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Egyptian pyramids
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A view of the pyramids at Giza from the plateau to the south of the complex. From
left to right, the three largest are: the Pyramid of Menkaure, the Pyramid of
Khafre and the Great Pyramid of Khufu. The three smaller pyramids in the foreground
are subsidiary structures associated with Menkaure's pyramid.
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Pyramid
in hieroglyphs
The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in
Egypt. As of November 2008, sources cite either 118 or 138 as the number of
identified Egyptian pyramids.[1][2] Most were built as tombs for the country's
pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.[3][4][5]

The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at Saqqara, northwest of Memphis.
The earliest among these is the Pyramid of Djoser, which was built c. 2630�2610 BC
during the Third Dynasty.[6] This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed
by the architect Imhotep, and are generally considered to be the world's oldest
monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry.[7]

The most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza, on the outskirts of
Cairo. Several of the Giza pyramids are counted among the largest structures ever
built.[8] The Pyramid of Khufu at Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid. It is the
only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence.

Contents
1 Historical development
2 Pyramid symbolism
3 Number and location of pyramids
3.1 Abu Rawash
3.2 Giza
3.3 Zawyet el-Aryan
3.4 Abusir
3.5 Saqqara
3.6 Dahshur
3.7 Mazghuna
3.8 Lisht
3.9 Meidum
3.10 Hawara
3.11 el-Lahun
3.12 El-Kurru
3.13 Nuri
3.14 Construction dates and heights
4 Construction techniques
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Bibliography
7 External links
Historical development

The Mastabat al-Fir�aun at Saqqara

By the time of the Early Dynastic Period, those with sufficient means were buried
in bench-like structures known as mastabas.[9][10]

The second historically-documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect

Imhotep, who planned what Egyptologists believe to be a tomb for the pharaoh
Djoser. Imhotep is credited with being the first to conceive the notion of stacking
mastabas on top of each other, creating an edifice composed of a number of "steps"
that decreased in size towards its apex. The result was the Pyramid of Djoser,
which was designed to serve as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the
deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens. Such was the importance of Imhotep's
achievement that he was deified by later Egyptians.[11]

The most prolific pyramid-building phase coincided with the greatest degree of
absolutist rule. It was during this time of the Old Kingdom of Egypt that the most
famous pyramids, the Giza pyramid complex, were built. Over time, as authority
became less centralized, the ability and willingness to harness the resources
required for construction on this massive scale decreased, and later pyramids were
smaller, less well-built and often hastily constructed.

Long after the end of Egypt's own pyramid-building period, a burst of pyramid
building occurred in what is present-day Sudan, after much of Egypt came under the
rule of the Kingdom of Kush, which was then based at Napata. Napatan rule, known as
the 25th Dynasty, lasted from 750 BCE to 664 BCE, and during that time Egyptian
culture made an indelible impression on the Kushites. The Meroitic period of
Kushite history, when the kingdom was centered on Mero�, (approximately in the
period between 300 BCE and 300 CE), experienced a full-blown pyramid-building
revival, which saw more than two hundred Egyptian-inspired indigenous royal
pyramid-tombs constructed in the vicinity of the kingdom's capital cities.

Al-Aziz Uthman (1171�1198), the second Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, tried to destroy
the Giza pyramid complex. He gave up after only damaging the Pyramid of Menkaure
because the task proved too large.[12]

Pyramid symbolism

Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid. The inner line indicates
the pyramid's present profile, the outer line indicates the original profile.
The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from
which the Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape of a pyramid is
thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids
were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them
a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance. Pyramids were often also named
in ways that referred to solar luminescence. For example, the formal name of the
Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was The Southern Shining Pyramid, and that of Senwosret at
el-Lahun was Senwosret is Shining.

While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments, there is

continued disagreement on the particular theological principles that might have
given rise to them. One suggestion is that they were designed as a type of
"resurrection machine."[13]

The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear
to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens. One of the narrow shafts that
extend from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid
points directly towards the center of this part of the sky. This suggests the
pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased
pharaoh's soul directly into the abode of the gods.[13]

All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile, which, as the site
of the setting sun, was associated with the realm of the dead in Egyptian
mythology.[14]

Number and location of pyramids

See also: List of Egyptian pyramids
In 1842, Karl Richard Lepsius produced the first modern list of pyramids � now
known as the Lepsius list of pyramids � in which he counted 67. A great many more
have since been discovered. As of November 2008, 118 Egyptian pyramids have been
identified.[3]

The location of Pyramid 29, which Lepsius called the "Headless Pyramid", was lost
for a second time when the structure was buried by desert sands after Lepsius's
survey. It was found again only during an archaeological dig conducted in 2008.[15]

Many pyramids are in a poor state of preservation or buried by desert sands. If

visible at all, they may appear as little more than mounds of rubble. As a
consequence, archaeologists are continuing to identify and study previously unknown
pyramid structures.

The most recent pyramid to be discovered was that of Sesheshet at Saqqara, mother
of the Sixth Dynasty pharaoh Teti, announced on 11 November 2008.[4][16]

All of Egypt's pyramids, except the small Third Dynasty pyramid of Zawyet el-Amwat
(or Zawyet el-Mayitin), are sited on the west bank of the Nile, and most are
grouped together in a number of pyramid fields. The most important of these are
listed geographically, from north to south, below.

Abu Rawash
Main article: Abu Rawash

The largely destroyed Pyramid of Djedefre

Abu Rawash is the site of Egypt's most northerly pyramid (other than the ruins of
Lepsius pyramid number one)[5]� the mostly ruined Pyramid of Djedefre, son and
successor of Khufu. Originally it was thought that this pyramid had never been
completed, but the current archaeological consensus is that not only was it
completed, but that it was originally about the same size as the Pyramid of
Menkaure, which would have placed it among the half-dozen or so largest pyramids in
Egypt.

Its location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone.

Quarrying, which began in Roman times, has left little apart from about 15 courses
of stone superimposed upon the natural hillock that formed part of the pyramid's
core. A small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a better state of preservation.

Giza
Main article: Giza pyramid complex

Map of the Giza pyramid complex

Aerial view of the Giza pyramid complex

Giza is the location of the Pyramid of Khufu (also known as the "Great Pyramid" and
the "Pyramid of Cheops"); the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre (or Chephren); the
relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinus), along with a number of
smaller satellite edifices known as "Queen's pyramids"; and the Great Sphinx of
Giza.

Of the three, only Khafre's pyramid retains part of its original polished limestone
casing, near its apex. This pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu pyramid
by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of
its construction � it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume.

The Giza pyramid complex has been a popular tourist destination since antiquity and
was popularized in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater
of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Today it is the only one
of those wonders still in existence.

Zawyet el-Aryan
See also: Zawyet el'Aryan
This site, halfway between Giza and Abusir, is the location for two unfinished Old
Kingdom pyramids. The northern structure's owner is believed to be pharaoh Nebka,
while the southern structure, known as the Layer Pyramid, may be attributable to
the Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba, a close successor of Sekhemkhet. If this
attribution is correct, Khaba's short reign could explain the seemingly unfinished
state of this step pyramid. Today it stands around 17 m (56 ft) high; had it been
completed, it is likely to have exceeded 40 m (130 ft).

Abusir
Main article: Abusir

The Pyramid of Sahure at Abusir, viewed from the pyramid's causeway

There are a total of fourteen pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal
necropolis during the Fifth Dynasty. The quality of construction of the Abusir
pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty � perhaps signaling a decrease
in royal power or a less vibrant economy. They are smaller than their predecessors,
and are built of low-quality local limestone.

The three major pyramids are those of Niuserre, which is also the best preserved,
Neferirkare Kakai and Sahure. The site is also home to the incomplete Pyramid of
Neferefre. Most of the major pyramids at Abusir were built using similar
construction techniques, comprising a rubble core surrounded by steps of mud bricks
with a limestone outer casing. The largest of these Fifth Dynasty pyramids, the
Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai, is believed to have been built originally as a step
pyramid some 70 m (230 ft) high and then later transformed into a "true" pyramid by
having its steps filled in with loose masonry.

Saqqara
Main article: Saqqara

The Pyramid of Djoser

Major pyramids located here include the Pyramid of Djoser � generally identified as
the world's oldest substantial monumental structure to be built of dressed stone �
the Pyramid of Userkaf, the Pyramid of Teti and the Pyramid of Merikare, dating to
the First Intermediate Period of Egypt. Also at Saqqara is the Pyramid of Unas,
which retains a pyramid causeway that is one of the best-preserved in Egypt.
Together with the pyramid of Userkaf, this pyramid was the subject of one of the
earliest known restoration attempts, conducted by Khaemweset, a son of Ramesses II.
[17] Saqqara is also the location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djoser's
successor Sekhemkhet, known as the Buried Pyramid. Archaeologists believe that had
this pyramid been completed, it would have been larger than Djoser's.

South of the main pyramid field at Saqqara is a second collection of later, smaller
pyramids, including those of Pepi I, Djedkare Isesi, Merenre, Pepi II and Ibi. Most
of these are in a poor state of preservation.

The Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Shepseskaf either did not share an interest in, or have
the capacity to undertake pyramid construction like his predecessors. His tomb,
which is also sited at south Saqqara, was instead built as an unusually large
mastaba and offering temple complex. It is commonly known as the Mastabat al-
Fir�aun.[18]

A previously unknown pyramid was discovered at north Saqqara in late 2008. Believed
to be the tomb of Teti's mother, it currently stands approximately 5 m (16 ft)
high, although the original height was closer to 14 m (46 ft).

Dahshur
Main article: Dahshur

Sneferu's Red Pyramid

This area is arguably the most important pyramid field in Egypt outside Giza and
Saqqara, although until 1996 the site was inaccessible due to its location within a
military base and was relatively unknown outside archaeological circles.

The southern Pyramid of Sneferu, commonly known as the Bent Pyramid, is believed to
be the first Egyptian pyramid intended by its builders to be a "true" smooth-sided
pyramid from the outset; the earlier pyramid at Meidum had smooth sides in its
finished state � but it was conceived and built as a step pyramid, before having
its steps filled in and concealed beneath a smooth outer casing of dressed stone.
As a true smooth-sided structure, the Bent Pyramid was only a partial success �
albeit a unique, visually imposing one; it is also the only major Egyptian pyramid
to retain a significant proportion of its original smooth outer limestone casing
intact. As such it serves as the best contemporary example of how the ancient
Egyptians intended their pyramids to look. Several kilometres to the north of the
Bent Pyramid is the last � and most successful � of the three pyramids constructed
during the reign of Sneferu; the Red Pyramid is the world's first successfully
completed smooth-sided pyramid. The structure is also the third largest pyramid in
Egypt � after the pyramids of Khufu and Khafra at Giza.

Also at Dahshur is one of two pyramids built by Amenemhat III, known as the Black
Pyramid, as well as a number of small, mostly ruined subsidiary pyramids.

Mazghuna
Main article: Mazghuna
Located to the south of Dahshur, several mudbrick pyramids were built in this area
in the late Middle Kingdom, perhaps for Amenemhat IV and Sobekneferu.

Lisht
Main article: el-Lisht

The Pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht

Two major pyramids are known to have been built at Lisht � those of Amenemhat I and
his son, Senusret I. The latter is surrounded by the ruins of ten smaller
subsidiary pyramids. One of these subsidiary pyramids is known to be that of
Amenemhat's cousin, Khaba II.[19] The site which is in the vicinity of the oasis of
the Faiyum, midway between Dahshur and Meidum, and about 100 kilometres south of
Cairo, is believed to be in the vicinity of the ancient city of Itjtawy (the
precise location of which remains unknown), which served as the capital of Egypt
during the Twelfth Dynasty.

Meidum
Main article: Meidum

The pyramid at Meidum

The pyramid at Meidum is one of three constructed during the reign of Sneferu, and
is believed by some to have been started by that pharaoh's father and predecessor,
Huni. However, that attribution is uncertain, as no record of Huni's name has been
found at the site. It was constructed as a step pyramid, and then later converted
into the first "true" smooth-sided pyramid when the steps were filled in, and an
outer casing added. The pyramid suffered several catastrophic collapses in ancient
and medieval times; medieval Arab writers described it as having seven steps �
although today only the three uppermost of these remain, giving the structure its
odd, tower-like appearance. The hill on which the pyramid is situated is not a
natural landscape feature � it is the small mountain of debris created when the
lower courses and outer casing of the pyramid gave way.

Hawara
Main article: Hawara

The Pyramid of Amenemhet III at Hawara

Amenemhat III was the last powerful ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty, and the pyramid
he built at Hawara, near the Faiyum, is believed to post-date the so-called "Black
Pyramid" built by the same ruler at Dahshur. It is the Hawara pyramid that is
believed to have been Amenemhet's final resting place.

el-Lahun
Main article: el-Lahun

The Pyramid of Senusret II. The pyramid's natural limestone core is clearly visible
as the yellow stratum at its base.
The pyramid of Senusret II at el-Lahun is the southernmost royal-tomb pyramid
structure in Egypt. Its builders reduced the amount of work necessary to construct
it by ingeniously using as its foundation and core a 12-meter-high natural
limestone hill.

El-Kurru
Main article: El-Kurru

Piye's pyramid at El-Kurru

Piye, the king of Kush who became the first ruler of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of
Egypt, built a pyramid at El-Kurru. He was the first Egyptian pharaoh to be buried
in a pyramid in centuries.

Nuri
Main article: Nuri

Taharqa's pyramid at Nuri

Taharqa, a Kushite ruler of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, built his pyramid at Nuri. It
was the largest in the area (North Sudan).

Construction dates and heights

Drawing showing transportation of a colossus. The water poured in the path of the
sledge, long dismissed by Egyptologists as ritual, but now confirmed as feasible,
served to increase the stiffness of the sand, and likely reduced by 50% the force
needed to move the statue.[20]
The following table lays out the chronology of the construction of most of the
major pyramids mentioned here. Each pyramid is identified through the pharaoh who
ordered it built, his approximate reign, and its location.

Pyramid / Pharaoh Reign Field Height

Djoser c. 2670 BC Saqqara 62 meters (203 feet)
Sneferu c. 2612�2589 BC Dashur 104 meters (341 feet)
Sneferu c. 2612�2589 BC Meidum 65 meters (213 feet) (ruined)
*Would have been 91.65 meters (301 feet) or 175 Egyptian Royal cubits.

Khufu c. 2589�2566 BC Giza 146.7 meters (481 feet) or 280 Egyptian Royal cubits
Djedefre c. 2566�2558 BC Abu Rawash 60 meters (197 feet)
Khafre c. 2558�2532 BC Giza 136.4 meters (448 feet)
*Originally: 143.5 m or 471 feet or 274 Egyptian Royal cubits

Menkaure c. 2532�2504 BC Giza 65 meters (213 feet) or 125 Egyptian Royal

cubits
Userkaf c. 2494�2487 BC Saqqara 48 meters (161 feet)
Sahure c. 2487�2477 BC Abusir 47 meters (155 feet)
Neferirkare Kakai c. 2477�2467 BC Abusir 72.8 meters (239 feet)
Nyuserre Ini c. 2416�2392 BC Abusir 51.68 m (169.6 feet) or 99 Egyptian
Royal cubits
Amenemhat I c. 1991�1962 BC Lisht 55 meters (181 feet)
Senusret I c. 1971�1926 BC Lisht 61.25 meters (201 feet)
Senusret II c. 1897�1878 BC el-Lahun 48.65 m (159.6 ft; 93 Egyptian Royal
cubits) or
47.6 m (156 ft; 91 Egyptian Royal cubits)

Amenemhat III c. 1860�1814 BC Hawara 75 meters (246 feet)

Khendjer c. 1764�1759 BC Saqqara 37.35 m (122.5 feet), now 1 m (3.3 feet)
Piye c. 721 BC El-Kurru 20 meters (66 feet) or
30 meters (99 feet)

Taharqa c. 664 BC Nuri 40 meters (132 feet) or

50 meters (164 feet)

Construction techniques
Main article: Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
Constructing the pyramids involved moving huge quantities of stone. Papyri
discovered at the Egyptian desert near the Red Sea, in 2013 by archaeologist Pierre
Tallet, revealed the journal of Merer, an official of Egypt involved in
transporting limestone along the Nile River. These papyri reveal processes in the
building of the Great Pyramid at Giza, the tomb of the Pharaoh Khufu, just outside
modern Cairo.[21] Rather than overland transport of the limestone used in building
the pyramid, there is evidence that limestone blocks were transported along the
Nile River, in the journal of Merer, preserved remnants of ancient canals, and
transport boats discovered.[22]

Further information: Diary of Merer

It is possible that quarried blocks were then transported to the construction site
by wooden sleds, with sand in front of the sled wetted to reduce friction. Droplets
of water created bridges between the grains of sand, helping them stick together.
[23]

See also
Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
Pyramidion
Ziggurat
Al Ahram, Arabic for "the pyramids", name of Egyptian newspaper
List

List of Egyptian pyramids

List of megalithic sites
References
Slackman, Michael (17 November 2008). "In the Shadow of a Long Past, Patiently
Awaiting the Future". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
Mark Lehner (2008). The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries. p. 34.
Thames & Hudson. 25 March 2008. ISBN 978-0-500-28547-3.
"Egypt says has found pyramid built for ancient queen". Reuters. 11 November 2008.
Retrieved 2 November 2017. The pyramid, which Hawass said was the 118th found in
Egypt, was uncovered near the world's oldest pyramid at Saqqara, a burial ground
for the rulers of ancient Egypt.
Slackman, Michael (16 November 2007). "In the Shadow of a Long Past, Patiently
Awaiting the Future". New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2008. Deep below the
Egyptian desert, archaeologists have found evidence of yet another pyramid, this
one constructed 4,300 years ago to store the remains of a pharaoh�s mother. That
makes 138 pyramids discovered here so far, and officials say they expect to find
more.
Ritter, Michael (2003). "Dating the Pyramids". Archived from the original on 11
May 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2008.
Gardner, Helen (1980) [1926]. De La Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G. (eds.). Art
through the Ages (7th ed.). New York: Harcourt Brave Jovanovitch. p. 68. ISBN 0-15-
503758-7.
Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames and Hudson. p. 84.
ISBN 978-0-500-05084-2.
Watkin, David (2005). A History of Western Architecture (4th ed.). Laurence King
Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-85669-459-9. The Great Pyramid...is still one of the
largest structures ever raised by man, its plan twice the size of St. Peter's in
Rome
[1] Burial customs: mastabas. University College London (2001) Retrieved 14 April
2005
"Early Dynastic burial customs". Digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 November
2012.
Quirke, Stephen (2001). The Cult of Ra: Sun Worship in Ancient Egypt. Thames &
Hudson, pp. 118�120.
Lehner, Mark. The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997), p.41. ISBN
0-500-05084-8
Wilkinson, Toby (2004). "Before the Pyramids". Egypt at its Origins. Studies in
Memory of Barbara Adams Proceedings of the International Conference "Origin of the
State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt", Krakow, 28th August - 1st September
2002. Peeters. p. 1142. ISBN 978-90-429-1469-8. Retrieved 18 June 2015. A final
echo of earlier practices is seen in the domain established by Djoser to supply his
mortuary cult. He called it Hr-sb3-/mti-pt, �Horus, the foremost star in the sky�.
We could not wish for a clearer statement of the belief underlying the Step
Pyramid: that it was a resurrection machine designed to propel its royal owner,
Horus, to the pre-eminent place among the undying stars.
"Discovery Channel Nederland". Discoverychannel.co.uk. Archived from the original
on 5 December 2004. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
Kratovac, Katarina (5 June 2008). "Egypt uncovers 'missing' pyramid of a pharaoh".
Yahoo News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved
6 June 2008.
"New Pyramid Found in Egypt: 4,300-Year-Old Queen's Tomb".
News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
Kenneth Kitchen: Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated & Annotated, Translations,
Volume II, Blackwell Publishers, ISBN 0-631-18435-X, 1996
[2] The Mastaba of Shepseskaf
Allen, James; Manuelian, Peter (2005). The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts
(Writings from the Ancient World, No. 23). Brill Academic. ISBN 978-90-04-13777-6.
Terrence McCoy (2 May 2014). "The surprisingly simple way Egyptians moved massive
pyramid stones without modern technology". The Washington Post.
Stille, Alexander. "The World's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the
Great Pyramids". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
Holloway, April. "Archaeologists Announce that New Discoveries Solve Mystery of
How the Great Pyramid Was Built". Ancient Origins. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
"Solved! How Ancient Egyptians Moved Massive Pyramid Stones". Live Science.
Retrieved 26 February 2018.
Bibliography
Edwards, I. E. S., The Pyramids of Egypt Penguin Books Ltd; New edition (5 Dec
1991), ISBN 978-0-14-013634-0
Lehner, Mark, The Complete Pyramids, Thames & Hudson, 1997, ISBN 978-0-500-05084-2
Mendelssohn, Kurt, The Riddle of the Pyramids, Thames & Hudson Ltd (6 May 1974),
ISBN 978-0-500-05015-6
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyramids of Egypt.
Ancient Egyptians from BBC History
Pyramids World Heritage Site in panographies � 360 degree interactive imaging
The Pyramids of Egypt � The meaning and construction of the Egyptian pyramids by
Egyptologist Professor Nabil S welim.
Ancient Authors � A site that quotes descriptions of the "Labyrinth" of Amenemhet
III's pyramid at el-Lahun by various ancient authors.
Ancient Egypt � History & Chronology � A site detailing the major pyramid sites of
ancient Egypt and Nubia (Sudan).
vte
Egyptian pyramids
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Coordinates: 29�58'34?N 31�07'52?E

Categories: Ancient Egyptian pyramidsAfrican architecture

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