

Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................... 2
Disclaimer.................................................................................................................................................. 2
Why should I reference? ............................................................................................................................ 9
Plagiarism ............................................................................................................................................................9
What are citations, references and a bibliography? ..................................................................................... 9
Citations ..............................................................................................................................................................9
References ..........................................................................................................................................................9
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................9
Citations .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Direct quotes ........................................................................................................................................... 12
Direct quotes: general rules ............................................................................................................................. 13
Length of quotes .............................................................................................................................................. 13
Referencing list format............................................................................................................................. 14
Citing and referencing specific sources: A-Z of reference types .................................................................. 16
Acts of Parliament ................................................................................................................................... 16
Citing Acts of Parliament.................................................................................................................................. 16
Referencing Acts of Parliament ....................................................................................................................... 16
Acts introduced prior to 1963 .......................................................................................................................... 17
Annual Reports ........................................................................................................................................ 17
Citing annual reports........................................................................................................................................ 17
Referencing print copy annual reports ............................................................................................................ 17
Referencing online annual reports .................................................................................................................. 18
App content ............................................................................................................................................. 18
Citing app content............................................................................................................................................ 18
Referencing app content.................................................................................................................................. 18
Apps ........................................................................................................................................................ 19
Citing apps........................................................................................................................................................ 19
Referencing apps ............................................................................................................................................. 19
Archive material ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Citing archive material ..................................................................................................................................... 19
Referencing archive material accessed online................................................................................................. 20
Referencing archive material viewed physically .............................................................................................. 20
Bills ......................................................................................................................................................... 21
Citing Bills ......................................................................................................................................................... 21

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 Referencing Bills ............................................................................................................................................... 21
Books ...................................................................................................................................................... 22
General rules .................................................................................................................................................... 22
Citing books...................................................................................................................................................... 22
Referencing books ........................................................................................................................................... 23
Briefing papers ........................................................................................................................................ 23
Citing briefing papers ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Referencing briefing papers ............................................................................................................................. 24
Case law .................................................................................................................................................. 24
Citing case law.................................................................................................................................................. 24
Referencing case law ....................................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter in an edited book ........................................................................................................................ 25
Citing a chapter from an edited book .............................................................................................................. 25
Referencing a chapter from an edited book .................................................................................................... 26
Company data/reports from company financial databases ........................................................................ 26
Citing data/reports from company financial databases .................................................................................. 26
Referencing data/reports from company financial databases ........................................................................ 27
Company reports ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Computer / video games .......................................................................................................................... 27
Citing computer / video games ........................................................................................................................ 27
Referencing a computer / video game ............................................................................................................ 27
Referencing an online/downloaded computer game ...................................................................................... 28
Conference papers and conference proceedings (published and unpublished) ........................................... 28
Citing conference papers (published or unpublished)..................................................................................... 28
Referencing conference proceedings .............................................................................................................. 29
Referencing published conference papers – print copy .................................................................................. 29
Referencing published conference papers – online copy ................................................................................ 30
Referencing unpublished conference papers (paper presented at a conference) .......................................... 30
Discussion papers .................................................................................................................................... 31
Citing discussion papers ................................................................................................................................... 31
Referencing print discussion papers ................................................................................................................ 31
Referencing online discussion papers.............................................................................................................. 31
Dissertations/theses ................................................................................................................................ 32
Citing dissertations/theses .............................................................................................................................. 32
Referencing dissertations/theses – print copy ................................................................................................ 32
Referencing dissertations/theses – online copy .............................................................................................. 32
Ebook readers .......................................................................................................................................... 33

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 Citing ebook readers ........................................................................................................................................ 33
Referencing ebook readers .............................................................................................................................. 33
EU documents/legislation ........................................................................................................................ 34
Citing EU documents/legislation ...................................................................................................................... 34
Referencing EU documents/legislation............................................................................................................ 34
Exhibition catalogues ............................................................................................................................... 35
Citing exhibition catalogues ............................................................................................................................. 35
Referencing exhibition catalogues ................................................................................................................... 35
Referencing a work of art in an exhibition catalogue ...................................................................................... 35
Films/DVDs/videos .................................................................................................................................. 36
Citing films/DVDs/videos ................................................................................................................................. 36
Referencing films ............................................................................................................................................. 37
Referencing DVDs/videos ................................................................................................................................ 37
Citing extra features on DVDs/videos: film commentaries ............................................................................. 38
Referencing extra features on DVDs/videos: film commentaries................................................................... 38
Citing extra features on DVDs/videos: interviews with film director/s ......................................................... 39
Referencing extra features on DVDs/videos: interviews with film director/s ............................................... 39
Citing extra features on DVDs/videos: documentary ...................................................................................... 40
Referencing extra features on DVDs/videos: documentary............................................................................ 40
Citing films accessed online ............................................................................................................................. 40
Referencing films accessed online ................................................................................................................... 40
Foreign language sources ......................................................................................................................... 41
Citing foreign language sources ....................................................................................................................... 41
Referencing foreign language sources ............................................................................................................. 41
Referencing foreign language newspaper articles – online editions ............................................................... 41
General Reports ....................................................................................................................................... 42
Citing general reports ...................................................................................................................................... 42
Referencing print copy general reports ........................................................................................................... 42
Referencing online general reports ................................................................................................................. 42
Government Command papers ................................................................................................................. 43
Citing Command papers................................................................................................................................... 43
Referencing Command papers......................................................................................................................... 44
Guest presentations ................................................................................................................................. 45
Citing guest presentations ............................................................................................................................... 45
Referencing guest presentations ..................................................................................................................... 45
Illustrations: e.g. images, pictures, diagrams, tables. ................................................................................. 45
Caption elements for illustrations ................................................................................................................... 45
Citing illustrations ............................................................................................................................................ 46

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 Referencing illustrations .................................................................................................................................. 46
Journal articles......................................................................................................................................... 46
Citing journal articles ....................................................................................................................................... 46
Referencing journal articles ............................................................................................................................. 46
Online journal articles ...................................................................................................................................... 47
Journals: special issue .............................................................................................................................. 49
Citing journals: special issue ............................................................................................................................ 49
Referencing journals: special issue .................................................................................................................. 49
Leaflets/posters ....................................................................................................................................... 50
Citing leaflets/posters ...................................................................................................................................... 50
Referencing leaflets/posters ............................................................................................................................ 50
Lecture notes ........................................................................................................................................... 51
Citing lecture notes .......................................................................................................................................... 51
Referencing lecture notes ................................................................................................................................ 51
Magazine articles ..................................................................................................................................... 52
Citing magazine articles ................................................................................................................................... 52
Referencing magazine articles ......................................................................................................................... 52
Referencing online magazine articles .............................................................................................................. 52
Market reports/company and industry profiles/country reports ............................................................... 53
Citing market reports ....................................................................................................................................... 53
Referencing market reports/company and industry profiles/country reports - print copy ............................ 53
Referencing market reports/company and industry profiles/country reports – online copy ......................... 54
Newspaper articles .................................................................................................................................. 54
Citing newspaper articles ................................................................................................................................. 54
Referencing print copies of newspaper articles .............................................................................................. 55
Referencing online newspaper articles............................................................................................................ 55
Online audio ............................................................................................................................................ 56
Citing online audio ........................................................................................................................................... 56
Referencing an online audio ............................................................................................................................ 56
Online images or photos .......................................................................................................................... 57
Citing online images or photos ........................................................................................................................ 57
Referencing online images or photos .............................................................................................................. 57
Online PDF documents ............................................................................................................................. 58
Citing online PDF documents ........................................................................................................................... 58
Referencing online PDF documents ................................................................................................................. 58
Online videos ........................................................................................................................................... 59

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 Citing online videos .......................................................................................................................................... 59
Referencing online videos ................................................................................................................................ 60
Parliamentary debates (Hansard) ............................................................................................................. 60
Citing parliamentary debates (Hansard) .......................................................................................................... 60
Referencing a parliamentary debate (print copy) ........................................................................................... 61
Referencing a parliamentary debate (online version) ..................................................................................... 61
Parliamentary papers - online .................................................................................................................. 61
Citing parliamentary papers – online............................................................................................................... 61
Referencing parliamentary papers – online..................................................................................................... 61
Plays........................................................................................................................................................ 62
Citing a play ...................................................................................................................................................... 62
Referencing a play............................................................................................................................................ 63
Religious texts ......................................................................................................................................... 63
Citing religious texts ......................................................................................................................................... 63
Referencing religious texts............................................................................................................................... 63
Secondary sources ................................................................................................................................... 64
Citing secondary sources ................................................................................................................................. 64
Referencing secondary sources ....................................................................................................................... 66
Software .................................................................................................................................................. 66
Citing software ................................................................................................................................................. 66
Referencing software ....................................................................................................................................... 67
Songs ....................................................................................................................................................... 67
Citing songs ...................................................................................................................................................... 67
Referencing songs from a single (a or b sides)................................................................................................. 67
Referencing songs from an album ................................................................................................................... 68
Referencing an album ...................................................................................................................................... 68
Sources with no author ............................................................................................................................ 68
Standards ................................................................................................................................................ 69
Citing Standards ............................................................................................................................................... 69
Referencing print Standards ............................................................................................................................ 69
Referencing online Standards .......................................................................................................................... 70
Statutory Instruments .............................................................................................................................. 70
Citing Statutory Instruments............................................................................................................................ 70
Referencing Statutory Instruments ................................................................................................................. 71
Systematic reviews – Cochrane ................................................................................................................ 71
Citing systematic reviews................................................................................................................................. 71

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 Referencing systematic reviews....................................................................................................................... 71
Television and Radio broadcasts ............................................................................................................... 71
Citing television and radio broadcasts ............................................................................................................. 71
Referencing television and radio broadcasts ................................................................................................... 72
Referencing television and radio broadcasts accessed online ........................................................................ 73
Translated source .................................................................................................................................... 73
Citing a translated source ................................................................................................................................ 73
Referencing a translated book ......................................................................................................................... 73
Referencing a translated book with an editor ................................................................................................. 74
Referencing a translated book with introduction/section written by another author ................................... 74
Referencing translated journal articles............................................................................................................ 75
UN documents ......................................................................................................................................... 75
Citing UN documents ....................................................................................................................................... 75
Referencing print UN documents .................................................................................................................... 75
Referencing online UN documents .................................................................................................................. 75
Webpages (including blogs and social media sites) .................................................................................... 76
Citing webpages (including blogs and social media sites) ............................................................................... 76
Referencing webpages (including blogs and social media sites) ..................................................................... 76
Working papers ....................................................................................................................................... 77
Citing working papers ...................................................................................................................................... 77
Referencing print working papers ................................................................................................................... 77
Referencing online working papers ................................................................................................................. 78
Works of art............................................................................................................................................. 78
Citing works of art ............................................................................................................................................ 78
Referencing works of art .................................................................................................................................. 78
Original work of art showing in a temporary exhibition .................................................................................. 79
Citing a work of art showing in a temporary exhibition .................................................................................. 79
Referencing a work of art showing in a temporary exhibition ........................................................................ 79
Art exhibition ................................................................................................................................................... 80
Citing an art exhibition..................................................................................................................................... 80
Referencing an art exhibition........................................................................................................................... 80
Work of art reproduced in another source...................................................................................................... 80
Citing a work of art reproduced in another source ......................................................................................... 80
Referencing a work of art reproduced in a book ............................................................................................. 81
Referencing a work of art reproduced on a webpage ..................................................................................... 81

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Why should I reference?

One of the purpose of referencing is to enable others to find the information that you have used in
your assignment.

You MUST cite and reference all the sources of information that you have used in the main text of
your assignment. It is important to acknowledge the work of others if you have referred to it in your
assignments; if you do not, you will be accused of PLAGIARISM.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism is a failure to acknowledge another person’s work or idea and claiming this idea as your
own. This is deemed as cheating/academic misconduct and is treated as a SERIOUS OFFENCE. See
the ‘Assessment Regulations for Taught Programmes’ in the programme regulations section of your
student handbook.

You can find more information on avoiding plagiarism in the Skills Online module in your Moodle
Student Support Area.

What are citations, referenc es and a bibliography?

Citations

Acknowledging other people’s work/ideas within your assignment or in the main body of your text is
called ‘citing’. You will often come across citations when you are reading books or journals.

References

This is a list of sources that you have cited in the main text of your assignment. You must include
this list at the end of your assignment.

Bibliography

This is a list of sources that you have cited in your work (i.e. your reference list) and also the sources
that you have read but have not cited in the main text of your assignment. This list should also be
placed at the end of your assignment, after the reference section; however, you only need to
produce a bibliography alongside a reference list if you have been asked to do so.

Citations

For most sources, the only information you need when citing within the text of your work is the
author’s surname and the year of publication. However, please also bear in mind:

 If there is no author but there is an organisation’s name you use this instead.

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 If there is no date state these words instead of the year e.g. (no date).
 If you are citing a number of sources that support your argument you would cite these in
chronological order, separated by a semi-colon. For example: (Beck, 2012; Shields, 2013; Inala,
2014)

For more complex citations, examples are provided with each specific source throughout the guide.

Presenting citations

If you do not use the author’s name in your writing, the author and year are placed in brackets at
the end of the statement as follows.

Example

Recording personal achievements can be used as a reflective tool and can help an individual
identify their own skills and expertise (Cottrell, 2015).

If you are using the author’s name in your writing, you would add the year in brackets following the
author’s surname, as follows.

Example

Cottrell (2015) suggests that recording personal achievements can be used as a reflective tool and
can help an individual identify their own skills and expertise.

Using page numbers

It is essential to provide the page number(s) for direct quotes. It can also be helpful to provide the
page number(s) when you have paraphrased the text, as this can help the reader easily find the
part of the source that you are referring to.

Sources with one author:

Author’s surname or organisation’s name and the year of publication.

Examples

… (Cottrell, 2015)

… (Association of Illustrators, 2011)

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… (Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, no date)

Sources with two authors:

Both authors’ surnames or two organisations’ names and the year of publication.

Example

… (Lightbown and Spada, 1993)

Sources with three or more authors:

Surname of the first author only followed by et al. and the year of publication.

Example

… (Burrows et al., 2009)

An author who has published more than one piece of work in the same year:

To distinguish between different sources by the same author published in the same year, use a, b, c
etc. after the year in both the citation and the reference. The letter you assign to the publication
should be in order of its appearance in the main text of your work. Therefore, the first publication
you cite should be assigned the letter ‘a’, the next citation will be ‘b’ etc., regardless of the month
in which it was published.

Example

(Cottrell, 2012a) {i.e. for the first instance of a citation by Cottrell published in 2012}

(Cottrell, 2012b) {i.e. for the second instance of a citation by Cottrell published in 2012}

Authors with the same surname

When citing different sources by authors with the same surname, include the initial/s of the
authors to distinguish between them.

Examples

… (M. Mullins, 2016)

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 … (L. J. Mullins, 2011)

Using page numbers

It can also be helpful to provide the page number(s) when you have paraphrased the text, as this
can help the reader easily find the section of the source from which you are citing.

Most disciplines at Manchester Met however, do not require you to use page numbers when
paraphrasing from a source. If you are unsure, please check with your tutor or department.

Direct quotes

When citing a direct quote you need to include the page number or the word ‘online’, if you have
used an online source, in the citation.

For more complex quotes, examples are provided for each specific source throughout the guide:

Direct quotes with page numbers

When citing a direct quote from a source you need to use the surname/s of the author/s and the
year followed by the page number, in the following format:

Example

When critically evaluating others’ work, it’s important to use ‘tact and a constructive approach…’
(Cottrell, 2005:97).

Direct quotes from online sources

As many online sources have no page number, when quoting directly you need to state that the
information has been found online in the following way:

Example

According to the Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (no date:online) pay-as-you go
ensured that ‘…mobile phones are one of the most inclusive technologies’.

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Direct quotes: general rules

 When using quotes the wording that you have used in your assignment needs to be EXACTLY the
same as the text from the source.
 Single quotation marks must be used at the beginning and end of the quote so the reader knows
where the quote begins and ends.
 Quotes should not be altered into italics, underlined or emboldened unless you want to
highlight/emphasise a specific word in the quote. If you do this cite the quote as: (Egan, 2002:186
emphasis added) to show you have altered it.
 If the information from a source you are using as a direct quote runs over two pages, use both
page numbers, for example: (2016:1-2).
 If you do not use the whole sentence, make sure you use ellipses (…) to indicate which part of the
sentence is missing; these may be at the start of the quote, the end of the quote, or in the middle
if you have shortened the wording.
 If you come across a mistake in a quote and do not want this mistake to be attributed to you, you
can add the term [sic] next to the error. This can also apply to different spellings of words e.g.
color and colour.
 If you want to insert words into a quote you can add square brackets [ ] around the additional
text but remember the sentence must make grammatical sense. It is important to use square
brackets and not round brackets around the extra text because this indicates that this is your
addition and not the author’s.

Length of quotes

Short quotes

Quotes of up to and including 20 words, or up to two sentences (whichever is the greater) can be
embedded into the text. You MUST put single quotation marks around the text that you are inserting
into your assignment, as shown below. Remember, the sentence needs to make grammatical sense.

Example

For an individual to manage their workload effectively, a plan can be devised to tackle daily, weekly
and monthly commitments. Within this framework, individuals can identify issues that ‘…arise in
the course of your study and prioritise them with the most serious on top’ (Whitehead and Mason,
2003:27). By setting time aside and identifying possible events that may occur…

The quote used in the above example does not start at the beginning of the original sentence.
Thus, the ellipses ‘…’ have been used to illustrate that the quote is only part of the original
sentence.

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Long Quotes

Longer quotes should be indented and placed in a separate paragraph, as shown below.

You DO NOT need to place quotation marks around the quote if it is classified as a long quote.

Example

Moyser (2006:85) defines Elite interviewing as:

The use of interviews to study those at the ‘top’ of any stratification system, be it in sport,
academia, social status, religion, beauty or whatever. In practice, however, elite research
focuses mainly on political and economic notables. The study of elites touches on some of
the major and perennial issues of social analysis. The views and activities of generals,
businessmen, politicians and church leaders have been of concern to social thinkers since
the earliest days of Western thought.

As this definition points out…

Short Quotes

Quotes 20 words in length or shorter can be embedded into the text. You MUST put single
quotation marks around the text that you are inserting into your assignment, as shown below.
Remember, the sentence needs to make grammatical sense.

Example

For an individual to manage their workload effectively, a plan can be devised to tackle daily, weekly
and monthly commitments. Within this framework, individuals can identify issues that ‘…arise in
the course of your study and prioritise them with the most serious on top’ (Whitehead and Mason,
2003:27). By setting time aside and identifying possible events that may occur…

The quote used in the above example does not start at the beginning of the original sentence.
Thus, the ellipses ‘…’ have been used to illustrate that the quote is only part of the original
sentence.

Referencing list format

ALL sources that have been mentioned in the main text need to be listed, alphabetically, in the
referencing section using the correct format as detailed in this guide.

If you have used et al. in your citation you need to list all authors in your reference list.

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If you have two or more authors with the same surname you must list them in alphabetical order
according to the author’s initial/s:

Examples

Mullins, L. J. (2007) Management and organisational behaviour. 8th ed., Harlow: Financial Times
Prentice Hall.

Mullins, R. (2007) ‘iPhone: why one little gadget matters so much.’ Network World, 24(50) p. 33.

If you have a single author, where the surname is the same but the publication year is different the
sources should be listed in chronological order with the earliest publication first:

Examples

Cottrell, S. (2005) Critical thinking skills: developing effective analysis and argument. Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan.

Cottrell, S. (2008) The study skills handbook. 3rd ed., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

If you have two or more sources where the author’s surname is the same, but one publication is
written by a single author and the other is written by more than one author, the single authored
publication will be listed first. This will be the case regardless of the author’s first name:

Examples

Jameson, R. (1994) ‘Making the connection.’ Housing, 30(1) pp. 45-46.

Jameson, K. and Kidd, P. (1974) Pre-school play. London: Studio Vista.

In the above example Jameson, R. comes before Jameson, K. This is because a joint publication is
always placed after the single author of the same name.

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Citing and referencing specific sources : A-Z of reference types

Acts of Parliament

Citing Acts of Parliament

When citing Acts of Parliament in the main text of an assignment you must write in full, the short
title of the Act and the year.

PLEASE NOTE: Unlike the other citation formats the year of publication does not need to be placed
in brackets as this forms part of the title of the Act (with exception of direct quotes, see below).

Examples

According to the 1996 Housing Act, there are….

The 1960 Charities Act clearly stated that….

Direct quotes

When citing a direct quote from an Act of Parliament, write the full short title of the Act and the
year, followed by the page number written in brackets.

Example

The 1996 Housing Act (1996:13) states that tenants have the right to purchase their property as
long as ‘the dwelling was provided with public money and has remained in the social rented
sector’.

NB Please note that when quoting directly you need to add the year a second time.

Referencing Acts of Parliament

When referencing an Act of Parliament, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

PLEASE NOTE: Unlike for other reference types the year of publication does not need to be placed
in brackets as this forms part of the title of the Act (with exception of direct quotes, see below).

Short title of the Act and Year. (chapter number of the Act, abbreviated to ‘c.’) Place of publication:
Publisher.

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 Example

Housing Act 1996. (c.52) London: HMSO.

Acts introduced prior to 1963

If you are using an Act that was introduced prior to 1963, you will need to include some additional
information alongside the chapter number.

Short title of the Act and Year. (Year of reign of the monarch at the time the Act was introduced the
monarch’s name which can be abbreviated, chapter number of the Act) Place of publication:
Publisher.

Examples

Statistics of Trade Act 1947. (10&11 Geo. 6, c.39) London: HMSO.

Charities Act 1960. (8&9 Eliz. 2, c.58) London: HMSO.

Annual Reports

Citing annual reports

When citing annual reports by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented
as shown on pages 9-14.

Please note that to cite an annual report you will generally have to use the organisation’s name as an
author name is usually not present.

Referencing print copy annual reports

When referencing annual reports, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

Name of company. (Year of publication) Title of annual report. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

eBay. (2011) Annual Report 2011. San Jose: eBay Inc.

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Referencing online annual reports

When referencing an online annual report, you should provide the following information in the
format displayed below:

Name of company. (Year of publication) Title of annual report (in italics). [Online] [Date accessed]
URL

Example

British Geological Survey. (2010) Annual report 2010-2011. [Online] [Accessed on 24th April 2012]
http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/

App content

Citing app content

When citing information from app content by paraphrasing, the information will be presented as
shown on pages 9-14.

When citing a direct quote from an app, you should use the following format:

Direct quotes

The originator of the app, the year the app was released and the word app.

Example

‘… product, price, promotion…’ (Morgan, 2012:app)

Referencing app content

When referencing content from an app, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

Owner/creator. (Year) (Use year accessed if release date is not available). ‘Title of app content.’
Publisher or Producer (if ascertainable). Title of app. Version number. [App] [Date accessed]

Example

Morgan, J. (2012) ‘Business marketing lecture.’ Duke University. iTunes-U. Version 1.9.11. [App]
[Accessed on 25th January 2012]

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 Apps

An app refers to an application that is accessed on a mobile device, such as a tablet or smart phone.
There are academic sources produced as apps so you may need to cite and reference one in your
academic work.

Citing apps

When citing information from apps by paraphrasing, the information will be presented as shown on
pages 9-14.

When using a direct quote from an app, you should use the following format:

Direct quotes

The originator of the app, the year the app was released and the word app.

Example

‘healthcare in England…’ (Skyscape, 2010:app)

Referencing apps

When referencing an app, you should provide the following information in the format displayed
below:

Originator/s. (Year) (Use year accessed if release date is not available). Title of app. Version number
(if known). [App] [Date accessed]

Example

Skyscape. (2010) Skyscape medical resources. Version 1.9.11. [App] [Accessed on 18th January
2011]

Archive material

Citing archive material

When citing archive material by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown on pages 9-14.

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Archive material can be various types of source material and as such, the format may differ
depending on the type of material.

When referencing archive material, the archive collection details are just as important as the details
of the material itself.

General rules:

 Follow the usual format specific to the source (see first example below for a journal article
located in an online archive collection), followed by the archive collection details and archive
location (physical or online).
 Add the [Medium] in square brackets, if the type of medium is not identifiable by the title or by
the elements specific to the source, as shown in the third example below.
 Include any reference numbers if provided on the source, as shown in the third example below.

Referencing archive material accessed online

When referencing archive material accessed online, you should provide the following information in
the format displayed below:

Author surname, Initial/s. (year of publication/creation) Title of material (in italics) {and/or any
other elements specific to the source} (source reference number in brackets). [Medium (if
required)] Archive collection title. [Online] [Access date] URL

Examples

Davis, D. (1992) ‘This wonderful life.’ Broadsheet, 9(3) pp. 29-34. National Association for the
Teaching of Drama Archive. [Online] [Accessed on 21st April 2017]
http://www.mantleoftheexpert.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/NATD.v.9.3-1993.pdf

Freud, S. (1934) Postcard to Saul Rosenzweig. Sigmund Freud papers: general correspondence,
1871-1996. Library of Congress Digital Collections. [Online] [Accessed on 20th April 2017]
https://www.loc.gov/resource/mss39990.04022/?sp=2

Heathcote, D. (no date) Some very early notes on Mantle of the Expert (AC115-DH). [Annotated
typescript] Dorothy Heathcote Archive. [Online] [Accessed on 24th April 2017]
http://www.mantleoftheexpert.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/AC115-DH-Some-very-early-notes-on-
moe.pdf

Referencing archive material viewed physically

When referencing archive material viewed physically, you should provide the following information
in the format displayed below:

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 Author surname, Initial/s. (year of publication/creation) Title of material (in italics) {and/or any
other elements specific to the source} (source reference number in brackets). [Medium (if
required)] Archive collection title. Location of archive/collection.

Example

Legh, P. (1729) Letter to Francis Leicester July 24th (DLT C35/74). Leicester-Warren Family of Tabley
Records. Cheshire Archives and Local Studies, Chester.

Bills

Citing Bills

When citing a Bill, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:

Title of the Bill (Year)

Example

Homelessness Reduction Bill (2016)

Referencing Bills

When referencing a Bill, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:

Key point:

 Use the House in which the Bill originated i.e. House of Commons or House of Lords.

Title of Bill (Year) The House in which the Bill originated. (Bill no. and parliamentary session/year)
Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Homelessness Reduction Bill. (2016) House of Commons. (Bill 7 2016-2017) London: TSO.

Children and Social Work Bill. (2017) House of Lords. (Bill 121 2016-2017) London: TSO.

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Books

PLEASE NOTE: Electronic books found online (not via ebook readers) will be referenced in the same
manner as a print copy of a book. This is because an electronic book is just a scanned copy of the
original print book. This means the information in both versions of the book is exactly the same.

General rules

Year of Publication and reprints

The year of publication, for a book, refers to the year the book was first published and not the
reprint date. If you are presented with a list of years, you need to select the year the book was first
published.

Example

If presented with the following information:

First published 1992, reprinted 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998 (twice), 1999, 2000, 2002

You would choose 1992 as the year of publication. The reason why you would not choose any of the
other years, such as 2002, is because the information in the books that have been reprinted is the
same as the information found in the book when it was first published.

Reprints of old text with new publishers

If a book has been reprinted by a new publisher (and not the original publisher) then the date when
it was reprinted with the new publisher needs to be recorded along with the original publication
date. This is so that someone searching for the edition you have used can find it, but you are also
being clear about the original date of the information.

Example

Rogers, C. R. (1961, reprinted 2004) On becoming a person: a therapist's view of psychotherapy.

London: Constable.

Citing books

When citing books by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as
shown on pages 9-14.

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Referencing books

Key Points:

You may find that the place of publication lists a number of locations, in which case you need to
select the first location because this would be the place the book was published.

 If there is no edition listed leave this out. If the book is listed as 1st edition also leave this out.
 When referencing an edited book, you should put the editor’s surname/s instead of the
author’s. You indicate this by using (ed.) or (eds.) immediately after the surname/s and initial/s,
as shown in the Hargie example below.

Taking the above into account, when referencing a published book, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:

Author’s or editor’s surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition
if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher.

Examples

Association of Illustrators. (2011) Images 35: best of British illustration 2011. London: Association
of Illustrators.

Burrows, A., Parsons, A., Price, G. and Pilling G. (2009) Chemistry³: introducing inorganic, organic
and physical chemistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lightbown, P. and Spada, N. (1993) How languages are learned. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cottrell, S. (2011) Critical thinking skills: developing effective analysis and argument. 2nd ed.,
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillian.

Hargie, O. (ed.) (2006) The handbook of communication skills. 3rd ed., London: Routledge.

Briefing papers

Citing briefing papers

When citing briefing papers, by paraphrasing or by using direct quotes, the information will be
presented as shown on pages 9-14.

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Referencing briefing papers

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation/department name
briefing paper number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Access date] URL

Example

Baker, C. (2017) Accident and Emergency statistics: demand, performance and pressure. House of
Commons Library Briefing Paper no. 6964. London: House of Commons Library. [Online] [Accessed
on 3rd April 2017] http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06964/SN06964.pdf

Case law

Law students should follow the OSCOLA style of referencing. Instruction and examples below are for
non-law students only. If you are studying law as part of another programme (e.g. Combined
Honours) check with your tutor which referencing style you should use.

Citing case law

When citing case law, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:

Party Names (separated by a ‘v’ and in italics), Year of the case was heard

Example

(Alternative Power Solution Ltd v Central Electricity Board, 2014)

Referencing case law

When referencing case law, you should provide the following information in the format displayed
below:

Key points:

 The use of round and square brackets:

 Square brackets are used when the date is essential to locate the case, because there
multiple volumes each year.
 If the date is not essential to locate the case, because there is only one volume per year,
the year should be entered in round brackets, as shown in the second example below:

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 Party Names (separated by a ‘v’ and in italics) [Year the case was heard] Volume number (if
available) Law Report abbreviation Start page.
Examples

Alternative Power Solution Ltd v Central Electricity Board. [2014] 4 All ER 882.
Mountgarrett (Rt Hon Viscount) v Claro Water
Board. (1963) 15 P & CR 53.

Chapter in an edited book

PLEASE NOTE: The following rules DO NOT apply if you are referencing information in a chapter
from a book entirely written by the same author/s. These rules only apply when the book is
edited and the chapters are written by different authors.

Citing a chapter from an edited book

When citing chapters from an edited book by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information
will be presented as shown on pages 9-14. NB: please see below for information on which author to
cite.

Please bear in mind that you only need to cite the author of the chapter whose idea you have used
within your assignment. For instance, if you have read a chapter by David Dickson in a book edited
by Owen Hargie you use Dickson’s name in the citation.

When you are using different chapters within the edited book, each chapter you cite will have a
separate entry in your reference list.

The book entitled ‘The handbook of communication skills’ is edited by Owen Hargie. The book was
published in 2006 and there are a number of different chapters that are authored by other people.
You do not need to mention, in the main body of your assignment, that the chapter was found in
Hargie’s book because this is not relevant for the citation. However, this information will be
provided in the reference list so that anyone can locate the correct source.

One or two authors

Surname/s of chapter author and year of publication

Example

Dickson (2006) asserts that to try to define or conceptualise ‘reflecting’ as an interactive skill is very
complex.

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 Three or more authors:

Surname of the first author only followed by et al. and the year of publication.

Example

Randall et al. (2006) state that non-verbal behaviour causes people to…

Direct quotes

When citing a direct quote from a book chapter you also need the page number which is written
after the year in the following format:

Example

Dickson (2006:167) believes reflection can be beset by problems such as ‘… conceptual confusion,
terminological inconsistency, and definitional imprecision…’

Referencing a chapter from an edited book

When referencing the work of an author who has written a chapter in an edited book, you should
provide the following information in the format displayed below:

Surname of the author/s who wrote the chapter, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of the
chapter.’ In (in italics) Surname of the editor/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) Title of book (in italics). Edition if
applicable., Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of the chapter.

Examples

Dickson, D. (2006) ‘Reflecting.’ In Hargie, O. (ed.) The handbook of communication skills. 3rd ed.,
London: Routledge, pp. 165-194.

Randall, A. G., Druckman, D., Rozelle, R. M. and Baxter, J. C. (2006) ‘Non-verbal behaviour as
communication: approaches, issues and research.’ In Hargie, O. (ed.) The handbook of
communication skills. 3rd ed., London: Routledge, pp. 73-120.

Company data/reports from company financial databases

Citing data/reports from company financial databases

When citing data or information from a company report found on a company financial database, the
information will be presented as shown on pages 9-14.

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Please note that to cite data/reports located on company and financial databases, you will have to
use the organisation’s name as an author name is not present.

Referencing data/reports from company financial databases

When referencing data/reports located on company and financial databases, you should provide the
following information in the format displayed below:

Name of organisation (owner of database). (Year of report) Title of company report. Title of
databases (in italics). [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example

Bureau van Dijk. (2015) Arcadia Group Limited company report. FAME. [Online] [Accessed on 15th
July 2015] https://fame-bvdinfo-com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/version-
201572/Search.QuickSearch.serv?_CID=1&context=1NQ68UOWXT7ZWPY

Company reports

Follow the format for an Annual Report when using information from a company report which has
been produced and published by the company itself.

Computer / video games

Citing computer / video games

When citing computer games, you should provide the following information in the format displayed
below:

(Creator/developer, Year of release)

Example

(Ubisoft, 2011)

Referencing a computer / video game

When referencing a computer game you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

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 Creator/Developer. (Year of release) Title (in italics). Edition or Version (if applicable). Platform.
[Game] Place of publication/distribution: Publisher/Distribution company.

Example

Ubisoft. (2010) Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood. Standard edition. Xbox. [Game] Montreal: Ubisoft.

Referencing an online/downloaded computer game

When referencing an online computer game, or one that you have downloaded, you should provide
the following information in the format displayed below:

Creator/Developer. (Year of release) Title (in italics). Edition or Version (if applicable). Platform.
[Game] [Access date] URL

Example

Blue Byte Mainz. (2015) Anno 2205. Standard edition. PC. [Game] [Accessed on 1st August 2016]
http://store.ubi.com/uk/anno-2205/56c4947888a7e300458b4570.html#start=29

Conference papers and conference proceedings (published and unpublished)

Citing conference papers (published or unpublished)

When citing conference papers by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown on pages 9-14.

Key points:

 Please note that when using information from conference papers, you need to cite the
author (for published material) or presenter (for unpublished material) of the paper and not
the organisation who held the conference or the editor of the conference proceedings.

 The whole conference proceedings would usually only appear in a bibliography rather than as
a cited source, as you would normally cite from a conference paper.

 Please note, if any elements of the reference are not ascertainable, such as the editor or
publisher details then leave these out, as in the example below.

 An online conference paper will usually be downloadable as a PDF document. Please note
that quite often the page numbers of the downloaded paper will start at page 1 rather than

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 reflecting its position in the conference proceedings, which is the case for the example
reference below.

Referencing conference proceedings

When referencing conference proceedings, you should provide the following information in the
format displayed below:

Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of conference (including number of annual

conference if given) (in italics). Volume number if applicable. Location of conference (venue, city),
date of conference. Editor’s (or Chair’s) Surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.)(if given). Place of publication:
Publisher.

Example

Academy of International Business. (2001) Proceedings of the 28th annual conference of the
Academy of International Business (UK chapter) International business in the 21st century: change
and continuity - strategies, institutions, regulations and operations. Vol. 1. Manchester
Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, 6th-7th April 2001. McDonald, F. and
Tuselman, H. (eds.) Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University Business School.

Referencing published conference papers – print copy

When referencing a paper from conference proceedings, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of conference paper.’ In (in italics) Name of
organisation. Title of conference (including number of annual conference if given) (in italics).
Volume number if applicable. Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. Editor’s (or
Chair’s) Surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) (if given) Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page
numbers of paper.

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 Example

Kuznetsov, A. and Kuznetsova, O. (2001) ‘The progress of market culture in Russia and managerial
response.’ In Academy of International Business. Proceedings of the 28th annual conference of the
Academy of International Business (UK chapter) International business in the 21st century: change
and continuity - strategies, institutions, regulations and operations. Vol. 1. Manchester
Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, 6th–7th April 2001. McDonald, F. and
Tuselman, H. (eds.) Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, pp. 471-
488.

Referencing published conference papers – online copy

When referencing published conference papers available online, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of conference paper.’ In (in italics) Name
of organisation. Title of conference (including number of annual conference if given) (in italics).
Volume number if applicable. Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. Editor’s
(or Chair’s) Surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) (if given) Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page
numbers of paper. [Online] [Access date] URL

Example

Brookes, A. and Clark, C. (2001) ‘Narrative dimensions of transformative learning.’ In Adult

Education Research Conference. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Adult Education Research
Conference. Michigan State University, East Lansang, MI, 1st – 3rd June, pp. 1-7. [Online]
[Accessed on 3rd April 2018] http://newprairiepress.org/aerc/2001/papers/12/

Referencing unpublished conference papers (paper presented at a conference)

When referencing an unpublished conference paper, you should provide the following information in
the format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of conference) ‘Title of paper.’ Paper presented at: Title of
conference (in italics). Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. [NB: no page
numbers are needed]

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 Example

Meagher, K. (2007) ‘The importance of public affairs in the business training sector.’ Paper
presented at: The Regional Public Affairs Conference: giving the North a voice in Westminster:
adding value through public affairs. Manchester Metropolitan University Business School,
Manchester, 20th March.

Discussion papers

Citing discussion papers

When citing discussion papers by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown on pages 9-14.

Referencing print discussion papers

When referencing print discussion papers, you should provide the following information in the
format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation name
discussion paper number. Place of publication: Publisher

Example

Duncan, B. and Trejo, S. J. (2011) Low-skilled immigrants and the U.S. labor market. IZA Discussion
Paper no. 5964. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor.

Referencing online discussion papers

When referencing online discussion papers, you should provide the following information in the
format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation name
discussion paper number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example

Duncan, B. and Trejo, S. J. (2011) Low-skilled immigrants and the U.S. labor market. IZA Discussion
Paper no. 5964. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd March 2016]
http://ftp.iza.org/dp5964.pdf

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Dissertations/theses

Citing dissertations/theses

When citing dissertations by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented
as shown on pages 9-14.

Referencing dissertations/theses – print copy

Key points:

 Degree statement refers to whether the dissertation/thesis was for the award of B.A., B.Sc.,
M.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. etc.

Taking the above into account, when referencing a dissertation, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of submission) Title of thesis (in italics). Degree statement.
Name of the awarding institution.

Example

Gillen, J. K. (1998) An investigation into young children’s telephone discourse. Ph.D. Manchester
Metropolitan University.

Referencing dissertations/theses – online copy

When referencing online dissertations/theses, you should provide the following information in the
format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of submission) Title of thesis (in italics). Degree statement.
Name of the awarding institution. [Online] [Access date] URL

Example

Strokosch, K. (2012) Understanding the co-production of public services: the case of asylum seekers
in Glasgow. Ph.D. The University of Edinburgh. [Online] [Accessed on 9th September 2019]
https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/7885

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Ebook readers

PLEASE NOTE: Downloadable books read on an ebook reader only should be cited and referenced
as below. When citing and referencing ebooks located and accessed via the Library website, they
should be referenced in the same manner as a print copy of a book, as outlined on page 10 of this
guide.

Citing ebook readers

When citing information from ebook readers by paraphrasing the information will be presented as
shown on pages 9-14.

Direct quotes

When citing a direct quote from an ebook that contains page numbers the information should be
presented as shown on pages 7-8. If the ebook does not provide page numbers, you will need to
cite the information using the location number indicated instead, as shown in the first example
below. If no location is indicated, then use the chapter number, as shown in the second example
below.

Examples

Research indicates (Burrows, 2009:loc 23) …

In his work, Bowyer (2003:chapter 3) suggests…

Referencing ebook readers

Taking the above into account, when referencing a downloadable book accessed on an ebook
reader, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable.,
[name of ebook reader] Place of publication: Publisher.

Examples

Burrows, A., Parsons, A., Price, G. and Pilling, G. (2009) Chemistry³: introducing inorganic, organic
and physical chemistry. [Kindle Fire] Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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EU documents/legislation

EU legislation is also known as regulations, directives, or decisions.

Citing EU documents/legislation

When citing EU legislation by paraphrasing or using direct quotes, you should provide the Type,
number and date of the piece of legislation in the format displayed below.

The order the legislation number and date appear in the citation should follow the order they appear
on the legislation document, as shown in the examples below:

Name, number and year of the piece of legislation.

Examples

(Council Regulation, 1907/2006)

(Council Directive, 2014/94)

Direct quotes

To quote directly you will need to add the page number at the end of the citation, as shown in the
examples below.

Examples

(Council Regulation, 1907/2006:45)

(Council Directive, 2014/94:15)

Referencing EU documents/legislation

When referencing EU legislation, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

Legislation type Legislation number (including year) and title. Publication details, including journal
title volume (in italics), date and page numbers.

Examples

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 Council Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration,
Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) establishing a European Chemicals
Agency. Official Journal L 396, 30/12/2006 pp. 1 – 849.

Council Directive 2014/94/EU of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels

infrastructure. Official Journal L 307, 28/10/2014 pp. 1 – 20.

Exhibition catalogues

Citing exhibition catalogues

When citing exhibition catalogues by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown on pages 9-14.

Referencing exhibition catalogues

Key point:

 If it is not clear who the author/editor of the exhibition catalogue is, use the gallery name in
place of the author/editor as shown in the example below.

When referencing exhibition catalogues, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

Surname of author/editor, Initial/s. (Year) Title of catalogue (in italics). Details of exhibition (as
stated on catalogue) Gallery, date. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Serpentine Gallery. (2005) RirkritTiravanija: a retrospective (tomorrow is another fine day).

Catalogue to accompany exhibition held at Serpentine Gallery, 5 th July to 21st August 2005. London:
Serpentine Gallery.

Referencing a work of art in an exhibition catalogue

When referencing a work of art in an exhibition catalogue, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:

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 Surname of artist, Initial/s. (Year) ‘Title of work of art.’ Description of work of art (if applicable). In
Surname of author/editor, Initial/s, or Gallery name. (Year) Title of catalogue (in italics). Details of
exhibition (as stated on catalogue) Gallery, date. Place of publication: Publisher, page number/s of
Work of art.

Example

Tiravanija, R. (1992) ‘Untitled 1992 (free).’ Installation at 303 Gallery, New York. In Serpentine
Gallery. (2005) RirkritTiravanija: a retrospective (tomorrow is another fine day). Catalogue to
accompany exhibition held at Serpentine Gallery, 5th July to 21st August 2005. London: Serpentine
Gallery, pp. 59-60.

Films/DVDs/videos

Citing films/DVDs/videos

When citing information taken from films/DVDs/videos you will need to use the title and year, with
the exception of some extra features on DVDs/videos – see the sections on ‘Citing extra features on
DVDs/videos: film commentary’ (page 38) and ‘Citing extra features on DVDs/videos: interviews with
film director/s’ (page 39) for information on these exceptions.

Sometimes when citing from a film, DVD or video you are not citing the owner/creator of the source.
Instead, you may be citing someone else speaking. In this instance you need to present your citation
differently, including introducing the ‘speaker/s’ name in your writing. Please refer to the FAQ on the
online version of this guide ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’ for further
instruction.

When citing about the content of the film (rather than what someone has said, such as character in
the film) you should present the citation as below)

If the title of the film/DVD/video is long, you need to use the full title the first time you refer to it in
your assignment. However, the title can be abbreviated from then on, as in the first example
below.

Examples

To Kill a Burglar: the Tony Martin story (TM story, 2006) addressed the issue of…

The Matrix Reloaded (2003) highlights…

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 Direct quotes

To quote directly you need the time at which the words were spoken in the film/DVD/video.

Example

…states The Terminator, ‘I’ll be back’ (The Terminator, 1984:36mins 22).

Referencing films

Key points:

 You should only reference a film using the following format if you have watched it at a
‘screening’, for example at a cinema, lecture theatre or gallery. In this instance, you should state
the type of media as [Film] and indicate the place of production and production company, if
ascertainable.
 The order in which the surname and initial/s of the director/s is presented, is opposite to the
order in which the names of author/s of books/journal articles/internet sources etc. are
presented. Here the director’s initial/s are presented before the surname.

Taking the above into account, when referencing a film, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:

Title of the Film (in italics). (Year of production) Director’s initial/s. surname/s. [Film] Place of
production: Production Company.

Example

The Wind that Shakes the Barley. (2006) Directed by K. Loach. [Film] UK: UK Film Council.

Referencing DVDs/videos

Key points:

 If you have viewed a film on a DVD or video you should reference it as shown below, and state
the place of distribution and distribution company.
 The order in which the surname and initial/s of the director/s is presented, is opposite to the
order in which the names of author/s of books/journal articles/online sources etc. are
presented. Here the director’s initial/s are presented before the surname

Taking the above into account, when referencing a DVD or video, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:

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 Title of the DVD/video (in italics). (Year of production) Director’s initial/s. surname. Material type,
either [DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution: Distribution company.

Examples

The Matrix Reloaded. (2003) Directed by A. and L. Wachowski. [DVD] Los Angeles: Warner Brothers
Inc.

Domestic Violence Prevention Video for Schools. (2003) Directed by T. Debbonaire. [Video] London:
Westminster Domestic Violence Forum.

Citing extra features on DVDs/videos: film commentaries

When citing from a film commentary that you have viewed on a DVD/video, you will need to use the
surname/s of the commentator/s and the year of the commentary as follows:
(NB: Also see p. 11 for instruction on citing three or more authors).

The surname/s of the commentator/s and the year of the commentary.

Example

Making the film The Player is described as ... (Altman and Tonkin, 2001)

Direct quotes

To quote directly you need to include the time at which the words were spoken in the film or
DVD/video.

Example

‘When making the film The Player…’ (Altman and Tonkin, 2001:1min 56)

Referencing extra features on DVDs/videos: film commentaries

When referencing a film commentary that you have viewed on a DVD/video you should provide the
following information in the format displayed below:

Commentator’s Surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) ‘Film commentary.’ Title of the DVD/video (in italics).
Director’s initial/s. surname/s. Material type, either [DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution:
Distribution Company.

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 Example

Altman, R. and Tonkin, M. (2001) ‘Film commentary.’ The Player. Directed by R. Altman. [DVD] USA:
Pathė.

Citing extra features on DVDs/videos: interviews with film director/s

When citing information from an interview with a film director that you have viewed on a
DVD/video, you will need to use the surname/s of the interviewee/s and the year of the interview as
follows:

(NB: Also see p. 11 for instruction on citing three or more authors).

The surname/s of the interviewee/s and the year of the interview.

Example

In an interview about The Matrix Reloaded, the director expressed… (Wachowski, 2003)

Direct quotes

To quote directly you need to include the time at which the words were spoken in the DVD/video.

Example

‘When making the film The Matrix Reloaded…’ (Wachowski, 2003:3mins 22)

Referencing extra features on DVDs/videos: interviews with film director/s

When referencing an interview with a film director that you have viewed on a DVD/video, you
should provide the following information in the format displayed below:

Interviewee’s Surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) ‘Title of interview.’ Interviewed by interviewer’s initial/s.

surname. Title of the DVD/video (in italics). Director’s initial/s. surname/s. Material type, either
[DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution: Distribution Company.

Example

Wachowski, A. (2003) ‘Interview with A. Wachowski.’ Interviewed by L. Jones. The Matrix Reloaded.
Directed by A. and L. Wachowski. [DVD] Los Angeles: Warner Brothers Inc.

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Citing extra features on DVDs/videos: documentary

When citing from documentaries found on DVDs/videos you should present the information as
shown in the section on: Citing films/DVDs/videos on page 36.

Referencing extra features on DVDs/videos: documentary

When referencing a documentary that was viewed as an extra feature on a DVD/video, you should
provide the following information in the format displayed below:

‘Title of documentary.’ (Year) Produced by producer’s initial/s. surname/s. Title of DVD/video (in
italics). Director’s initial/s. surname/s. Material type, either [DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution:
Distribution Company.

Example

‘Hitchcock: the early years.’ (2001) Produced by D. Lemon. The 39 Steps. Directed by A. Hitchcock.
[DVD] UK: Carlton Visual.

Citing films accessed online

When citing films accessed online, the information should be presented as shown in the section on:
Citing Films/DVDs/Videos on page 36.

Referencing films accessed online

When referencing a film accessed online, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

Title of the Film (in italics). (Year of production) Director’s initial/s. surname/s. [Online] Available
through (name of online provider). [Date accessed]

Example

Slumdog Millionaire. (2008) Directed by D. Boyle. and L. Tandan. [Online] Available through Netflix.
[Accessed on 3rd October 2013]

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Foreign language sources

Citing foreign language sources

When citing foreign language articles or books by paraphrasing or using direct quotes, the
information will be presented as shown pages 9-14.

Referencing foreign language sources

Key points:

 The translated English title (of the book or journal article) should be added in brackets following
the original language title.

When referencing foreign language sources, you should provide the following information in the
format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of item (in italics). (English translation of
title.) Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Sand, G. (1932) Histoire de ma vie. (History of my life.) Paris: Calmann-Levy.

Author’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ (English translation of
journal article.) Title of journal (in italics), Volume number(Issue number) first and last page
numbers of whole journal article.

Example

Kamp, K. (2010) ‘Entre el trabajo y el juego: perspectivas sobre la infancia en el suroeste

norteamericano.’ (Work and play: perspectives on children in the American Southwest.)
Complutum, 21(2) pp. 103-120.

Referencing foreign language newspaper articl es – online editions

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ (English translation of article
title.) Title of newspaper (in italics). [Online] Date of publication. [Date accessed] URL

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 Example

El País. (2015) ‘La Semana Santa con más turistas de los últimos ocho años.’ (The Holy Week with
the most tourists in the past eight years.) El País. [Online] 7th April. [Accessed on 19th December
2017] https://elpais.com/ccaa/2015/04/07/andalucia/1428434394_012889.html

General Reports

Citing general reports

When citing general reports by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented
as shown on pages 9-14.

Referencing print copy general reports

Key points:

 If there is no report code or number on the report, leave this field blank as in the first example
below.

When referencing a report that is not a market or annual report, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in
italics). Place of publication: Publisher. (Report code and number)

Examples

Lowden, K., Hall, S., Elliot, D. and Lewin, J. (2011) Employers’ perceptions of the employability skills
of new graduates. London: Edge Foundation.

ECOTEC. (2003) Guidance on mapping social enterprise: final report to the DTI Social Enterprise
Unit. London: ECOTEC Research and Consulting Ltd. (C2453)

Referencing online general reports

NB: If the report you are using is a PDF you have located online, please see section for 'Online PDF
document'.

If you want to reference a report that is not a market or annual report that you have found on the
internet, you should provide the following information in the format displayed below:

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 Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in
italics). [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example

RIBA. (2011) Good design – it all adds up. [Online][Accessed on 24th April 2012]
http://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBAHoldings/PolicyAndInternationalRelations/Policy/Goodde
signitalladdsup.pdf

Government Command papers

Command papers include: White Papers, which present a statement of the government’s policy and
Green Papers, which are discussion papers or reports that are presented to the Royal commission or
departmental committees.

It is also useful to know that sometimes the word ‘command’, on command papers and in some
reference lists may be abbreviated to ‘Cmnd’, ‘Cmd’, ‘Cd’, ‘Cm’, or ‘CP’.

Citing Command papers

When citing a command paper you can use the name of the government department /organisation
for which the publication was produced. Sometimes the chairperson’s name is used for the name of
the report, if this is commonly known, but you still need to include the name of the government
department/organisation, as shown in the examples below.

Examples
Using the department’s name

The name of the department must be written in full when you first refer to it in your work,
followed by the acronym in brackets. The acronym can then be used for subsequent mentions of
the department, as shown below:

(The Department of Education and Science [DES], 1985) claims that…

…as stated by the DES (1985) in their paper.

Using the chair’s name

The Swann Report (Department of Education and Science [DES], 1985) has found that…

…as highlighted by the Swann Report (DES, 1985)

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 Direct quotes

When citing a direct quote from a command paper, you need to provide the chairperson’s name
and/or the name of the department, the year followed by the page number:

Example

The Swann Report (DES, 1985:399) highlights that terminology was already shifting and ‘…some
educationists now talk of home and/or community or national languages rather than mother
tongues’.

Referencing Command papers

Key points:

 Most government publications will have an official reference number. If the paper you have read
does not have a number, leave this field blank.
 Use the word Command, or the abbreviation (cmnd, cmd, or cm) as it appears on the document.
 Usually, government White and Green papers are published by either Her Majesty’s Stationery
Office (HMSO) or by The Stationery Office (TSO). The abbreviated versions of the publisher’s
name can be used in the reference list.

Taking the above into account, when referencing a command paper, you should provide the
following information in the format displayed below:

Government department/organisation for which the publication was produced. (Year of

publication) Title (in italics). The word or an abbreviation of the word ‘Command’. Official reference
number if there is one, place of publication: Publisher (Name of chairperson if there is one and the
word Report)

Examples

Department of Education and Science. (1985) Education for all: report of the committee of inquiry
into the education of children from ethnic minority groups. Cmnd. 9453, London: HMSO. (Swann
Report)

Department of Trade and Industry. (2005) Our energy future: creating a low carbon economy.
Cmnd. 5761, London: TSO.

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Guest presentations

Citing guest presentations

When citing guest presentations by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown on pages 9-14.

Please note that it is the presenter’s surname/s you will use.

To quote directly, you will need to use the presenter’s surname/s, the year and the word
presentation, in the format shown in the example below:

Direct quotes

And Jones (2012:presentation) prophetically stated that ‘…the two departments would merge by
April this year’.

Referencing guest presentations

When referencing information from a guest seminar/lecture/presentation, you should provide the
following information in the format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of presentation) Title of lecture. Name of institution where the
presentation has taken place, city of presentation, date of presentation.

Example

Jones, R. (2012) The future of IT and Library Services. Presentation at Wessex University, Wessex,
10th January.

Illustrations: e.g. images, pictures, diagrams, tables.

When using an illustration from a source, you will have to refer to it three times within your work: a
caption underneath the illustration; a citation within the main body of your text to explain why you
have included the illustration in your work; and an entry in your reference list.

Caption elements for illustrations

You will usually have to give the illustration a title; this can be your own words or quoted from the
original text. As these types of illustrations are exact reproductions (i.e. treated as a direct quote)
you will always need a page number (or the word online for sources without a page number, such as
sources found online).

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NB: When using tables in your work, the caption should state Table #. For all other illustrations
use Figure #.

Figure # (in italics): title of illustration (Source: Author, year: page number or online)

Example

Figure 1: Data showing water usage in the North West 2010-2013 (Source: Defra, 2014:online).

Citing illustrations

Example

Figure 1 showing water usage in the North West from 2010 to 2013 (Defra, 2014:online)
demonstrates…

Referencing illustrations

The reference will depend on the type of source you have used. Please refer to the relevant section
depending on whether you have used a book, webpage, journal article etc.

For a Work of Art reproduced in a book, see the entry for ‘Reproduction in a book’ under the Works
of Art section.

Journal articles

Citing journal articles

When citing journal articles by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented
as shown on pages 9-14.

Referencing journal articles

PLEASE NOTE: In most cases, an electronic journal article is referenced in the same way as a print
copy of the article. This is because most electronic journals are simply scanned copies of the print
version. However, there are exceptions to this, please see online journal section below.

Key points:

 If there is no volume/issue number available, use the month or season in which the journal was
published. You should place the month or season after the missing volume or issue number as
shown in the examples below.

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 Ensure you use pp. and state the page numbers of the first and last pages of the article. If you
only state the first page number this will give the impression that the journal article is only one
page long.
 If there is no author’s name provided on an article use the publication title in place of this, as
shown in the second example below.

Taking the above into account, when referencing a journal article, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in
italics), Volume number(Issue

number) first and last page numbers of whole journal article.

Examples

Mar, R., DeYoung, C., Higgins, D. and Peterson, J. (2006) ‘Self-liking and self-competence separate
self-evaluation from self-deception: associations with personality, ability, and achievement.’
Journal of Personality, 74(4) pp. 1047-1078.

Accountancy. (2009) ‘Innocent wants VAT relief on smoothies.’ Accountancy, 143(1389) p. 14.

Issue number missing

Kitwood, T. (1988) ‘The technical, the personal, and the framing of dementia.’ Social Behaviour: An
International Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 3, June, pp. 83-91.

Volume number missing

Income Data Services. (2008) 'Establishing an employer brand.' IDS HR Studies, (872) June, pp. 2-8.

Online journal articles

As mentioned above, in most cases, an electronic journal article is referenced in the same way as a
print copy of the article. This is because most electronic journals are simply scanned copies of the
print version. However, there are exceptions to this where articles are only available online, or,
appear online ahead of the print publication. If this is the case, you will be required to format the
reference differently to a print journal article, using slightly different or additional elements for
the full reference. This is in order to provide sufficient information so that others can find the
same article

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General rules:

 If the online journal article has a download option, then use this to identify page numbers,
particularly for citing direct quotes, where a page number is required. Please note that quite
often the page numbers of the downloaded article will start at page 1 rather than reflecting its
position in the journal.
 If available, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) of the article when referencing online
journal articles. This is the unique number for the online article and can usually be found on the
article or abstract page.
 If there is no DOI available, use the URL instead.

First online journal articles

It is important to indicate, when referencing a journal article that appears online ahead of the print
publication, that this is the case. This is because when the article is assigned to a print issue at a
later date, the publication date details will change. Publishers may refer to these articles as ‘first
online’, ‘online first’, ‘early view’, ‘article in press’ or ‘provisional article’ (this specific terminology
should be included in the reference – see below) and at the time of access may not have volume,
issue or page number details.

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in
italics). [Online] ‘First online’ (or publisher’s terminology) online publication date. [Access date]
DOI: number

Example

Watkins, L., Kuhn, M., Ledbetter-Cho, K., Gevarter, C. and O’Reilly, M. (2015) ‘Evidence-based social
communication interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder.’ The Indian Journal of
Pediatrics. [Online] ‘First online’ published 19th November 2015. [Accessed on 16th May 2016]
DOI: 10.1007/s12098-015-1938-5

Online only journal article

Some journal titles are only published online and are not available in print format. As such, often
they do not have the same details as print journal articles, for example no issue number. If this is
the case and other details are provided, such as an article number, include this instead as in the
first example below.

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in
italics), Volume number(Issue number) or Volume number:article number first and last page
numbers of whole journal article (if applicable). [Online] [Access date] DOI: or URL

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 Examples

McCulloch, P. F., Warren, E. A. and DiNovo, K. M. (2016) ‘Repetitive diving in trained rats still
increases Fos production in brainstem neurons after bilateral sectioning of the anterior ethmoidal
nerve.’ Frontiers in Physiology, 7:148, pp. 1-12. [Online] [Accessed on 26th April 2016] DOI:
10.3389/fphys.2016.00148

McMahon, C. R. (1997) ‘Hysterical academies: Lacan's theory of the four discourses.’ Internet
Journal of Language, Culture and Society, 2, pp. 1-19. [Online] [Accessed on 12th January 2016]
http://www.anialian.com/Hysterical_Academies.htm

Journals: special issue

Key Points:

When citing and referencing a whole journal issue, use the editor/s name in place of the author/s
name.

 You would normally only cite and reference a whole journal when it is a special issue with a
common theme throughout all articles within that issue, and you are referring to a common
theme in your work.
 If you are citing from individual articles within a special issue, you should cite and reference each
individual article in the format provided for journal articles shown on page. 30.
 An ordinary issue would not usually have a title, so again you should cite and reference the
individual articles in the format provided for journal articles shown on page. 30.

Citing journals: special issue

When citing from a special issue of a journal the information will be presented as shown on pages 9-
14, using the editor’s name/s in place of the author/s name, as shown in the referencing example
below.

Referencing journals: special issue

When referencing a journal, you should provide the following information in the format displayed
below:

Editor’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of issue.’ [Special issue] Title of Journal (in
italics), volume number(issue number).

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 Example

Gimson, A. (ed.) (2012) ‘Nurturing creativity & innovation.’ [Special issue] Development and
Learning in Organizations: an International Journal, 26(6).

Leaflets/posters

PLEASE NOTE: Please check with your programme team to clarify the suitability of using these
sources in your work, as they may not be an acceptable form of reference for some programmes.

Citing leaflets/posters

When citing leaflets or posters the information will be presented as shown on pages 9-14.

If there is no creator’s name on the item use the organisation’s name that produced it.

Referencing leaflets/posters

If there is no publisher information provided, state the location the source was viewed (to replace
the place of publication) and the date it was viewed (to replace the publisher), as shown in the
second example below.

Taking the above into account, when referencing leaflets or posters, you should provide the
following information in the format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title or description (in
italics). [Type of source e.g. leaflet or poster] Place of publication if available or location the
medium was viewed: Publisher if available or date the information was viewed.

Examples

Counselling Service. (no date) Need to talk? [Leaflet] Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan
University.

The National Student Survey. (no date) Be heard. [Poster] Reception area, Gaskell campus: Date
viewed 29th January 2013.

If an author or organisation’s name is not present you should provide the following information in
the format displayed below:

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 Description of the source (in italics). (Year of publication) [Type of source e.g. leaflet, poster] Place
of publication if available or location the medium was viewed: Publisher if available or date the
information was viewed.

Example

The Foyer-UNIAID accommodation bursaries. (2009) [Poster] Student services notice board,
Didsbury campus: Date viewed 9th February 2009.

Lecture notes

PLEASE NOTE: Citing and referencing information from lecture notes is not recommended by
certain courses. Please check with your programme team to clarify whether this is acceptable
practice before you use this source.

Citing lecture notes

When citing lecture notes by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented
as shown on pages 9-14.

Referencing lecture notes

Key points:

 If the lecture notes do not have a title then write ‘no title’ where the title should be.
 If there is no place of publication and publishing information it is safe to assume these will be
the university you attend.
 If you do not have the lecture number or module name you can leave this information out of the
reference.

Taking the above into account, when referencing lecture notes, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of production) Title of the lecture notes (in italics). Place of
publication: Publisher. Number of pages in handout, distribution date, the lecture number, module
name.
Examples

Patel, H., Shields, E. and Inala, P. (2011) Using Harvard referencing to reference online sources.
Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University. 2-page handout, distributed on 15th March
2011.

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 Robinson, J. (2004) No title. Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton. 3-page handout,
distributed on 13th March 2005 in lecture 3 for module ‘Teaching gymnastics’.

Magazine articles

Citing magazine articles

When citing magazine articles by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown on pages 9-14.

Referencing magazine articles

In most instances, magazine articles are referenced as journal articles. Like journal articles, magazine
articles that are accessed online and are also available in print are referenced in the same way as the
print copy.

Key points

 Use the month in place of the volume and issue number if the magazine is published by month,
as in the second example below.
 If no author’s name is displayed on the article, use the title of magazine at the start of the
reference, in place of the author.
 For print magazine articles accessed online, you may need to download the article to identify the
page number/s.
 See the section on Journal articles for further instruction if required.

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Title of magazine (in italics),
Volume number(Issue number) first and last page numbers of whole article.

Examples

Baker, S. (2000) ‘Wall Street darling to become the next billion-dollar baby.’ Apparel Industry
Magazine, 61(12) p. 10.

Freud, E. (2019) 'In at the deep end.' Vogue, June, pp. 80-81.

Referencing online magazine articles

Online magazines articles are published on the magazine’s website only and are not available in print
issues. Volume and issue numbers are therefore not specified.

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For online magazine articles, follow the format for an Online newspaper article, as below.

Key points

 If a specific date is provided (day and month, as in the below example), rather than a
volume/issue number or month, this would identify the article as an online magazine article.
 See the section on Newspaper articles (Online edition) for further instruction if required.

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Title of magazine (in italics).
[Online] Date of publication. [Date accessed] URL

Example

Okwodu, J. (2017) ‘Was Fall 2017 the season curves conquered the runways?’ Vogue. [Online] 6th
March. [Accessed on 22nd March 2018] http://www.vogue.com/article/curve-models-fall-2017-
runways-size-diversity-in-fashion

Market reports/company and industry profiles/country reports

Citing market reports

When citing market reports by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented
as shown on pages 9-14.

Referencing market reports/company and industry profiles/country reports - print copy

When referencing market reports, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

Name of research company or organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in italics). Date of
report (month and year- if available). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Mintel. (2012) Coffee shops: UK. February 2012. London: Mintel Group.

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Referencing market reports/company and industry profiles/country reports – online
copy

Key points:

 If the URL for the webpage where the report was found requires you to login with a username
and password, you need to use the homepage of the market report database in your reference,
as in the example below. This will be the first page you view after you have logged into the
database. Or, if available, use a permalink/stable URL, (this will usually be found on the abstract
page) as in the example below.

Taking the above into account, when referencing a market report that you have accessed from an
online database (such as Mintel), you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

Name of research company or organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in italics). Date of
report (month and year- if available). [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Examples

Mintel. (2012) Coffee shops: UK. February 2012. [Online] [Accessed on 14th April 2012]
http://academic.mintel.com

Marketline. (2012) Adidas AG. October 2015. [Online] [Accessed on 1st October 2016]
http://search.ebscohost.com.mmu.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=dmhco&AN=ABC57279-
4FF3-4592-A48C-17D2E6B59C0F&site=ehost-live

Euromonitor International. (2017) Apparel and footwear in the United Kingdom. January 2017.
[Online] [Accessed on 5th January 2018]
http://www.portal.euromonitor.com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/portal/analysis/tab

Newspaper articles

Citing newspaper articles

When citing newspaper articles by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown on pages 9-14.

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Referencing print copies of newspaper articles

Key points:

 If you have used information from the supplement section you must state that you have done
so, as shown in the first example below.
 Some newspapers produce different editions throughout the day (e.g. First edition, Second
edition, Evening edition etc.). If your copy has an edition you must state this, as shown in the
first example below.
 If there is no author then use the publication title in place of this.

Taking the above into account, when referencing a print copy of a newspaper, you should provide
the following information in the format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Name of newspaper (in italics).
Name of supplement if applicable. Date of publication. Edition if applicable, Page number of article.

Examples

Moore, S. (2007) ‘Careers are calling.’ Manchester Evening News. MEN job search supplement. 18th
January. City edition, p. 3.

Travis, A. and Topham, G. (2012) ‘Airlines raise pressure to relax border controls.’ The Guardian.
24th April. p. 8.

Referencing online newspaper articles

When referencing a newspaper article that you have found online, you need to put the information
in the following format:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Name of newspaper (in italics).
[Online] Date of publication. [Date accessed] URL

Example

Arthur, C. (2012) ‘YouTube loses music clip copyright battle in court.’ The Guardian. [Online] 24th
April. [Accessed on 24th April 2012] http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/apr/20/youtube-
music-clip-copyright-court

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Online audio

Citing online audio

When citing from an online audio source, the information will be presented as shown on pages 9-14,
However, instead of the author’s surname/s you should use the creator’s surname/s or the
organisation’s name.

The creator/owner of the video and the year.

Example

(UCL Institute of Education, 2018)

Direct quotes

To quote directly you need the time at which the words were spoken within the video

Example

(UCL Institute of Education, 2018:6 mins 23)

Sometimes when citing from an online video you are not citing the owner/creator of the source.
Instead, you may be citing someone else speaking in the video. In this instance you need to present
your citation differently, including introducing the ‘speaker/s’ name in your writing. Please refer to
the FAQ on the online version of this guide ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’ for
further instruction.

Referencing an online audio

When referencing an online audio, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

Owner/creator surname, initial/s. (Year of publication) Title (in italics). Name of organisation (if
different to owner/creator). [Online audio] [Date accessed] URL

Example

UCL Institute of Education. (2018) What if… we really wanted to support schools facing the greatest
challenge? [Online audio] [Accessed on 12th April 2018] https://soundcloud.com/ioelondon/what-
if-we-really-wanted-to-support-schools-facing-the-greatest-challenge

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For an online audio source that is an episode as part of a series, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:

Owner/creator surname, initial/s. (Year of publication) 'Title of episode.' Title (in italics). Name of
organisation (if different to owner/creator). [Online audio] [Date accessed] URL

Example

Mad in America. (2017) 'Lucy Johnstone: the power threat meaning framework.' Mad in America:
science, psychiatry and social justice. [Online audio] [Accessed on 29th November 2018]
https://itunes.apple.com/gb/podcast/mad-in-america-science-psychiatry-and-social-
justice/id1212789850?mt=2&i=1000404875126

Online images or photos

Citing online images or photos

When citing images the information will be presented as shown on pages 9-14, However, instead of
the author’s surname/s you will use the creator’s surname/s or the organisation’s name. NB: Also
see the section on Illustrations for further instruction on using online images or photos in your work.

Referencing online images or photos

Key points:

 Occasionally, a year of publication may not be provided. If this is the case, you must state there
is: no date.
 If no title is available, instead provide a brief description of the image/photo. If there are a
number of images/photos on the page where you accessed the information and they all show the
same image, you do not need to distinguish between them. However you must make sure you do
provide a description.

Taking the above into account, when referencing an online image or photo, you should provide the
following information in the format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. OR name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of image or

description of image (in italics). Name of organisation (if not already stated). [Online image] [Date
accessed] URL

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 Examples

Allison, C. (2007) Tornado picture. Oklahoma weather stock: photo and video stock by Charles
Allison. [Online image] [Accessed on 16th February 2009]
http://www.oklahomalightning.com/TornadoPics/TornadoPics.htm

Oxford Illustrated Science Encyclopaedia. (no date) Volcano. [Online image] [Accessed on 16th
February 2009] http://www.oup.co.uk/oxed/children/oise/pictures/earth/volcano/

Online PDF documents

PLEASE NOTE: This referencing format should NOT be used to reference journal articles that have
been found on electronic databases. Electronic journal articles should be referenced in the same
way as paper copies; see section on ‘journal articles’ on p. 46.

Citing online PDF documents

When citing PDF documents by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown on pages 9-14.

Referencing online PDF documents

Key points:

 If the document does not state both a place of publication and the name of a publisher, you will
need to say these details are unavailable by writing: Publisher details not available.
 If only one of the publication details is missing you can use the following:
- if the place of publication is not provided use: Unknown place of publication.
- if the publisher information is not provided use: Unknown publisher.
 If both the place of publication and the publisher details are missing then leave these elements
out completely.

Taking the above into account, when referencing a PDF document, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title (in italics). Edition
if applicable., Place of publication if available: Publisher if ascertainable. [Online] [Date accessed]
URL

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 Examples

Department for Education. (2014) The national curriculum in England: framework document.
Unknown place of publication: Department for Education. [Online] [Accessed on 28 th September
2017]
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/f
ile/381344/Master_final_national_curriculum_28_Nov.pdf

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2011) Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis,
assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. CG115. Manchester:
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. [Online] [Accessed on 4th January 2017]
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg115/resources/alcoholuse-disorders-diagnosis-assessment-
and-management-of-harmful-drinking-and-alcohol-dependence-pdf-35109391116229

The Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills. (2015) The framework for the
inspection of local authority arrangements for supporting school improvement. Manchester: The
Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills. [Online] [Accessed on 27 th
February 2018]
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/f
ile/462244/Framework_for_the_inspection_of_local_authority_arrangements_for_supporting_sc
hool_improvement.pdf

Online videos

Citing online videos

Sometimes when citing from an online video you are not citing the owner/creator of the source.
Instead, you may be citing someone else speaking in the video. In this instance you need to present
your citation differently, including introducing the ‘speaker/s’ name in your writing. Please refer to
the FAQ on the online version of this guide ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’ for
further instruction.

When citing videos that have been found online such as YouTube videos, and you are citing the
creator/owner, you will need to cite the information as follows:

The creator/owner of the video and the year.

Example

The video (MMU Library Services, 2014) briefly illustrates how to avoid…

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 Direct quotes

To quote directly you need the time at which the words were spoken within the video

Example

‘…we have the most extraordinary power to change lives with music and to involve people in
music’ (TEDx Talks, 2001:1min 49).

Referencing online videos

When referencing an online video, for example a YouTube video, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:

Owner/creator. (Year) Title. (in italics) [Online video] [Date accessed] URL

Examples

MMU Library Services. (2014) How to Avoid Plagiarism. [Online video] [Accessed on 10th June 2014]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IicBnQl2czM

TEDx Talks. (2001) TEDxSydney: Richard Gill – The Value of Music Education. [Online video]
[Accessed on 27th October 2016] https://www.youtube.com/wdatch?v=HeRus3NVbwE

Parliamentary debates (Hansard)

Citing parliamentary debates (Hansard)

When citing a parliamentary debate, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

(Abbreviation for House and Debate Date of debate)

Example

(HC Deb 9th December 2015)

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Referencing a parliamentary debate (print copy)

When referencing a parliamentary debate (print copy), you should provide the following information
in the format displayed below:

Abbreviation for House and Debate Date of debate, Volume number, Column number.

Example

HC Deb 9th December 2015, 603, col. 998.

Referencing a parliamentary debate (online version)

Abbreviation for House and Debate Date of debate, Volume number, Column number. [Online]
[Access date] URL

Example

HC Deb 9th December 2015, 603, col. 998. [Online] [Accessed on 23rd February 2017]
https://hansard.digiminster.com/Commons/2015-12-09/debates/15120945000001/MentalHealth

Parliamentary papers - online

Citing parliamentary papers – online

When citing a parliamentary paper found online, by paraphrasing or using direct quotes, the
information will be presented as shown on pages 9-14.

Referencing parliamentary papers – online

Key points:

 Parliamentary papers will have an official reference number, for example, for House of Commons
papers this will begin with HC.
 Usually, Parliamentary papers are published by either Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO) or
by The Stationery Office (TSO). The abbreviated versions of the publisher’s name can be used in
the reference list.

Taking the above into account, when referencing parliamentary papers found online, you should
provide the following information in the format displayed below:

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 Author surname/s, initial/s. or, Name of body/committee. (Year) Title of paper/report (in italics).
Paper reference number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Examples

Redfern, M., Keeling, J. and Powell, E. (2001) The Royal Liverpool Children’s Inquiry report. HC12-II.
London: TSO. [Online] [Accessed on 21st March 2017]
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/250934/0012_ii.pdf

House of Commons Education Select Committee. (2010) The responsibilities of the Secretary of State:
oral and written evidence taken before the Education Committee on the 28th July 2010. HC 395-i.
London: TSO. [Online] [Accessed on 27th February 2017]
https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmeduc/395-i/395i.pdf

Plays

Citing a play

When citing from a play by paraphrasing, you should include the surname of the playwright, and the
year the play was written, as in the first example below. However, for plays written centuries ago,
where it is impossible to source the original text, (such as the works of Shakespeare) you should also
include the publication year of the source you have read, and indicate that it is a reprint as in the
second example below:

The Playwright’s surname and the year the play was written (using ‘c.’, the abbreviation of circa, if
the exact date is not ascertainable) followed by the reprint date, if applicable.

Examples

…is interesting in how it compares to the themes of Mojo (Butterworth, 1995).

The themes of Twelfth Night (Shakespeare, c1601, reprinted 1995)…

Direct quotes

When using direct quotes from plays, see the section on citing direct quotes on p. 9.

However to quote directly from an old play, such as Shakespeare, you need the playwright’s
surname, title of play, act number, scene number, line numbers, as shown in the example below.

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 Example

Much speculation has occurred when Malvolio imagines he might marry Olivia, ‘there is example
for't; the Lady of the Strachy married the yeoman of the wardrobe’ (Shakespeare, Twelfth Night,
act 2, scene 5, line nos 36-7).

Referencing a play

When referencing a play, you should provide the following information in the format displayed
below:

Author, Initial/s. (Year of the edition) Title of play (in italics). Editor’s surname/s, initial/s. (ed/s.)
Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Shakespeare, W. (1995) Twelfth Night. Warren, R. and Wells, T. (eds.) Oxford: Oxford University
Press.

Religious texts

Citing religious texts

To cite a religious text you would do so as follows, whether or not it is a direct quote or
paraphrased:

Name of religious text, Book, text marker e.g. chapter and verse.

Example

…is a Bible quote often stated (John, 3:16).

…is a tenet of the faith (The Koran, The Cow, 2:238)

A powerful affirmation is found in the Torah (Devarim, 4:35)…

Referencing religious texts

When referencing religious texts, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

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 Full title of text, including sub-title (in italics). (Year of publication) Place of publication: Publisher.

Examples

The Bible: authorized King James version. (2008) Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks.

The Torah: the Five Books of Moses: pocket edition. (2000) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.

Secondary sources

PLEASE NOTE: Secondary sources are authors who have been cited in the book/journal etc. that
you have read but whose original work you have not read.

Citing secondary sources

When citing within the text you need to include the surname of the author whose idea you are using
and the surname of the author of the book/journal from which you found the information.

Surname of author/s you are citing and the year of the source it was originally published, the
surname of the author/s of the source in which you have found the information and the year of the
publication in which you have found it.

Example

Extract taken from the book by Whitehead and Mason (2003:186):

A better way of appreciating the skills of reflective practice is to use Burns and Bulman’s (2000)
framework. This involves a five-element scheme for reflection in which the first is self-
awareness. Self-awareness is important for many walks of life and it is vital in nursing.

If you wanted to mention Burns and Bulman’s framework based on the information you have
read in Whitehead and Mason’s book you would cite the authors as follows:

Burns and Bulman (2000, cited in Whitehead and Mason, 2003) have developed a 5 step
framework for reflection. The first stage of this framework focuses on self-awareness.

In the above example you have shown that you are using Burns and Bulman’s (2000) framework on
reflection in your assignment. However, because you did not find this information from the
original paper by Burns and Bulman that was published in 2000, you have made it clear that the
information was found in Whitehead and Mason’s book which was published in 2003.

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Direct quotes from a secondary author

When quoting information in your assignment you might want to use the same direct quote that
the author of the book/journal etc. used. For example:

The following information was taken from Mander (2009) on page 118. The information was
presented as a direct quote from an original source:

‘Weeping alone is painful. Grief is most powerfully eased when it can be shared’ (Carmichael,
1991:107).

If you want to use this quote in your assignment you will not use the page number that is
presented next to Carmichael’s name i.e. 107. Instead you will need to present the page number
of the source that you found the information from i.e. 118.

Example

Dealing with the loss of a loved one can be difficult, especially when an individual is grieving alone.
Sharing this grief can help alleviate the distress according to Carmichael (1991, cited in Mander,
2009:118) who argued that ‘weeping alone is painful. Grief is most powerfully eased when it can
be shared’.

Paraphrasing a quote from a secondary source

You may wish to quote the work of a secondary author whose work has been paraphrased. For
example:

The following information was taken from Mander (2009) on page 118. The information was not a
direct quote, but was instead presented in Mander’s own words:

In their Turkish-based survey to identify factors associated with crying, Kukullu and Keser (2006)
demonstrated that crying is culturally-influenced, even culturally-determined.

Example

Mourning the loss of a loved one has been found to be ‘…culturally-influenced, even culturally-
determined’ according to Kukullu and Keser (2006, cited in Mander, 2009:118).

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Referencing secondary sources

Key points:
 When referencing a secondary source, you only need to mention the author/s of the source (be it
a book, journal, online article etc.) of where the information was found and not the author
whose idea you cited.

In your reference list, you only need to reference the original source you used.

If you used Burns and Bulman’s idea in your assignment, but did not find this information from the
original source and instead found the information in Whitehead and Mason’s book, you need to
reference Whitehead and Mason’s book.

Example

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable.,
Place of publication: Publisher.

Whitehead, E. and Mason, T. (2003) Study skills for nurses. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

If Whitehead and Mason’s publication was a journal then you would reference the information as a
journal.

Example

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in
italics), Volume number (Issue number) Page numbers of whole journal article.

Whitehead, E. and Mason, T. (2003) ‘Study skills for nurses.’ Social Science and Medicine, 58(2) pp.
369-378.

Software

Citing software

When citing software, by paraphrasing or using direct quotes, the information should be presented
as shown below:

The name of the software developer or owner and the year the software was released.

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 Example

(IBM Corporation, 2016)

Direct quotes

(IBM Corporation, 2016: online)

Referencing software

When referencing software, you should provide the following information in the format displayed
below:

Software developer/owner. (Year of release) Title of software (in italics). Version/edition number.
[Software] Place of publication/production: Publisher. [Access date] download URL if available

Example

IBM Corporation. (2016) SPSS Statistics. Version 24. [Software] New York: IBM Corporation.
[Accessed on 30th March 2017]

Songs

Citing songs

When citing from a song, by paraphrasing or using a direct quotes, the information should be
presented as shown below:

The artist, and the year the song was released.

Example

In the song Imagine (Lennon, 1971) …

Referencing songs from a single (a or b sides)

When referencing a song from a single, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

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 Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of release) ‘Title of song.’ Title of single (in italics). [format,
medium] Location of record label: Record label.

Example

Lennon, J. (1971) ‘Working class hero.’ Imagine. [single, vinyl record] UK: Apple.

Referencing songs from an album

When referencing a song from an album, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of release) ‘Title of song.’ Title of album (in italics). [format,
medium] Location of record label: Record label.

Example

Lennon, J. (1971) ‘Imagine.’ Imagine. [album, vinyl record] UK: Apple.

Referencing an album

When referencing an album, you should provide the following information in the format displayed
below:

Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of release) Title of album (in italics). [format, medium] Location
of record label: Record label.

Example

Lennon, J. (1971) Imagine. [album, CD] UK: Apple.

Sources with no author

Check the relevant reference type in this guide for instruction on what to use when no author’s
name is provided on the source.

In many cases the organisation’s name is used in place of the author, for example, for online sources
such as webpages.

In some instances the publication title is used in place of the author, for example journal articles and
newspaper articles, where no author/reporter’s name is present.

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 Anonymous and anon

Where ‘Anon’ or ‘Anonymous’ are clearly stated on the source of information, use this in place of
the author.

Example:

Anonymous. (1996) Primary colors: a novel of politics. New York: Vintage.

Author unknown

There may be rare instances where no author’s name is present, the information was not produced
by an organisation, the reference type does not specify using the publication title in place of the
author, or Anon/Anonymous is not clearly stated on the source. You may come across this in both
printed and online sources. In these instances, you should state ‘Author unknown’ in place of the
author.

Standards

Citing Standards

When citing standards by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as
shown on pages 9-14.

Referencing print Standards

When referencing a Standard, you should provide the following information in the format displayed
below:

Name of authorising organisation. (Year of Publication) Identifying letters and numbers and full title
of Standard (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

British Standards Institution. (2008) BS 9999:2008 Code of practice for fire safety in the design,
management and use of buildings. Milton Keynes: BSI.

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Referencing online Standards

Name of authorising organisation. (Year of Publication) Identifying letters and numbers and full title
of Standard (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example

British Standards Institution. (2008) BS 9999:2008 Code of practice for fire safety in the design,
management and use of buildings. London: BSI. [Online] [Accessed on August 11th 2015]
https://bsol-bsigroup-com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/

Statutory Instruments

Citing Statutory Instruments

When citing Statutory Instruments in the main text of an assignment you must write in full, the short
title of the SI and the year.

PLEASE NOTE: Unlike for other citation formats the year of publication does not need to be placed
in brackets as this forms part of the title of the Statutory Instrument (with exception of direct
quotes, see below).

Short title of the SI and the Year

Example

According to the 2014 Food Information Regulations, there are….

Direct quotes

When citing a direct quote from a Statutory Instrument, write the full short title of the SI and the
year, followed by the page number written in brackets.

Example

The Food Regulations 2014 (2014:28) amends aspects of The Food Labelling Regulations 1996 by
clarifying the description alcohol-free. Labelling must now indicate, ‘its maximum alcoholic
strength and the symbol % vol.’ or, ‘in an appropriate case, an indication that it contains no
alcohol’.

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Referencing Statutory Instruments

When referencing a Statutory Instrument, you should provide the following information in the
format displayed below:

PLEASE NOTE: Unlike for other reference types the year of publication does not need to be placed
in brackets as this forms part of the title of the Act (with exception of direct quotes, see below).

Short title of the SI and Year. (SI number) Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

The Food Information Regulations 2014. (SI 1855) Norwich: TSO.

Systematic reviews – Cochrane

Citing systematic reviews

When citing systematic reviews by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown on pages 9-14.

Referencing systematic reviews

When referencing systematic reviews, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of review) ‘Title of review.’ Title of database (in italics), issue
number:article number, first and last page numbers of review article. [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example

Michelessi, M and Lindsley, K. (2016) ‘Peripheral iridotomy for pigmentary glaucoma.’ Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2:CD005644, pp. 1-33. [Online] [Accessed on 7th April 2016]
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.mmu.ac.uk/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005655.pub2/pdf

Television and Radio broadcasts

Citing television and radio broadcasts

Sometimes when citing from a television or radio broadcast you are not citing the creator of the
broadcast. Instead, you may be citing someone else speaking in the broadcast. In this instance you

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need to present your citation differently, including introducing the ‘speaker/s’ name in your writing.
Please refer to the FAQ on the online version of this guide ‘Citing someone who is not the author of
the source’ for further instruction.

When citing from a television or radio broadcast, about the content of the broadcast (rather than
what someone has said, such as a character in the broadcast) you should use the following format:

You must state the title and year when citing information taken from a broadcast. This can be
either the title of the episode or the title of the programme, whichever is listed first in the
reference.

If the title of the broadcast is long, you need to use the full title the first time you refer to it in your
assignment. However, the title can be abbreviated from then on, as in the first example below.

Examples

Hillsborough – how they buried the truth (Hillsborough, 2013) addressed the issue of…

Britain on Film (2013) examines…

Direct quotes

To quote directly you need to include the time at which the words were spoken in the television or
radio broadcast.

Example

‘the glamorous world of fashion..’ (Britain on Film, 2013:8mins 22)

Referencing television and radio broadcasts

When referencing a television or radio broadcast, you should provide the following information in
the format displayed below:

‘Title of episode.’ (if applicable) Title of series/programme. (Year) Medium, either [Television] or
[Radio] Television or radio channel, time and date of broadcast.

For a film that has been broadcast on television, the Director of the film must also be included in
the reference: (as in the third example below)

Title of film. (Year of production) Director. [Television] Television channel, time and date of
broadcast.

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 Examples

‘Hillsborough – how they buried the truth.’ Panorama. (2013) [Television] BBC1, 21.00 20th May
2013.

‘Mark Kermode reviews The Great Gatsby.’ Kermode and Mayo’s Film Review. (2013) [Radio] UK:
BBC R5live, 14:00 17th May 2013.

Slumdog Millionaire. (2008) Directed by D. Boyle. and L. Tandan. [Television] Channel 4, 21:25 4th
December 2010.

Referencing television and radio broadcasts accessed online

When referencing a television or radio broadcast accessed online, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:

For television or radio broadcasts accessed online, state the medium as [Online] and also state the
online provider and the date it was accessed:

‘Title of episode.’ (if applicable) Title of series/programme. (Year of production) [Online] Television
or radio channel, time and date of broadcast. Available through (online provider). [Date accessed]

Example

Britain on Film. (2013) [Online] BBC Four, 20.00 6th August 2013. Available through Box of
Broadcasts. [Accessed 1st September 2013]

Translated source

Citing a translated source

When citing a translated book by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be
presented as shown on pages 9-14.

Referencing a translated book

When referencing a translated book, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

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 Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication of original work) Title of book (in italics).
Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Place of publication:
Publisher.

Example

Siohan, R. (1959) Stravinsky. Translated by E. W. White, 1965. London: Calder and Boyars Ltd.

Referencing a translated book with an editor

When referencing a translated book that has an editor, you should provide the following information
in the format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication of original work) Title of book (in italics).
Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Surname of editor/s,
initial./s. (ed/s.) (Year if different to translated year) Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Vygotsky, L. S. (1934) Thought and language. Translated by E. Hanfmann and G. Vakar, 1962. Kozulin,
A. (ed.) (2012) Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Referencing a translated book with introduction/section written by another author

When referencing a translated book with an introduction/section written by another author, you
should provide the following information in the format displayed below:

Surname of author/s who wrote introduction, initial/s. (Year of publication) 'Title of

Introduction/section.' In (in italics) Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication of original
work) Title of book (in italics). Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated
publication. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Thurman, J. (2010) ‘Introduction.’ In Beauvoir, S. de. (1949) The second sex. Translated by C. Borde
and S. Malovany-Chevallier, 2010. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, pp. ix-xvi.

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Referencing translated journal articles

When referencing a translated journal article, you should provide the following information in the
format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Translated by Initial/s.
Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Title of journal (in italics), Volume
number(Issue number) first and last page numbers of whole journal article.

Example

Bourdieu, P. (1988) ‘Vive la crise!: for heterodoxy in social science.’ Translated by L. J. D. Wacquant,
1987. Theory and Society, 17(5) pp. 773-787.

UN documents

Citing UN documents

When citing UN documents by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented
as shown on pages 9-14.

UN documents can include statements, resolutions, treaties (also known as agreements, conventions
and protocols). Follow the format below, including the appropriate elements where available.

Referencing print UN documents

When referencing print UN documents, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

Name of UN department/assembly/council. (Year) Title of document (in italics). Full date

adopted/signed (if applicable), reference/resolution number (if applicable).

Example

UN General Assembly. (1948) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 10th December 1948,
A/RES/217(III).

Referencing online UN documents

When referencing online UN documents, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

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 Name of UN department/assembly/council. (Year) Title of document (in italics). Full date
adopted/signed (if applicable), reference/resolution number (if applicable). [Online] [Access date]
URL

Example

UN General Assembly. (1989) Convention on the Rights of the Child. 20th November 1989, RES/44/25.
[Online] [Accessed on 2nd February 2017] http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/crc.pdf

Webpages (including blogs and social media sites)

Citing webpages (including blogs and social media sites)

When citing websites by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented as
shown on pages 9-14.

Please note that if the webpage has no date you use the wording ‘no date’, where you would usually
write the year, to indicate this.

Referencing webpages (including blogs and social media sites)

Key points:

 If there is no author given use the organisation’s name instead. If you have stated the name of
the organisation in place of the author, you do not need to state it again in the reference.
 If there is no publication date state the words: no date in place of the year.
 This format is used for all webpages including pages from blogs and social media sites.

The date (Day and Month) is required for blogs and social media posts, as shown in second and third
example below.

Taking the above into account, when referencing a webpage, you should provide the following
information in the format displayed below:

Webpage with author

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of page (in italics). Date (Day and Month)
the information was posted (if applicable/available). Name of organisation. [Online] [Date
accessed] URL

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 Examples

Kerr, N. (2005) Happy slapping. Kidscape. [Online] [Accessed on 10th November 2011]
http://www.kidscape.org.uk/press/pressdetail.asp?PressID=7

Lewis, D. (2013) 5 live investigates: business property tax avoidance costs taxpayers millions. 13th
September. The BBC Radio 5 live blog. [Online] [Accessed on 16th September 2013]
http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/5live/posts/5-live-Investigates-Business-tax-avoidance-costs-
taxpayers-millions

Webpage with no author

Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of page (in italics). Date (Day and Month) the
information was posted (if applicable/available). [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Examples

BBC News England @BBCEngland. (2013) Library book returned 59 years late. 4th September. BBC
News. [Online] [Accessed on 6th September 2013] https://twitter.com/BBCEngland

BBC. (2009) Teenage obesity link to future MS. [Online] [Accessed on 13th January 2010]
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8342585.stm

Working papers

Citing working papers

When citing working papers by paraphrasing or using direct quotes the information will be presented
as shown on pages 9-14.

Referencing print working papers

When referencing working papers in print, you should provide the following information in the
format displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics).

Organisation/Department name working paper number. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Gilpin, N., Henty, S., Lemos, M., Portes, J. and Bullen, C. (2006) The impact of free movement of
workers from Central and Eastern Europe on the UK labour market. Department for Work and

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 Pensions Working Paper no. 29. Norwich: HMSO.

Referencing online working papers

When referencing online working papers, you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics).

Organisation/Department name working paper number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online]
[Date accessed] URL

Example

Gilpin, N., Henty, S., Lemos, M., Portes, J. and Bullen, C. (2006) The impact of free movement of
workers from Central and Eastern Europe on the UK labour market. Department for Work and
Pensions Working Paper no. 29. Norwich: HMSO. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd March 2016]
http://is.muni.cz/el/1456/jaro2006/PETPPZ/um/1293746/the_impact_of_free_movement_of_wo
rkers_from_CEEC_on_UK_labou_market.pdf

Works of art

Citing works of art

To cite a work of art in your assignment you may include the title of the work and as well as the
artist’s name and date of creation if these are important to the point you are making. Include the
abbreviation c. if this is how the date is given in an exhibition catalogue or other source. This stands
for “circa” and is used when the exact date of creation is not known by art historians.

The artist’s surname/s and the year of production.

Example

Tanguy is thought to have been inspired as an artist by Portrait of Apollinaire as a Premonition (de
Chirico, c.1914).

Referencing works of art

When referencing works of art, you should provide the following information in the format displayed
below:

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 Artist’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of production) Title (in italics). Medium, size, location
of exhibition.

Example

de Chirico, G. (c.1914) Portrait of Apollinaire as a Premonition. Oil on canvas, 81.5 x 65cm, National
Museum of Modern Art, Pompidou Centre, Paris.

Original work of art showing in a temporary exhibition

Citing a work of art showing in a temporary exhibition

When citing works of art, the information should be presented as shown below:

The artist’s surname/s and the year of production.

Example

On entering the gallery the viewer is confronted with this piece (Parker, 2007).

Referencing a work of art showing in a temporary exhibition

When referencing original works of art that are showing in a temporary exhibition, you should
provide the following information in the format displayed below:

Artist’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of production) Title (in italics). Medium, Size (if given), at:
Location of exhibition. Dates of exhibition.

Example

Parker, C. (2007) Bullet Drawing. Lead from a bullet drawn into wire, at: Whitechapel Laboratory,
Whitechapel Art Gallery. 13th February–30th March 2008.

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Art exhibition

Citing an art exhibition

To cite and reference a whole exhibition there needs to be attribution to the artist or curator (if
different pieces).

When citing a whole art exhibition the information should be presented as shown below:

Note: If a curator's name is not evident, use the exhibition title in place of artist or curator.

The artist’s/curator surname/s and the year of production.

Example

The different individual pieces complimented one another to bring together a fuller understanding
of warfare, human life and the environment (Carden-Coyne, 2014).

Referencing an art exhibition

When referencing a whole art exhibition you should provide the following information in the format
displayed below:

Note: If a curator's name is not evident, use the exhibition title in italics in place of artist /curator.

Artist/curator surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of exhibition) Title of exhibition (in italics). Location of
exhibition. Dates of exhibition.

Example

Carden-Coyne, A. (2014) The sensory war 1914-2014. Exhibition at the Manchester Art Gallery,
Manchester. 11th October 2014 to 22nd February 2015.

Work of art reproduced in another source

Citing a work of art reproduced in another source

When citing a work of art reproduced in another source, the information should be presented as
shown below:

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 The artist, the year the work was produced, the author and date of the source and the page number
(or, online in place of the page number for online sources without page numbers, as in the second
example below).

Examples

Klee (1929) in Partsch (2000:47) can be seen to have used…

(Hicks, 1862 in Art UK, no date:online)

Referencing a work of art reproduced in a book

When referencing a reproduction in a book, you should provide the following information in the
format displayed below:

Artist’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of production) ‘Title of work.’ Medium, Size (if given). In:
Author/Editor. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Page number.
Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Klee, P. (1929) ‘Old Man Calculating.’ Etching on copper, 29.9x23.7cm. In: Partsch, S. (2000) Klee. p.
47. Koln: Taschen.

Referencing a work of art reproduced on a webpage

When referencing a reproduction on a webpage, you should provide the following information in the
format displayed below:

Artist’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of production) ‘Title of work.’ Medium, Size (if given). In: Author’s
surname/s, Initial/s. or, organisation name. (Year of publication) Title of webpage (in italics).
[Online] [Access date] URL

Example

Hicks, G. E. (1862) ‘Changing homes.’ Oil on Canvas, 89 x 150 cm. In: Art UK. (no date) Artworks:
changing homes (in italics). [Online] [Accessed on 27th March 2017]
https://www.artuk.org/discover/artworks/changing-homes-133025

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