Heritage

Conservation:
Case Study
Analysis
ARC61104
Lecturer: Ms. Delliya Zain

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 Group members:

May Thazin Oo 0330731

Joel Chin Weng Kong 0330236

Amyra Akhma 0330365

Athira Syifa 0332447

Adele Teh Kai Xin 0337044

Nurul Hidhaya Binti Mas Adi 0334599

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Objectives of Project

1. Introduce students to the basic principles and concepts of heritage conservation and documentation.
2. Identify and understand heritage conservation and management processes.

Aims

1. To appreciate the concept of heritage conservation, the principles and theories within a historical and cultural context.
2. Able to identify the key principles and theories that have shaped the practices and problems in the area of heritage and conservation.

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Contents
1. Omani–French museum, Oman 3. Masjid Ihsaniah Iskandariah

1.1 Introduction 3.1 Introduction

1.2 Historical Timeline 3.2 Historical Timeline
1.3Surrounding Context 3.3 Surrounding Context
1.4 Cultural Context 3.4 Cultural Context
1.5 Architecture Style 3.5 Architecture Style
1.6 Significance value 3.6 Significance value
1.7 Materials and construction 3.7 Materials and construction
1.8 Work/method/approach used 3.8 Work/method/approach used
1.9 Conclusion 3.9 Conclusion

2. The Administration Building at the Izumo Shrine, Shimane, Japan 4. Overall Conclusion

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Historical Timeline
2.3 Surrounding Context
2.4 Cultural Context
2.5 Architecture Style
2.6 Significance value
2.7 Materials and construction
2.8 Work/method/approach used
2.9 Demolition
2.91 Conclusion 4
Omani French Museum

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Omani French Museum

Location: Old Muscat – the capital-between Al-Bab Al-Kabir and the site of the Old Suq
(Bazaar).

Owner: Oman’s Ministry of Heritage and Culture

Users: Public

Function: Museum

Bait Faransa today 6

 Timeline

1948 1992
1820 - 1840 1894 - 1920
Having been long abandoned by Converted into a museum
Sultan Faysal bin Turki presented There were thirteen
French heads of the French, the house was and jointly opened by
a house-which was constructed to Sultan Qaboos and the
missions at Bait occupied by the British Bank of
the order of Ghaliyah bint President of France,
Faransa the Middle East and later was
Salim-a member of the Royal François Mitterrand.
transformed into governmental
Family
offices.

1894 1989
1920
The first consul to take up Sultan Qaboos decided to
The last French
a residence at Muscat was dedicate Bait Fransa to
consul, Yuounou left
Paul Ottavi, who played a Omani–French relations
the house.
major role in developing during his state visit to
good relations between Paris.
France and Oman. 7
Surrounding Context

The Old Muscat Gates:

● Bab Al Mathaib
● Bab Al Kabeer (The Big Door)
● Bab Al Sagheer (The Little Door) Jalali Fort
Merani Fort Al Alam Palace
● Bab Waljat

Bab Al Kabeer Bait Muznah Gallery

Bab Al Mathaib Bab Al Sagheer (The Little Door)

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 Cultural Context

● The Omani–French relationship began in the 17th century,as

French ships carrying sugar and spices from the Indian
Ocean islands met Omani vessels at Mombassa, Kilwa and
Zanzibar, therefore leading to the architecture style
involved .

● The original old small town of Muskat held a strategic

commanding position on the entrance to the Persian Gulf,
therefore it was chosen for its excellent harbour and
natural defences.

● The name Muskat means “place of falling”, referring to

falling of anchor chain ( a reference to the harbour)

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Architecture Style

Grand Arebesque Design

● The house represented the traditional Omani architecture with some influences from the
pre-Islamic, Islamic, Persian, French and Portuguese.
● references of vernacular Omani architecture

Example:
● human structure
● contrast of expressive details The building represents vernacular Omani
● decoration against the solidity of the rendered walls as military style shaped by mud-brick. architecture (the contrast of details against
● crenellated (gaps for firing arrows) courtyards walls and strong outer gates, that are all massive solidity walls).
typical of old and new Omani houses with decorative elements tending to take second place
to solid defendable structures.

contrast of expressive details Strong outer gates

with islamic architecture 10
Significance value

● collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public.

The Architecture of Oman, S. Damluji defined Muscat as an enclave of historic buildings that should be kept untouched. He emphasized
the tremendous national value of Muscat’s heritage, which they recommended should be enriched by maintenance and renovation

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Materials and Construction

Local materials:
● stone,
● mud brick,
● wood,
● lime and
● mud plaster

Construction:
● Designed around a central courtyard, the walls including the interior ones, as are of massive thickness, up
to at least 3 ft.

● The first floor was about twenty feet up and the roof another twenty feet above that.

● Each room had a heavy wooden carved door-as one of the Omani building details-set beneath a square
carved wooden lintel.

● The tall wooden arches of the veranda were a reminder of the Chehel Sutun in Isfahan (pavilion).

ancient wooden door of the Bait Fransa

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Work/Method/Approach used

Restoration Work: Requalifying

● to restore, to preserve, to repair, to reconstruct, to intervene, to conserve, and to
renovate.

Some parts are renovated with with care and detail of the building. The details were recorded
in photographs and diplomatic archives kept by the French Ministry of Foreign affairs to help
recreate the essential features of the museum
first floor gallery opening to the
courtyard in 1907 (left) and
Walls and pillars were replaced with new ones. Three layers of sand plastid were used with an 2009 (right)
iron mesh placed before the last layer of acrylic paint

Pillar during Pillar after

restoration restoration
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Work/Method/Approach used
Problems:

● The walls are saturated with moisture which affected the safety, rendering and paint due to the
absence of waterproofing against underground water in the building stone foundations. Many
cracks were also observed in ceilings, walls and pillars.
● The use of galvanized steel sheets and steel angles in columns, resulted in iron corrosion which Steel corrosion
caused cracks in
increases the iron thickness from 1 cm to 2.5 cm and caused cracks in plaster.
outer plaster.

Solution:

● complete damp proofing from inside and outside of the foundations beside ground flooring
● The partial treatment was approved to protect the walls from 50% to 70% of the penetrated
water from the foundations. However, this treatment requires yearly maintenance.

Adopted partial
treatment
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 Reception
Area
Consul Ottavi’s
Historical Consul office
Video
Navigation Historical Ottavi’s
Room
Video Reception Room Navigation office
Room Area Room

2 1
Room 6

Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan

Room 2 is devoted to the state Room 1 is devoted to the state Room 6 displays Omani and
visit to France visit to Oman French costumes 15
Condition of building before being conserved:

View from the first floor gallery Pillars during restoration.

opening to the courtyard in 1907

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 Consul Ottavi’s
office

Bait Faransa in 1907 Bait Faransa today

Room 2 is devoted to the state

Courtyard visit to France 17
Conclusion

1. The building was established 200 years ago, and plays an important role in the relationship between Sultanate of Oman and France in the
past and present

2. Through the study of the restoration process of the Omani French museum, it was very obvious that in Oman-as in most of the developing
countries-the conservation of historical buildings with its complex nature and its requirements of planning, work, large funds, and the
participation of a whole team of experienced professionals constitute a real burden on the local authorities and beyond the capabilities of any
developing countries

3. Authentic idea of historical buildings, such as: original materials, technical and esthetical appearance is extremely important. However, there
should be some room to maneuver to suit the new function, the level of comfort, and the contemporary standards of safety. Modern
techniques could be used, but with great concern of the true spirit of the original environment.

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 Izumo Grand Shrine
Administration Building

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Izumo Grand Shrine Administration Building

Location: Izumo, Japan

Completed: 1963

Architect: Kiyonori Kikutake

Users: Public

Owner: Izumo-Taisha (Izumo Grand Shrine)

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 Timeline

(???) 1962 2016

The Izumo-taisha had no recording of its Choemon Tabe, the President of the The building was sadly demolished from its
establishment Supporting Board of the Izumo Great Shrine deteriorating state
asked Kiyonori Kikutake to design a fireproof
administration building

1950s 2014

The original administration Architects and local people

building was caught on fire set up a petition to preserve
and was nearly destroyed the building as it was
considered to be demolished
by the owner
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Surrounding Context

● Izumo Taisha, one of the oldest and most important shrines in Japan, considered home
of the Gods

● The shrine is located in the Izumo Shimane Prefecture, at the very edge of the district.
where up north of it is surrounded by forest. This makes an ideal place for worship.

● Surrounding the area, there have been a lot of shrines built, such as the Nishimon
Shrine, Tenmangu and Uba Shrine where they each represent a different God

● Izumo Taisha consists of honden, where the gods are enshrined and off-limits to the
public, and haiden, the ceremony hall were prayers and worship are commenced.

● The administration building gives a huge contrast from the surrounding Shrines.

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Surrounding Context

1 4

Shinto Shrine Sogano yashiro

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2 1 5

Omamori Dokoro 6 Higashimon Shrine

3 7 6 7

First Torii Gate Izumo Taisha (Haiden) Torii Gate of Izumo Taisha

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Cultural Context

Other than it being a ritual place, the architect had designed the building in such a way identifies Japan’s livelihood, the lifestyle of the Shinto.

The Honden is the most sacred part of the Izumo Grand Shrine, and this was regarded as the warehouse of the god. Then this makes the
administrative building the Inakake, which is the temporary framework in the paddy fields where the crops are hung to dry. This means that the
administration building should not overwhelm the main shrine. This represents the drying rice made by the Shinto people.

The east side of the building represent a uniformly sloping elevation, while the west side twists and turns to accommodate the internal spaces. This
was to symbolise the paddy frozen by the icy wind, again representing the live of a Japanese Shinto.

East West
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Architectural Style

Modernist Brutalism
Although made in Western modernist style, the Administration Building is used for
traditional religious purposes. The culture of Japan is heavily engraved with the religion
and lifestyle of Shinto.

In order not to overshadow the Honden, Kikutake designed the Administrative Building
as the Inakake

The external walls are canted so as not to allow the building’s scale to overwhelm the
main shrine

This represents the drying rice and thereby invoke the memory of a typically
pastoral Japanese scene.

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Significance Value

The Administrative Building was recognized immediately following its completion.

Awards/Recognizations

● 5th AIJ Award by the Architectural Institute of Japan.

● 7th Pan-Pacific Award of the American Institute of Architects
● Japanese Minister of Education’s Award for Fine Arts
● Building Contractors Society Award from the Japan Federation of Construction Contractors
● DoCoMoMo Working Group chose the building as one of 100 most representative modern buildings in Japan
● Shown in the exhibition Modern Architecture as Cultural Heritage — the DoCoMoMo 100 Selection at the Shiodome, Tokyo
● Included in the special Japan Architect 57 issue

Known for its revolutionary take on substituting materials for another.

Not only does this place serves a purpose for worshippers to perform rituals, but it has significant architectural elements that are not found anywhere
else. The building gives an identity to not only the place itself, but to the people as well.

It not only represents the Shino lifestyle, but it also reminds people of the gruesome war that had affected them.
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Materials and Construction
Material:

● Concrete
How concrete can mimic
wood
Construction:

The Administration Building uniquely translates traditional forms using post-tensioned The Torii
concrete beams and precast concrete infill screen pieces. The architect did not use created by
wood as good quality wood was in short supply because of the war, thus using concrete only two
was to replicate many of wood’s structural, figural, and textural qualities. beams. Taken
in my the
surrounding
Using two post-tensioned reinforced-concrete beams allowed Kikutake to create a large,
context
uninterrupted internal space measuring 10m by 45m.
Space created by the
beams
Making the beams to extend outwards creates a Torii, known as a Shino gateway.

The choice of concrete was post-stressed concrete as the architect thinks that in-situ
concrete would make the sacred area dirty.

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Work/Method/Approach used

The exterior of the building seemed generally well maintained, save for a patina of soot and mold in the folds of the concrete, made feel apart of the
shrine’s natural site.

There has been constant leakage in the roof, which was the sole reason the owner wanted it demolished.

The interior had been significantly altered.

● New opaque walls

● Built-in furniture on both ends of the main double-height space
● Delicate lighting effect introduced by the precast concrete louvers along east and west facades has been maintained
● A number of handcrafted details (stair treads, door handles) produces a refined interior atmosphere.

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Before
And
After

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Before
And
After

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31
Demolition

The ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Twentieth Century Heritage (ICOMOS ISC20C), has expressed its concern about the alarming
situation now facing the Administration Building at the Izumo Shrine, in Shimane, Japan.
● Due to maintenance issues Izumo Taisha expressed plans to demolish the Administration Building as it was facing leaking and moisture
problems.
● The ICOMOS ISC20C believes that a solution to the Shrine Administration Building's problem could also be found if given further expert
assessment.
● Many committees such as Docomomo Japan and individuals like professor Mark Mulligan from Harvard University has strongly encouraged
Shrine authorities to seek a positive conservation for this item of Japan's modern heritage.
● Many letters and petitions signed in order to protect the building
● The architectural and artistic merit of the building, as well as its historical significance is uncontested, however the building has not yet
been well documented.
● The ICOMOS ISC20C has asked that the Shrine seek an improved technical solution to the problem that would allow the building to remain
and continue in a useful purpose for the Shrine. But sadly the shrine did not

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Conclusion

1. In terms of heritage significance as well as architectural significance, Izumo Grand Shrine Administration Building plays a huge role in
revolutionizing Japan’s modernisation of buildings as well as being a memorable piece of post-war Japan.

2. This architectural piece is one of the many symbols that represents Japan’s struggle to adapt to the changing Westernizing world while
keeping an identity of their own.

3. Although reduced to rubbles and gone, the Administration Building will be remembered by many for it’s significant cultural impact it had on
the changing society of post-war Japan.

4. The failure to document the history thoroughly adds to the reason for the demolishment. This indicates that without proper assessments
historical buildings can yet be removed.
5.

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Masjid Ihsaniah Iskandariah

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Masjid Ihsaniah Iskandariah

Located at Kampung Kuala Dal, Padang Rengas, less than 2 km north from the interchange after you exit the
North-South Expressway Toll Plaza in Kuala Kangsar

Owner: (Originally the Sultan of Perak)

The land on which the mosque was built belonged to a nobleman Juragan Abdul Shukur who bequeathed the
property to the state through a verbal declaration. The land was subsequently listed as waqaf land under the state
religious administration. Today, the mosque, restored to its original structure and design, has become the pride of
the people in Padang Rengas, if not the state.

Now it is managed by the kariah of Masjid Al-Wahidiah

Users: The public ,residents of Kampung Kuala Dal(muslims)

Function: Muslim prayer place, religious functions (ground floor)

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Timeline

Ihsaniah Iskandariah mosque was National Heritage Department has

built in 1936. Its construction been carrying out conservation
was financed by Al-Marhum work in December 2008.
Paduka Seri Sultan Iskandar
Shah, the 30th Sultan of Perak'
(1918-1938).

1936 2008

1938 1976 2009

Opening plaques obtained board at The mosque was not

Conservation works
the mosque recorded the opening used in 1976, after a
fully completed in the
ceremony was held on 11 February new mosque known
month of July.
1938. Construction of the mosque was as Masjid
built by Chinese craftsmen and Al-Wahidiah built.
assisted by local residents.
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 Surrounding Context

4
7
56
1. Masjid Ubudiah 2. Istana Iskandariah
1
3
2

3. Istana Kenangan 4. Malay College

Kuala Kangsar

5. Masjid Al-Wahidiah 6. Lee Rubber Co. (Pte) Ltd. 7. Residential area

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Cultural Context
Padang Rengas is mainly a muslim area with a demographic of

● Melayu : 73.05%
● Cina : 19.59%
● India : 7.25%
● Lain : 0.11%
This is shown with the various Madrasah built in the area

Significance Value

● It encourages the present generation to appreciate and learn more about national heritage inherited and passed down through the
generations.

● Pride of the people in Padang Rengas, if not the state.

● Regarded as one of the treasures of Perak

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Architecture Style
The architecture of this mosque is said to be inspired and heavily influenced by architectural
features of Istana Kenangan in Bukit Chandan, Kuala Kangsar, most notably the yellow, black and
white wall panels made from woven bamboo by local villagers.

The colours are those found on the Perak State flag. Ornament and side walls of the mosque are
also carved and woven by local residents.

Arch. style: Perak style traditional malay house

The two-storey building has a unique shape, for a mosque, and a design that resembles a bird cage.
Its architectural style is very much in tune with the Sultan’s Istana Kenangan (completed 1931) in
Bukit Chandan, Kuala Kangsar. It has a low-pitched roof of zinc sheets. The walls are woven
bamboo (kelarai), and above the windows the ventilators are adorned with intricate carvings in
wood.

Its floor plan is a rounded rectangle (segi empat bujur), like a bird cage, has 20 windows with the
ground floor ones being taller than the first floor ones, each decorated with fish gills motif and the
‘kepala tingkap’ decorated with crescent moons and five point star motifs. Walls are weaved using
the pattern ‘Kelarai Bunga Potong Belian’.

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Materials and Construction

Materials used:

● bamboo reeds/ oiled wicker/ ‘buluh minyak’ (weaved walls or dinding tepas)
● Timber, Timber carvings

The walls of Masjid Ihsaniah Iskandariah are made out of bamboo weaved fungal liquid wall. While structures and flooring are made out of timber.
Timber carvings can also be found along windows and doors.

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Work/Method/Approach used

Restoration

● Among building elements that were restored, roofing, timber floor, columns, concrete staircase at the entry door, timber staircase en route to
upper floor, windows and doors, timber carvings and bamboo weaved walls. The plaited bamboo walls and carvings was restored base on
original form, design and materials. The wall‟s panel also been paint base on original colour schemes.

● A dilapidation survey conducted by the Department of National Heritage has identified that one of the bamboo columns were badly decayed
while the others were still intact with only decay on its surface. The bamboo weaving showed signs of ageing, rotting and insect attacks.

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Work/Method/Approach used

● Restoration of timber carvings were carried out by determining defected carvings that needed to be replaced, making an inventory of the
original wooden carving patterns as well as timber type and size, and hiring skilled carvers and craftsmen to replicate them.

● Restoration of the bamboo weaved walls were carried out by identifying damaged walls that required replacement, making an inventory of
the original bamboo weaving patterns, cleaning the still-intact walls and repainting them with their original yellow, white and black colours.
As for the new bamboo walls, they were made by preparing bamboo of 0.5 meter lengths and soaking them overnight and leaving to dry for
several days to clean them, before being cut into 0.02 mm. They were then weaved into the original diamond pattern of the walls and painted
yellow, white and black when completed.

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 Conditions before:

(1976, photo: Jabatan Warisan Negara) (2006 before conservation, photo: Jabatan (2009 after conservation work, photo:
Warisan Negara) Jabatan Warisan Negara)

● wall collapsed due to impact from fallen durian tree branch, 1976

● abandoned for 3 decades, new mosque built next to it

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 The original state of the weaved Carving work on window frames Window head curtains flush with floral
wall made from local oil using small chisels. motifs.
bamboo before the conservation
work was carried out.

Bamboo weaving walls involved making an inventory according to sections

Local villagers were involved in repainting the bamboo-weaving panels
and locations, cleaning the original intact weaving panel using soft brush,
drying and repainting

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 Before and After restoration works (interior)

Completely restored windows, Minaret that has been

restored.
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Conclusion

1. Since Kuala Kangsar is a royal town, traditional malay perak architecture is most treasured thus influencing the architecture.
2. Masjid Ihsaniah Iskandariah is a very community based place and a landmark of the nearby dwellers, so it is very embedded in the daily
lives of the locals.
3. Restoring the mosque is then considered a symbol of restoring the local culture and the symbol of the royal family, and thus Perak’s
heritage itself.
4. Challenges in the restoration works on the mosque include unavailable materials and limited traditionally accurate craftsmen, which
were overcome by transporting from other states.
5. Detailed inventory has to be done in order to replicate weaved walls.

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Overall Conclusion

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Overall Conclusion

1. When a building is neglected in terms of its history, people tend to not care as much as the significant values
deteriorates on buildings which are unknown to the later generations.
2. Conserving heritage buildings is an extent of conserving identity of a place,
3. It is important to know that when renovating, restoring, conserving or preserving a heritage building, they should not
become exploited for the benefit of contemporary taste or trends as it would easily become devalued.

Application to the final project:

To maneuver and suit the new function, the level of comfort, and the contemporary standards of safety. Modern techniques
could be used, but with great concern of the true spirit of the original environment. With this in mind, it can be applied to our
final project.

Restoring old buildings can be then considered a symbol of restoring the local culture and the symbol of the place and its
heritage itself.

Detailed documentation should be referred to and recorded in the process of restoration so that later constructions can be
done in the future.

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https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/oman/articles/the-best-museums-to-see-in-muscat/
2. Retrieved 28 September 2019, from https://www.myheritage.com/names/paul_ottavi
3. Darke, D., & Walsh, T. (2017). Oman (4th ed., pp. 97-101). Bradt Travel Guides.
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References:

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21. TEOH, M. (2017, September 19). Exploring Kuala Kangsar, Perak’s royal town. Retrieved September 28, 2019, from Star2.com website:
https://www.star2.com/travel/malaysia/2017/09/19/exploring-kuala-kangsar-peraks-royal-town/

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