Water hammer example solved by the method of characteristics.

1.- Input
Input data of example 13.9 [1]
4a.-

Finite Differences solution 4b.-

2a.- Finite Differences Table 4c.-

2b .- Finite Differences Graphic Annexes

Graphic from results of F. D. solution
A
Visual Basic solution
B
3a.- Flowsheet
Flow diagram of VB code C
3b.- Code_VB
Visual Basic code D
3c.- Output_VB_Head
Table with output of VB program E
( graphic deleted)
3d.- Output_VB_Flow F
Table with output of VB program
(graphic deleted) G

I.-

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Water hammer. Method of char
cjcruz[at]piping-tools.net
 Streeter example J Initial conditions

Streeter output K Reservoir B. C.

Streeter code L Interior sections

Streeter Chapter 13.5 M Valve B. C.

N Piezometric

Momentum O Constant slope

Continuity P Resume of equations

Method of characteristics
Carbon steel data (6.CS_Imp)
Interior points Comments
References
Initial conditions

Reservoir boundary conditions

Valve boundary conditions

Valve openings

Celerity

www.piping-tools.net
Water hammer. Method of characteristics. Example solved using Visual Basic and Finite Differences.xlsm
cjcruz[at]piping-tools.net
 18.06.2016
rev.19.06.2019

al conditions

ervoir B. C.

erior sections

stant slope

ume of equations

bon steel data (6.CS_Imp)

Basic water hammer program
Example 13.9 from [1]

1.- Reservoir height Hres = 100 m

2.- Pipe length L= 4800 m
3.- Pipe internal diameter D= 2 m
4.- Friction factor f= 0.022 -
5.- Celerity a= 1200 m/s
6.- Number of sections N= 4 -
7.- Time interval of CVA value DCV = 5 s
8.- Maximum elapsed time Tmax = 50 s

'Matrix CVA. Product of discharge coefficient and opening area

9.- CVA(1) = 0.06 m²
10.- CVA(2) = 0.03 m²
11.- CVA(3) = 0.01 m²
12.- CVA(4) = 0.003 m²
13.- CVA(5) = 0.001 m²
14.- CVA(6) = 0.0005 m²
15.- CVA(7) = 0.0002 m²
16.- CVA(8) = 0 m²
17.- CVA(9) = 0 m²
18.- CVA(10) = 0 m²
19.- CVA(11) = 0 m²
 Return to Index

After data input, press the

button to activate the calculation
routine.

Notes
- Do not insert neither rows nor columns before the input data
ranges (in yellow), since these cells are read from the VB code.
(Before means to the left, or above)

Original Streeter values - The number of sections "N" is a variable input valid only for the VB pr
of the CVA matrix The finite diferences calcualtion has a number of sections defined by th
CVoriginals number of columns used. Thus, to change the number of sections the ta
0.06 to be modified and columns needs to be added or deleted.
0.03
0.01 - To simulate an increased valve closing velocity, the initial opening
0.003 is mantained with the value
0.001 and the rest of the matrix elements are modified as
0.0005 CVA(I) = CVAoriginal(I) / Divider

0.0002 In this example, the divider value has been set to

0 Divider = 1
0 For a Divider of around 100, Joukovsky result is approximately obtained
0 sheet I.- Celerity
0
g= 9.81
 18.06.2016

r data input, press the

on to activate the calculation

nor columns before the input data

se cells are read from the VB code.

N" is a variable input valid only for the VB program.

tion has a number of sections defined by the

hus, to change the number of sections the table has 0.06

needs to be added or deleted. 0.03
0.01
valve closing velocity, the initial opening 0.003
CVA(1) = 0.06 0.001
ements are modified as 0.0005
0.0002
value has been set to 0
0
Joukovsky result is approximately obtained. See 0
0

m/s²
Example 13.9 [1], solved by finite differences

Input data
Reservoir water level elevation Hres = 100 m
Pipe length L= 4800 m
Pipe diameter d= 2 m
Pipe friction factor f= 0.022 -
Velocity of sound wave A= 1200 m/s
Number of sections N= 4 (Note 1)
Time interval of CVA values DCV = 5 s
Maximum elapsed time Tmax = 50 s

"CVA matrix" Index( CVA,K,1 )

CVA(1) = 0.06 m² 1 0.06
CVA(2) = 0.03 m² 2 0.03
CVA(3) = 0.01 m² 3 0.01
CVA(4) = 0.003 m² 4 0.003
CVA(5) = 0.001 m² 5 0.001
CVA(6) = 0.0005 m² 6 0.0005
CVA(7) = 0.0002 m² 7 0.0002
CVA(8) = 0 m² 8 0
CVA(9) = 0 m² 9 0
CVA(10) = 0 m² 10 0
CVA(11) = 0 m² 11 0

Reservoir boundary conditions

Equations
For deduction of equations, see Annexes C to H Piezometric heigth at the reservoir
Hp,1 = Hres
Initial conditions Hp,1: Piezometric height at the reservoir,at th
Hp,1 =
Initial flow rate, at any segment (E-15)
Q0 = Sqr(Hres / (f *L/(2*g*d*Ap^2) + 1 / (2 * g * CV ^ 2))) Flow rate at the reservoir (F-4
Q0 = 2.63 mⁿ/s Qp,1 = (Hp,1 - H2 + B * Q2 - _R*Abs(Q2) * Q2)
Where
Initial valve piezometric height (E-9) Qp,1: Flow rate at the reservoir, at the time "
 Hv_0 = (Q0 / CV) ^ 2 / (2 * g) Hp,1: Piezometric height at the reservoir,at th
Hv_0 = 98.1105 m In this example, this height is a constant va
H2: Piezometric height at section 2, at the p
Variable R (E-21) Q2: Flow ratet at section 2, at the previous
_R = (Hres - Hv_0) / (Q0 ^ 2 * N) (Note 2)
_R = 0.068 Eq. (C) This equation is obtained when using the ap
Note 2 P

This _R value is valid only for the number of ∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9 )
A
segments "N" defined in the input of the finite When using the approximation
P
difference table.
∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10 )
A
Initial piezometric height at Node "I" (E-19) the flow rate equation becomes
H(I)0 = Hres - (I - 1) * _R * Q0 ^ 2 H P .1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2
Q P ,1 = (F-4 )b
B +R⋅|Q 2|
Equations (F-4) and (F-4)b have different expressions and when evaluated
Nevertheless, the use of one or the other expression does not have an im

Initial conditions (T = 0)

√
H res m3
Q0 = ( E−15)
Valid for I = 1 to NS L s
Q(I) = Q0
f⋅( )+
D 1
2⋅g⋅A 2p 2⋅g⋅CV 2
Q0 = (Hres / (f *L/(2*g*D*Ap^2) + 1 / (2 * g * CV ^ 2)))^0.5
(E-15) H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q20 ( E-19)
H(I)0 = Hres - (I - 1) * _R * Q0 ^ 2 (E-19)

Reservoir boundary conditions

H P,1= H res (at any time t ) (E-20 )
∀T Hp,1 = Hres (E-20)
Qp,1 = (Hp,1 - H2 + B * Q2) / ( B + _R*Abs(Q2) ) (F-4)b
H P .1 −H 2 + B⋅Q 2
This QP,1 equation makes use of the approximate equation (C-10), Q P ,1 = (F-4 )b
B +R⋅|Q 2|
as this approximation was used in [1]
P

∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10)

A

Valve boundary conditions

CP = HN + B * QN (G-5)
C P=H N + B⋅QN (G−5 )
BP = B + _R * Abs(QN) (G-6) B P =B+ R⋅|Q N| (G−6 )

QP,NS = -g * BP * CV ^ 2 + Sqr((g * BP * CV ^ 2) ^ 2 +..

..+ 2 * g * CV ^ 2 * CP) (G-4) √
QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV 2⋅B P + ( g⋅B P⋅CV 2 ) +2⋅g⋅
2

HP,NS = CP - BP * QP,NS (G-3) HP,NS=C P −B P⋅Q P, NS

In compact form
√
QP ,NS=−g⋅CV 2⋅( B+R⋅|QN|) + ( g⋅( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅CV

H P,NS=( H N +B⋅Q N )− ( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅Q P, NS

 QP(NS) = -g * (B + _R * Abs(Q(N)) ) * CV ^ 2 + Sqr((g * (B +.. √
QP ,NS=−g⋅CV 2⋅( B+R⋅|QN|) + ( g⋅( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅CV

..+ _R * Abs(Q(N)) ) * CV ^ 2) ^ 2 + 2 * g * CV ^ 2 * (H(N) + B * Q(N))) (G-7)

H P,NS=( H N +B⋅Q N )− ( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅Q P, NS
HP(NS) = H(N) + B * Q(N) - (B + _R * Abs(Q(N)) ) (G-8)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Finite differences table

Initial conditions. For H(I)0: (E-19) and for
Elapsed Parameter for CV = Height H Reservoir Interior points:
time of interpolation Cd*A and B. C.
valve closure of CV (Interpolation) flow Q H(I): Eq. (3)
T Eq. (D) Eq. (E) QP(I): Eq. (4)
[s] K CV I= 1 I= 2
0 0.00 1 0.06 H(I)0 100 99.5276
Q(I)0 2.63 2.63
1 1.00 1 0.054 H(I) 100 99.53
Q(I) 2.63 2.63
2 2.00 1 0.048 H(I) 100 99.53
Q(I) 2.63 2.63
3 3.00 1 0.042 H(I) 100 99.53
Q(I) 2.63 2.63
4 4.00 1 0.036 H(I) 100 106.47
Q(I) 2.63 2.45
5 5.00 2 0.030 H(I) 100 114.00
Q(I) 2.28 2.26
6 6.00 2 0.026 H(I) 100 115.33
Q(I) 1.90 1.88
7 7.00 2 0.022 H(I) 100 116.75
Q(I) 1.48 1.46
8 8.00 2 0.018 H(I) 100 118.29
Q(I) 1.03 1.01
9 9.00 2 0.014 H(I) 100 116.37
Q(I) 0.54 0.61
10 10.00 3 0.010 H(I) 100 114.07
Q(I) 0.19 0.18
11 11.00 3 0.009 H(I) 100 114.90
Q(I) -0.19 -0.20
12 12.00 3 0.007 H(I) 100 110.11
Q(I) -0.58 -0.45
13 13.00 3 0.006 H(I) 100 104.18
Q(I) -0.70 -0.69
14 14.00 3 0.004 H(I) 100 97.46
Q(I) -0.79 -0.64
15 15.00 4 0.003 H(I) 100 90.62
Q(I) -0.57 -0.55
16 16.00 4 0.003 H(I) 100 88.78
Q(I) -0.31 -0.28
17 17.00 4 0.002 H(I) 100 90.01
Q(I) 0.00 -0.05
18 18.00 4 0.002 H(I) 100 91.60
Q(I) 0.20 0.22
19 19.00 4 0.001 H(I) 100 88.86
Q(I) 0.43 0.49
20 20.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100 91.60
Q(I) 0.77 0.65
21 21.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100 97.14
Q(I) 0.86 0.85
22 22.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100 103.58
Q(I) 0.92 0.77
23 23.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100 110.26
Q(I) 0.68 0.65
24 24.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100 111.73
Q(I) 0.39 0.38
25 25.00 6 0.001 H(I) 100 110.13
Q(I) 0.08 0.13
26 26.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100 108.61
Q(I) -0.13 -0.15
27 27.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100 111.34
Q(I) -0.37 -0.42
28 28.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100 108.66
Q(I) -0.71 -0.59
29 29.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100 103.13
Q(I) -0.81 -0.79
30 30.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100 96.69
Q(I) -0.87 -0.72
31 31.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100 90.08
Q(I) -0.64 -0.61
32 32.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100 88.59
Q(I) -0.36 -0.34
33 33.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100 90.16
Q(I) -0.05 -0.11
34 34.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100 91.61
Q(I) 0.15 0.16
35 35.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100 88.87
Q(I) 0.38 0.43
36 36.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100 91.52
Q(I) 0.72 0.60
37 37.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100 97.01
 Q(I) 0.81 0.79
38 38.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100 103.41
Q(I) 0.87 0.72
39 39.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100 109.93
Q(I) 0.64 0.61
40 40.00 9 0.000 H(I) 100 111.37
Q(I) 0.36 0.34

Note 1
The here presented solution, (method of finite differences) requires that the
table must have a number of columns according to the selected number of
sections "N". For this reason, if the number of sections "N" has to be changed,
it would also be required a modification of the number of columns of the table.
Thus, although de number of sections is an input variable, it is not enough to
change only the value of "N". The table should also be modified
 Return to Index

Help variables
Area of pipe section Valve opening
Ap = (Pi() / 4) * d ^ 2 The product of the valve opening Av and the d
Ap = 3.14159 m² Cd is CV = Cd * Av
The CV-values at the time interval DCV = 5 (s
B= A / (g * Ap) CVA-values and are given in the "CVA matrix
B= 38.950 s/m² The initial VCA-value, CVA(1) corresponds to
next CVA-value is CVA(2), and corresponds t
Index for the valve position other CV-values are given at time intervals of
NS = N+1 Annex H presents the method for the interpol
NS = 5 CV-values at time intervals of one second.
K value
Length of a section Integer value required for the determination o
DX = L/N K= Int(t / DCV) + 1
DX = 1200 m CV-value.
Linear interpolation for a time "t"
Time required for the wave to CV = Index(CVA,K,1) + ( t-(K-1)*DCV )*( Index(CVA,K+1,1)-Inde
travel through a section
DT = L / (A * N) Initial CV value: CV0
DT = 1.0 s Let CV0 = CV(1)
CV(1) = 0.06
CV0 = 0.06

servoir boundary conditions Valve boundary conditions

zometric heigth at the reservoir Flow rate at the valve

(at any time) (E-20)
Piezometric height at the reservoir,at the time "t"
100 m
√
Q P ( NS)=−g⋅CV 2⋅B P + ( g⋅B P⋅CV 2 ) +CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅
2

C P =H N +B⋅Q N (G−5 )
w rate at the reservoir (F-4) B P =B+R⋅|Q N| (G−6 )
= (Hp,1 - H2 + B * Q2 - _R*Abs(Q2) * Q2) / B
CV =( C d⋅A v ) : product of area of valve opening
Flow rate at the reservoir, at the time "t" and discharge coefficient
 CV =( C d⋅A v ) : product of area of valve opening
and discharge coefficient
Piezometric height at the reservoir,at the time "t"
is example, this height is a constant value, equal to H res Piezometric height at the valve
Piezometric height at section 2, at the previous time "t-Dt"
Flow ratet at section 2, at the previous time "t-Dt" H P,NS=( C P −B P⋅Q P , NS ) ( G −3)

equation is obtained when using the approximation Compact form of boundary conditions for the valve

|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9 )

√ 2
QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV 2⋅( B+ R⋅|Q N|) + ( g⋅( B+R⋅|Q N|)⋅CV 2 ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( H N
en using the approximation
H P,NS=( H N +B⋅Q N )− ( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅Q P, NS (G−8 )
⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10 )

low rate equation becomes

H P .1 −H 2 + B⋅Q 2
1= (F-4 )b
B +R⋅|Q 2|
b have different expressions and when evaluated, give also different values.
one or the other expression does not have an impact on the results.

Interior points

√
H res m3
= ( E−15)
s I = 2 to I = N
f⋅( DL ) + 1 CP = HI-1 + B * QI-1
2⋅g⋅A 2p 2⋅g⋅CV 2
BP = B + R * Abs(QI-1)
( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q20 ( E-19) CM = HI+1 - B * QI+1
BM = B + R * Abs(QI+1)
QP,I = (CP - CM) / (BP + BM)
HP,I = CP - BP * QP,I
H P,1= H res (at any time t ) (E-20 )
In compact form
H P .1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2 QP,I = ( HI-1 + B*QI-1 - HI+1 + B*QI+1 ) / ( B + R
Q P ,1 = (F-4 )b
B +R⋅|Q 2|
HP,I = HI-1 + B*QI-1 - ( B + R*abs( QI-1 ) ) * QP,

In reference [1],
C P=H N + B⋅Q N (G−5 ) (D-1) -> [1], (13.6.11) a
B P=B+ R⋅|Q N| (G−6 ) (D-2) -> [1], (13.6.11) b
(D-3) -> [1], (13.6.13) ForC+
(D-4) -> [1], (13.6.12) a
√
QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV 2⋅B P+ ( g⋅B P⋅CV 2 ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅C P
2
(G-4 )
(D-5) -> [1], (13.6.12) b
HP,NS=C P −B P⋅Q P, NS (G-3 ) (D-6) -> [1], (13.6.14) ForC-
(D-7) -> [1], (13.6.15) a (Note 5)
(D-8) -> [1], (13.6.15) b (Note 5)
P , NS =−g⋅CV
2
√ 2
⋅( B+R⋅|QN|) + ( g⋅( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅CV 2 ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( H N +B⋅QN )
(G-7 )
P,NS=( H N +B⋅Q N )− ( B+R⋅|Q N|)⋅Q P, NS (G−8 )
P , NS =−g⋅CV
2
√ 2
⋅( B+R⋅|QN|) + ( g⋅( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅CV 2 ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( H N +B⋅QN )
(G-7 )
P,NS= ( H N +B⋅Q N )− ( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅Q P, NS (G−8 )
Note (5). No equation number in [1]

7 8 9

table Table of Streeter res

ditions. For H(I)0: (E-19) and for Q0 (E-15)
erior points: Eqs. (D-1) to (D-8) Valve
B. C.
H(NS): Eq. (8) Elapsed time CV
QP(NS): Eq.(7) (s) 1
I= 3 I=N = 4 I=NS = 5

99.0552 98.5829 98.1105

2.632 2.63 2.63
99.06 98.58 105.14
2.63 2.63 2.45
99.06 105.59 112.77
2.63 2.45 2.26
106.03 113.18 121.07
2.45 2.26 2.05
113.59 121.45 130.06
2.26 2.05 1.82
121.83 130.41 139.84
2.05 1.82 1.57
130.76 140.16 146.84
1.82 1.58 1.40
133.63 147.14 154.25
1.40 1.40 1.21
133.13 147.70 162.03
1.04 1.04 1.01
132.36 148.02 157.80
0.64 0.65 0.78
131.27 142.47 152.18
0.22 0.38 0.55
124.19 135.44 139.90
-0.08 0.12 0.45
119.07 121.62 126.02
-0.30 -0.02 0.36
107.56 109.66 110.38
-0.38 -0.06 0.27
94.78 96.32 99.66
-0.44 -0.09 0.19
 86.23 84.79 87.91
-0.35 -0.19 0.12
80.63 77.83 73.65
-0.29 -0.13 0.10
80.38 69.50 69.43
-0.07 -0.01 0.08
78.88 71.99 66.66
0.23 0.15 0.07
83.20 76.03 75.60
0.43 0.31 0.05
86.02 86.81 86.34
0.56 0.34 0.04
95.20 96.32 98.58
0.56 0.30 0.04
107.42 106.96 106.46
0.58 0.25 0.04
115.32 117.56 115.58
0.47 0.32 0.03
120.39 123.94 128.90
0.39 0.25 0.03
120.34 131.72 132.60
0.16 0.10 0.03
121.46 129.00 134.84
-0.16 -0.07 0.02
117.27 124.58 125.66
-0.37 -0.24 0.02
114.46 113.94 114.61
-0.50 -0.28 0.02
105.34 104.50 102.50
-0.50 -0.24 0.01
93.19 93.90 94.64
-0.53 -0.21 0.01
85.27 83.34 85.51
-0.43 -0.28 0.01
80.24 76.88 72.20
-0.36 -0.21 0.00
80.20 69.10 68.40
-0.13 -0.08 0.00
79.03 71.72 66.12
0.18 0.09 0.00
83.13 76.04 75.15
0.38 0.26 0.00
85.88 86.56 86.02
0.51 0.29 0.00
94.94 95.85 97.96
 0.51 0.25 0.00
106.96 106.33 105.68
0.54 0.21 0.00
114.79 116.77 114.70
0.43 0.28 0.00
119.74 123.15 127.87
0.36 0.22 0.00
 18.06.2016
Page 1 of 4

valve opening Av and the discharge coefficient

he time interval DCV = 5 (s) are designated as

e given in the "CVA matrix"
ue, CVA(1) corresponds to the time t = 0. The
CVA(2), and corresponds to the time t = 5. The
e given at time intervals of DCV (s).
the method for the interpolation of the
ntervals of one second.

red for the determination of the opening

(H-1)

ation for a time "t" (H-2)

K-1)*DCV )*( Index(CVA,K+1,1)-Index(CVA,K,1) ) / DCV

m²
m²

Page 2 of 4
e boundary conditions

2
B P⋅CV 2 ) +CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P (G-4 )

valve opening
 valve opening

( G−3)

onditions for the valve

2
R⋅|Q N|)⋅CV 2 ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( H N + B⋅Q N )
(G-7 )
(G−8 )

3 of 4

(D-1)
(D-2)
(D-4)
(D-5)
(D-7)
(D-8)

HI+1 + B*QI+1 ) / ( B + R* abs(QI-1) + B + R*abs(QI+1) )

(D-9)
B + R*abs( QI-1 ) ) * QP,I (D-10)

E(15) --> [1], sheet "4b.- Streeter code, line 2700

E(19) --> [1], sheet "4b.- Streeter code, line 2900
(E-20) -> Note 5

F(4)b --> [1], sheet "4b.- Streeter code, line 4700

(G-3) -> [1], (13,7.3)

(G-4) -> [1], (13,7.2)
(G-5) -> Eq. (D-1) evaluaterd at (I-1)=N
 (G-6) -> Eq. (D-2) evaluaterd at (I-1)=N
(G-7) -> Note 5
(G-8) -> Note 5

Table of Streeter results

Page 4 of 4

Nodes
2 3 4 5
 Hres = 100 m AR = (Pi() / 4) * D ^ 2
L= 4800 m AR = 3.14159
D= Water hammer.
2 Pressure
m vs time,
B= with ratio
A / (g * AR) x/L as parameter
180.00 f= 0.022 From- finite differences
B= table
38.950
A= 1200 m/s NS = N+1
N= 4 - N= 5
DCV = 5 s DX = L/N
Pressure [m.w.c.]

Tmax = 50 s DX = 1200
160.00
DT = L / (A * N)
CVA(1) = 0.06
Valve m² DT = 1
CVA(2) = 0.03 m² HP(1) = Hres
CVA(3) = 0.01 m² HP(1) = 100
140.00 CVA(4) = 0.003 m² CV = CVA(1)
CVA(5) = 0.001 m² CV = 0.06
CVA(6) = 0.0005 m² Q0 = / (f * L / (2 * g * D * AR ^ 2) + 1 / (2 * g * CV ^ 2))) 'Eq (A) .
Sqr(Hres

CVA(7) = 0.0002 m² Q0 = 2.63199

120.00
CVA(8) = 0 m² H0 = (Q0 / CV) ^ 2 / (2 * g) 'Eq (B)
CVA(9) = 0 m² H0 = 98.11
CVA(10) = 0 m² _R = (Hres - H0) / (Q0 ^ 2 * N)
CVA(11) = 0 m² _R = 0.068190
Time t
Reservoir K= Entero(T / DCV) + 1
100.00 CV =25 INDICE(CVA,K,1)
0 5 10 15 20 30 35 40
CV =INDICE(CVA,K,1) + (T - (K - 1) * DCV) * (INDICE(CVA,K+1,1) -

80.00 Reservoir
x/L = 0. Res ervoi r x/L = 0.25 x/L = 0.5 x/Lboundary
= 0.75 x/L = 1. Val ve
conditions
Eq.(3) & /4)
T K CV 1
60.00
0 0.00 1 0.06 H(I) 100
Q(I) 2.63
1 1.00 1 0.054 H(I) 100
Q(I) 2.63
2 2.00 1 0.048 H(I) 100
Q(I) 2.6320
3 3.00 1 0.042 H(I) 100
Q(I) 2.63199
4 4.00 1 0.036 H(I) 100
Q(I) 2.63199
5 5.00 2 0.030 H(I) 100
Q(I) 2.27875
6 6.00 2 0.026 H(I) 100
Q(I) 1.89528
7 7.00 2 0.022 H(I) 100
Q(I) 1.47969
8 8.00 2 0.018 H(I) 100
Q(I) 1.02816
9 9.00 2 0.014 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.53759
10 10.00 3 0.010 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.18690
11 11.00 3 0.009 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.18515
12 12.00 3 0.007 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.57837
13 13.00 3 0.006 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.70434
14 14.00 3 0.004 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.79173
15 15.00 4 0.003 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.57299
16 16.00 4 0.003 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.30987
17 17.00 4 0.002 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.00273
18 18.00 4 0.002 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.20241
19 19.00 4 0.001 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.43386
20 20.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.77394
21 21.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.86395
22 22.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.91837
23 23.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.67847
24 24.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.39086
25 25.00 6 0.001 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.07628
26 26.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.12862
27 27.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.36574
28 28.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.71056
29 29.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100
 Q(I) -0.80966
30 30.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.86941
31 31.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.63850
32 32.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.35933
33 33.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.05279
34 34.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.14541
35 35.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.37768
36 36.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.71691
37 37.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.81249
38 38.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.86878
39 39.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.63634
40 40.00 9 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.35818
 Return to Index
/ 4) * D ^ 2 Initial conditions (T = 0)
For I = 1 To NS Water hammer. Flow rate vs time, w
tio x/L as parameterQ(I) = Q0 Eq.1) From finite differen
able Q(I) = Round(Q(I),
3.00 3)
H(I) = Hres - (I - 1) * _R * Q0 ^ 2 ... 'Eq. Eq. (2)
H(I) = Round(H(I), 3)
Next I 2.50

Reservoir boundary conditions

∀T H(1)
2.00 = Hres Eq. (3)
Flow rate Q [m³/s]

QP(1) = (HP(1) - H(2) + B * Q(2)) / (B + _R * Abs(Q(2))) Eq.(4)

Valve boundary conditions

1.50
CP = H(N) + B * Q(N) Eq. (5) 'Eq(13.6.11a) for (I - 1) = N

^ 2) + 1 / (2 * g * CV ^ 2))) 'Eq (A) . BP = B + _R * Abs(Q(N)) Eq.(6)

QP(NS) = -g1.00
* BP * CV ^ 2 + Sqr((g * BP * CV ^ 2) ^ 2 + 2 * g * CV ^ 2 * CP)
2 / (2 * g) 'Eq (B) Eq. 7)
HP(NS) = CP - BP * QP(NS) Eq. (8)
- H0) / (Q0 ^ 2 * N) 0.50 Valve
Valve
Time t [s]
Eq.(m)
0.00
30 35 40 45 0 5 10 15 20 25
Eq.(n)

-0.50 Valve's CP and BP values

Initial conditions Interior points Valve Eqs (5) & (6)
Reservoir
0.75 Eqs.
x/L = (1) &ve(2)
1. Val Eqs. (13.6 to 16) boundary CP =
-1.00 conditions
x/L = 0. Res ervoi r x/L = 0.25 BP x/L
= = 0.5 x/L = 0.75
Eqs. (7) & (8) Eq. (5)
2 3 N= 4 NS = 5 CP
-1.50
99.5276 99.0552 98.5829 98.1105 201.0996
2.63 2.632 2.63 2.63
99.53 99.06 98.58 105.1443 201.0996
2.63 2.63 2.63 2.4522
99.53 99.06 105.59 112.77 201.1318
2.63 2.63 2.45 2.26
99.53 106.03 113.18 121.05 201.1666
2.63 2.45 2.26 2.05
106.47 113.59 121.44 130.03 201.2611
2.45 2.26 2.05 1.82
114.00 121.82 130.40 139.79 201.3579
2.26 2.05 1.82 1.57
115.32 130.75 140.14 146.77 201.5124
1.88 1.82 1.58 1.39
116.74 133.61 147.11 154.20 201.6550
1.46 1.40 1.40 1.21
118.28 133.10 147.67 162.00 188.1870
1.01 1.04 1.04 1.01
116.36 132.35 148.01 157.77 173.4831
0.61 0.65 0.65 0.78
114.07 131.27 142.47 152.17 157.4713
0.18 0.22 0.39 0.55
114.91 124.20 135.44 139.91 139.9935
-0.20 -0.08 0.12 0.45
110.12 119.09 121.65 126.05 120.9340
-0.44 -0.30 -0.02 0.36
104.19 107.58 109.69 110.42 107.2877
-0.69 -0.38 -0.06 0.27
97.47 94.81 96.36 99.70 92.8077
-0.64 -0.44 -0.09 0.19
90.64 86.26 84.82 87.95 77.5257
-0.55 -0.35 -0.19 0.12
88.79 80.66 77.85 73.67 72.6147
-0.28 -0.29 -0.13 0.10
90.02 80.39 69.51 69.45 69.2027
-0.05 -0.07 -0.01 0.08
91.60 78.88 71.99 66.67 77.6937
0.22 0.23 0.15 0.07
88.85 83.20 76.03 75.59 87.9258
0.49 0.43 0.31 0.05
91.60 86.00 86.79 86.32 100.0897
0.65 0.56 0.34 0.04
97.14 95.18 96.28 98.55 107.8469
0.85 0.56 0.30 0.04
103.57 107.40 106.93 106.42 116.8453
0.77 0.58 0.25 0.04
110.24 115.30 117.53 115.55 130.0541
0.65 0.47 0.32 0.03
111.72 120.36 123.91 128.88 133.5730
0.38 0.39 0.25 0.03
110.12 120.33 131.71 132.58 135.7093
0.13 0.16 0.10 0.03
108.61 121.46 129.00 134.83 126.4058
-0.14 -0.16 -0.07 0.02
111.35 117.28 124.59 125.67 115.2247
-0.42 -0.37 -0.24 0.02
108.67 114.47 113.96 114.63 102.9824
-0.59 -0.50 -0.28 0.02
103.14 105.36 104.53 102.53 95.0167
 -0.79 -0.50 -0.24 0.01
96.70 93.21 93.94 94.68 85.7965
-0.72 -0.53 -0.21 0.01
90.09 85.30 83.37 85.54 72.4009
-0.61 -0.43 -0.28 0.01
88.60 80.26 76.91 72.22 68.5309
-0.35 -0.36 -0.22 0.00
90.17 80.22 69.12 68.42 66.1896
-0.11 -0.13 -0.08 0.00
91.61 79.03 71.73 66.13 75.1477
0.16 0.18 0.09 0.00
88.86 83.12 76.04 75.15 86.0022
0.43 0.38 0.26 0.00
91.51 85.87 86.54 86.00 97.9314
0.60 0.51 0.29 0.00
97.00 94.92 95.82 97.93 105.6359
0.79 0.51 0.25 0.00
103.39 106.93 106.30 105.64 114.6675
0.72 0.54 0.21 0.00
109.92 114.76 116.74 114.67 127.8457
0.61 0.43 0.29 0.00
111.36 119.72 123.12 127.85 131.5789
0.34 0.36 0.22 0.00
mmer. Flow rate vs time, with ratio x/L as parameter
From finite differences table

20 25 30 35 40 Time t [s] 45

e's CP and BP values

rvoir
H(N) + B * Q(N) Piezometric heigts H [m]
x/L = 0.5 B + _Rx/L = 0.75
* Abs(Q(N)) x/L = 1. Val ve x/L=0.
x/L = 0. Res ervoi r Reservoir x/L=0.25 x/L = 0.5
Eq. (6) Nodes
BP T 1 2 3
39.13 0 100 99.53 99.06
1 100 99.53 99.06
39.1298 2 100 99.53 99.06
3 100 99.53 106.03
39.1298 4 100 106.47 113.59
5 100 114.00 121.82
39.1298 6 100 115.32 130.75
7 100 116.74 133.61
39.1298 8 100 118.28 133.10
9 100 116.36 132.35
39.1298 10 100 114.07 131.27
11 100 114.91 124.20
39.1057 12 100 110.12 119.09
13 100 104.19 107.58
39.0795 14 100 97.47 94.81
15 100 90.64 86.26
39.0512 16 100 88.79 80.66
17 100 90.02 80.39
39.0204 18 100 91.60 78.88
19 100 88.85 83.20
38.9869 20 100 91.60 86.00
21 100 97.14 95.18
38.9630 22 100 103.57 107.40
23 100 110.24 115.30
38.9629 24 100 111.72 120.36
25 100 110.12 120.33
38.9897 26 100 108.61 121.46
27 100 111.35 117.28
38.9983 28 100 108.67 114.47
29 100 103.14 105.36
39.0043 30 100 96.70 93.21
31 100 90.09 85.30
38.9894 32 100 88.60 80.26
33 100 90.17 80.22
38.9714 34 100 91.61 79.03
35 100 88.86 83.12
38.9505 36 100 91.51 85.87
37 100 97.00 94.92
38.9641 38 100 103.39 106.93
39 100 109.92 114.76
38.9799 40 100 111.36 119.72

39.0031

39.0092

39.0129

38.9966

38.9769

38.9555

38.9591

38.9752

38.9987
39.0055

39.0096

38.9938

38.9748

38.9539

38.9602

38.9760

38.9992

39.0057

39.0095

38.9937
 18.06.2016

ic heigts H [m] Flow rates Q [m³/s]

x/l = 0.75 x/l = 1. Valve x/L=0. Reservoir 4
Nodes Nodes
4 5 T 1 2
98.58 98.11 0 2.63 2.63
98.58 105.14 1 2.63 2.63
105.59 112.77 2 2.63 2.63
113.18 121.05 3 2.63 2.63
121.44 130.03 4 2.63 2.45
130.40 139.79 5 2.28 2.26
140.14 146.77 6 1.90 1.88
147.11 154.20 7 1.48 1.46
147.67 162.00 8 1.03 1.01
148.01 157.77 9 0.54 0.61
142.47 152.17 10 0.19 0.18
135.44 139.91 11 -0.19 -0.20
121.65 126.05 12 -0.58 -0.44
109.69 110.42 13 -0.70 -0.69
 96.36 99.70 14 -0.79 -0.64
84.82 87.95 15 -0.57 -0.55
77.85 73.67 16 -0.31 -0.28
69.51 69.45 17 0.00 -0.05
71.99 66.67 18 0.20 0.22
76.03 75.59 19 0.43 0.49
86.79 86.32 20 0.77 0.65
96.28 98.55 21 0.86 0.85
106.93 106.42 22 0.92 0.77
117.53 115.55 23 0.68 0.65
123.91 128.88 24 0.39 0.38
131.71 132.58 25 0.08 0.13
129.00 134.83 26 -0.13 -0.14
124.59 125.67 27 -0.37 -0.42
113.96 114.63 28 -0.71 -0.59
104.53 102.53 29 -0.81 -0.79
93.94 94.68 30 -0.87 -0.72
83.37 85.54 31 -0.64 -0.61
76.91 72.22 32 -0.36 -0.35
69.12 68.42 33 -0.05 -0.11
71.73 66.13 34 0.15 0.16
76.04 75.15 35 0.38 0.43
86.54 86.00 36 0.72 0.60
95.82 97.93 37 0.81 0.79
106.30 105.64 38 0.87 0.72
116.74 114.67 39 0.64 0.61
123.12 127.85 40 0.36 0.34
Flow rates Q [m³/s]
3 2 x/l = 1. Valve
Nodes
3 4 5
2.63 2.63 2.63
2.63 2.63 2.45
2.63 2.45 2.26
2.45 2.26 2.05
2.26 2.05 1.82
2.05 1.82 1.57
1.82 1.58 1.39
1.40 1.40 1.21
1.04 1.04 1.01
0.65 0.65 0.78
0.22 0.39 0.55
-0.08 0.12 0.45
-0.30 -0.02 0.36
-0.38 -0.06 0.27
-0.44 -0.09 0.19
-0.35 -0.19 0.12
-0.29 -0.13 0.10
-0.07 -0.01 0.08
0.23 0.15 0.07
0.43 0.31 0.05
0.56 0.34 0.04
0.56 0.30 0.04
0.58 0.25 0.04
0.47 0.32 0.03
0.39 0.25 0.03
0.16 0.10 0.03
-0.16 -0.07 0.02
-0.37 -0.24 0.02
-0.50 -0.28 0.02
-0.50 -0.24 0.01
-0.53 -0.21 0.01
-0.43 -0.28 0.01
-0.36 -0.22 0.00
-0.13 -0.08 0.00
0.18 0.09 0.00
0.38 0.26 0.00
0.51 0.29 0.00
0.51 0.25 0.00
0.54 0.21 0.00
0.43 0.29 0.00
0.36 0.22 0.00
Flowsheet from Visual Basic program
Sub Water_hammer()
Dimensioning of variables
Constants definition
1700:
'Variable definitions with values from "Input" sheet
2600:
Help variables
AR = (Pi / 4) * D ^ 2
B = A / (g * AR)
NS = N + 1
DT = L / (A * N)
2700:
Initial values
CV = CVA(1)
HP(1) = Hres
Q0 = Sqr(Hres / (f * L / (2 * g * D * AR ^ 2) + 1 / (2 * g * CV ^ 2)))
T=0
Hvalve_0 = Q0 ^ 2 / (2 * g * CV0 ^ 2)
R = (Hres - Hvalve_0) / (Q0 ^ 2 * N)
2900:
For I = 1 To NS
Q(I) = Q0
H(I) = Hres - (I - 1) * R * Q0 ^ 2
Next I
Titles
3500:
Write down of data
3900:
Start of new iteration
T = T + DT
K = Int(T / DCV) + 1 'K value for interpolation of CV Integer.

If T > Tmax Then 'Program stops

 Return to index

4100:
CV = CVA(K) + (T - (K - 1) * DCV) * (CVA(K + 1) - CVA(K)) / DCV
4200:
Boundary condition at the valve
nput" sheet CP = H(N) + B * Q(N)
BP = B + R * Abs(Q(N))
QP(NS) = -g * BP * CV ^ 2 + Sqr((g * BP * CV ^ 2) ^ 2 + 2 * g * CV
HP(NS) = CP - BP * QP(NS)
Eq. (13.6.8a) 4600:
Eq. (13.6.2) Boundary condition at the reservoi
HP(1) = Hres
QP(1) = (HP(1) - H(2) + B * Q(2)) / (B + R * Abs(Q(2)))
4800:
Interior sections
Eq. (E-20) For I = 2 To N
Eq. (E-15) CP = H(I - 1) + B * Q(I - 1)
BP = B + R * Abs(Q(I - 1))
Eq. (E-13) CM = H(I + 1) - B * Q(I + 1)
Eq. (E-21)= Eq. (E-16)a BM = B + R * Abs(Q(I + 1))
QP(I) = (CP - CM) / (BP + BM)
HP(I) = CP - BP * QP(I)
Next I
Eq (E-19) 5200:
Calculated values are reassigned
For I = 1 To NS
H(I) = HP(I)
Q(I) = QP(I)
Next I

Row = Row + 2 Note: Variables H(I) and Q(I) are from

Eq. (H-1) GoTo 3500 Variables HP(I) and QP(I) are actual v
At the end of the step (5200) , the ca
END End Sub to form the new set of previous time
 18.06.2016

A(K + 1) - CVA(K)) / DCV Eq. (H-2)

ndition at the valve

Eq. (5) and also Eq. (13.6.11a) for (I - 1) = N
Eq. (6) and also Eq. (13.6.11b) for (I - 1) = N
P * CV ^ 2) ^ 2 + 2 * g * CV ^ 2 * CP)Eq. (G-7) and also (13.7.3)
Eq. (G-8) and also (13.6.13a)

ndition at the reservoir

Eq. (E-20)
/ (B + R * Abs(Q(2))) Eq.(F-4)b

Eq. (13.6.11a)
Eq. (13.6.11b)
Eq. (13.6.12a)
Eq. (13.6.12a)
Eq. 13.6.15)
Eq. (13.6.16)

alues are reassigned

Variables H(I) and Q(I) are from previous time.

les HP(I) and QP(I) are actual values.
end of the step (5200) , the calculated values are assigned
m the new set of previous time values.
Return to index
 Table with results of H from VBA program (Nodes 1 to 5)
Piezometric heads H, of nodes, along the tube
1 2 3 4
t 0.0 1200.0 2400.0 3600.0
0.0 100.0 99.528 99.055 98.583
1.0 100.0 99.528 99.055 98.583
2.0 100.0 99.528 99.055 105.5855
3.0 100.0 99.528 106.027 113.178
4.0 100.0 106.5 113.6 121.5
5.0 100.0 114.0 121.8 130.4
6.0 100.0 115.3 130.8 140.2
7.0 100.0 116.8 133.6 147.1
8.0 100.0 118.3 133.1 147.7
9.0 100.0 116.4 132.4 148.0
10.0 100.0 114.1 131.3 142.5
11.0 100.0 114.9 124.2 135.4
12.0 100.0 110.1 119.1 121.6
13.0 100.0 104.2 107.6 109.7
14.0 100.0 97.5 94.8 96.3
15.0 100.0 90.6 86.2 84.8
16.0 100.0 88.8 80.6 77.8
17.0 100.0 90.0 80.4 69.5
18.0 100.0 91.6 78.9 72.0
19.0 100.0 88.9 83.2 76.0
20.0 100.0 91.6 86.0 86.8
21.0 100.0 97.1 95.2 96.3
22.0 100.0 103.6 107.4 107.0
23.0 100.0 110.3 115.3 117.6
24.0 100.0 111.7 120.4 123.9
25.0 100.0 110.1 120.3 131.7
26.0 100.0 108.6 121.5 129.0
27.0 100.0 111.3 117.3 124.6
28.0 100.0 108.7 114.5 113.9
29.0 100.0 103.1 105.3 104.5
30.0 100.0 96.7 93.2 93.9
31.0 100.0 90.1 85.3 83.3
32.0 100.0 88.6 80.2 76.9
33.0 100.0 90.2 80.2 69.1
34.0 100.0 91.6 79.0 71.7
35.0 100.0 88.9 83.1 76.0
36.0 100.0 91.5 85.9 86.6
37.0 100.0 97.0 94.9 95.9
38.0 100.0 103.4 107.0 106.3
39.0 100.0 109.9 114.8 116.8
40.0 100.0 111.4 119.7 123.1
41.0 100.0 109.8 119.7 130.8
42.0 100.0 108.4 120.9 128.2
43.0 100.0 111.1 116.8 123.9
44.0 100.0 108.4 114.1 113.4
45.0 100.0 103.0 105.0 104.1
46.0 100.0 96.6 93.1 93.7
47.0 100.0 90.1 85.3 83.3
48.0 100.0 88.7 80.3 76.9
49.0 100.0 90.2 80.3 69.3
50.0 100.0 91.7 79.2 71.9
gram (Nodes 1 to 5) Table with results of H and Q from [1]
tube Piezometric head H and flow rate Q, of nod
5 t (s) CV 1
4800.0
98.1105
105.1443
112.7679
121.0715
130.1
139.8
146.8
154.3
162.03
157.8
152.2
139.9
126.0
110.4
99.7
87.9
73.6
69.4
66.7
75.6
86.3
98.6
106.5
115.6
128.9
132.6
134.8
125.7
114.6
102.5
94.6
85.5
72.2
68.4
66.1
75.2
86.0
98.0
105.7
114.7
127.9
131.6
133.8
124.8
113.9
102.0
94.3
85.3
72.2
68.5
66.3
H and Q from [1] (Sheet 4a.- Streeter_Output)

and flow rate Q, of nodes, along the tube

2 3 4 5
18.06.2016
 Table with results of Q from VBA program (Nodes 1 to 5)
Flows rates along the tube
1 2 3 4
t 0.00 1200.00 2400.00 3600.00
0.00 2.632 2.632 2.632 2.632
1.00 2.632 2.632 2.632 2.632
2.00 2.632 2.632 2.632 2.453
3.00 2.632 2.632 2.454 2.259
4.00 2.63 2.45 2.26 2.05
5.00 2.28 2.26 2.05 1.82
6.00 1.90 1.88 1.82 1.58
7.00 1.48 1.46 1.40 1.3996
8.0000 1.03 1.01 1.04 1.0396
9.0000 0.5366 0.6061 0.6448 0.6538
10.00 0.19 0.18 0.22 0.385
11.00 -0.19 -0.20 -0.08 0.12
12.00 -0.58 -0.45 -0.30 -0.02
13.00 -0.70 -0.69 -0.38 -0.06
14.00 -0.79 -0.64 -0.44 -0.09
15.00 -0.57 -0.55 -0.35 -0.19
16.00 -0.31 -0.28 -0.29 -0.13
17.00 0.00 -0.05 -0.07 -0.00782
18.00 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.15
19.00 0.43 0.49 0.43 0.31
20.00 0.77 0.65 0.56 0.34
21.00 0.86 0.85 0.56 0.30
22.00 0.92 0.77 0.58 0.25
23.00 0.68 0.65 0.47 0.32
24.00 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.25
25.00 0.08 0.13 0.16 0.10
26.00 -0.13 -0.15 -0.16 -0.07
27.00 -0.37 -0.42 -0.37 -0.24
28.00 -0.71 -0.59 -0.50 -0.28
29.00 -0.81 -0.79 -0.50 -0.24
30.00 -0.87 -0.72 -0.53 -0.21
31.00 -0.64 -0.61 -0.43 -0.28
32.00 -0.36 -0.34 -0.36 -0.21
33.00 -0.05 -0.11 -0.13 -0.08
34.00 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.09
35.00 0.38 0.43 0.38 0.26
36.00 0.72 0.60 0.51 0.29
37.00 0.81 0.79 0.51 0.25
38.00 0.87 0.72 0.54 0.21
39.00 0.64 0.61 0.43 0.28
40.00 0.36 0.34 0.36 0.22
41.00 0.05 0.11 0.13 0.08
42.00 -0.15 -0.16 -0.18 -0.09
43.00 -0.38 -0.43 -0.38 -0.25
44.00 -0.71 -0.59 -0.51 -0.29
45.00 -0.81 -0.79 -0.51 -0.25
46.00 -0.87 -0.72 -0.54 -0.21
47.00 -0.63 -0.61 -0.43 -0.28
48.00 -0.36 -0.34 -0.36 -0.22
49.00 -0.05 -0.11 -0.13 -0.08
50.00 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.09
 Return to Index Table with results of H and Q from [1]
Flows rates along the tube
5 t (s) CV 1
4800.00
2.632
2.452
2.257
2.047
1.82
1.57
1.40
1.21
1.01
0.78
0.55
0.45
0.36
0.27
0.19
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H and Q from [1] (Sheet 4a.- Streeter_Output)

ws rates along the tube

2 3 4 5
Return
18.06.2016
 Copy of output of example 13.9 from Streeter textbook [
Elapsed time CV Nodes
(s) 1 2
 Return to Index

m Streeter textbook [1], page 550

3 4 5
 Streeter code of examp

Basic IBM-PC code for Example 13.9 [1]

2700 HP(1) = Hres

Q0 = SQR( Hres / ( f * L / ( 2 * g * D * AR^2 ) + 1 / (2 * g * CV^2 )
2800 H0 = ( Q0 / CV )^2 / (2 * g)
R= ( Hresw - H0 ) / ( Q0^2 * N )
2900 Q(I) = Q0
H(I) = Hre - (I-1) * R * Q0^2
4700 QP(1) = ( HP(1) - H(2) + B*Q(2) ) / ( B + R*abs(Q(2)) )
 Return to Index

reeter code of example 13.9 from textbook [1]

+ 1 / (2 * g * CV^2 ) ) ) (E-19) E(19) --> [1], sheet "4b.- Streeter code, line 2900

(E-15) E(15) --> [1], sheet "4b.- Streeter code, line 2700
F-4)b F(4)b --> [1], sheet "4b.- Streeter code, line 4700
 18.06.2016

Streeter code, line 2900

Streeter code, line 2700

Streeter code, line 4700
Ref. 1
Return to Index
Page 1 of 9

Page 2 of 9
 Page 3 of 9

(13.6.8a)
(13.6.8b)
Page 4 of 9
Page 5 of 9
Page 6 of 9
Page 7 of 9

Page 8 of 9
From Ref [ 1], page 537
13.6 Solution by the methods of characteristics.

The two partial differential equations (PDE)

describing the water hammer problem have
been replaced by two ordinary differential
equations (ODE ) (13.6. 3)
dV 1 dp f⋅V⋅|V|
L= ± +g⋅sen ( θ )+ =0
describing the water hammer problem have
been replaced by two ordinary differential
equations (ODE ) (13.6. 3)
dV 1 dp f⋅V⋅|V|
L= ± +g⋅sen ( θ )+ =0
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅D
subject to the condition of equation
dx
=±a (13 .6.2)
dt

Integrating equation (13.6.3 )

dV 1 dp f⋅V⋅|V|
L= ± +g⋅sen ( θ ) + =0
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅D
subject to the condition of equation
from A to P , gives (13.6 .4 )
ρ⋅Δx⋅f⋅|V A|⋅V P
ρ⋅a ⋅( V P−V A ) +P P -P A + ρ⋅g⋅sen ( θ )⋅Δx+
2⋅D
In the integration of the term including the friction f, an approxim
was required, since V is an unknown as a function of of the x-val
at A and P .
The approximation used was
P
∫A V⋅|V|⋅dx = Δx⋅|V A|⋅V P
which is razonable enough for steady state.
Page 9 of 9
 (13.6.3 )

(13 .6 .4 )
x⋅f⋅|V A|⋅V P

iction f, an approximation
ction of of the x-values
 [1]
A. Momentum equation

Momentum equation for unsteady flow in a pipe

Newton's second law of motion states that the time rate of
The unsteady
change of momentum is equal to the force acting on the
particle. Newton's sec
Momentum e
d
∑ F x =Δm⋅d
∂p
(
p⋅A− p+
∂x
∂
p⋅A− p⋅A−
∂
∂p
− δx⋅A−
∂x
with
δW =δx⋅A⋅γ

Figure 1. Free body diagram

and arranging
∂p A⋅γ dv 1
− δx⋅A−δx⋅A⋅γ⋅sin (θ )−τ⋅δx⋅π⋅d= ⋅ /
∂x g dt δx
∂p A⋅γ dv 1
and arranging
∂p A⋅γ dv 1
− δx⋅A−δx⋅A⋅γ⋅sin (θ )−τ⋅δx⋅π⋅d= ⋅ /
∂x g dt δx
∂p A⋅γ dv 1
− ⋅A− A⋅γ⋅sin(θ )−τ⋅π⋅d= ⋅ /
∂x g dt ΔA
∂p τ⋅π⋅d γ dv 1
− −γ⋅sin (θ )− = ⋅ /
∂x A g dt γ
1 ∂p τ⋅π⋅d 1 dv
− −sin(θ )− = ⋅
γ ∂x A⋅γ g dt

Equation (13.5 .1) from [1 ] is found

multiplying by g and replacing the
π 2
area A by ⋅d in the previous equation
4
1 ∂p 4⋅τ dv
− −g⋅sin (θ )− = ( A-3)
ρ ∂x d⋅ρ dt
(13 .5 .1)

dividing by g and replacing Energy line ( Piez

∂z
sin(θ )= The energy above
∂x
p
1 ∂ p ∂ z τ⋅π⋅d 1 dv h= +z
γ
− − − = ⋅
γ ∂ x ∂ x A⋅γ g dt and
and with 1
∂h= ∂ p+∂ z
 p
1 ∂ p ∂ z τ⋅π⋅d 1 dv h= +z
γ
− − − = ⋅
γ ∂ x ∂ x A⋅γ g dt and
and with 1
∂h= ∂ p+∂ z
π γ
A= ⋅d 2 ∂h 1 ∂ p ∂ z
4 = +
∂x γ ∂x ∂ x
1 ∂ p ∂ z 4⋅τ⋅π⋅d 1 dv
− − − 2 = ⋅ Replacing ( b ) i
γ ∂ x ∂ x π⋅d ⋅γ g dt 1 ∂ p ∂ z 4⋅
− − −
then γ ∂ x ∂ x d⋅
1 ∂ p ∂ z 4⋅τ 1 dv one obtains
− − − = ⋅ (a) ∂h 4⋅τ 1 d
γ ∂ x ∂ x d⋅γ g dt − − = ⋅
∂ x d⋅γ g d

Friction force replacing e quation

∂h 1 ∂ p ∂ z
= + ( b)
The friction force acting on the pipe is ∂x γ ∂x ∂ x
the wall friction into equation
Fwall =τ⋅Δx⋅π⋅d ∂h f v 2 1 dv
− − ⋅ = ⋅ ( e)
also, according Darcy−Weisbach ∂ x d 2⋅g g dt
π Δx ρ gives
Ffriction = ⋅d 2⋅f⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2
4 d 2 1 ∂ p ∂ z f v 2 1 dv
− − − ⋅ = ⋅ /¿ g
equating γ ∂ x ∂ x d 2⋅g g dt
Fwall =F friction 1 ∂p ∂z f v2 1 dv
−g⋅ −g⋅ −g⋅ ⋅ =g⋅ ⋅
π Δx ρ γ ∂x ∂x d 2⋅g g dt
τ⋅Δx⋅π⋅d= ⋅d 2⋅f⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2
4 d 2 1 ∂p ∂ z f⋅v 2 dv
− −g⋅ − =
1 1 γ ρ ∂x ∂ s 2⋅d dt
τ = ⋅d⋅f⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2
4 d 2⋅g thus
4⋅τ f v 2 dv 1 ∂ p ∂ z f⋅v 2
= ⋅ (d ) + +g⋅ +
 π Δx ρ γ ∂x ∂x d 2⋅g g dt
τ⋅Δx⋅π⋅d= ⋅d 2⋅f⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2
4 d 2 1 ∂p ∂ z f⋅v 2 dv
− −g⋅ − =
1 1 γ ρ ∂x ∂ s 2⋅d dt
τ = ⋅d⋅f⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2
4 d 2⋅g thus
4⋅τ f v 2 dv 1 ∂ p ∂ z f⋅v 2
= ⋅ (d ) + +g⋅ +
γ⋅d d 2⋅g dt ρ ∂ x ∂ x 2⋅d
Replacing ( d ) in
∂h 4⋅τ 1 dv To consider the direction of the velocity
− − = ⋅ (c )
∂ x d⋅γ g dt one replaces v 2 by v⋅|v|
one obtains dv 1 ∂ p ∂ z f⋅v⋅|v|
+ +g⋅ + =0 ( A −5 )
∂h f v 2 1 dv dt ρ ∂ x ∂ x 2⋅d
− − ⋅ = ⋅ (e )
∂ x d 2⋅g g dt (13 . 5.

Momentum equation

Momentum equation for unsteady flow in a pipe

∂v 1 ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v|
+ +g⋅sin ( θ )+ =0 ( f )
∂t ρ ∂ x 2⋅d

In the further development, this equation will be

denoted as equation L1. Thus
∂v 1 ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v|
L1= + +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 [ A-7 ]
∂t ρ ∂x 2⋅d
(13.5.3 )
 Return to Index

The unsteady flow equation

Newton's second law of motion.

Momentum equation applied to the pipe shwon in Figure. 1
dv
∑ F x =Δm⋅dt
∂p δW dv
( )
p⋅A− p+ δx ⋅A−δW⋅sin(θ )−τ⋅δx⋅π⋅d= ⋅
∂x g dt
∂p δW dv
p⋅A− p⋅A− δx⋅A−δW⋅sin(θ )−τ⋅δx⋅π⋅d= ⋅
∂x g dt
∂p δW dv
− δx⋅A− ΔW⋅sin(θ )−τ⋅δx⋅π⋅d= ⋅
∂x g dt
with
δW =δx⋅A⋅γ

1
/
δx
1
 1
/
δx
1
/
ΔA
1
/
γ

( A-3)
(13 .5 .1)

Energy line ( Piezometric line )

he energy above a given reference line is

p
= +z
γ
nd
1
h= ∂ p+∂ z
 p
= +z
γ
nd
1
h= ∂ p+∂ z
γ
h 1 ∂p ∂z
= + ( b)
x γ ∂x ∂ x
Replacing ( b ) in
1 ∂ p ∂ z 4⋅τ 1 dv
− − − = ⋅ ( a)
γ ∂ x ∂ x d⋅γ g dt
ne obtains
∂h 4⋅τ 1 dv
− − = ⋅ (c )
∂ x d⋅γ g dt

on dv
The term of the acceleration
( b) dt
can be expande as
dv ∂v ∂v
=v⋅ +
dv dt ∂ x ∂t
⋅ ( e)
g dt but
∂v dv
v⋅ <<
v 2 1 dv ∂x dt
⋅ = ⋅ /¿ g thus
2⋅g g dt
dv ∂v
f v2 1 dv dt
can be replaced by
∂t
−g⋅ ⋅ =g⋅ ⋅
d 2⋅g g dt
f⋅v 2 dv Replacing in equation
=
2⋅d dt dv 1 ∂ p ∂ z f⋅v⋅|v|
+ +g⋅ + =0 ( A-5 )
dt ρ ∂ x ∂ x 2⋅d
f⋅v 2 ∂z
+ =sin ( θ )
∂x
 d 2⋅g g dt
f⋅v 2 dv Replacing in equation
=
2⋅d dt dv 1 ∂ p ∂ z f⋅v⋅|v|
+ +g⋅ + =0 ( A-5 )
dt ρ ∂ x ∂ x 2⋅d
f⋅v 2 ∂z
+ =sin ( θ )
2⋅d ∂x
and
dv ∂ v
irection of the velocity =
dt ∂t
by v⋅|v| one obtains
f⋅v⋅|v|
+ =0 ( A −5 )
2⋅d ∂v 1 ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v|
(13 . 5.2 ) + +g⋅sin ( θ )+ =0 ( f )
∂t ρ ∂ x 2⋅d

w in a pipe

on will be

[ A-7 ]
(13.5.3 )
 30.05.2016
1 of 5

Nomenclature

A: area [m²]
d: pipe diameter [m]
f: friction factor [-]
F: force [N]
g : Acceleration of gravity [m/s²]
H: piezometric height [m]
m: mass [kg]
p: fluid pressure [m]
t: time [s]
v: flow velocity [m/s]
W: weight [N]
x: pipe length [m]

g: specific weight [N/m3]

r: density [kg/m3]
q: angle [radians]
t: wall friction [-]

2 of 5
3 of 5
4 of 5
 Eq. (A-5) --> [1], (13,5,2)

5 of 5

The L1 equation
Eq. (A-7) --> [1], (13,5,3)
 [1]
B. Continuity equation
Equation of
Continuity equation for unsteady flow in a pipe
For a given
length δx ,
inlet mass fl
mass flow ra
in mass of th

ṁin− ṁout =
This equatio
is applied to

(
ρ⋅A⋅v− ρ⋅A
Figure 2. Free body diagram
−∂ ( ρ⋅A⋅v
∂x
where δx is

Performing the derivations of the equation

−∂ ( ρ⋅A⋅v )⋅δx= ∂ ( ρ⋅A⋅δx ) (B-1)
∂x ∂t

− ρ⋅A⋅∂ ( v ) +v⋅∂ ( ρ⋅A ) ⋅δx=ρ⋅ ∂ ( A⋅δx ) + A⋅δx⋅∂ ( ρ )

Performing the derivations of the equation
−∂ ( ρ⋅A⋅v )⋅δx= ∂ ( ρ⋅A⋅δx ) (B-1)
∂x ∂t

[ ∂x ∂x ]
− ρ⋅A⋅∂ ( v ) +v⋅∂ ( ρ⋅A ) ⋅δx=ρ⋅ ∂ ( A⋅δx ) + A⋅δx⋅∂ ( ρ )
{
∂t } ∂t

[ ∂x { ∂x ∂x }]
− ρ⋅A⋅∂ ( v ) +v⋅ ρ⋅∂ ( A )+ A⋅∂ ( ρ ) ⋅δx=

= ρ⋅ A⋅∂ ( δx )+δx⋅∂ ( A ) + A⋅δx⋅∂ ( ρ )

{ ∂t ∂t }∂t
ρ⋅A⋅δx⋅∂ ( v ) +v⋅δx⋅ ρ⋅∂ ( A ) +A⋅∂ ( ρ ) +ρ⋅ A⋅∂ ( δx ) +δx⋅∂ ( A ) +
∂x { ∂x ∂x } { ∂t ∂t }
+ A⋅δx⋅∂ ( ρ )=0
∂t

ρ⋅A⋅δx ∂ ( v )+v⋅δx⋅ ρ⋅∂ ( A ) + A⋅∂ ( ρ ) +

{ }
∂x ∂x ∂x
+ ρ⋅A⋅∂ ( δx ) + ρ⋅δx⋅∂ ( A ) + A⋅δx⋅∂ ( ρ )=0
∂t ∂t ∂t
with ∂ ( δx ) =0
∂t

∂v ∂A ∂ρ ∂A ∂ρ
ρ⋅A⋅δx +v⋅δx⋅ρ⋅ +v⋅δx⋅A⋅ +ρ⋅δx⋅ + A⋅δx⋅ =0
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂t ∂t
dividing by A
ρ⋅A ∂ v v⋅δx⋅ρ ∂ A v⋅δx⋅A ∂ ρ ρ⋅δx ∂ A A⋅δx ∂ ρ
⋅δx + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ =0
A ∂x A ∂x A ∂x A ∂t A ∂t
∂ v v⋅δx⋅ρ ∂ A ∂ ρ ρ⋅δx ∂ A ∂ρ
ρ⋅δx⋅ + ⋅ +v⋅δx⋅ + ⋅ +δx⋅ =0
∂x A ∂x ∂x A ∂t ∂t
dividing by δx⋅ρ
ρ⋅δx ∂ v v⋅δx⋅ρ ∂ A v⋅δx ∂ ρ ρ⋅δx ∂ A δx ∂ ρ
 ⋅δx+ ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ =0
A ∂x A ∂x A ∂x A ∂t A ∂t
∂ v v⋅δx⋅ρ ∂ A ∂ ρ ρ⋅δx ∂ A ∂ρ
ρ⋅δx⋅ + ⋅ +v⋅δx⋅ + ⋅ +δx⋅ =0
∂x A ∂x ∂x A ∂t ∂t
dividing by δx⋅ρ
ρ⋅δx ∂ v v⋅δx⋅ρ ∂ A v⋅δx ∂ ρ ρ⋅δx ∂ A δx ∂ ρ
⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ =0
ρ ∂ x A⋅ρ ∂ x ρ ∂ x A⋅ρ ∂ t ρ ∂ t
∂ v v⋅δx ∂ A v⋅δx ∂ ρ δx ∂ A δx ∂ ρ
δx⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ =0
∂ x A ∂ x ρ ∂ x A ∂t ρ ∂t
dividing by δx
∂v v ∂ A v ∂ ρ 1 ∂ A 1 ∂ρ
+ ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ =0
∂ x A ∂ x ρ ∂ x A ∂t ρ ∂t
v ∂ A 1 ∂ A v ∂ ρ 1 ∂ ρ ∂v
⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + =0 (g )
A ∂ x A ∂t ρ ∂ x ρ ∂ t ∂ x

1 ∂A ∂A 1 ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂v
A (
⋅ v⋅ +
∂x ∂t ) (
+ ⋅ v⋅ +
ρ ∂ x ∂t ∂ x
+ =0 )
where the terms in parenthesis are the total derivatives

Rate of change of the unit deformation

Free body
π
Stress in a pipe with internal pressure
∑ F v =-2⋅σ⋅s⋅L= ∫ p⋅sin ( θ
Elementary area of a hollow pipe θ=0
dA=r⋅dθ⋅L π
Vertical force asociated with -2⋅σ⋅s⋅L= p⋅r⋅L sin ( θ )⋅dθ ∫
the elementary area (see figure) θ=0
dF v = p⋅sin ( θ )⋅dA -2⋅σ⋅s⋅L= p⋅r⋅L⋅ c os ( θ )|0π
dF v = p⋅sin ( θ )⋅r⋅dθ⋅L
[ ]
-2⋅σ⋅s⋅L= p⋅r⋅L⋅[ 1−(−1 ) ]
-2⋅σ⋅s⋅L= p⋅r⋅L⋅[−2 ]
σ⋅s= p⋅r
p⋅r
 -2⋅σ⋅s⋅L= p⋅r⋅L⋅[ 1−(−1 ) ]
-2⋅σ⋅s⋅L= p⋅r⋅L⋅[−2 ]
σ⋅s= p⋅r
p⋅r
σ=
s
with
σ : longitudinal stress (Pa )
p:internal pipe pressure (Pa )
r: internal pipe radious (m)
s: pipe thickness (m)

Elasticity of pipe wall Dividing by the Young

obtains the rate of chan
The rate of change of the tensile strength deformation
per unit length T rSub { size 8{u} } of the pipe wall 1 dσ r dp
⋅ = ⋅
T u= p⋅r E dt E⋅s dt
σ
is d
E r dp
dTu dp = ⋅
dt E⋅s dt
=r⋅
dt dt with the unit deformati
Dividing by the thickness s of the pipe σ
=ε
Tu E
d thus
s r dp dε r dp
=⋅ = ⋅
dt s dt dt E⋅s dt
Tu
where is the longitudinal streng σ
s
Tu
=σ
s
 Tu
where is the longitudinal streng σ
s
Tu
=σ
s
one gets
dσ r dp
=⋅
dt s dt

The speed of deformation of the area is Equating the equations

1 dA d dp 1 dA 1 dρ ∂ v
= ( B-3) ⋅ + ⋅ + =0
A dt s⋅E dt A dt ρ dt ∂ x
1 dA d dp
The fluid volumetric elasticity module is ⋅ = ⋅ (B
dp A dt s⋅E dt
K= one gets
dρ
ρ d dp 1 dρ ∂ v
⋅ =− ⋅ −
dp s⋅E dt ρ dt ∂ x
K= ⋅ρ
dρ
and 1 dρ d dp ∂ v
− ⋅ = ⋅ +
ρ ρ dt s⋅E dt ∂ x
dρ=dp⋅
K
1 1
⋅dρ= ⋅dp
ρ K
1 dρ 1 dp
⋅ = ( B-4 )
ρ dt K dt
1 dp K d ∂v
K dt (
⋅ 1+ ⋅ +
E e ∂x)=0 ( B−7 ) Celerity a

√
K

{ }{ }
K K
1 dp K d ρ ρ ∂v ρ
K dt (
⋅ 1+ ⋅ ⋅
E e ) K d
1+ ⋅
+ ⋅ =0
K d ∂x
1+ ⋅
a=
K d
E e E e 1+ ⋅
E e

{ }
K
dp 1 ρ ∂v
⋅ + ⋅ =0 ( B−8 )
dt ρ K d ∂x
1+ ⋅
E e
The term in parenthesis is a cons tan t and is the
square of the celerity a

{ }
K
ρ
=a2 ( B−9 )
K d
1+ ⋅
E e
( 13. 5 . 10 )
thus , equation ( B−8) can be writen
1 dp ∂v
⋅ +a 2⋅ =0 ( B−10 )
ρ dt ∂x
( 13 . 5. 11 )
dp ∂v
+ ρ⋅a 2⋅ =0 ( B−11 )
dt ∂x
Continuity equation

Continuity equation for a compressible liquid

in an elastic pipe
dp 2 ∂v
+ ρ⋅a ⋅ =0 ( B−11 )
dt ∂x

In the further development, this equation wil

denoted as equation L2. Thus
dp ∂v
L2= +ρ⋅a2⋅ =0 (B-13 )
dt ∂x
( 13 .5 . 12 )
 Return to Index

Equation of continuity

For a given pipe element of constant

length δx , the difference between the
inlet mass flow rate and the outlet
mass flow rate is equal to the change
in mass of the element with the time.

ṁin− ṁout =∂ m
∂t
This equation of continuity for unsteady flow
is applied to the control volume of Figure 2
ρ⋅A⋅v− ρ⋅A⋅v+ ∂ ( ρ⋅A⋅v )⋅δx =∂ ( ρ⋅A⋅δx )
( )
∂x ∂t
−∂ ( ρ⋅A⋅v )⋅δx= ∂ ( ρ⋅A⋅δx ) ( B-1)
∂x ∂t
where δx is not a function of t . (13.5. 4)
⋅∂ ( ρ )
∂t
x⋅∂ ( A ) +
∂t }
x⋅∂ ( ρ )=0
∂t

⋅δx⋅∂ ( ρ )=0
∂t

dA ∂A ∂ A
=v⋅ +
dt ∂ x ∂t
and
dρ ∂ρ ∂ ρ
=v⋅ +
dt ∂x ∂t
so
1 dA 1 dρ ∂ v
⋅ + ⋅ + =0 ( B−2)
 dρ ∂ρ ∂ ρ
=v⋅ +
dt ∂x ∂t
so
1 dA 1 dρ ∂ v
⋅ + ⋅ + =0 ( B−2)
A dt ρ dt ∂ x
(13. 5. 6)
1 dA
The first term, ⋅ , is related to the elasticity of the
A dt
pipe wall and the speed of deformation as a function of
the pressure.
1 dρ ∂ v
The second term, ⋅ + , consideres the liquid
ρ dt ∂ x
compressibility.

Tensile force
π T =σ⋅s⋅L
Tensile force per unit lenght
L= ∫ p⋅sin ( θ )⋅r⋅L⋅dθ T
θ=0 T u=
π L p
σ⋅s⋅L
L ∫ sin ( θ )⋅dθ T u=
L s
θ=0 T u=σ⋅s
L⋅[ c os ( θ )|0π ] and with
p⋅r
L⋅[ 1−(−1 ) ] σ=
s
L⋅[−2 ] p⋅r
T u= ⋅s
s
N
T u= p⋅r
 p⋅r
L⋅[ 1−(−1 ) ] σ=
s
L⋅[−2 ] p⋅r
T u= ⋅s
s
T u= p⋅r
[]
N
m

stress (Pa )
pressure (Pa )
radious (m)
ss (m)

viding by the Young modulus, one Rate of change of the radius The rate of change o
ains the rate of change of the unit
ormation ring area of a semic
dr dε
dσ r dp =r⋅
= ⋅ dt dt dA dr
dt E⋅s dt = ⋅π⋅d
and with dt dt
r dp dε r dp and with
= ⋅ = ⋅
E⋅s dt dt E⋅s dt dr r 2 dp
h the unit deformation dr r dp = ⋅
=r⋅ ⋅ dt E⋅s dt
dt E⋅s dt
dA r 2 dp
=ε
s
dr r 2 dp
= ⋅
dt E⋅s dt
dt
= (E⋅s dt )
⋅ ⋅π⋅d

r dp and
= ⋅
E⋅s dt d2
1 dA 4 dp
A dt
= ( )
⋅ ⋅π
E⋅s dt

1 dA d dp
 ( )
d
1 dA 4 dp
= ⋅ ⋅π
A dt E⋅s dt

1 dA d dp
= ⋅
A dt E⋅s dt

the equations Equating

dρ ∂ v 1 dρ 1 dp
( B-4 )
⋅ + =0 ( B−2 ) ⋅ =
dt ∂ x ρ dt K dt
dp and
⋅ ( B−3 ) 1 dρ d dp ∂ v
⋅E dt − ⋅ = ⋅ + ( B−5 )
ρ dt s⋅E dt ∂ x
one obtains
1 dρ ∂ v 1 dp d dp ∂ v
− ⋅ − − = ⋅ + ( B−6)
ρ dt ∂ x K dt s⋅E dt ∂ x
1 dp d dp ∂ v
+ ⋅ + =0
d dp ∂ v K dt s⋅E dt ∂ x
⋅ + ( B−5 )
s⋅E dt ∂ x 1 dp d
+
K dp ∂ v
⋅ ⋅ + =0
K dt s⋅E K dt ∂ x
1 dp K⋅d ∂ v
K dt (
⋅ 1+
s⋅E ) +
∂x
=0 ( B−7 )
Celerity a

√
K
ρ
a= (B-12)
K d
1+ ⋅
E e

(c) --> [1], (13,5,10)

(d) --> [1], (13,5,11)

Return to Index
mpressible liquid

1)

this equation will be (L2) --> [1], (13,5,12)

us
B-13 )

Continuity equation for a compressible liquid

in an elastic pipe
dp ∂v
+ ρ⋅a 2⋅ =0 ( B−9 )
dt ∂x

In the further development, this equation will be

denoted as equation L2. Thus
dp ∂v
L2= +ρ⋅a2⋅ =0 Eq .(L2)
dt ∂x
 30.05.2016
1 of 8

Nomenclature

d: pipe diameter [m]

f: Darcy friction factor [-]
g: gravit. acc. [m/s²]
h: piezometric height [m]
h = p/g + z
p: fluid pressure [m]
t: time [s]
v: flow velocity [m(s]
x: pipe length [m]

g: specific gravity [N/m³]

g=r*g
q: pipe angle [rad]

(B-1) --> [1], (13,5,4)

2 of 8
3 of 8
(13 . 5.6 ) (B-2) --> [1], (13,5,6)

ity of the
ction of

iquid

4 of 8

dn

dq
p q
s

dn =r * dq
p
p * sin(q)
q
 5 of 8

The rate of change of an elementary

dA
ring area of a semicircle is
dt
dA dr
= ⋅π⋅d
dt dt
and with
dr r 2 dp
= ⋅
dt E⋅s dt
dA r 2 dp
dt
=( E⋅s dt )
⋅ ⋅π⋅d

and
d2
1 dA 4 dp
A dt
= ( )
E⋅s dt
1
⋅ ⋅π⋅d⋅ 2
π⋅
d
4
1 dA d dp
 ( )
d
1 dA 4 dp 1
= ⋅ ⋅π⋅d⋅ 2
A dt E⋅s dt d
π⋅
4
1 dA d dp
= ⋅ ( B-3 )
A dt E⋅s dt
(13 .5 . 7 )
(b-3) --> [1], (13,5,7)

6 of 8

(B-4) --> [1], (13,5,8)

(B-7) --> [1], (13,5,9)
7 of 8

30.05.2016
8 of 8
C. Method of characteristics
Resume

Equations(C-1)and (C-13) shalbesimultaneously ovedto etrmine

¿
thevaluesof prSub{size8{P} andvP}{ #ρcdotacdotlef(vrSub{size8{P} -vrSub{size8{A} right)+left(prSub{size8{P} -prSub{size8{A} right)+ρcdotgcdot sinleft(θright)cdotΔx+{ ρcdotΔxcdotfcdotlinevrSub{size8{A} rlinecdotvrSub{size8{A} over{2cdot } =0Eq . left(C−1 right){}# \(13.6 4\) {}#ρcdotacdotlef(vrSub{size8{P} -vrSub{size8{B} right)-left(prSub{size8{P} -prSub{size8{B} right)+ρcdotgcdot
¿
¿

C. Method of Characteristics [1]

The method of characteristics transforms the system of partial

differential equations (PDE), consisting of the equations of
momentum and continuity, into a system of ordinary differential
equations (ODE) subject to certain restrictions.

Using Streeter nomenclature, the momentum equation

was designated as equation L1 , equation (A-7)

∂v 1 ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v|
L1= + +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 [ A-7 ]
∂t ρ ∂x 2⋅d
(13 .5 . 3 )
and the continuity equation was designated as L2 , equation (B-13)

dp 2 ∂v
L2= + ρ⋅a ⋅ =0 (B-13 )
dt ∂x
( 13 .5 . 12 )

The L1 and L2 equations have two unknowns: "v" and "p". These equations can be "
combined using an unknown multiplier l , as follows

L=L1+ λ⋅L 2 Eq .( L)

It will be shown that any two different real values of l generate two equations
in "v" and "p" containing all the physics of the original equations L1 and L2 and
 also can replace any solution.

The first term of equation

∂v 2 ∂v 1 ∂p ∂p f⋅v⋅|v|
(∂x ∂t ) (
⋅ρ⋅a ⋅λ+ + λ⋅ ⋅ + + g⋅sin ( θ ) +
ρ⋅λ ∂ x ∂ t )
2⋅d
=0

(C-1)
dv dx
is the total derivative , if λ⋅ρ⋅a 2=
dt dt
dv
Evaluation of
dt
dv ∂ v dx ∂ v
= ⋅ +
dt ∂ x dt ∂t
so, if
dx 2
 dt
dv ∂ v dx ∂ v
= ⋅ +
dt ∂ x dt ∂t
so, if
dx
=λ⋅ρ⋅a2
dt
dv ∂ v ∂v
= ⋅λ⋅ρ⋅a2 + ( C-2)
dt ∂ x ∂t

Equations ( C-2 ) and ( C-3 ) are both correct, Replacing the total derivatives
dx ∂v ∂ v dv
if in both cases has the same value. ⋅ρ⋅a 2⋅λ + =
dt ∂x ∂t dt
and
Thus, it must be accomplish that
1 ∂ p ∂ p dp
dx ⋅ + =
=λ⋅ρ⋅a2 (C-4) a ρ⋅λ ∂ x ∂ t dt
dt in equation (C-1)
and also ∂v ∂v 1 ∂p
dx 1
= (C-4) b (
L= ⋅ρ⋅a 2⋅λ +
∂x ∂t) (
+ λ⋅ ⋅
ρ⋅λ ∂ x
dt ρ⋅λ one obtains
thus dv dp f⋅v⋅|v|
1 +λ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ )+ =0
λ⋅ρ⋅a 2= ( C-4) dt dt 2⋅d
ρ⋅λ 1
and with λ=±
and ρ⋅a
1 the equation for L becomes
λ2 = 2 2 f⋅v⋅|v|
ρ ⋅a dv 1 dp
L= ± ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) +
1 2 dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
λ=2
( )
ρ⋅a
subject to the conditions of equatio

Thus dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
 1 the equation for L becomes
λ2 = f⋅v⋅|v|
ρ2⋅a2 dv 1 dp
L= ± ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) +
1 2 dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
2
λ= ( )
ρ⋅a
subject to the conditions of equatio

Thus dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
1 + ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0
λ=± (C-5) dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
ρ⋅a dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
− ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0
(13 .6 .1 ) dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d

(C-5) --> [1], (13,6,1)

Since the equation (C-6) is only valid when the equation (C-5) is satisfied,
it is convenient to represent the solution as a graph of "x" vs "t".
It is considered the case of a system with a pipe that runs from the origin
"O", upstream, down to the discharge point.
It is denoted by "x" a point somewhere along the pipe and "t" the time
in which the dependent variables "v" and "p" are determined.

Section AP
The graphic represents two points, "A" and "B" , along the pipe, separed
by a distance 2*Dx, valid for a time "t".
Consider that the conditions are known in the point "A" (v A, pA, xA and t
then the equation (C-6) , with a positive slope

dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v| +
+ ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 (C )
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
is valid throughout the AP line or an extension of it.
This line, with the "+" sign, is called the equation "C + "
The slope of the curve APΔtis =
1
Δx a
where "a" is the speed of a sound wave in the pipe.
Section AP

The equation (C-6 ), for the case of the + sign (section AP), is
dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
+ ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ )+ =0 Eq . C+
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
multiplying by ρ⋅a⋅dt
dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt + ⋅ ⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt+g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt+ ⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt=0
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
f⋅v⋅|v|
ρ⋅a⋅dv+dp+g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt+¿ ρ⋅a⋅dt⋅ =0
2⋅d
and considering that
a⋅dt=dx
f⋅v⋅|v|
ρ⋅a⋅dv+dp+g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt+¿ ρ⋅dx⋅ =0
2⋅d
integrating from point A to P
P P P P
f⋅v⋅|v|
∫ ρ⋅a⋅dv+∫ dp+∫ g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅dx+∫ ρ⋅dx⋅2⋅d =0 (C-8 )
A A A A
 An assumption has to be made to allow the Additionaly, the frictio
P
integration of ∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx the velocity v is an un
A Reynolds number Re
Between points A and P, the velocity will change an unknown.
from a value v A to a value v P . To be able fo perform
the integration, some assumptions need to be made.
It is to be noted, that b
a) The velocity is assumed to have a constant value are razonable exact fo
equal to v A . In this case, the integration becomes Both aproches are use
P and reference [ 2] uses
∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9) (C-10), produces, nat
A
in the final result.
b) The product of the velocities is assumed to have
a value |v A|⋅v P . In this case, the integration becomes
P

∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅vP (C-10)

A

Performing the integration of equation

P P P P
f⋅v⋅|v|
∫ ρ⋅a⋅dv+∫ dp+∫ g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅dx+∫ ρ⋅dx⋅2⋅d =0 (C-8)
A A A A
Performing the integration of equation
P P P P
f⋅v⋅|v|
∫ ρ⋅a⋅dv+∫ dp+∫ g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅dx+∫ ρ⋅dx⋅2⋅d =0 (C-8)
A A A A
using the approximation of equation
P
∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9)
A
gives
ρ⋅Δx⋅f⋅|v A|⋅v A
ρ⋅a⋅( v P−v A ) + ( p P− p A ) + ρ⋅g⋅sin ( θ )⋅Δx+ =0
2⋅d
(C-11)
(13.6.
where has been assumed that the angle θ is constant along the tube .

Section BP

Consider that the conditions are known in the

point "B" (vB, pB, xB and tB);
then the equation (C-6) , with a negative slope

dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
− ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 (C−)
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
 dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
− ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 (C−)
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d

is valid throughout the BP line or an extension of it.

This line, with the "-" sign, is called the equation "C - "
The slope of the curve BP is Δt 1
=−
Δx a
where "a" is the speed of a sound wave in the pipe.

Similarly, for the section BP, performing the integration of equation

P P P P
f⋅v⋅|v|
∫ ρ⋅a⋅dv−∫ dp+∫ g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅dx+∫ ρ⋅dx⋅2⋅d =0 (C-12)
B B B B
using the approximation of equation (C-9), applied to point B
P

∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|vB|⋅vB (C-9)

A
gives
ρ⋅Δx⋅f⋅|v B|⋅v B
ρ⋅a⋅( v P−v B ) −( p P−p B ) +ρ⋅g⋅sin ( θ )⋅Δx+ =0
2⋅d
(C-13)
 gives
ρ⋅Δx⋅f⋅|v B|⋅v B
ρ⋅a⋅( v P−v B ) −( p P−p B ) +ρ⋅g⋅sin ( θ )⋅Δx+ =0
2⋅d
(C-13)
(13.6.
where has been assumed that the angle θ is constant along the tube.

Equations(C-1)and (C-13) shalbesimultaneously ovedto etrmine

¿
thevaluesof prSub{size8{P} andvP}{ #ρcdotacdotlef(vrSub{size8{P} -vrSub{size8{A} right)+left(prSub{size8{P} -prSub{size8{A} right)+ρcdotgcdot sinleft(θright)cdotΔx+{ ρcdotΔxcdotfcdotlinevrSub{size8{A} rlinecdotvrSub{size8{A} over{2cdot } =0Eq . left(C−1 right){}# \(13.6 4\) {}#ρcdotacdotlef(vrSub{size8{P} -vrSub{size8{B} right)-left(prSub{size8{P} -prSub{size8{B} right)+ρcdotgcdot sinleft(θright)cdotΔx+{ ρcdotΔxcdo
¿
¿
The figure shows points A and B , in a x-t graphic, and the point P which contains the
For pipe applications, it is convenient to From equation (C-14 )
work in terms of piezometric height H p=γ⋅( H−z )
p where
H=z+ (m) (C-14)
γ p: fluid pressure (Pa)
and flow rate Q instead of p and v N
γ :fluid specific weight
(
m
H: piezometric height (m
z: elevation (m)
The application of the p
height to the points P a
pP =γ⋅( H P−z P )
p A =γ⋅( H A −z A )
and with
γ = ρ⋅g
pP = ρ⋅g⋅( H P −z P )
p A = ρ⋅g⋅( H A −z A )
Figure 1. Free body diagram pP − p A =ρ⋅g⋅( H P− z P )
pP − p A =ρ⋅g⋅( H P− H A
 pP = ρ⋅g⋅( H P −z P )
p A = ρ⋅g⋅( H A −z A )
Figure 1. Free body diagram pP − p A =ρ⋅g⋅( H P− z P )
pP − p A =ρ⋅g⋅( H P− H A

Equation C+ section A to P

Replacing equation
pP− p A=ρ⋅g⋅( H P− H A )− ρ⋅g⋅Δx⋅sin ( θ )
(C-15)
into equation
ρ⋅Δx⋅f⋅|v A|⋅v A
ρ⋅a⋅( v P−v A ) + ( p P−p A ) +ρ⋅g⋅sin ( θ )⋅Δx+ =0 (C-8)
2⋅d
one obtains
ρ⋅a⋅( v P−v A ) + ( ρ⋅g⋅( H P−H A ) −ρ⋅g⋅Δx⋅sin ( θ ) )+
ρ⋅Δx⋅f⋅|v A|⋅v A
+ρ⋅g⋅sin ( θ )⋅Δx+ =0
2⋅d
ρ⋅Δx⋅f⋅|v A|⋅v A
ρ⋅a⋅( v P−v A ) +ρ⋅g⋅( H P− H A ) + =0
2⋅d
 +
The equation C from A to P is Equations for the piezometric h
a Δx⋅f⋅|Q A|⋅Q A
H P=H A− ⋅( Q p - Q A )− (C-16 ) H P=H A−B⋅( Q p - Q A ) -R⋅|Q A|⋅Q A (
g⋅A p 2⋅g⋅d⋅A 2p
H P =H B +B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +R⋅|Q B|⋅Q B (
In a similar way, the equation C− from B to P is
Δx⋅f⋅|QB|⋅QB Note. In the deduction, the following
a
H P=H B + ⋅( Q p - Q B ) + (C-17 ) integral was used
g⋅A 2⋅g⋅d⋅A 2p
Defining
a
B= (C-17a ) This approximation, razonable enoug
g⋅A p
and
In equal form, the evaluation could h
f⋅Δx
R= (C-17b )
2⋅g⋅d⋅A 2p
one obtains for AP which is the form Streeter [1] uses
H P=H A−B⋅( Q p - Q A ) -R⋅|Q A|⋅Q A (for C+ ) (C-18 )
and for BP H P=H A−B⋅( Q p - Q A ) -R⋅|Q A|⋅Q
H P=H B +B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +R⋅|Q B|⋅Q B (for C− ) (C-19 )
In these set of equations, the approximation H P=H B +B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +R⋅|Q B|⋅Q
of equation (C-9 ) has been used .

(C-17) --> [1], (13,6,8)

 Return to Index

todetrmine

cdotacdotlef(vrSub{size8{P} -vrSub{size8{B} right)-left(prSub{size8{P} -prSub{size8{B} right)+ρcdotgcdot sinleft(θright)cdotΔx+{ ρcdotΔxcdotfcdotlinevrSub{size8{B} rlinecdotvrSub{size8{B} over{2cdot } =0Eq . left(C−13right){}# \(13 .6 5\) {} {
 L=L1+λ⋅L2 Eq . ( L)
hese equations can be "
∂v 1 ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v|
L 1= + +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 ( A−7)
∂t ρ ∂ x 2⋅d
(13 .5. 3)
te two equations
∂p ∂v
ons L1 and L2 and L 2= + ρ⋅a2⋅ =0 (B−13)
∂t ∂x
(13 .5. 12)
 (13 .5. 3)
∂p ∂v
L 2= + ρ⋅a2⋅ =0 (B−13)
∂t ∂x
(13 .5. 12)
∂v 1 ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v| ∂p ∂v
L= +
∂t ρ ∂ x
+g⋅sin ( θ )+
2⋅d
+λ⋅
∂t (
+ρ⋅a2⋅ =0
∂x )
∂v 1 ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v| ∂ p ∂v
+ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + +λ⋅ +λ⋅ρ⋅a2⋅ =0
∂t ρ ∂x 2⋅d ∂t ∂x

∂v 2 ∂v 1 ∂ p ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v|
⋅ρ⋅a ⋅λ+ + +λ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0
∂x ∂t ρ ∂x ∂t 2⋅d
∂v ∂v 1 ∂p ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v|
(∂x
⋅ρ⋅a 2⋅λ+ + λ⋅ ⋅ +
∂t ) (
ρ⋅λ ∂ x ∂ t
+g⋅sin ( θ ) + )
2⋅d
=0

(C-

Similarly, the second term of equation (C-1)

∂v 2 ∂v 1 ∂p ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v|
(∂x ) (
⋅ρ⋅a ⋅λ+ + λ⋅ ⋅ + + g⋅sin θ +
∂t ρ⋅λ ∂ x ∂ t ) ( )
2⋅d
=0
(C-1)
dp 1 dx
is the total derivative , if =
dt ρ⋅λ dt
dp
Evaluation of
dt
dp ∂ p dx ∂ p
= ⋅ +
dt ∂ x dt ∂t
if
dx 1
=
 dt
dp ∂ p dx ∂ p
= ⋅ +
dt ∂ x dt ∂t
if
dx 1
=
dt ρ⋅λ
dp ∂ p 1 ∂p
= ⋅ + (C-3)
dt ∂ x ρ⋅λ ∂ t

the total derivatives That is, there were found two real,
∂ v dv values for the constant
λ+ = the two PDE in a system of two ODE
∂t dt
the conditions of equation (C-5)
∂ p dp Water hammer ODE equations
=
∂ t dt
dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
n (C-1) L= ± ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0
∂v 1 ∂p ∂p f⋅v⋅|v| dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
⋅a 2⋅λ +
∂t ) (
+ λ⋅ ⋅ +
ρ⋅λ ∂ x ∂ t )
+g⋅sin ( θ ) +
2⋅d
=0 subject to the conditions
s 1
λ=±
f⋅v⋅|v| ρ⋅a
+g⋅sin ( θ )+ =0
2⋅d Replacing (C-5 ) in (C-4 )b
1 dx 1 1
λ=± (C-5 ) = =
ρ⋅a dt ρ⋅λ 1
on for L becomes
dp
⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) +
f⋅v⋅|v|
=0 (C-6 )
( )
ρ⋅ ±
ρ⋅a
⋅a dt 2⋅d dx
=±a
the conditions of equation ( C-5) dt

dp f⋅v⋅|v| +
 1
on for L becomes
dp
⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) +
f⋅v⋅|v|
=0 (C-6 )
( )
ρ⋅ ±
ρ⋅a
⋅a dt 2⋅d dx
=±a
the conditions of equation ( C-5) dt

dp f⋅v⋅|v|
+g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 (C + )
dt 2⋅d
dp f⋅v⋅|v|
+g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 (C−)
dt 2⋅d
(C-4) --> [1], (13,6,1)
(C-6) --> [1], (13,6,3) (C-7) --> [1], (13,6,2)

C-5) is satisfied,
" vs "t".
s from the origin

nd "t" the time

e pipe, separed

v A, pA, xA and tA);

In segment AP, the slope is In segment BP, the slope is
Δt 1 Δt 1
tan (α )= = tan (α )= =−
Δx Δx −Δx Δx
Δt Δt
with with
Δx Δx
=a (C-7) =a (C-7)
Δt Δt
the slope of the segment AP is the slope of the segment BP is
Δt 1 Δt 1
= =−
Δx a Δx a
tion AP), is

|
⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt=0

0 (C-8 )
 dditionaly, the friction factor has to be approximate as a constant, since
e velocity v is an unknow variable and therefore is also unknown the
eynolds number Re = f( v,d,ν ). So the friction factor f=f (Re,Rrel) is
n unknown.

is to be noted, that both approximations ,equations (C-9) and (C-10),

e razonable exact for the steady state case.
oth aproches are used in the references. Reference [1] uses equation (C-10),
nd reference [ 2] uses equation (C-9). The use of equations (C-9) other
C-10), produces, naturally, different results, but they are of no significance
the final result.

(C-8)
 (C-8)

(C-9)

vA
=0
(C-11)
(13.6.4) Valid for C+
(C-11) --> [1], (13,6,4)
t along the tube .

Section BP

The equation (C-6 ), for the case of the - sign (section BP), is
dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
− ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 Eq . C−
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
multiplying by ρ⋅a⋅dt
dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt − ⋅ ⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt +g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt + ⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt=0
 dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
− ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 Eq . C−
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
multiplying by ρ⋅a⋅dt
dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt − ⋅ ⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt +g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt + ⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt=0
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
f⋅v⋅|v|
ρ⋅a⋅dv−dp+g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt +¿ ρ⋅a⋅dt⋅ =0
2⋅d
and considering that
a⋅dt=dx
f⋅v⋅|v|
ρ⋅a⋅dv−dp+g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt +¿ ρ⋅dx⋅ =0
2⋅d
integrating from point A to P
P P P P
f⋅v⋅|v|
∫ ρ⋅a⋅dv−∫ dp+∫ g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅dx+∫ ρ⋅dx⋅2⋅d =0 (C-12 )
A A A A

on of equation

0 (C-12)

o point B

⋅v B
=0
(C-13)
⋅v B
=0
(C-13) Valid for C-
(C-13) --> [1], (13,6,5)
(13.6.5)
nt along the tube.

(C-11) --> [1], (13,6,4)

(C-13) --> [1], (13,6,5)
rSub{size8{B} right)-left(prSub{size8{P} -prSub{size8{B} right)+ρcdotgcdot sinleft(θright)cdotΔx+{ ρcdotΔxcdotfcdotlinevrSub{size8{B} rlinecdotvrSub{size8{B} over{2cdot } =0Eq. left(C−13right){}# \(13 .6 5\) {} {

nt P which contains the solutions.

m equation (C-14 ) and with
γ⋅( H−z ) z P−z A= Δz
re and
luid pressure (Pa) Δz
=sin ( θ )
N Δx
uid specific weight 3
m() Δz= Δx⋅sin ( θ )
iezometric height (m) and replacing
evation (m) pP − p A=ρ⋅g⋅( H P− H A )− ρ⋅g⋅Δx⋅sin ( θ
(C
application of the piezometric
ht to the points P and A gives (1
=γ⋅( H P−z P )
=γ⋅( H A −z A )
with
For a constant slope, see sheet "Constant slope"
ρ⋅g
= ρ⋅g⋅( H P −z P )
= ρ⋅g⋅( H A −z A )
− p A =ρ⋅g⋅( H P− z P ) −ρ⋅g⋅( H A −z A )
− p A =ρ⋅g⋅( H P− H A )− ρ⋅g⋅( z P −z A )
= ρ⋅g⋅( H P −z P )
= ρ⋅g⋅( H A −z A )
− p A =ρ⋅g⋅( H P− z P ) −ρ⋅g⋅( H A −z A )
− p A =ρ⋅g⋅( H P− H A )− ρ⋅g⋅( z P −z A )

dividing by ρ⋅g
ρ⋅a ρ⋅g ρ⋅Δx⋅f⋅|v A|⋅v P
⋅( v P−v A) + ⋅( H P−H A ) + =0
ρ⋅g ρ⋅g ρ⋅g⋅2⋅d
a Δx⋅f⋅|v A|⋅v P
⋅( v P−v A ) + ( H P−H A ) + =0
g g⋅2⋅d
a Δx⋅f⋅|v A|⋅v A
H P=H A− ⋅( v P−v A ) −
g 2⋅g⋅d
and with
Qp QA Qp QA
v P= and v A= , v P−v A = -
Ap Ap Ap Ap
1
v P−v A = ⋅( Q p - Q A)
Ap
a Δx⋅f⋅|Q A|⋅Q A
H P=H A− ⋅( Q p - Q A )− 2
(C-16 )
g⋅A p 2⋅g⋅d⋅A p
(13. 6 .7 )
Equation C + for A to P
ns for the piezometric height of interior points

−B⋅( Q p - Q A ) -R⋅|Q A|⋅Q A (for C+ ) (C-18) AP

−
B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +R⋅|Q B|⋅Q B (for C ) (C-19 ) BP
he deduction, the following approximation for the evaluation of the

∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9)

A
oximation, razonable enough for steady state.

orm, the evaluation could have been

P

∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10)

A

he form Streeter [1] uses.

(for C+ ) (C-18)b ([1]_13.6.9)

A −B⋅ Q p -
( Q A ) -R⋅|Q A|⋅QP (C-18) b

B +B⋅ Q p -
( Q B ) +R⋅|Q B|⋅Q P ( for C− ) (C-19 )b (C-19)b ([1]_13.6.10)
Rev. cjc. 23.10.2015

1 of 15

2 of 15
 3 of 15

7)
.5. 3)

.5. 12)
.5. 3)

.5. 12)
∂v
⋅a2⋅ =0
∂x )
2 ∂v
⋅ =0
∂x

v⋅|v|
=0
d
f⋅v⋅|v|
θ)+ =0
2⋅d
(C-1 )

4 of 15

⋅v⋅|v|
=0
⋅d
(C-1)
 (C-3)

5 of 15

here were found two real, different

or the constant l , that transformed
PDE in a system of two ODE subject to
ditions of equation (C-5)

DE equations
f⋅v⋅|v|
+g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 (C-6)
2⋅d
nditions
(C-5 )
in (C-4 )b
(C4 )c
1
ρ⋅a )
(C-7 )
(13 . 6 . 2)
1
ρ⋅a )
(C-7 )
(13 . 6 . 2)

(C-4) --> [1], (13,6,1)

(C-7) --> [1], (13,6,2)

6 of 15

gment BP, the slope is

Δt 1
α )= =−
−Δx Δx
Δt

=a (C-7)
lope of the segment BP is
1
=−
a
7 of 15
 8 of 15

is

C-10),
r
nce

9 of 15
 10 of 15

tion BP), is

|
⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt=0
|
⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt=0

0 (C-12 )

11 of 15
12 of 15
 13 of 15

− H A )− ρ⋅g⋅Δx⋅sin ( θ )
(C-15)
(13. 6 . 6 )

eet "Constant slope"

 (C-15) --> [1[, ( 13.6.6)

14 of 15

(C-16) --> [1], (13,6,7)

for the use of the aproximation
with (C-9)

3 . 6 .7 )
P
 15 of 15

In reference [1],
(C-4) -> [1], (13.6.1)
(C-4)a -> [1], (13.6.1)
(C-4)b -> [1], (13.6.1)
(C-6) -> [1], (13.6.3)
(C-7) -> [1], (13.6.2)
 D. Interior points
Resume
D.1. Flow rate of an interior point

Flow rate at a point P at a position Piezometric

I and at a time t
and at a time
C P , I −C M , I
QP , I = ( D-7) H P , I =C P , I −
B M , I +B P , I
Equations (D-7) and (D-8) allow the determination of the flow rate "Q" and Knowing the
of the piezometric height "H" of an interior point "P" at a position "I",
and at a time "t", if the information of the previous time is known and of the pos
Flow rate at interior points, compact form CP,I , BP,I , CM,
H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −H I +1 +B⋅QI +1
QP,I= ( D-9)
B+R⋅|Q I−1|+B+R⋅|Q I +1|
Flow rate and
Piezometric height at interior points, compact form at a position
H P , I =H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −( B+R⋅|QI −1|)⋅QP , I (D-10 ) C P ,I −C
QP , I =
B M ,I +
H P , I =C P , I −
Terms with index P indicate new values. Terms without the
index P indicate previous value. This procedur
interior sectio

Numerical solution for the interior points

Interior points

For the numerical solution of the case of a simple pipe,

of length L the pipe is divided in N equal segments Δx .
Interior points

For the numerical solution of the case of a simple pipe,

of length L the pipe is divided in N equal segments Δx .
L
Δx=
N
The requirement of equation (C-7 ), is
dx
=±a (C-7 )
dt
Δx
Δt= (C-7 )a
a
and

So, the lines C+ and C− are the diagonals of the rectangular

net (Fig . 1). They are stright lines with slope ± 1/ a
To apply the equations (AP) and ( BP) to solve an
internal point P (at a time t +Δ t ) with HP,I and Q P,I
als unknowns, one must know the conditions at a previous
time t . This known values are:
Q I-1 , H I-1 , Q I +1 , H I +1

Naming the points A as I-1 and B as I+1

in equation
H P=H A−B⋅( Q p −Q A ) −R⋅Q P⋅|Q A| ( AP)
it becomes
H P,I=H I-1−B⋅( QP , I −Q I −1 )−R⋅Q P, I⋅|Q I −1|
HP,I=H I-1 −B⋅Q P , I +B⋅QI −1−R⋅Q P, I⋅|Q I −1|
Grouping the known terms in this equation
 it becomes
H P,I=H I-1−B⋅( QP , I −Q I −1 )−R⋅Q P, I⋅|Q I −1|
HP,I=H I-1 −B⋅Q P , I +B⋅QI −1−R⋅Q P, I⋅|Q I −1|
Grouping the known terms in this equation
H P,I=( H I-1 +B⋅Q I −1 )−( B⋅QP , I +R⋅Q P , I⋅|QI −1|)
H P,I=( H I-1 +B⋅Q I −1 )−Q P , I⋅( B +R⋅|Q I −1|)

Flow rate at an interior point Piezometric height at

Equating equations The height can be fou

H P,I=C P , I −B P, I⋅Q P , I for C + (D−3 ) H P,I=C M , I +B M , I⋅QP ,
H P,I=C M , I +B M , I⋅QP , I for C− ( D−6 ) C P , I −C M , I
QP , I =
B M , I +B P , I
C P , I −B P , I⋅Q P, I =C M , I +B M ; I⋅QP , I
C M , I +B M , I⋅Q P, I−C P, I−B P , I⋅QP , I =0
QP , I⋅( B M , I +B P , I )−C P , I +C M , I =0 B P , I =B+R⋅|Q I−1|
QP , I⋅( B M +B P )=C P−C M B M , I=B+R⋅|Q I +1|
C −C
C M , I +B M , I⋅Q P, I−C P, I−B P , I⋅QP , I =0
QP , I⋅( B M , I +B P , I )−C P , I +C M , I =0 B P , I =B+R⋅|Q I−1|
QP , I⋅( B M +B P )=C P−C M B M , I=B+R⋅|Q I +1|
C P , I −C M , I
QP , I = ( D-7) C P , I =H I-1 +B⋅Q I −
B M , I +B P , I
C M , I =H I +1 −B⋅QI

Flow rate at interior points, compact form Piezometric h

Flow rate at an interior point P at a position Height at an i

I and at a time t I and at a ti
C P , I −C M , I H P , I =C P−B
QP , I = (D-7 )
B M , I +B P , I with
with C P , I =H I-1 +B
C P , I =H I-1 +B⋅Q I −1 ( D−1) B P , I =B+R⋅|Q
B P , I =B+R⋅|Q I−1| ( D−2 ) and replacing
C M , I =H I +1 −B⋅QI +1 (D−4 ) into equation
B M , I=B+R⋅|Q I +1| ( D−5) H P , I =H I-1+B
and replacing these four equations into Flow rate at in
equation (D-7 ), one obtains H I-1+B⋅
H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −H I +1 +B⋅QI +1 QP,I=
Q = (D-9 ) B+R⋅|Q
B M , I=B+R⋅|Q I +1| ( D−5)
and replacing these four equations into Flow rate at in
equation (D-7 ), one obtains H I-1+B⋅
H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −H I +1 +B⋅QI +1 QP,I=
QP,I= (D-9 ) B+R⋅|Q
B+R⋅|Q I−1|+B+R⋅|Q I +1|
Piezometric h
H P , I =H I-1+B

C P , I =H I-1 +B⋅Q I −1 ( D−1)

B P , I =B+R⋅|Q I−1| ( D−2 )
C M , I =H I +1 −B⋅QI +1 (D−4 )
B M , I=B+R⋅|Q I +1| ( D−5)
H P,I=C M , I +B M , I⋅QP , I (D−6 )
C P , I −C M , I
QP , I = (D-7 )
B M , I +B P , I
H P , I =C P−B P , I⋅Q P , I ( D−8 )

Flow rate at interior points, compact form

H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −H I +1 +B⋅QI +1
QP,I= (D-9 )
B+R⋅|Q I−1|+B+R⋅|Q I +1|

Piezometric height at interior points, compact form

H P , I =H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −( B+R⋅|QI −1|)⋅QP , I (D-10 )
 Return to Index

C P , I =H I-1 +B⋅Q I −1
D.2. Piezometric height of an interior point B P , I =B+R⋅|Q I−1|
Piezometric heightr at a point P at a position I C M , I =H I +1 −B⋅QI +1
and at a time t B M , I=B+R⋅|Q I +1|
H P , I =C P , I −B P, I⋅Q P , I ( D−8 ) H P,I=C M , I +B M , I⋅QP
Knowing the data of the previous point (I-1) C P , I −C M , I
QP , I =
and of the posterior point ( I +1), the values of B M , I +B P , I
CP,I , BP,I , CM,I and BM,I can be calculated. H P , I =C P−B P , I⋅Q P ,

Flow rate and piezometric height at a point P Flow rate at interior p

at a position I and at a time t H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −
C P ,I −C M , I QP,I=
QP , I = (D-7 ) B+R⋅|Q I−1|+B
B M ,I +B P ,I
H P , I =C P , I −B P, I⋅Q P , I ( D−8 ) Piezometric height at
This procedure can be used in the calcualtion of all H P , I =H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −
interior sections.

P
t+Dt
 C+ C-

t Dx Dx
A B

x
I-1 I I+1
Figure 1. x - t graphic

From [1], page 538

H P=H A−B⋅( Q p - Q A ) -R⋅|Q A|⋅QP Eq .(AP)

and
H P=H B +B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +R⋅|Q B|⋅Q P Eq .( BP)

4c.- Streeter_Chapter 13.5

Flow rate at interior points, compact form

H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −H I +1 +B⋅QI +1
QP,I= ( D-9)
B+R⋅|Q I−1|+B+R⋅|Q I +1|

Index P indicates at time T

Without index P indicates at the previous time Tprev
with I-1=Ilinks and
I+1=Ilright
 Index P indicates at time T
Without index P indicates at the previous time Tprev
with I-1=Ilinks and
I+1=Ilright

H ( Tprev,Ilinks )+B⋅Q (Tprev , Hlinks ) −H ( Tprev , Hright ) +B⋅Q ( Tprev , Hright )

Q ( T,I )=
B+R⋅|Q ( Tprev ,Hlinks )|+B+R⋅|Q ( Tprev , Hright )|

For the valve,

I = NS
Ilinks=I-1 =NS -1=( N+1)-1=N
Iright does not exist

H ( Tprev,N ) +B⋅Q ( Tprev , N )− H ( Tprev , Hright ) +B⋅Q ( Tprev , Hright )

Q ( T,NS ) =
B+R⋅|Q ( Tprev , N )|+B+R⋅|Q ( Tprev , Hright )|

ometric height at an interior point Knowing the data of the previous point
and of the posterior point ( I +1), the va
height can be found from equation of CP , BP , C M and B M can be calculate
=C M , I +B M , I⋅QP , I ( D−6 )
C P , I −C M , I The solution of the equations (D-3 )
= (D-7 )
B M , I +B P , I and (D-6 ) are
C P ,I −C M , I
QP , I = (D
B M ,I +B P ,I
( D−2) H P ,I =C P−B P , I⋅Q P , I (D−8
P , I =B+R⋅|Q I−1|
( D−5 ) This procedure can be used in the
M , I =B+R⋅|Q I +1|
calcualtion of all interior sections.
 B M ,I +B P ,I
( D−2) H P ,I =C P−B P , I⋅Q P , I (D−8
P , I =B+R⋅|Q I−1|
( D−5 ) This procedure can be used in the
M , I =B+R⋅|Q I +1|
calcualtion of all interior sections.

P , I =H I-1 +B⋅Q I −1 ( D−1) In reference [1],

(D-1) -> [1], (13.6.11) a

M , I =H I +1 −B⋅Q I +1 ( D−4 ) (D-2) -> [1], (13.6.11) b

(D-3) -> [1], (13.6.13) ForC+
(D-4) -> [1], (13.6.12) a
(D-5) -> [1], (13.6.12) b
(D-6) -> [1], (13.6.14) ForC-
(D-7) -> [1], (13.6.15) a
(D-8) -> [1], (13.6.15) b

Piezometric height at interior points, compact form

Height at an interior point P at a position

I and at a time t
H P , I =C P −B P , I⋅Q P , I ( D−8)
with
C P , I =H I-1+B⋅Q I −1 ( D−1)
B P , I =B+R⋅|Q I−1| ( D−2 )
and replacing equations (D-1 ) and (D-2 )
into equation (D-8 ), one obtains
H P , I =H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −( B+R⋅|QI −1|)⋅QP , I (D-10 )
Flow rate at interior points, compact form
H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −H I +1 +B⋅QI +1
QP,I= ( D-9)
B+R⋅|Q I−1|+B+R⋅|Q I +1|
Flow rate at interior points, compact form
H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −H I +1 +B⋅QI +1
QP,I= ( D-9)
B+R⋅|Q I−1|+B+R⋅|Q I +1|

Piezometric height at interior points, compact form

H P , I =H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −( B+R⋅|QI −1|)⋅QP , I (D-10 )
 Rev. cjc. 25.10.2015
1 of 5

, I =H I-1 +B⋅Q I −1 ( D−1)

, I =B+R⋅|Q I−1| ( D−2 )
M , I =H I +1 −B⋅Q I +1 (D−4 )
, I =B+R⋅|Q I +1| ( D−5)
,I=C M , I +B M , I⋅Q P , I (D−6 )
C P , I −C M , I
,I= (D-7 )
B M , I +B P , I
P , I =C P −B P , I⋅Q P , I ( D−8 )

ow rate at interior points, compact form

H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −H I +1 +B⋅QI +1
I= (D-9 )
B+R⋅|Q I−1|+B+R⋅|Q I +1|

ezometric height at interior points, compact form

P , I =H I-1+B⋅Q I −1 −( B+R⋅|Q I −1|)⋅Q P , I (D-10 )

2 of 5
3 of 5
⋅Q ( Tprev , Hright )

rev , Hright )

4 of 5

f the previous point (I-1)

point ( I +1), the values
B M can be calculated.

equations (D-3 )

(D-7 )

P,I (D−8 )
be used in the
terior sections.
P,I (D−8 )
be used in the
terior sections.

no equation number in [1]

no equation number in [1]

5 of 5
 E. Initial conditions

E.1. Initial pipe pressure loss E.2. Initial piezometr

Initial pipe (only) pressure loss Initial piezometric heigh

f⋅L
ΔHp_0 = 2
2
⋅Q0 ( mwc) (E-4 ) Q20
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p H v_0 =
2⋅g⋅CV 02

E.4. Initial piezometric heigh at the nodes E.5. Reservoir piezom

Initial piezometric height at a node I Reservoir piezometric

H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q20 ( E-19) H P,1= H res (at any

f⋅Δx
R= (C-17b)
2⋅g⋅D⋅A 2p

Also (see comments below)

H − ΔH
R= res 2 v_0 (E-21 )
N⋅Q0

E.1. Initial pipe pressure loss

Initial pipe pressure loss

(Index 0, at initial time)
Initial pipe (only) press
From Darcy-Weisbach f⋅L 2
L
ΔHp_0 = ⋅Q 0
ΔH p_0 =f⋅ ⋅H kin_p_0
D
2⋅g⋅D⋅A2p
 Initial pipe pressure loss
(Index 0, at initial time)
Initial pipe (only) press
From Darcy-Weisbach f⋅L 2
L
ΔHp_0 = ⋅Q 0
ΔH p_0 =f⋅ ⋅H kin_p_0
D
2⋅g⋅D⋅A2p
and with the pipe initial kinematic
pressure
v 2p_0
H kin_p_0= (m ) (E-1)
2⋅g
2
L vp
ΔH p_0 =f⋅ ⋅ 0
(mwc) (E-2)
D 2⋅g
and with the initial pipe velocity
Q0
v p_0 = (E-3)
Ap
2
f⋅L Q0
ΔH p_0= ⋅
2⋅g⋅D A 2p
f⋅L 2
ΔH p_0 = ⋅Q 0 ( mwc) (E-4)
2⋅g⋅D⋅A 2p

Initial pipe (only ) pressure loss

f⋅L 2
ΔH p_0 = 2
⋅Q 0 (mwc) (E-4 )
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p

Since the pressure at valve exit is Initial flow rate calcula

considered the reference zero pressure, (at time t =0 )
the piezometric heigth at the valve Q0 = ( C D⋅A v ) 0⋅v v_0
inlet, at t = 0 is C D : discharge coeffici
v 2v_0 A v : valve opening are
H v_0 =K v ⋅ ( mwc) ( E-8 ) Index 0 : at time t=0
2⋅g0

The pressure loss coefficient at

 inlet, at t = 0 is C D : discharge coeffici
v 2v_0 A v : valve opening are
H v_0 =K v ⋅ ( mwc) ( E-8 ) Index 0 : at time t=0
0
2⋅g
The pressure loss coefficient at Initial velocity at the v
the valve discharge is at any time Q0
K v =1 since all pressure is lost v v_0 =
( C D⋅A v )0
at the discharge into the atmosphere.
Since it has been defined that the
valve is at an elevation z = 0,
the initial piezometric height
at the valve is
2
v v_0
H v_0 = (mwc ) ( E-9 )
2⋅g

E.3. Initial flow rate

At time t= 0 Replacing equations (

H res =ΔHp_0 + ΔH v_0 (E−14 ) into equation (E-14 ),
with 2

H res : reservoir elevation (constant ) ( )(

L Q0
H res =f⋅ ⋅
D 2⋅g⋅A2p
ΔHp_0 : pipe initial friction loss
f⋅L 2
ΔHp_0 = ⋅Q (E-4 )

(
L
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p 2 0

ΔH v_0 : initial pressure loss at the valve

2
H res =Q0⋅
( ) +1
f⋅
D
2⋅g⋅A2p 2⋅
Q20
 f⋅L 2
ΔHp_0 = ⋅Q (E-4 )

(
L
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p 2 0

2
ΔH v_0 : initial pressure loss at the valve H res =Q0⋅
f⋅
D ( )
+
1
2
2 2⋅g⋅A p 2⋅
Q0
ΔH v_0= 2
( E−13 ) thus
2⋅g⋅CV 0
2 H res
where CV 0 is the effective valve Q0 =
L
opening area at the initial time t0 f⋅
D ( )+
1
2⋅g⋅A 2p 2⋅g⋅CV

E.4. Initial piezometric heigh at the nodes

Initial piezometric height at the nodes. In sheet C was defin

f⋅Δx
R=
From equation 2⋅g⋅D⋅A 2p
f⋅L 2 Replacing in equatio
ΔHp_0 = 2
⋅Q 0 (mwc) (E-4 )
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p f⋅Δx
ΔHp_0 = 2
⋅
since the pipe has N segments with a 2⋅g⋅D⋅A p
lenght Δx the R-value, it becom
L=N⋅Δx ΔHp_0 = R⋅N⋅Q20
f⋅( Δx⋅N ) 2 and for one segment
ΔHp_0 = 2
⋅Q0
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p ΔH p_0
f⋅Δx ΔHseg_0 =
ΔHp_0 = ⋅N⋅Q
2
(E-16 ) N
2 0
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p R⋅N⋅Q20
ΔHp_0 = ⋅Q0 and for one segment
2⋅g⋅D⋅A2p ΔH p_0
f⋅Δx ΔHseg_0 =
ΔHp_0 = ⋅N⋅Q
2
(E-16 ) N
0
2⋅g⋅D⋅A2p R⋅N⋅Q20
ΔHseg_0 =
N
ΔHseg_0 = R⋅Q20

E.5. Initial conditions ar the reservoir

Reservoir piezometric height

Since the reservoir height is constant, the piezometric

height at the node I = 1, at any time t will have the
same value which has been designed as Hres . Thus
H P,1= H res (at any time t ) ( E-20)
where the index P indicates any new point and the
index 1 indicates the reservoir node I=1
Comments

From Therefore, equati

H res =ΔHp_0 + ΔH v_0 ( E−14 ) f⋅Δx
R=
ΔHp_0 =H res −ΔH v_0 2⋅g⋅D⋅A p
2

and from and

ΔHp_0 = R⋅N⋅Q20 (E-17) H res− ΔH v_0
R=
thus N⋅Q20
R⋅N⋅Q20 =H res− ΔH v_0 are equivalent
and
H res− ΔH v_0
R= 2
(E-21)
N⋅Q0
 Return to Index

E.2. Initial piezometric height at the valve inlet E.3. Initial flow rate
The initial flow rate ( time t = 0 ) is
Initial piezometric height at the valve

√
Q20 H res m3
H v_0 = ( E-13 ) Q0 = (
2⋅g⋅CV 02 L s
f⋅( ) +1
D
2⋅g⋅A 2p 2⋅g⋅CV 02

E.5. Reservoir piezometric height

Reservoir piezometric height, at any time CV 0 : effective valve opening

H P,1= H res (at any time t ) (E-20) area (m² ) at the initial time t0

E.2. Initial piezometric height at the valv

ipe (only) pressure loss Initial kinematic pressure ve

f⋅L 2 the valve
2
⋅Q 0 ( mwc) (E-4 )
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p 0
ipe (only) pressure loss Initial kinematic pressure ve
f⋅L 2 the valve
2
⋅Q 0 ( mwc) (E-4 )
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p 0
H 2
v
v_0
kin¿ = (m) (E-5 )
2⋅g
¿ V v : initial velocity at the va
0

Pressure loss at the valve

v 2v
ΔH v= K v⋅ (mwc)
2⋅g

Initial pressure loss at the valv

v 2v_0
ΔH v_0= K v ⋅ (mwc)
2⋅g 0

al flow rate calculated at the valve, Effective opening valve area CV

me t =0 ) at time t .
(C D⋅A v ) 0⋅v v_0 (E-10 ) CV t =( C⋅A v )t
discharge coefficient (also named C)
valve opening area (m²) Initial effective valve area opening
x 0 : at time t=0 CV 0 =( C⋅A v )0
Initial velocity at the valve
discharge coefficient (also named C)
valve opening area (m²) Initial effective valve area opening
x 0 : at time t=0 CV 0 =( C⋅A v )0
Initial velocity at the valve
al velocity at the valve Q0
Q0 v v_0= (E-12 )
= ( E-11 ) CV 0
( C D⋅A v )0 with
CV 0 =CVA(1)
and CVA(1), first element of the
matrix with data of the openings
in the application example 13. 6
of [ 1].

The initial flow rate ( time t = 0 ) is

cing equations ( E-4 ) and (E-13 )

√
quation (E-14 ), H res m
3
Q0= (
Q20 Q20
=f⋅( )(
L
⋅ +
)
D 2⋅g⋅A p 2⋅g⋅CV 02
2
f⋅
L
( ) +1
D
2 2
s

2⋅g⋅A p 2⋅g⋅CV 0

( )
L
2
=Q0⋅
( ) +1
f⋅
D The initial flow rate ( time t = 0 ) is

2⋅g⋅A2p 2⋅g⋅CV 02 H res m

3
Q0 = ( E−15)
 ( )
L
2
=Q0⋅
( ) +1
f⋅
D The initial flow rate ( time t = 0 ) is

2⋅g⋅A2p 2⋅g⋅CV 02

√
H res m
3
Q0 = ( E−15)
L s
f⋅( ) +1
D
H res 2⋅g⋅A 2p 2⋅g⋅CV 02

L
⋅( ) +1
D
2⋅g⋅A 2p 2⋅g⋅CV 02

heet C was defined Initial piezometric height at specific

f⋅Δx nodes.
(C-17b)
2⋅g⋅D⋅A 2p
At the first node (I =1)
placing in equation
H (1)0 =H res
f⋅Δx 2
p_0 = 2
⋅N⋅Q 0 (E-16) At the second node
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p H (2)0 = H res - ( 1 )⋅ΔHseg_0
R-value, it becomes and at the I node
2
p_0 = R⋅N⋅Q 0 (E-17) H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅ΔHseg_0
for one segment thus the initial piezometric height at
ΔH p_0 a node I is
seg_0 = H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q 20 ( E-19)
N
R⋅N⋅Q20
 for one segment thus the initial piezometric height at
ΔH p_0 a node I is
seg_0 = H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q 20 ( E-19)
N
R⋅N⋅Q20
seg_0 = Initial piezometric height at a node I
N
2
H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q 20 ( E-19)
seg_0 = R⋅Q 0 ( E−18 )

Reservoir piezometric height, at any time

H P,1= H res (at any time t ) (E-20 )
e piezometric
will have the
Hres . Thus
( E-20)
int and the
1
Therefore, equations
f⋅Δx
R= 2
(C-17b)
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p
and
H res− ΔH v_0
R= (E-21)
N⋅Q20
are equivalent
 23.10.2015. rev. 24.03.219
1 of 7

( time t = 0 ) is

m3
( E−15)
s

⋅CV 02

valve opening
he initial time t0

2 of 7

etric height at the valve

matic pressure velocity at

the valve
matic pressure velocity at
the valve

m) (E-5 )

elocity at the valve

t the valve

(mwc) ( E-6 )

e loss at the valve

v_0
(mwc) ( E-7 )
⋅g

3 of 7

Replacing equation
Q0
v v_0= ( E-12 )
CV 0
into equation
v 2v_0
Hv_0 = ( E-9 )
2⋅g
one gets
 into equation
v 2v_0
Hv_0 = ( E-9 )
2⋅g
one gets
2
Q0
H v_0 = ( E-13 )
2⋅g⋅CV 02

Initial piezometric height at the valve

2
Q0
H v_0 = 2
( E-13 )
2⋅g⋅CV 0

Initial piezometric height at the valve

Q20
H v_0 = ( E-13 )
2⋅g⋅CV 02

4 of 7

Nomenclature
= 0 ) is H res : Reservoir height
ΔHfr =Pipe friction loss
ΔHv =Valve pressure loss
3 H kin_v =Kinematic pressure at valve
m
( E−15) H kin_p =Kinematic pressure in pipe
s H res =ΔHfr + ΔH v
Q0 : initial flow rate ( m3 / s )
A p : pipe secction area ( m² )
ΔH: pressure loss (mwc)
f: Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient
L: pipe length (m)
d: pipe inside diameter (m)
V v : initial velocity at the valve (m/s)
0

s C D : discharge coefficient at time t

A v : valve opening area at time t
3
m I ndex
( E−15)
 L: pipe length (m)
d: pipe inside diameter (m)
V v : initial velocity at the valve (m/s)
0

s C D : discharge coefficient at time t

A v : valve opening area at time t
3
m I ndex
( E−15)
s 0: initial conditions
v: valve
p: pipe
fr: friction factor

5 of 7

t at specific From sheet C

a
B= (C-17a )
g⋅A p
and
f⋅Δx
R= 2
(C-17b)
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p
Hseg_0

f⋅Δx
ΔHseg_0 R= (C-17b)
2⋅g⋅D⋅A 2p
ric height at
Initial piezometric height at a node I is
⋅Q20 ( E-19) H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q20 ( E-19)
ric height at
Initial piezometric height at a node I is
⋅Q20 ( E-19) H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q20 ( E-19)

t at a node I
⋅Q20 ( E-19)

6 of 7

e
(E-20 )
7 of 7
 F. Reservoir boundary conditionsl conditions
Resume

F.1. Flow rate at the reservoir

Using approximation equation (C-9) Using approximatio

The flow rate at the reservoir is

H P .1 −H
H P , 1 - H 2 + B⋅Q2−R⋅|Q 2|⋅Q2 Q P ,1 =
QP , 1= (F-4 ) B +R⋅
B

The flow rate at the reservoir is

Equation for the fl
H - H 2 + B⋅Q 2 −R⋅|Q2|⋅Q2
Q P, 1 = P, 1 (F-4 ) boundary is
B
where the Q P,1 and H P,1 values correspond to the H P. 1 −H 2 +
Q P , 1=
calculation time and the H 2 and Q2 values correspond B+R⋅|Q2|
to the previous time . where the approxi
In this equation, the approximation of equation P
P
∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9 ) ∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A
A A
was used was used

Reservoir boundary conditions

The rectangular mesh, , when applied to

the case of the reservoir, located at the
Reservoir boundary conditions

The rectangular mesh, , when applied to

the case of the reservoir, located at the
upstream end of the pipe (Node 1 ),
is schematically shown in Figure F-1 .

The boundary condition at the point P, Figure F-0. Rectangu

characteristic equatio
node i=1 is related to the conditions
of the interior point at i = 2.
The section BP has a negative slope and
−
therefore the equation for C has to be
applied in this case.

From sheet C, page 15

for a section C− the applicable equation is
H P=H B+B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +R⋅|Q B|⋅Q B ( for C− ) (C-19)
H P=H B+B⋅Q p - B⋅QB +R⋅|QB|⋅Q B
H P=H B+R⋅|Q B|⋅QB - B⋅Q B+B⋅Q p
For a point P located at a node I ,
point B will be located in node I +1 .
 H P=H B+B⋅Q p - B⋅QB +R⋅|QB|⋅Q B
H P=H B+R⋅|Q B|⋅QB - B⋅Q B+B⋅Q p
For a point P located at a node I ,
point B will be located in node I +1 .
H P ,I =H I +1 +R⋅|QI +1|⋅Q I +1 - B⋅Q I +1 +B⋅Qp,I ( F-1)
__________ CM __________
with
C M =H I +1 +R⋅|QI +1|⋅QI +1 - B⋅QI +1 (F-2)
then
H P ,I =C M +B⋅Q P ,I (for C−) ( F-3)

The flow rate at the reservoir is

Reservoir
H P,1 - H 2 + B⋅Q2−R⋅|Q2|⋅Q2
Q P,1 = (F-4) (From she
B
where the Q P,1 and HP,1 values correspond to the Since the r
calculation time, and the H 2 and Q2 values
height at th
same value
correspond to the previous time .
This equation was obtained using the approximation
P H P,1 = Hre
∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9 )
where the
A
If the approximate equation were index 1 in
P

∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10 )

A
A
If the approximate equation were
P

∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10 )

A
the equation for the flow rate at the reservoir
will be (developed in next page)
H P. 1−H 2 + B⋅Q2
Q P ,1 = (F-4)b
B+R⋅|Q2|

Reservoir boundary conditions

From sheet C
The case of the reservoir, located at the upstream
end of the pipe, is schematically shown in figure F-1 for a section C− , the applic
The boundary condition at the point P is related the approximate equation
to the conditions of the interior point at I = 2. P
The section BP has a negative slope and therefore ∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P
the equation for C- has to be applied in this case. A
is
t H P=H B +B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +R⋅|Q
H P=H B +B⋅Q p - B⋅Q B+R⋅|
P
H P=H B +R⋅|QB|⋅Q P - B⋅QB
C-

I=2 For a point P located at a n

1
Dx x point B will be located in
B
H P, I =H I +1 +R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q P ,I -
Figure F-1. Upstream end
__________ CM __
with
C M =H I +1+R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q P, I -
then
H P, I =H I +1 +R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q P ,I -
__________ CM __
with
C M =H I +1+R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q P, I -
then
H P, I =C M +B⋅QP ,I (for
 Return to Index

F.2. Piezometric height at the reservoir

Using approximation equation (C-10) H P,1= H res (at any time t )

H P .1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2
Q P ,1 = (F-4 )b where the index P indicates any new point and t
B +R⋅|Q 2| index 1 indicates the reservoir node I=1

Equation for the flow rate at the reservoir

boundary is
H P. 1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2
Q P , 1= (F-4 )b
B+R⋅|Q2|
where the approximation of equation
P

∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10)

A
was used
Figure F-0. Rectangular mesh for the solution of the
haracteristic equations [1], fig. 13.14

Reservoir

i=1

Replacing equation
C M =H I +1 +R⋅|QI +1|⋅QI +1 - B⋅QI +1 (F-2)
into equation for C−
(C-19) H P , I =C M +B⋅Q P ,I (for C− ) (F-3)
one obtains
H P , I =H I +1 +R⋅|QI +1|⋅Q I +1 - B⋅Q I +1 +B⋅Q P,I
At the boundary, I = 1 .
H P , 1= H 1+1 +R⋅|Q 1+1|⋅Q1+1 - B⋅Q1+1 +B⋅QP ,1
 one obtains
H P , I =H I +1 +R⋅|QI +1|⋅Q I +1 - B⋅Q I +1 +B⋅Q P,I
At the boundary, I = 1 .
H P , 1= H 1+1 +R⋅|Q 1+1|⋅Q1+1 - B⋅Q1+1 +B⋅QP ,1
H P , 1= H 2 +R⋅|Q2|⋅Q2 - B⋅Q2 +B⋅Q P ,1
( F-1)
and
B⋅Q P,1 =H P, 1 - H 2 + B⋅Q2 −R⋅|Q2|⋅Q2
Thus, the equation for the flow rate at the
(F-2) reservoir boundary is
H P ,1 - H 2 + B⋅Q2−R⋅|Q2|⋅Q2
QP ,1= ( F-4)
( F-3) B

Reservoir piezometric height

(From sheet E )
Since the reservoir height is constant, the piezometric
height at the node I = 1, at any time t will have the
same value which has been designed as Hres . Thus

H P,1 = Hres (at any time t ) ( E-20 )

where the index P indicates any new point and the
index 1 indicates the reservoir node I=1
tC Replacing equation
on C− , the applicable equation when using C M =H I +1 +R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q P, I - B⋅Q I +1
imate equation into equation for C−
H P, I =C M +B⋅QP ,I (for C− )
=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10 ) one obtains
H P, I =H I +1 +R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q P ,I - B⋅QI +1 +B⋅QP ,I

B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +R⋅|QB|⋅Q P (for C−) (C-19)b At the boundary, I = 1.

H P,1 =H 1+1 +R⋅|Q1+1|⋅Q P ,1 - B⋅Q1+1 +B⋅Q P ,1
B⋅Q p - B⋅Q B+R⋅|Q B|⋅QP
H P,1 =H 2 +R⋅|Q2|⋅Q P ,1 - B⋅Q2 +B⋅QP ,1
R⋅|QB|⋅Q P - B⋅QB +B⋅Q p H P,1 −H 2 + B⋅Q 2=R⋅|Q2|⋅Q P ,1 +B⋅Q P,1
R⋅|Q2|⋅Q P,1 +B⋅Q P ,1 =H P ,1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2
t P located at a node I (index P,I), Q P,1⋅( R⋅|Q2|+B ) =H P ,1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2
will be located in node I + 1 .
+1 +R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q P ,I - B⋅Q I +1 +B⋅Q P,I (F-1)b Thus, the equation for the flow rate at the
________ CM __________ reservoir boundary is
H P.1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2
Q P ,1 = ( for C− )
B+R⋅|Q2|
+R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q P, I - B⋅Q I +1 (F-2)b
where the approximation of equation
P
+1 +R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q P ,I - B⋅Q I +1 +B⋅Q P,I (F-1)b Thus, the equation for the flow rate at the
________ CM __________ reservoir boundary is
H P.1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2
Q P ,1 = ( for C− )
B+R⋅|Q2|
+R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q P, I - B⋅Q I +1 (F-2)b
where the approximation of equation
P

+B⋅QP ,I −
(for C ) (F-3)b ∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P
A
was used
 Rev. cjc. 23.10.2015
1 of 5

ht at the reservoir

time t ) ( E-20)

cates any new point and the

servoir node I=1

2 of 5
 i=1 i=2

3 of 5

-2)

F-3)

1
I

( F-4)

4 of 5
 5 of 5

1|⋅Q P, I - B⋅Q I +1 (F-2)b

−
C
(for C− ) (F-3)b

+1|⋅Q P ,I - B⋅Q I +1 +B⋅Q P ,I

= 1.
1+1|⋅Q P ,1 - B⋅Q 1+1 +B⋅Q P ,1
Q P ,1 - B⋅Q2 +B⋅QP ,1
=R⋅|Q2|⋅Q P ,1 +B⋅Q P,1
,1 =H P ,1 −H 2 + B⋅Q 2
H P ,1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2

for the flow rate at the

is
B⋅Q2
( for C− ) (F-4 )b

mation of equation
 for the flow rate at the
is
B⋅Q2
( for C− ) (F-4 )b

mation of equation

|⋅v P (C-10)
 G. Valve boundary conditions
Resume

G.1. Flow rate at the valve

√ 2
QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV 2⋅B P + ( g⋅B P⋅CV 2 ) +CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P ( G-4 )

C P =H N + B⋅QN ( G−5 )
B P =B+ R⋅|Q N| (G−6 )

CV =( C d⋅A v ) : product of area of valve opening

and discharge coefficient at a time T

Valve boundary conditions

The rectangular mesh, Figure F-0, when

applied to the case of the valve, located
Valve boundary conditions

The rectangular mesh, Figure F-0, when

applied to the case of the valve, located
at the downstream end of the pipe (node N+1),
is schematically shown in Figure G-1 .

The boundary condition at the point P,

node i=N +1 is related to the conditions
of the interior point at i = N .
The section BP has a positive slope and
+
therefore the equation for C has to be
applied in this case.

Flow rate at the valve At the valve, I =NS

with
The steady state flow rate through a valve, NS=N +1
considered as an orifice, is given by the equation for the
Q0 =( C d⋅A v ) 0⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H 0 QP=CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P
with becomes
Q0 : steady state flow rate QP . NS=CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H
( C d⋅A v ) 0 : product of area of valve opening Q2 =CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅H
 Q0 =( C d⋅A v ) 0⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H 0 QP=CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P
with becomes
Q0 : steady state flow rate QP . NS=CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H
( C d⋅A v ) 0 : product of area of valve opening Q2P , NS=CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅H
and discharge coefficient, at time = 0 .
Equation for the pie
For a different valve opening,
H P,I=C P , I −B P, I⋅Q
QP =C d⋅A v⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P
becomes for I = N
( C d⋅A v ) : product of area of valve opening H P,NS=( C P , NS−B P ,
and discharge coefficient and with
CV=C d⋅A v
QP =CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P (G-1)

Replacing equation The solution of a sec

H P,NS=( C P , NS −B P , NS⋅Q P, NS ) (G−3) x 2^ + b ⋅ x + c = 0
into equation is
x = - b/2 +- (b ^ 2/4
Q2P , NS =CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅H P , NS (G−2)
thus
one has
Q2P , NS =CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅( C P, NS −B P , NS⋅Q P , NS ) x=−g⋅CV 2⋅B P, NS +
Q2P , NS =CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P , NS −CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅B P, NS⋅QP , NS
Q2P , NS =CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P , NS −2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅B P, NS⋅QP , NS and the flow rate at t
Q2P , NS +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅B P , NS⋅Q P , NS−CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P, NS =0 QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV 2⋅B P
_______b________ _____c______
thus, with and piezometric heig
H P,NS=C P , NS −B P , N
b=2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅B P , NS
Q2P , NS +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅B P , NS⋅Q P , NS−CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P, NS =0 QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV 2⋅B P
_______b________ _____c______
thus, with and piezometric heig
H P,NS=C P , NS −B P , N
b=2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅B P , NS
and
c=−CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P, NS
one has
Q2P , NS +b⋅Q P, NS +c =0

C P , I =H I-1+B⋅Q I −1 ( D−1) At the valve

B P , I =B+R⋅|Q I−1| (D−2 ) I = NS
H P,I=C P , I −B P, I⋅Q P , I for C + ( D−3) and
C M , I =H I +1 −B⋅QI +1 ( D−4 ) I-1 = Ns-1 =
B M , I=B+R⋅|Q I +1| ( D−5)
Eq .( D-1) be
H P,I=C M , I +B M , I⋅QP , I (D−6 )
C P , NS =H N +
C P , I −C M , I
QP , I = (D-7 ) and Eq .(D-2
B M , I +B P , I B P , NS=B+R
H P , I =C P , I −B P, I⋅Q P , I ( D−8 )
Piezometric heigths at the valve

Equation for the piezometric height

H P,NS=( C P−B P⋅Q P , NS ) (G−3)

and the constants are

C P =H I-1 +B⋅Q I −1 ( D−1)
B P=B+R⋅|Q I−1| ( D−2 )
with I = NS = N+1
and
I-1=N +1-1=N
C P =H N +B⋅QN (G−5 )
B P=B+R⋅|Q N| (G−6 )
Flow rate and piezometric height at the valve, compact form
From
2
QP ( NS )=−g⋅CV ⋅B P+ ( g⋅B P⋅CV √ 2 2
) +CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P (G-4 )
and
H P,NS=( C P−B P⋅Q P , NS ) (G−3)
with
C P =H N +B⋅QN (G−
B P=B+R⋅|Q N| (G−
CV =( C d⋅A v )

Piezometric height and flow rate at the valve

HP(NS)=Cp-Bo*Qp,NS (G-3)
QP(NS)=-g*CV^2*BP + (( g*BP*CV^2 )^2+CV^2*2*g*CP ) (G-4)
CP =HN + B*QN (G-5)
BP=B+R*abs(QN) (G-6)
 Return to Index

G.2. Piezometric height at the valve

(G-4) --> [1], (13,7,2) Piezometric height at the valve

H P,NS=( C P −B P⋅Q P , NS ) ( G−3)

Compact form of the equations of the valve boundary conditions

√ 2
QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV 2⋅( B+R⋅|Q N|) + ( g⋅( B+R⋅|Q N|)⋅CV 2 ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( H N +B⋅Q N )
(G
H P,NS=( H N +B⋅Q N )− ( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅Q P, NS (G−8 )

2
√
QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV ⋅( B P) + ( g⋅( BP )⋅CV 2 2
) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( C P ) (G-7 )a

H P,NS=( C P )− ( B P )⋅Q P , NS (G−8)a

 Figure F-0. Rectangular mesh for the solution of the
characteristic equations [1], fig. 13.14

he valve, I =NS where

h C P , I =H I-1 +B⋅Q I −1
=N +1 B P , I =B+R⋅|Q I−1|
equation for the flow H P,I=C P , I −B P, I⋅Q P , I for C +
=CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P (G-1) C M , I =H I +1 −B⋅QI +1
omes B M , I=B+R⋅|Q I +1|
NS =CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P , NS H P,I=C M , I +B M ,I⋅QP , I (
=CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅H (G−2)
=CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P (G-1) C M , I =H I +1 −B⋅QI +1
omes B M , I=B+R⋅|Q I +1|
NS =CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P , NS H P,I=C M , I +B M ,I⋅QP , I (
2
NS =CV ⋅2⋅g⋅H P ,NS (G−2) C P , I −C M , I
QP , I =
B M ,I +B P ,I
uation for the piezometric height (C+ ) H P , I =C P ,I −B P, I⋅Q P , I
I=C P , I −B P, I⋅Q P , I ( D−3)
and the values of the flow rates
omes for I = NS
QI −1 and Q I +1 and of the
NS=( C P , NS −B P , NS⋅Q P, NS ) (G−3) piezometric heights HI-1 and
H I +1 at the previous time are known .

he solution of a second degree equation

2^ + b ⋅ x + c = 0 where
C P , NS=H N +
= - b/2 +- (b ^
2 / 4 - c ) 0^ .5 B P , NS=B+R⋅
hus
C M =H I +1 −B
√1 2
=−g⋅CV 2⋅B P, NS + ⋅(2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅B P , NS ) −(−CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P , NS )
4 B M =B+R⋅|Q
and the value
nd the flow rate at the valve is QI −1 and Q I
P ( NS) =−g⋅CV 2
⋅B P, NS +√( g⋅B P, NS⋅CV 2 2
) +CV 2
⋅2⋅g⋅C P , NS (G-4 ) piezometric h
H I +1 at the p
nd piezometric heigth at the valve is
H P,NS=C P , NS −B P , NS⋅Q P, NS (G-3)
The constants
 2
√ 22 2
P ( NS) =−g⋅CV ⋅B P, NS + ( g⋅B P, NS⋅CV ) +CV ⋅2⋅g⋅C P , NS (G-4 ) piezometric h
H I +1 at the p
nd piezometric heigth at the valve is
H P,NS=C P , NS −B P , NS⋅Q P, NS (G-3)
The constants
a
B=
g⋅A p
and
f⋅Δx
R=
2⋅g⋅d⋅A

At the valve
I = NS
and
I-1 = Ns-1 =N

Eq .( D-1) becomes
C P , NS=H N +B⋅Q N (D−1 NS)
and Eq .(D-2 ) becomes
B P , NS =B+R⋅|Q N| ( D−2 NS )
mpact form Replacing equations (G-5 ) and (G-6) into (g-4) and (G-
one equation expressions for the flow rate and for the piez
CP (G-4 ) at the valve
Q P( NS )=−g⋅CV 2⋅( B+R⋅|Q N|) +
(G−3)
√ 2 2
+ ( g⋅( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅CV ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( H N +B⋅QN ) (G-7

(G−5 )
H P,NS=( H N +B⋅Q N ) −( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅Q P, NS (G−8
(G−6 )
C P , I =H I-1+B⋅Q I −1 ( D−1)
B P , I =B+R⋅|Q I−1| (D−2 )
(G-3)
H P,I=C P , I −B P, I⋅Q P , I for C + ( D−3)
(G-4)
(G-5)
C M , I =H I +1 −B⋅QI +1 ( D−4 )
(G-6)
B M , I=B+R⋅|Q I +1| ( D−5)
H P,I=C M , I +B M , I⋅QP , I (D−6 )
C P , I −C M , I
QP , I = (D-7 )
B M , I +B P , I
H P , I =C P , I −B P, I⋅Q P , I ( D−8 )
 Rev. cjc. 23.10.2015
1 of 7

(G-3) --> [1], (13,7,3)

(G-4) --> [1], (13,7,2)

(G-3) --> [1], (13,7,3)

2
⋅( H N +B⋅Q N )
(G-7 )

P ) (G-7 )a

(G−8)a

2 of 7
 3 of 7

−1 ( D−1)
| (D−2 )
Q P , I for C + ( D−3)
QI +1 ( D−4 )
| ( D−5)
⋅QP , I (D−6 )
QI +1 ( D−4 )
| ( D−5)
⋅QP , I (D−6 )

(D-7 )

⋅Q P , I ( D−8 )
The constants B and R are
e flow rates a
B=
d of the g⋅A p
and
HI-1 and f⋅Δx
R=
s time are known . 2⋅g⋅d⋅A 2p

4of7

where
C P , NS=H N +B⋅Q N (D−1 NS)
B P , NS =B+R⋅|Q N| ( D−2 NS )
C M =H I +1 −B⋅QI +1 ( D−4 )
B M =B+R⋅|Q I +1| ( D−5 )
and the values of the flow rates
QI −1 and Q I +1 and of the
piezometric heights HI-1 and
H I +1 at the previous time are known .

The constants B and R are

piezometric heights HI-1 and
H I +1 at the previous time are known .

The constants B and R are

a
B=
g⋅A p
and
f⋅Δx
R=
2⋅g⋅d⋅A 2p

5 of 7
 6 of 7

Hpi : Height of new point "Pi"

Qpi : Flow rate of new point "Pi"
The values of the flow Qi-1 and height Hi-1
correspond to known values at the the
previous time interval, and at the neighboring
node "i-1".
The values of the flow Qi+1 and height Hi+1
correspond to known values at the the
previous time interval, and at the neighboring
node "i+1".

In reference [1],
(G-1) -> [1], (13.7.1)
(G-3) -> [1], (13,7.3)
(G-4) -> [1], (13,7.2)
(G-5) -> Eq. (D-1) evaluaterd at (I-1)=N
(G-6) -> Eq. (D-2) evaluaterd at (I-1)=N
 7 of 7

into (g-4) and (G-3), one obtains

ate and for the piezometric height

N +B⋅Q N ) (G-7 )

NS (G−8)

( D−1)
(D−2 )
( D−3)
( D−4 )
( D−5)
(D−6 )

(D-7 )

( D−8 )
This annex does not correspond to the theory of the method of characteristics and only de

The opening CVA is given at time intervals of Interpolation

DCV = 5 s To tabulate proportional opennings
The data is given in the following matrix time lapses of 1 second, a "K para
has to be defined
CVA Matrix
t CV sheet K= Int(T / DCV) + 1
(s) (m²) 2a.-F.D.
CVA(1) = 0.060 Note. The code [1] uses the functio
CVA(2) = 0.030
CVA(3) = 0.010 For a given K value, the CV value
CVA(4) = 0.003 extrated from the CVA matrix as
CVA(5) = 0.001 CV(K) = Index(CVA,K,1)
CVA(6) = 0.001
CVA(7) = 0.0 For a given "DCV" interval, the va
CVA(8) = 0.0 is mantained in each group of DC
CVA(9) = 0.0 Thus, in the first interval, a value o
CVA(10) = 0.0 is mantained.
CVA(11) = 0.0 In the second interval a value of K
mantained, and so on.
DCV: Time lapse between the given closure
openings. In Streeter example, DCV = 5 (s). Between two defined CV values, th
So, at time = 0 (s), the opening is CVA(1). intermediate values must be calcu
At time = 5 (s), the opening is CVA(2) by interpolation between both extr
known values.

From sheet: 4b.- Streeter code

Linear interpolation for a time "t"

CV = Index(CVA,K,1) + ( t - (K - 1) * DCV ) * ( Index(CVA,K+1,1) - Index(CVA,K,1) ) / DCV (H-2)
CV interpolation
In this case, the data available for the interpolation
is defined by the matrix CVA.
The K-value is given by the equation
K=Int( T / DCV ) + 1 (H-1)
The interpolation equation for the data of the CVA matrix is
CV =CVA( K )+ [ T- ( K-1 )⋅DCV ]⋅ [
CVA( K +1 )-CVA (K )
DCV ]
(H-2 )
This equation is equivalent to:
1.- Determine between which elements of the CVA matrix is the
time t .
For example, the time t = 3 is found between the elements CVA(1)
for the time t = 0, and CVA(2) for the time t = 5 .
2.- Execute an interpolation for the time t = 3 between the times t = 0
and t = 5 .
time t "CVA matrix"
(s)
0 CVA(1) = 0.06 m²
5 CVA(2) = 0.03 m²
10 CVA(3) = 0.01 m²
15 CVA(4) = 0.003 m²
20 CVA(5) = 0.001 m²
25 CVA(6) = 0.0005 m²
30 CVA(7) = 0.0002 m²
35 CVA(8) = 0 m²
40 CVA(9) = 0 m²
45 CVA(10) = 0 m²
50 CVA(11) = 0 m²
 Return to Index

acteristics and only develops the relationship between time and the opening of the valve in the example 13.9 Streete

Linear interpolation for a time "T"

proportional opennings for CV = Index(CVA,K,1) + ( T- (K - 1) * DCV ) * ( Index(CVA,K+1,1) -
of 1 second, a "K parameter"
Table for openning the CV

nt(T / DCV) + 1 Elapsed Calculation CV =

(H-1) time of parameter Cd*A
ode [1] uses the function "fix" Row valve closure for CV (Interpolation)
number T Eq. (H-1) Eq. (H-2)
K value, the CV value is to be [s] K CV
m the CVA matrix as 0 0.00 1 0.06
ndex(CVA,K,1) 1 1.00 1 0.054
2 2.00 1 0.048
"DCV" interval, the value of K 3 3.00 1 0.042
d in each group of DCV rows. 4 4.00 1 0.036
first interval, a value of K = 1 5 5.00 2 0.03
6 6.00 2 0.026
d interval a value of K = 2 is 7 7.00 2 0.022
and so on. 8 8.00 2 0.018
9 9.00 2 0.014
o defined CV values, the 10 10.00 3 0.01
values must be calculated 11 11.00 3 0.0086
ion between both extremes 12 12.00 3 0.0072
13 13.00 3 0.0058
14 14.00 3 0.0044
15 15.00 4 0.003
16 16.00 4 0.0026
17 17.00 4 0.0022
18 18.00 4 0.0018
19 19.00 4 0.0014
20 20.00 5 0.001
21 21.00 5 0.0009
22 22.00 5 0.0008
23 23.00 5 0.0007
24 24.00 5 0.0006
25 25.00 6 0.0005
CVA,K,1) ) / DCV (H-2) 26 26.00 6 0.00044
27 27.00 6 0.00038
28 28.00 6 0.00032
29 29.00 6 0.00026
 30 30.00 7 0.0002
31 31.00 7 0.00016
32 32.00 7 0.00012
33 33.00 7 0.00008
34 34.00 7 0.00004
35 35.00 8 0.000000
36 36.00 8 0.000000
37 37.00 8 0.000000
38 38.00 8 0.000000
H-1) 39
40
39.00
40.00
8
9
0.000000
0.000000
x is 41
42
41.00
42.00
9
9
0.000000
0.000000

]
43 43.00 9 0.000000
44 44.00 9 0.000000 0.07
45 45.00 10 0.000000
46 46.00 10 0.000000 0.06
47 47.00 10 0.000000
2) 48 48.00 10 0.000000 0.05
49 49.00 10 0.000000
50 50.00 11 - 0.04

ix is the 0.03

0.02
s CVA(1)
0.01

0
he times t = 0 0.00 10.00
 Rev. cjc. 23.10.2015
1 of 1
n the example 13.9 Streeter [1].

V ) * ( Index(CVA,K+1,1) - Index(CVA,K,1) ) / DCV (H-2)

Application
DCV = 5
T= 1
K= Int(T/DCV) + 1
K= 1

CVA(K) = Index( CVA,K,1 )

CVA(K) = 0.06

CVA(K) = Index( CVA,K,1 )

CVA(K) = 0.060

CVA(K+1) = Index( CVA,K+1,1 )

CVA(K+1) = 0.030

(CVA(K+1) - CVA(K) ) / DCV = -0.006

T - (K-1) =
T= 1
K= 1
T - (K-1) = 1

CV = 0.054

DCV = 5

Elapsed Calculation CV =
time of parameter Cd*A
Row valve closure for CV (Interpolation)
number T Eq. (H-1) Eq. (H-2)
[s] K CV
0 0.00 1 0.06
1 1.00 1 0.054
 2 2.00 1 0.048
3 3.00 1 0.042
4 4.00 1 0.036
5 5.00 2 0.03

cv
0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
6.- Celerity Operating pressure
Water hammer. Joukovsky / Michaud
From sheet "2.- F. D. Table"
Celerity, critical time, and pressures Hres = 100
developed in a "sudden" and a "not L= 4800
sudden shutoff". D= 2
f= 0.022
1.- Input data a= 1200
N= 4
Operating flowrate DCV = 5
From sheet "2.- F. D. Table", Initial flow rate Q 0 Tmax = 50
Q = Q0 = 2.63 m /s 3
Pop = Hres / g
Pop = 10.2
Pipe data
Material: Carbon Steel
dn = 78 in
sch = STD -
L= 4800 m 100
Steel pipe elasticity module 4800
Et = 2,060,000 bar 2
Bulk modulus and density of water 0.022
K= 21,133 bar 1200
r= 1,000 kg/m³ 4
5
50

4.- Velocity change 6.- Total pressure developed by a

sudden shutoff
Initial velocity
 vi = 0.84 m/s ptot_SS = pop + hSS
Final velocity pop = 10.2
vf = 0.00 m/s hSS = 10.1
Velocity change ptot_SS = 20.3
Dv = vf - vi m/s ptot_SS = 198.6
Dv = -0.84 m/s
7. Critical time
5.- Pressure increment due to water
hammer produced by a sudden shutoff. Maximum over- pressure or under-pressure are
obtained when the shutoff time "Dt", is less or
The pressure increment can be equal to the critical time "tc",
calculated with Joukovsky elasticity
2 L
theory, by a Sudden Shutoff "SS" tc 
hSS = (- a * Dv ) / g
a
a= 1200.0 m/s tc = 2*L/a
Dv = -0.84 m/s L= 4,800
h= 103 m a= 1200.0
hSS = 10.1 bar tc = 8.0

Total pressure developed by a

sudden shutoff
Joukovsky / Michaud equations
P= 198.6 m.w.c.

The resulting water hammer pressure for a closing time less then the crtitical time is
ptot_SS = 198.6 m.w.c.

To obtain a sudden closure in the routine, set in "sheet 1.- Input", the Divider-value to a high value.
For example, set Divider = 100
For this setting, the graphic form sheet 2b.- Graphic F-D. will show a maximum pressure a little
over 200 m.w.c.
From the valve opening graphic, for the setting Divider = 100, it is clear that the valve is practically
fully closed after 6 seconds.
Thus, we have a case of a sudden closure.

Valve closure progarm

From sheet "2.- F. D. Table"
Elapsed time Open area
(s) cm²
0 600 600
1 300 300
2 100 100
3 30 30
4 10 10
5 5 5
6 2 2
7 0 0

dn Schedule /Thickness
in For
1/ 2 5 t=
3/ 4 10
1 20 Bulk modulus "K" of water [bar], a
1 1/ 2 30 Temperature ºC
2 40 0
3 60 20202
4 80 Schedules http://www.mhhe.com/engcs/civil/f
5 100
6 120
8 140
10 160
12 STD
14 XS
 16 XXS
18 6.35
20 7.14
22 7.92
24 8.74
26 9.53
28 10.31
30 11.13
32 11.91 Thicknesses
34 12.7
36 14.27
38 15.88
40 16.66
42 17.48
44 19.05
46 22.23
48 25.4
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
120
144
 Return to Index

2.- Auxiliary variables 3.- Celerity

Pipe dimensions
di = c
m Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch a 
m di = #VALUE! mm  K d 
m Streeter uses a diameter of 2000 mm
 1   
 E t s 
- To mantain the input data unchanged, let
m/s di = 2000 mm a : celerity (wave velocity) (m/s)
- s= Pipe_Imp_CS_Thickness_dn_sch c: speed of sound (m/s)
s s= #VALUE! mm d: inside pipe diameter (mm)
s s: minimum wall thickness (mm)
Pipe section area K: water bulk modulus (bar)
bar A= (pi()/4)*d^2 a=
d= 2.0 m c=
A= 3.1416 m2 K=
Et =
Fluid velocity d=
v= Q/A s=
Q= 2.63 m3/s a=
A= 3.1416 m2 The value of the celerity used by Streeter exa
v= 0.84 m/s a=
instead of the here calculated value.
Speed of sound in water To mantain Streeter imput data unchanged, t
c (K / r )^0.5 value used for the celerity wil be
K= 2.1E+09 Pa a=
r= 1000 kg/m³
c= 1453.7 m/s

8.- Pressure increment due to water 9. Pressure developed due to valve

veloped by a hammer produced by a Not Sudden shutoff in the time interval
Shutoff "NSS"
ptot_NSS =
 For a shutoff time greater than the pop =
bar (man) critical time, the Michaud relation can hNSS =
bar be used. ptot_NSS =
bar tc ptot_NSS =
hNSS  h SS 
m.w.c. Dt
hNSS: presure increment in a Non
Sudden Shutoff
hSS : Pressure increment in a Sudden
ure or under-pressure are Shutoff (Joukovsky)
toff time "Dt", is less or tc : Critical time
Dt : Valver closing time

Valve closing time

Dt = 30.0 s

m Pressure ncrement (NSS)

m/s hNSS = hSS *( tc / Dt )
s hSS = 10.1 bar
tc = 8.0 s
Dt = 30.0 s
hNSS = 2.7 bar

2⋅L⋅Δv
hNSS =
Opened area [cm²]

g⋅Δτ
ue to a high value. Δv 2⋅L Open area as function
⋅ 700
g⋅¿ Δτ
essure a little a⋅Δv 2⋅L 600
⋅
g⋅¿ a⋅Δτ 500

a⋅Δv 400
h NSS=¿hNSS =¿ =h SS
g 300

2⋅L 200
h NSS=h SS⋅
a⋅Δτ 100
 g⋅¿ Δτ

Open
a⋅Δv 2⋅L 600
⋅
g⋅¿ a⋅Δτ 500

a⋅Δv 400
alve is practically h NSS=¿hNSS =¿ =h SS
g 300

2⋅L 200
h NSS=h SS⋅
a⋅Δτ 100
2⋅L 1
h NSS=h SS⋅ ⋅ 0
0 1 2 3 4
a Δτ Elapsed time
with
2⋅L
τc=
a
1
h NSS=h SS⋅τ c⋅
Δτ
τc
h NSS=h SS⋅
Δτ

10 ªC

k modulus "K" of water [bar], at 1 atmosphere

Temperature ºC
10 20 49
21133 22064 22960
//www.mhhe.com/engcs/civil/finnemore/graphics/ch02.pdf
 18.06.2016
1 of 3

c

 K d 
 1   
 E t s 
elerity (wave velocity) (m/s)
eed of sound (m/s)
ide pipe diameter (mm)
nimum wall thickness (mm)
ater bulk modulus (bar)
c / (1 + (K/Et) * (d/s) )^(0.5)
1453.7 m/s
2.1E+09 Pa
2.1E+11 Pa
2000 mm
#VALUE! mm
#VALUE! m/s
value of the celerity used by Streeter example is
1200 m/s
ad of the here calculated value.
antain Streeter imput data unchanged, the
used for the celerity wil be
1200 m/s

2 of 3
essure developed due to valve
off in the time interval Dt > tc

pop + hNSS
 0.0 bar
2.7 bar
2.7 bar
26.3 m.w.c.

3 of 3

Open area as function of time

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Elapsed time [s]
Initial conditions

Data from sheet 1

Hres = 100 m Initial pipe pressure loss

L= 4800 m
D= 2 m f⋅L 2
f= 0.022 - ΔHp_0 = 2
⋅Q 0 (mwc )
a= 1200 m/s 2⋅g⋅d⋅A p
N= 4 -
DCV = 5 s DHp_0 = f * L / ( 2 * g * D * Ap^2 ) * Q02
Tmax = 50 s f= 0.022 -
L= 4800 m
CV0 = 0.06 D= 2 m
Ap = 3.141593 m²
Q0 = 2.632 m3/s
DHp_0 = 1.89 mwc

Initial flow rate (time t = 0 )

√
H res
Q0 = ( E−15)
L
f⋅( )
D
+
1
2⋅g⋅A 2p 2⋅g⋅CV 02

Q0 = ( Hres / ( (f*L/D)/(2*g*Ap^2) + 1/( 2*g*CV0^2 ) ) )^0.5

Hres = 100 m
L= 4800 m
D= 2 m
f= 0.022 -
Ap = 3.142 m²
CV0 = 0.06 -
Q0 = 2.632 m3/s
 f⋅Δx
R= (C-17b)
2⋅g⋅D⋅A 2p
R= f * Dx / ( 2 * g * D * Ap^2 )
f= 0.022
Dx = 1200 m
D= 2 m
Ap = 3.141593 m²
R= 0.06819

also
R= (Hres - Hvalve_0) / (Q0 ^ 2 * N)
Hres = 100 m
Hvalve_0 = 98.11 m
Q0 = 2.63 m3/s
N= 4 -
R= 0.0682

Initial piezometric height at a node I

H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q20 ( E-19)
for node
I= 2

H(I)0 = Hres - (I-1) * R * Q0^2

Hres = 100 m
R= 0.0682
Q0 = 2.632 m3/s
H(I)0 = 99.5276 m

H
Hres = 100 m Piezometric height at the
100.00
Piezometric height 99.90
 99.80
I H(I)0 99.70
H(1) = Hre = 1 100.00 99.60
2 99.5276 99.50
3 99.0552 99.40
4 98.5829 99.30
5 98.1105 99.20
99.10
'2900 Initial values 99.00
Eq (E-19) 98.90
For I = 1 To NS 98.80
Q(I) = Q0 98.70
H(I) = Hres - (I - 1) * R * Q0 ^ 2 98.60
Next I 98.50
98.40
Initial flow rate 98.30
Q0 = 2.6320 m3/s 98.20
98.10
98.00
1 2
H(4) = 98.5829 Reservoir
Q(4) = 2.6320
 Return to Index

Pipe area
Ap = (p/4) * D^2
essure loss D= 2 m
Ap = 3.141593 m²
2
2
⋅Q 0 (mwc ) ( E-4 )
⋅A p Segment lenght
Dx = L/N
* D * Ap^2 ) * Q02 L= 4800 m
N= 4
Dx = 1200 m

Initial piezometric height at the valve

Q20
H v_0 = 2
(mwc) (E-13 )
2⋅g⋅CV 0
Hv_0 = Q0^2 / ( 2*g*CVo^2 )
Q0 = 2.632 m3/s
CV0 = 0.06
Hv_0 = 98.1105 m
 '2900 Initial values '
Eq (E-19)
For I = 1 To NS
Q(I) = Q0
H(I) = Hres - (I - 1) * R * Q0 ^ 2
Next I

Piezometric height at the nodes, at time t = 0

 nodes
3 4 5
Valve
Reservoir Boundary Conditions

'4600...................... Boundary condition at the reservoir ..........................................

'
'The value of HP(1) is already defined as '
'HP(1) = Hres 'Eq.(E-20) '
QP(1) = (HP(1) - H(2) + B * Q(2)) / (B + R * Abs(Q(2))) 'Eq.(F-4)b
' See notes on this equation in sheet 9, page 3 '
'.........................................................................................................

Piezometric height at the reservoir

H P,1= H res (at any time t ) ( E-20)
where the index P indicates any new point and the
index 1 indicates the reservoir node I=1

Flow rate at the reservoir

H P. 1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2
Q P ,1 = (F-4 )b
B+R⋅|Q2|
 Return to Index

Piezometric height at the reservoi (E-20)

...................... Hp(1) = Hres
Hres = 100 m
' HP(1) = 100 m

'Eq.(F-4)b Flow rate at the reservoir

' Qp(1) = ( Hp(1) - H(2) + B * Q(2) ) / ( B + R * abs(Q(2) )
Hp(1) = 100
In the first step
H(2) = 99.52762 Init. Cond. H(2), Q(2)
B= 38.95
Q(2) = 2.63199
R= 0.06819
Qp(1) = 2.63199
Interior sections

4800...................... Interior sections

For I = 2 To N
CP = H(I - 1) + B * Q(I - 1) Eq(13.6.11a)
BP = B + R * Abs(Q(I - 1)) Eq(13.6.11b)
CM = H(I + 1) - B * Q(I + 1) Eq(13.6.12a)
BM = B + R * Abs(Q(I + 1)) Eq(13.6.12a)
QP(I) = (CP - CM) / (BP + BM) Eq(13.6.15)
HP(I) = CP - BP * QP(I) Eq(13.6.16)
Next I

H I-1 + B⋅Q I −1 −H I +1 + B⋅Q I +1

QP,I= ( D-9)
B+ R⋅|Q I −1|+B + R⋅|Q I +1|

H P , I =H I-1+ B⋅QI −1 −( B+ R⋅|Q I −1|)⋅QP , I ( D-10 )

a
B=
g⋅A p
and
f⋅Δx
R=
2⋅g⋅d⋅A 2p
 Return to Index

B= 38.95 Initial values

R= 0.06819 I Q(I) H(I)
1 2.63 100.0000
2 0.00 99.5276
3 0.00 99.0552
4 0.00 98.5829
5 0.00 98.1105

Interior sections, (application for T = 1)

Q(i) H(i) CP BP CM BM
( D-9) i
1 2.632 100.000 ----------- ------------ ------------ ------------
2 0.000 99.528 202.517 39.130 99.055 38.950
3 0.000 99.055 99.528 38.950 98.583 38.950
D-10 ) 4 0.000 98.583 99.055 38.950 98.110 38.950
5 0.000 98.110 ----------- ------------ ------------ ------------
 QP(I) HP(I)

------------ ------------
1.325 150.667
0.012 99.055
0.012 98.583
------------ ------------
Valve Boundary Conditions

4200...................... Boundary condition at the valve. Node: NS ..............................................

'
CP = H(N) + B * Q(N) 'Eq. (G-5) and also Eq(13.6.11a) for (I - 1) = N '
BP = B + R * Abs(Q(N)) 'Eq. (G-6) and also Eq(13.6.11b) for (I - 1) = N '
'
' Flow and piezometric height at the valve '
QP(NS) = -G * BP * CV ^ 2 + Sqr((G * BP * CV ^ 2) ^ 2 + 2 * G * CV ^ 2 * CP) 'Eq. (G-7)a (1
HP(NS) = CP - BP * QP(NS) 'Eq. (G-8)a (13.6.13a) '
'
'.........................................................................................................

Flow rate at the valve

√ 2
QP ( NS )=−g⋅( Cd⋅A v )2⋅B P + ( g⋅B P⋅( C d⋅A v ) 2 ) + ( C d⋅A v )2⋅2⋅g⋅C P (G-4)

√ 2
Q P ( NS )=−g⋅( CV )2⋅B P + ( g⋅B P⋅( CV )2 ) + ( CV )2⋅2⋅g⋅C P (G-4 )a

C P =H N + B⋅Q N ( G−5 )

B P =B+ R⋅|Q N| (G−6 )

CV =( C d⋅A v ) : product of area of valve opening
and discharge coefficient at a time T

Hres = 100 m
L= 4800 m
D= 2 m
f= 0.022 -
a= 1200 m/s
N= 4 -
DCV = 5 s
Tmax = 50 s

CV0 = 0.06
Ap = 3.141593 m²

a
B=
g⋅A p
and
f⋅Δx
R=
2⋅g⋅d⋅A 2p

C P =H N + B⋅Q N ( G−5 )
B P =B+ R⋅|Q N| (G−6 )

√ 2
QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV 2⋅( B P) + ( g⋅( BP )⋅CV 2 ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( C P ) (G-7 )a

H P,NS=( C P )− ( B P )⋅Q P , NS ( G−8) a

 Return to Index

Boundary conditions at the valve (node NS = N+1)

......................................... This conditions depend on the values of the Piezometric Height and flow

.6.11a) for (I - 1) = N ' 1.- Determination of the CV-value

3.6.11b) for (I - 1) = N '
CV =( C d⋅A v ) : product of area of valve opening
' and discharge coefficient
^ 2 * CP) 'Eq. (G-7)a (13.7.3) '
(G-8)a (13.6.13a) ' Time interval of CVA values
DCV = 5 s

K=Int( T / DCV ) + 1
g⋅C P (G-4) K= Int(T/DCV)+1
for T = 0
K= 1
(G-4 )a

CV =CVA( K )+ [ T- ( K-1 )⋅DCV ]⋅ [ CVA( K +1 )-C

DCV
CVA: Matrix with opennings data

K CVA(K) = Index( CVA,K,1 )

1 0.06
2 0.03
3 0.01
4 0.003
5 0.001
6 0.0005
7 0.0002
8 0
9 0
10 0
11 0

DCV = 5 s

T= 1

K= Int(T/DCV)+1
 K= 1

CV = CVA(K) + (T - (K-1)*DCV ) * ( (CVA(K+1) - CVA(K) ) /DCV )

CV = Index( CVA,K,1 ) + (T - (K-1)*DCV ) * ( (Index( CVA,K+1,1 ) -
CV = 0.054

example for
T= 1

B= a / (g * Ap) For the valve (I = NS), the p

a= 1200 m/s N=
Ap = 3.141593 m²
B= 38.95 H(N) = H(4) =
Q(N) = Q(r) =

Dx = L/N
L= 4800 m
N= 4 Bp =
Dx = 1200 m B=
R=
Q(N) =
R= f * Dx / ( 2 * g * D * Ap^2 ) Bp =
f= 0.022
Dx = 1200 Cp =
D= 2 H(N) =
Ap = 3.1416 B=
R= 0.06819 Q(N) =
Cp =

Flow rate at the valve at time T =1

Qp(NS) = -g * CV^2 * Bp + ( ( g * Bp * CV^2 )^2 + 2 * g * CV^2 * Cp )^
CV = 0.054
Bp = 39.1298
Cp = 201.10
Qp(NS) = 2.452 m³/s

Piezometric height at the valve, at time T = 1

Hp(NS) = Cp - Bp * Qp(NS)
Cp = 201.10
Bp = 39.1298
QP(NS) = 2.452
Hp(NS) = 105.14 m
iezometric Height and flow rate of the interior node N.

(H-1)

V ]⋅[ CVA( K +1 )-CVA ( K )

DCV ] (H-2 )
A(K+1) - CVA(K) ) /DCV )
) * ( (Index( CVA,K+1,1 ) - Index( CVA,K,1 ) ) /DCV )

For the valve (I = NS), the previous node is the node I = N)

4

98.5829
2.6320

B + R * abs(Q(N))
38.95
0.06819
2.6320
39.1298

H(N) + B * Q(N)
98.5829
38.95
2.6320
201.10

)^2 + 2 * g * CV^2 * Cp )^0.5

Return to Index

Piezometric height
 O.- Constant slope

From sheet C, page 13 of 15 The applica

height to th
For pipe applications, it is convenient to pP =γ⋅( h P −
work in terms of piezometric height h p A =γ⋅( h A −
p and with
h= z+ ( m) (C-14 )
γ γ = ρ⋅g
and flow rate Q instead of p and v pP = ρ⋅g⋅( h
p A = ρ⋅g⋅( h
From equation (C-14 ) pP − p A =ρ⋅
p=γ⋅( h− z ) pP − p A =ρ⋅
where
p: fluid pressure (Pa )
N
γ :fluid specific weight 3
m ( )
h: piezometric height (m)
z: elevation (m)
 Return to Index

The application of the piezometric and with

height to the points P and A gives z P−z A= Δz
pP =γ⋅( h P −z P )
and
p A =γ⋅( h A −z A ) Δz
=sin ( θ )
and with Δx
γ = ρ⋅g Δz= Δx⋅sin ( θ )
pP = ρ⋅g⋅( hP −z P ) and replacing
p A = ρ⋅g⋅( h A −z A ) pP− p A=ρ⋅g⋅( h P−h A ) −ρ⋅g⋅
pP − p A =ρ⋅g⋅( h P −z P )− ρ⋅g⋅( h A −z A )
pP − p A =ρ⋅g⋅( h P −h A ) −ρ⋅g⋅( z P −z A )

For a constant slope,

and the piezometric height "H" is eq

For a horizontal pipe, that is for a pipe with a constant constant elevatio
if this elevation is defined with a value z = 0,
then the piezometric height "h" is equivalent to the static head h

That is, if the solution for the piezometric head of the case of constant e
the value of its the pressure will be p = g * h

If the ground level is not constant, the piezometric height will include a n
For the case shown in the figure, where the elevation of "point 2" is le
the static pressure in "point 2" will be increases in the value (z
 18.06.2019

h
= Δz

(θ)
⋅sin ( θ )
acing
=ρ⋅g⋅( h P−h A ) −ρ⋅g⋅Δx⋅sin (θ )
(C-15)
(13.6. 6)

ant slope, Dz = 0 and sin(q) = 0

zometric height "H" is equivalent to the value of "p/g"

stant constant elevation "z",

he static head h stat = (p/g)

the case of constant elevation "h" is known,

c height will include a non zero value of the elevation "z".

ation of "point 2" is less than the elevation of "point 1",
n the value (z 1 - z2).
Resume of equations
A.- Momentum equation

Momentum equation for unsteady flow in a pipe

∂v 1 ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v|
+ +g⋅sin ( θ )+ =0 ( f )
∂t ρ ∂ x 2⋅d

In the further development, this equation will be

denoted as equation L1. Thus
∂v 1 ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v|
L1= + +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 [ A-7 ]
∂t ρ ∂x 2⋅d
(13 .5 .3 )
D. Interior points

C P , I =H I-1 +B⋅Q I −1 ( D−1) L

ΔH p_0 =f⋅ ⋅
B P , I =B+R⋅|Q I−1| ( D−2 ) D
2
C M , I =H I +1 −B⋅QI +1 (D−4 ) v p_0
H kin_p_0=
2⋅g
B M , I=B+R⋅|Q I +1| ( D−5)
H P,I=C M , I +B M , I⋅QP , I ( D−6 ) L v
ΔHp_0 =f⋅ ⋅
D 2⋅
C P , I −C M , I
QP , I = (D-7 ) Q0
B M , I +B P , I v p_0=
Ap
H P , I =C P−B P , I⋅Q P , I ( D−8 ) Initial pipe (on
f⋅L
ΔHp_0 =
Flow rate at interior points, compact form 2⋅g⋅D
H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −H I +1 +B⋅QI +1 0
QP,I= ( D-9)
B+R⋅|Q I−1|+B+R⋅|Q I +1| v 2v_0
kin¿ =
2⋅g
Piezometric height at interior points, compact form
H P , I =H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −( B+R⋅|QI −1|)⋅QP , I (D-10 )
H ¿ Pressure los
2
vv
ΔH v= K v⋅
2⋅g

F. Reservoir boundary conditionsl conditions

 For a point P located at a node I ,
point B will be located in node I + 1 .
H P, I =H I +1 +R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q I +1 - B⋅Q I +1 +B⋅Q p,I (F-1)
__________ CM __________
with
C M =H I +1 +R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q I +1 - B⋅Q I +1 (F-2)
Thus, the equations for the piezometric height and
for flow rate at the reservoir boundary are
H P, I =C M +B⋅QP ,I (for C− ) (F-3)
H P,1 - H 2 + B⋅Q2 −R⋅|Q2|⋅Q2
Q P,1 = ( F-4)
B
where it has been used the approximated equation
P

∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9)

A

G. Valve boundary conditions

Flow rate at the valve, I =NS Flow rate at the valve

QP=CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P (G-1 ) Q
P ( NS) =−g⋅CV 2
⋅B P+ ( g⋅B √
Flow rate at the valve, I =NS Flow rate at the valve
QP=CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P (G-1 ) Q
P ( NS) =−g⋅CV 2
√
⋅B P+ ( g⋅B
Q2P , NS =CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅H P , NS (G−2 )
from and piezometric heigth at the
H P,I=C p −B⋅Q P,I (D-3 ) H P,NS=C P−B P⋅Q P , NS
for I = NS
H P,NS=( C P−B P⋅Q P , NS ) (G−3) B P=B+R⋅|Q I−1| ( D−
For i = NS
i-1 = Ns-1 =N
 Return to Index

A.-Continuity equation

in a pipe Continuity equation for a compressible liquid

in an elastic pipe
dp 2 ∂v
+ ρ⋅a ⋅ =0 ( B−11 )
dt ∂x

n will be In the further development, this equation will be

denoted as equation L2. Thus
dp ∂v
L2= +ρ⋅a2⋅ =0 (B-13 )
[ A-7 ] dt ∂x
( 13 .5. 12 )
(13.5 .3)
 E. Initial conditions 2
v v_0
L ΔH v_0= K v ⋅ (mwc)
ΔH p_0 =f⋅ ⋅H kin_p_0 (E-0 ) 0
2⋅g
D
2 v 2v_0
v p_0 H v_0 =K v ⋅ ( mwc) (
H kin_p_0= (m ) (E-1 ) 0 2⋅g
2⋅g
2 v2v_0
L p v H v_0 = (mwc )
ΔHp_0 =f⋅ ⋅ 0
(mwc ) (E-2 ) 2⋅g
D 2⋅g
Q0 =( C D⋅A v )0⋅v v_0 (E
Q0
v p_0= ( E-3 ) Q0
Ap v v_0=
Initial pipe (only) pressure loss (mwc ) ( C D⋅A v )0
f⋅L 2 Q0
ΔHp_0 = 2
⋅Q 0 (E-4 ) v v_0=
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p CV 0
0 Initial piezometric height at the
v 2v_0 Q20
kin¿ = (m) (E-5 ) H v_0 =
2⋅g 2⋅g⋅CV 02
H ¿ Pressure loss at the valve
2 At time t= 0
vv
ΔH v= K v⋅ (mwc) ( E-6 ) H res =ΔHp_0 + ΔH v_0 (E−14
2⋅g
 Thus, the equations for the piezometric height and
for flow rate at the reservoir boundary are
(F-1) H P, I =C M +B⋅QP ,I (for C−) ( F-3)b
H P.1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2
Q P ,1 = ( for C− ) (F-4)b
B+R⋅|Q2|
(F-2) where it has been used the approximated equation
and P

∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10)

A
(F-3)

( F-4)
tion

(C-9 )

Return to Index

e at the valve At the valve

√ 2
−g⋅CV 2⋅B P+ ( g⋅B P⋅CV 2 ) +CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P (G-4 ) I-1=N +1-1=N
 e at the valve At the valve
2
√
−g⋅CV ⋅B P+ ( g⋅B P⋅CV 22
) +CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P (G-4 ) I-1=N +1-1=N
C P =H N + B⋅Q N
B P=B+ R⋅|Q N|
ometric heigth at the valve is
P −B P⋅Q P , NS (G-3) Replacing equatio
one equation exp
R⋅|Q I−1| ( D−2) at the valve
NS Q P(NS )=−g⋅CV 2
= Ns-1 =N
√
+ ( g⋅( B+R⋅|QN|

H P,NS=( H N +B⋅Q

Flow rate and piezometric height at the valve

QP(NS)= -g * CV^2 * ( B +R * abs(Q(N) ) +

HP(NS) = (H(N) + B*Q(N)) - (B + R * abs(Q(N)
 1 of 4

liquid

on will be
 2 3
v v_0 The initial flow m /s rate (time t = 0 ) is
⋅ (mwc) ( E-7 )
2⋅g

√
2
v_0 H res
( mwc) ( E-8 ) Q0= ( E−15)
⋅g L
(mwc ) ( E-9 )
f⋅( ) +1
D
2⋅g⋅A 2p 2⋅g⋅CV 02
)0⋅v v_0 (E-10 ) f⋅Δx 2
ΔHp_0 = ⋅N⋅Q 0 (E-16)
(E-11 ) 2⋅g⋅D⋅A2p
)
v 0 ΔHp_0 = R⋅N⋅Q20 (E-17 )
(E-12 ) ΔHseg_0 = R⋅Q20 ( E−18 )
Initial piezometric height at a node I
metric height at the valve 2
H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q0 ( E-19 )
( E-13 ) H P,1= H res (at any time t ) E-20 )
CV 02 f⋅Δx
R= 2
C-17b )
0 2⋅g⋅D⋅A p
+ ΔH v_0 (E−14 ) H res− ΔH v_0
R= 2 (E-21)
N⋅Q0
eight and The equations ( F-3) and (F-4) obtained using
e the approximated equation (C-9 ), and the
( F-3)b equations (F-3)b and (F-4) b obtained using
the approximated equation (C-10 ) will give
(F-4)b the same result .

equation

(C-10)

Piezometric height and flow rate at the valve

HP(NS)=Cp-Bo*Qp,NS (G-3)
QP(NS)=-g*CV^2*BP + (( g*BP*CV^2 )^2+CV^2*2*g*CP ) (G-4)
CP =HN + B*QN (G-5)
BP=B+R*abs(QN) (G-6)

At the valve
I-1=N +1-1=N
 At the valve
I-1=N +1-1=N
C P =H N + B⋅Q N (G−5 )
B P =B+ R⋅|Q N| (G−6 )
Replacing equations (G-5 ) and (G-6) into (g-4) and (G-3), one obtains
one equation expressions for the flow rate and for the piezometric height
at the valve
Q P( NS )=−g⋅CV 2⋅( B+R⋅|Q N|) +

√ 2 2
+ ( g⋅( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅CV ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( H N +B⋅QN ) (G-7 )

H P,NS=( H N +B⋅Q N ) −( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅Q P, NS (G−8)

t the valve

bs(Q(N) ) + ( ( g * ( B + R * abs(Q(N)) ) * CV^2 )^2 + 2 *g * CV^2 *( H(N) + B * Q(N) ) )^0.5

R * abs(Q(N) ) )* QP(NS)
2 of 4
 t = 0) is

−15)

16)

E-17)
E−18 )
de I
E-19 )
E-20 )
-17b )

E-21)

3 of 4
 d using
he
using
give

(G-3)
(G-4)
(G-5)
(G-6)

4 of 4
 one obtains
etric height

(G-7)
(G-8)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
2

3 Pipe Thickness [mm], according ASME B36.10M

4

5 ASME B36.10M SCHEDULE / IDENTIFICATION

6 Size d ext 5 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

7 1/ 2 21.3 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.77 - 3.73 - 0 - 4.78

8 3/ 4 26.7 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.87 - 3.91 - 0 - 5.56
9 1 33.4 1.65 2.77 - 2.9 3.38 - 4.55 - 0 - 6.35
10 1 1/ 4 42.2 1.65 2.77 2.97 3.56 4.85 6.35
11 1 1/ 2 48.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.68 - 5.08 - 0 - 7.14
12 2 60.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.91 - 5.54 - 0 - 8.74
13 2 1/ 2 73 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.16 7.01 9.53
14 3 88.9 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 5.49 - 7.62 - 0 - 11.1
15 3 1/ 2 101.6 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.74 8.08
16 4 114.3 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 6.02 - 8.56 - 11.1 - 13.5
17 5 141.3 2.77 3.4 - - 6.55 - 9.53 - 12.7 - 15.9
18 6 168.3 2.77 3.4 - - 7.11 - 11 - 14.3 - 18.3
19 8 219.1 2.77 3.76 6.35 7.04 8.18 10.3 12.7 15.1 18.3 20.6 23
20 10 273 3.4 4.19 6.35 7.8 9.27 12.7 15.1 18.3 21.4 25.4 28.6
21 12 323.8 3.96 4.57 6.35 8.38 10.3 14.3 17.5 21.4 25.4 28.6 33.3
22 14 355.6 3.96 6.35 7.92 9.53 11.1 15.1 19.1 23.8 27.8 31.8 35.7
23 16 406.4 4.19 6.35 7.92 9.53 12.7 16.7 21.4 26.2 31 36.5 40.5
24 18 457 4.19 6.35 7.92 11.1 14.3 19.1 23.8 29.4 34.9 39.7 45.2
25 20 508 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 15.1 20.6 26.2 32.5 38.1 44.5 50
26 22 559 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 - 22.2 28.6 34.9 41.3 47.6 54
27 24 610 5.54 6.35 9.53 14.3 17.5 24.6 31 38.9 46 52.4 59.5
28 26 660 - 7.92 15.88
12.7 - - - - - - -
29 28 711 - 7.92 12.7 - - - - - - - -
30 30 762 6.35 7.92 12.7 15.9 - - - - - - -
31 32 813 - 7.92 12.7 15.9 17.5 - - - - - -
32 34 864 - 7.92 12.7 15.9 17.5 - - - - - -
33 36 914 - 7.92 12.7 15.9 19.1 - - - - - -
34 38 965 - - - - - - - - - - -
35 40 1016 - - - - - - - - - - -
36 42 1067 - - - - - - - - - - -
37 44 1118 - - - - - - - - - - -
38 46 1168 - - - - - - - - - - -
39 48 1219 - - - - - - - - - - -
40 54 1372 - - - - - - - - - - -
41 60 1524 - - - - - - - - - - -
42 66 1676 - - - - - - - - - - -
43 72 1829 - - - - - - - - - - -
44 78 1981 - - - - - - - - - - -
45 84 2134 - - - - - - - - - - -
46 90 2286 - - - - - - - - - - -
47 96 2438 - - - - - - - - - - -
48 102 2591 - - - - - - - - - - -
49 108 2743 - - - - - - - - - - -
50 120 3048 - - - - - - - - - - -
51 144 3658 - - - - - - - - - - -

Carbon steel pipes Application Dn = 54 in

dn Sc - (with input validation) SCH = 10.31 -
in di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch ### mm
1 1/ 2 5 1 de = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dext_dn ### mm
2 3/ 4 10 2 s = Pipe_Imp_CS_Thickness_dn_sc ### mm
3 1 20 3
4 1 1/ 2 30 4
5 2 40 5
6 3 60 6
7 4 80 7
8 5 100 8
9 6 120 9
10 8 140 10
11 10 160 11
12 12 STD 12
13 14 XS 13
14 16 XXS 14
15 18 6.35 15
16 20 7.14 16
17 22 7.92 17
18 24 8.74 18
19 26 9.53 19
20 28 10.31 20
21 30 11.13 21
22 32 11.91 22
23 34 12.7 23
24 36 14.27 24
25 38 15.88 25
26 40 16.66 26
27 42 17.48 27
28 44 19.05 28
29 46 22.23 29
30 48 25.4 30
31 54
32 60
33 66
34 72
35 78
36 84
37 90
38 96
39 102
40 108
41 120
42 144

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
dn de thickness [in]
in in 6.35 7.14 7.92 8.74 9.53 10.31 11.13 11.91 12.70 14.27 15.88
54 54 6.35 7.137 7.925 8.738 9.525 10.31 11.13 11.91 12.7 14.27 15.88
60 60 6.35 - 7.925 - 9.525 - 11.13 - 12.7 14.27 -
66 66 6.35 - 7.925 - 9.525 - 11.13 - 12.7 14.27 15.88
72 72 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
78 78 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
84 84 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
90 90 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
96 96 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
102 102 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
108 108 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
120 120 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
144 144 - - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
dn de thickness [in]
in in 6.35 7.14 7.92 8.74 9.53 10.31 11.13 11.91 12.70 14.27 15.88
36 36 6.35 7.137 7.925 8.738 9.525 10.31 11.13 11.91 12.7 14.27 15.88
38 38 - - 7.925 8.738 9.525 10.31 11.13 11.91 12.7 14.27 15.88
40 40 - - 7.925 8.738 9.525 10.31 11.13 11.91 12.7 14.27 15.88
42 42 6.35 - 7.925 8.738 9.525 10.31 11.13 11.91 12.7 14.27 15.88
48 48 6.35 7.137 7.925 8.738 9.525 10.31 11.13 11.91 12.7 14.27 15.88
 54 54 6.35 7.137 7.925 8.738 9.525 10.31 11.13 11.91 12.7 14.27 15.88
60 60 6.35 - 7.925 - 9.525 - 11.13 - 12.7 14.27 -
66 66 6.35 - 7.925 - 9.525 - 11.13 - 12.7 14.27 15.88
72 72 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
78 78 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
84 84 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
90 90 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
96 96 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
102 102 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
108 108 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
120 120 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
144 144 - - - - 9.525 - - - 12.7 - -
 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Return to Index

STD XS XXS 6.35 7.14 7.92 8.74 9.53 10.31 11.13 11.91
2.77 3.73 7.47 - - - - - - - -
2.87 3.91 7.82 - - - - - - - -
3.38 4.55 9.09 - - - - - - - -
3.56 4.85 9.7 - - - - - - - -
3.68 5.08 10.2 - - - - - - - -
3.91 5.54 11.1 - - - - - - - -
5.16 7.01 14 - - - - - - - -
5.49 7.62 15.2 - - - - - - - -
5.74 8.08 - - - - - - - -
6.02 8.56 17.1 - - - - - - - -
6.55 9.53 19.1 - - - - - - - -
7.11 11 22 - - - - - - - -
8.18 12.7 22.2 - - - - - - - -
9.27 12.7 25.4 - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 25.4 - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.53 12.7 - - - - - - - - -
9.525 - - 6.35 7.1374 7.9248 8.7376 9.525 10.3124 11.1252 11.91
9.525 - - 6.35 - 7.9248 - 9.525 - 11.1252 -
9.525 - - 6.35 - 7.9248 - 9.525 - 11.1252 -
9.525 - - 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - -
9.525 - - 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - -
9.525 - - 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - -
9.525 - - 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - -
9.525 - - 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - -
9.525 - - 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - -
9.525 - - 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - -
9.525 - - 6.35 - - - 9.525 - - -
9.525 - - - - - - 9.525 - - -
STD XS XXS
9.525
 12 13 14 15 16

16.66 17.48 19.05 22.23 25.40

- 17.48 19.05 22.23 25.4
15.88 17.48 19.05 22.23 25.4
- 17.48 19.05 22.23 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4

12 13 14 15 16

16.66 17.48 19.05 22.23 25.40

16.66 17.48 19.05 22.23 25.4
- 17.48 19.05 22.23 25.4
- 17.48 19.05 22.23 25.4
- 17.48 19.05 22.23 25.4
- 17.48 19.05 22.23 25.4
 - 17.48 19.05 22.23 25.4
15.88 17.48 19.05 22.23 25.4
- 17.48 19.05 22.23 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
- - 19.05 - 25.4
 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

12.70 14.27 15.88 16.66 17.48 19.05 22.23 25.40

- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
12.7 14.2748 15.875 - 17.4752 19.05 22.225 25.4
12.7 14.2748 - 15.875 17.4752 19.05 22.225 25.4
12.7 14.2748 15.875 - 17.4752 19.05 22.225 25.4
12.7 - - - - 19.05 - 25.4
12.7 - - - - 19.05 - 25.4
12.7 - - - - 19.05 - 25.4
12.7 - - - - 19.05 - 25.4
12.7 - - - - 19.05 - 25.4
12.7 - - - - 19.05 - 25.4
12.7 - - - - 19.05 - 25.4
12.7 - - - - 19.05 - 25.4
12.7 - - - - 19.05 - 25.4
The shedule entered is wrong
Comments

Two basic common cases are:

1. A tank supplying water by gravity through a pipe, with a valve at its lower end.
Required is the water hammer due to slow or fast closing of the valve.

2. Pump supplying water to a tank located at a higher elevation.

Required is the water hammer produced by a stoppage of the drive system.

The first case corresponds to the case discussed in this document, except that
it was not considered a pipe slope.
The problem has been solved in this way in order to be able to make a
comparison with the Streeter solution.

The second case is a pending issue.

Reference [1] has few information about this case
Reference [2] has information on this type of situation.
Reference [3], chapter 4, is dedicated to this thema

For the determination of the pump stopping time, see:

www.piping-tools.net / Detention time of an impulsion system.

Maximum pressure developed

To simulate a sudden closure in the routine, set in "sheet 1.- Input", the Divider-value to a
high value. For example, set Divider = 100
For this setting, the graphic form sheet "2b.- Graphic F-D". will show a maximum pressure of
198.6 mwc.
To see the mencioned application, set, for example, the Divider = 100
and run the calculation routine.
For a time t = 8 (s), the pressure at the valve(node "5") will have the value
H= 201.7 mwc
This value is in good agreement with the value obtained when calculating using Joukovsky
H= 198.6 mwc

It needs an explanation, the fact thus the frequency of the resulting wave is not constant.
Is this a contradiction?
It could be that is only a result of the mathematical application.
Also, the result when applying a dividers greater than 100 has to be analyzed.
 Return to Index

1.- Reservoir, inclined pipe and valve (case of not horizontal pipe)

Hres = 100 m

f = 0.022 , a = 1200 m/s

L = 4800 m, D = 2 m

Figure 13.23_a
[1] Mecanica de Fluidos
Victor L.Streeter y E. Benjamin
Mc Graw Hill,
Octava edicion, (3era en español)
1988

[2] Fluid%20Transients%20,Wylie,Streeter.pdf

[3] Applied Hydraulic Transients M. Hanif Chaudhry

https://html1-f.scribdassets.com/4sri9g76v45ikt2c/images/3-40e82ba1e0.jpg

[4] www.piping-tools.net
Water hammer. Method of characteristics. Equations, Boundary conditions and Initial condit
Water hammer. Method of characteristics. Example solved using Visual Basic and Finite Dif
[email protected]
Carlos J. Cruz
 Return to Index

Initial conditions
Reservoir boundary conditions
Interior sections
Valve boundary conditions
Piezometric
Constant slope
Resume of equations

Carbon steel data (6.CS_Imp)

Comments
References

e82ba1e0.jpg

y conditions and Initial conditions

ng Visual Basic and Finite Differences
y conditions

(6.CS_Imp)